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Thomas G, Caulfield J, Nikolaeva-Reynolds L, Birkett MA, Vuts J. Solvent Extraction of PDMS Tubing as a New Method for the Capture of Volatile Organic Compounds from Headspace. J Chem Ecol 2024; 50:85-99. [PMID: 38246946 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-024-01469-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) tubing is increasingly being used to collect volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from static biological headspace. However, analysis of VOCs collected using PDMS tubing often deploys thermal desorption, where samples are considered as 'one-offs' and cannot be used in multiple experiments. In this study, we developed a static headspace VOC collection method using PDMS tubing which is solvent-based, meaning that VOC extracts can be used multiple times and can be linked to biological activity. Using a synthetic blend containing a range of known semiochemicals (allyl isothiocyanate, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, 1-octen-3-one, nonanal, (E)-anethol, (S)-bornyl acetate, (E)-caryophyllene and pentadecane) with differing chemical and physicochemical properties, VOCs were collected in static headspace by exposure to PDMS tubing with differing doses, sampling times and lengths. In a second experiment, VOCs from oranges were collected using PDMS sampling of static headspace versus dynamic headspace collection. VOCs were eluted with diethyl ether and analysed using gas chromatography - flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and coupled GC - mass spectrometry. GC-FID analysis of collected samples showed that longer PDMS tubes captured significantly greater quantities of compounds than shorter tubes, and that sampling duration significantly altered the recovery of all tested compounds. Moreover, greater quantities of compounds were recovered from closed compared to open systems. Finally, analysis of orange headspace VOCs showed no qualitative differences in VOCs recovered compared to dynamic headspace collections, although quantities sampled using PDMS tubing were lower. In summary, extraction of PDMS tubing with diethyl ether solvent captures VOCs from the headspace of synthetic blends and biological samples, and the resulting extracts can be used for multiple experiments linking VOC content to biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Thomas
- Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - John Caulfield
- Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | | | - Michael A Birkett
- Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - József Vuts
- Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK.
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Cao XH, Fan X, Xia JL, Mo WL, Nulahong A, Zhao YP, Zhao W, Ma FY, Wei XY. Sequential thermal dissolution of two low-rank coals and characterization of their structures by high-performance liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8887. [PMID: 32656863 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC/TOF-MS) were used to separate and reveal the molecular characteristics of organic matter in low-rank coals. METHODS Six soluble portions (SPs) were obtained by sequential thermal dissolution (TD) of two low-rank coals in the order of cyclohexane, acetone and methanol solvents at 300°C. Organic matter with different molecular characteristics were enriched in eachTD extract, which was further separated and analyzed by GC/MS and HPLC/TOF-MS using an electrospray ionization source in positive mode to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the structural composition of coals. RESULTS Low polarity compounds like alkanes and arenes have a better solubility in cyclohexane. Phorone has the highest relative abundance in the acetone SPs, and the main compounds detected in the methanol SPs are alcohols and phenols. According to the data from HPLC/TOF-MS, most of the oxygen atoms are in the form of carbonyl and alkoxy groups. The nitrogen-containing compounds in SPs are mainly saturated aliphatic amines and pyridines. The sulfur-containing compounds mainly exist in the form of thioalkanes and thiophenes. CONCLUSIONS Non-destructive methods were used to obtain soluble matter from coals, and different chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques were used to separate and analyze the organic matter in coals. Detailed molecular structural information was obtained for the efficient and clean utilization of low-rank coals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Cao
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266590, China
- Key Laboratory of Coal Cleaning Conversion and Chemical Engineering Process, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830046, China
| | - Jun-Liu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Wen-Long Mo
- Key Laboratory of Coal Cleaning Conversion and Chemical Engineering Process, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830046, China
| | - Aisha Nulahong
- Key Laboratory of Coal Cleaning Conversion and Chemical Engineering Process, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830046, China
| | - Yun-Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Feng-Yun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Coal Cleaning Conversion and Chemical Engineering Process, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830046, China
| | - Xian-Yong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
- Key Laboratory of Coal Cleaning Conversion and Chemical Engineering Process, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830046, China
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Havlikova M, Bosakova T, Petschenka G, Cabala R, Exnerova A, Bosakova Z. Analysis of defensive secretion of a milkweed bug Lygaeus equestris by 1D GC-MS and GC×GC-MS: sex differences and host-plant effect. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3092. [PMID: 32080314 PMCID: PMC7033152 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60056-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition of defensive secretion produced by metathoracic scent glands was analysed in males and females of the milkweed bug Lygaeus equestris (Heteroptera) using gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS). The bugs were raised either on cardenolide-containing Adonis vernalis or on control sunflower seeds in order to determine whether the possibility to sequester cardenolides from their host plants would affect the composition of defensive scent-gland secretion. Profiles of the composition of defensive secretions of males and females raised on sunflower were closely similar, with predominant presence of (E)-2-octenal, (E)-2-octen-1-ol, decanal and 3-octen-1-ol acetate. The secretion of bugs raised on A. vernalis was more sexually dimorphic, and some chemicals e.g. (E,E)-2,4-hexadienyl acetate and 2-phenylethyl acetate were dominant in males, but absent in females. Compared to bugs from sunflower, the scent-gland secretion of bugs raised on A. vernalis was characterized by lower overall intensity of the peaks obtained for detected chemicals and by absence of some chemicals that have supposedly antipredatory function ((E)-2-hexenal, (E)-4-oxo-hex-2-enal, 2,4-octadienal). The results suggest that there might be a trade-off between the sequestration of defensive chemicals from host plants and their synthesis in metathoracic scent-glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Havlikova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Bosakova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Georg Petschenka
- Department of Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Radomir Cabala
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Toxicology Department, Institute of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alice Exnerova
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Zuzana Bosakova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Barbosa-Cornelio R, Cantor F, Coy-Barrera E, Rodríguez D. Tools in the Investigation of Volatile Semiochemicals on Insects: From Sampling to Statistical Analysis. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10080241. [PMID: 31390759 PMCID: PMC6723273 DOI: 10.3390/insects10080241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The recognition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) involved in insect interactions with plants or other organisms is essential for constructing a holistic comprehension of their role in ecology, from which the implementation of new strategies for pest and disease vector control as well as the systematic exploitation of pollinators and natural enemies can be developed. In the present paper, some of the general methods employed in this field are examined, focusing on their available technologies. An important part of the investigations conducted in this context begin with VOC collection directly from host organisms, using classical extraction methods, by the employment of adsorption materials used in solid-phase micro extraction (SPME) and direct-contact sorptive extraction (DCSE) and, subsequently, analysis through instrumental analysis techniques such as gas chromatography (GC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS), which provide crucial information for determining the chemical identity of volatile metabolites. Behavioral experiments, electroantennography (EAG), and biosensors are then carried out to define the semiochemicals with the best potential for performing relevant functions in ecological relationships. Chemical synthesis of biologically-active VOCs is alternatively performed to scale up the amount to be used in different purposes such as laboratory or field evaluations. Finally, the application of statistical analysis provides tools for drawing conclusions about the type of correlations existing between the diverse experimental variables and data matrices, thus generating models that simplify the interpretation of the biological roles of VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Barbosa-Cornelio
- Biological Control Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Cajicá 250247, Colombia
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Cajicá 250247, Colombia
| | - Fernando Cantor
- Biological Control Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Cajicá 250247, Colombia
| | - Ericsson Coy-Barrera
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Cajicá 250247, Colombia.
| | - Daniel Rodríguez
- Biological Control Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Cajicá 250247, Colombia.
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Chemometrics-enhanced one-dimensional/comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatographic analysis for bioactive terpenoids and phthalides in Chaihu Shugan San essential oils. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1052:158-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Tomčala A, Jirošová A, Žáček P, Kaušková M, Hovorka O, Koutek B. Species Specificity of Aldehyde and Fatty Acid Profiles of Four Family Group Representatives within the Insect Infraorder Pentatomomorpha(Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Chem Biodivers 2017; 14. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201600420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleš Tomčala
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo náměstí 2 166 10 Prague 6 Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology; Biology Center; Czech Academy of Sciences; Branišovská 31 370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Anna Jirošová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo náměstí 2 166 10 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Petr Žáček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo náměstí 2 166 10 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Kaušková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo náměstí 2 166 10 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Oldřich Hovorka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo náměstí 2 166 10 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Bohumír Koutek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo náměstí 2 166 10 Prague 6 Czech Republic
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Krajicek J, Havlikova M, Bursova M, Ston M, Cabala R, Exnerova A, Stys P, Bosakova Z. Comparative Analysis of Volatile Defensive Secretions of Three Species of Pyrrhocoridae (Insecta: Heteroptera) by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric Method. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168827. [PMID: 27997627 PMCID: PMC5173376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The true bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) have evolved a system of well-developed scent glands that produce diverse and frequently strongly odorous compounds that act mainly as chemical protection against predators. A new method of non-lethal sampling with subsequent separation using gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection was proposed for analysis of these volatile defensive secretions. Separation was performed on Rtx-200 column containing fluorinated polysiloxane stationary phase. Various mechanical irritation methods (ultrasonics, shaking, pressing bugs with plunger of syringe) were tested for secretion sampling with a special focus on non-lethal irritation. The preconcentration step was performed by sorption on solid phase microextraction (SPME) fibers with different polarity. For optimization of sampling procedure, Pyrrhocoris apterus was selected. The entire multi-parameter optimization procedure of secretion sampling was performed using response surface methodology. The irritation of bugs by pressing them with a plunger of syringe was shown to be the most suitable. The developed method was applied to analysis of secretions produced by adult males and females of Pyrrhocoris apterus, Pyrrhocoris tibialis and Scantius aegyptius (all Heteroptera: Pyrrhocoridae). The chemical composition of secretion, particularly that of alcohols, aldehydes and esters, is species-specific in all three pyrrhocorid species studied. The sexual dimorphism in occurrence of particular compounds is largely limited to alcohols and suggests their epigamic intraspecific function. The phenetic overall similarities in composition of secretion do not reflect either relationship of species or similarities in antipredatory color pattern. The similarities of secretions may be linked with antipredatory strategies. The proposed method requires only a few individuals which remain alive after the procedure. Thus secretions of a number of species including even the rare ones can be analyzed and broadly conceived comparative studies can be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Krajicek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Havlikova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Bursova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Toxicology Department, Institute of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Ston
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radomir Cabala
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Toxicology Department, Institute of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alice Exnerova
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Stys
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail: (ZB); (PS)
| | - Zuzana Bosakova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail: (ZB); (PS)
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Bell L, Spadafora ND, Müller CT, Wagstaff C, Rogers HJ. Use of TD-GC-TOF-MS to assess volatile composition during post-harvest storage in seven accessions of rocket salad (Eruca sativa). Food Chem 2015; 194:626-36. [PMID: 26471601 PMCID: PMC4615134 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We present a robust method for VOC analysis from rocket salad packaging headspace. TD-GC–TOF-MS putatively identified 39 volatile compounds. VOC profiles for Eruca sativa varied significantly between accessions. Isothiocyanate compounds degrade significantly over shelf-life. Changes in VOC profiles could provide a useful tool for assessment of leaf quality.
An important step in breeding for nutritionally enhanced varieties is determining the effects of the post-harvest supply chain on phytochemicals and the changes in VOCs produced over time. TD-GC–TOF-MS was used and a technique for the extraction of VOCs from the headspace using portable tubes is described. Forty-two compounds were detected; 39 were identified by comparison to NIST libraries. Thirty-five compounds had not been previously reported in Eruca sativa. Seven accessions were assessed for changes in headspace VOCs over 7 days. Relative amounts of VOCs across 3 time points were significantly different – isothiocyanate-containing molecules being abundant on ‘Day 0’. Each accession showed differences in proportions/types of volatiles produced on each day. PCA revealed a separation of VOC profiles according to the day of sampling. Changes in VOC profiles over time could provide a tool for assessment of shelf life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Bell
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 226, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AP, UK.
| | - Natasha D Spadafora
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, PO Box 915, Cardiff, CF10 3TL, UK
| | - Carsten T Müller
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, PO Box 915, Cardiff, CF10 3TL, UK
| | - Carol Wagstaff
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 226, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AP, UK; Centre for Food Security, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Hilary J Rogers
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, PO Box 915, Cardiff, CF10 3TL, UK
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Gregorovičová M, Černíková A. Reactions of leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius) to defensive secretion of Graphosoma lineatum (Heteroptera Pentatomidae): an experimental approach. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2015.1059895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Gregorovičová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - A. Černíková
- Institute of Applied Mathematics and Information Technologies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic
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Rejšek J, Vrkoslav V, Hanus R, Vaikkinen A, Haapala M, Kauppila TJ, Kostiainen R, Cvačka J. The detection and mapping of the spatial distribution of insect defense compounds by desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 886:91-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Hotová Svádová K, Exnerová A, Kopečková M, Štys P. How Do Predators Learn to Recognize a Mimetic Complex: Experiments with Naive Great Tits and Aposematic Heteroptera. Ethology 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Hotová Svádová
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Prague; Czech Republic
| | - Alice Exnerová
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Prague; Czech Republic
| | - Michala Kopečková
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Prague; Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Štys
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Prague; Czech Republic
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Veselý P, Veselá S, Fuchs R. The responses of Central European avian predators to an allopatric aposematic true bug. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2013.798351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Characterization of the Chemical Constituents of Agarwood Oils from Malaysia by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography–Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2013.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Seeley JV, Seeley SK. Multidimensional Gas Chromatography: Fundamental Advances and New Applications. Anal Chem 2012; 85:557-78. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303195u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John V. Seeley
- Oakland University, Department of Chemistry, Rochester, Michigan, 48309
| | - Stacy K. Seeley
- Kettering University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1700 University Avenue,
Flint, Michigan, 48504
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