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Kucera C, Ramalingam A, Srivastava S, Bhatnagar A, Carll AP. Nicotine Formulation Influences the Autonomic and Arrhythmogenic Effects of Electronic Cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res 2024; 26:536-544. [PMID: 38011908 PMCID: PMC11033561 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evidence is mounting that electronic cigarette (e-cig) use induces cardiac sympathetic dominance and electrical dysfunction conducive to arrhythmias and dependent upon nicotine. A variety of nicotine types and concentrations are available in e-cigs, but their relative cardiovascular effects remain unclear. Here we examine how different nicotine forms (racemic, free base, and salt) and concentrations influence e-cig-evoked cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmogenesis and provide a mechanism for nicotine-salt-induced autonomic imbalance. METHODS ECG-telemetered C57BL/6J mice were exposed to filtered air (FA) or e-cig aerosols from propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin solvents either without nicotine (vehicle) or with increasing nicotine concentrations (1%, 2.5%, and 5%) for three 9-minute puff sessions per concentration. Spontaneous ventricular premature beat (VPB) incidence rates, heart rate, and heart rate variability (HRV) were compared between treatments. Subsequently, to test the role of β1-adrenergic activation in e-cig-induced cardiac effects, mice were pretreated with atenolol and exposed to either FA or 2.5% nicotine salt. RESULTS During puffing and washout phases, ≥2.5% racemic nicotine reduced heart rate and increased HRV relative to FA and vehicle controls, indicating parasympathetic dominance. Relative to both controls, 5% nicotine salt elevated heart rate and decreased HRV during washout, suggesting sympathetic dominance, and also increased VPB frequency. Atenolol abolished e-cig-induced elevations in heart rate and declines in HRV during washout, indicating e-cig-evoked sympathetic dominance is mediated by β1-adrenergic stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that inhalation of e-cig aerosols from nicotine-salt-containing e-liquids could increase the cardiovascular risks of vaping by inducing sympathetic dominance and cardiac arrhythmias. IMPLICATIONS Exposure to e-cig aerosols containing commercially relevant concentrations of nicotine salts may increase nicotine delivery and impair cardiac function by eliciting β1-adrenoceptor-mediated sympathoexcitation and provoking ventricular arrhythmias. If confirmed in humans, our work suggests that regulatory targeting of nicotine salts through minimum pH standards or limits on acid additives in e-liquids may mitigate the public health risks of vaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory Kucera
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine (ULSOM), Louisville, KY, USA
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, ULSOM, Louisville, KY, USA
- American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center 2.0 (A-TRAC 2.0), ULSOM, Louisville, KY, USA
- Center for Cardiometabolic Science, ULSOM, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Anand Ramalingam
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, ULSOM, Louisville, KY, USA
- American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center 2.0 (A-TRAC 2.0), ULSOM, Louisville, KY, USA
- Center for Cardiometabolic Science, ULSOM, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Shweta Srivastava
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, ULSOM, Louisville, KY, USA
- American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center 2.0 (A-TRAC 2.0), ULSOM, Louisville, KY, USA
- Center for Cardiometabolic Science, ULSOM, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, ULSOM, Louisville, KY, USA
- American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center 2.0 (A-TRAC 2.0), ULSOM, Louisville, KY, USA
- Center for Cardiometabolic Science, ULSOM, Louisville, KY, USA
- Division of Environmental Medicine, ULSOM, Louisville, KY, USA
- Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences, ULSOM, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Alex P Carll
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine (ULSOM), Louisville, KY, USA
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, ULSOM, Louisville, KY, USA
- American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center 2.0 (A-TRAC 2.0), ULSOM, Louisville, KY, USA
- Center for Cardiometabolic Science, ULSOM, Louisville, KY, USA
- Division of Environmental Medicine, ULSOM, Louisville, KY, USA
- Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences, ULSOM, Louisville, KY, USA
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2
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Mallock N, Rabenstein A, Laux P, Rüther T, Hutzler C, Parr MK, Luch A. Rapid, sensitive, and reliable quantitation of nicotine and its main metabolites cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine by LC-MS/MS: Method development and validation for human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1179:122736. [PMID: 34246168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
New nicotine delivery products are gaining market share. For evaluation of their characteristics, toxicokinetic investigations are in current research focus. For reliable determination of blood plasma levels of nicotine and its main metabolites cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, a quantitation method based on LC-ESI-MS/MS was developed and validated. Addition of isotope labeled internal standards prior to rapid sample preparation using protein precipitation with methanol was chosen for sample preparation. Different stationary phases were tested and phenyl-hexyl separation was found to be superior to HILIC, C18, and C8 stationary phases. Ion suppression effects caused by hydrophilic early eluting matrix were eliminated by the adjustment of an adequate retention utilizing a phenyl-hexyl separation stationary phase. Exchange of acetonitrile as organic mobile phase by methanol and elevation of pH value of aqueous mobile phase containing 5 mM NH4Ac to 4.50 improved the chromatographic resolution. The limits of quantitation for nicotine, cotinine, and hydroxycotinine were 0.15, 0.30, and 0.40 ng/mL, respectively. Linearity was proven by matrix matched calibration for the whole working range from 0.50 ng/mL to 35.0 ng/mL for nicotine and from 6.00 to 420 ng/mL for cotinine and hydroxycotinine (Mandel's fitting test with R2 > 0.995). Quality control samples at four different levels (0.50, 1.50, 17.5, 28.0 ng/mL for nicotine and 6.00, 18.0, 210, 336 ng/mL for cotinine and hydroxycotinine) in plasma were analyzed six times on three days. Mean accuracies ranged from 87.7% to 105.8% for nicotine, from 90.3% to 102.9% for cotinine, and from 99.9% to 109.9% for hydroxycotinine. Intra- and inter-day precisions (RSD %) were below 15% for all analytes (<20% for LLOQ). As proof of concept, the method was successfully applied to a real plasma sample from a cigarette smoking volunteer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Mallock
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andrea Rabenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Laux
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Rüther
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Hutzler
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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3
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Raber J, Perez R, Torres ERS, Krenik D, Boutros S, Patel E, Chlebowski AC, Torres ER, Perveen Z, Penn A, Paulsen DB, Bartlett MG, Jia E, Holden S, Hall R, Morré J, Wong C, Ho E, Choi J, Stevens JF, Noël A, Bobe G, Kisby G. Effects of Chronic Secondhand Smoke (SHS) Exposure on Cognitive Performance and Metabolic Pathways in the Hippocampus of Wild-Type and Human Tau Mice. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:57009. [PMID: 34009016 PMCID: PMC8132614 DOI: 10.1289/ehp8428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) is a risk factor for developing sporadic forms of sporadic dementia. A human tau (htau) mouse model is available that exhibits age-dependent tau dysregulation, neurofibrillary tangles, neuronal loss, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress starting at an early age (3-4 months) and in which tau dysregulation and neuronal loss correlate with synaptic dysfunction and cognitive decline. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to assess the effects of chronic SHS exposure (10 months' exposure to ∼30 mg/m3) on behavioral and cognitive function, metabolism, and neuropathology in mice. METHODS Wild-type (WT) and htau female and male mice were exposed to SHS (90% side stream, 10% main stream) using the SCIREQ® inExpose™ system or air control for 168 min per day, for 312 d, 7 d per week. The exposures continued during the days of behavioral and cognitive testing. In addition to behavioral and cognitive performance and neuropathology, the lungs of mice were examined for pathology and alterations in gene expression. RESULTS Mice exposed to chronic SHS exposure showed the following genotype-dependent responses: a) lower body weights in WT, but not htau, mice; b) less spontaneous alternation in WT, but not htau, mice in the Y maze; c) faster swim speeds of WT, but not htau, mice in the water maze; d) lower activity levels of WT and htau mice in the open field; e) lower expression of brain PHF1, TTCM1, IGF1β, and HSP90 protein levels in WT male, but not female, mice; and f) more profound effects on hippocampal metabolic pathways in WT male than female mice and more profound effects in WT than htau mice. DISCUSSION The brain of WT mice, in particular WT male mice, might be especially susceptible to the effects of chronic SHS exposure. In WT males, independent pathways involving ascorbate, flavin adenine dinucleotide, or palmitoleic acid might contribute to the hippocampal injury following chronic SHS exposure. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP8428.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Radiation Medicine, Division of Neuroscience ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Ruby Perez
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Eileen Ruth S. Torres
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Destine Krenik
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Sydney Boutros
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Esha Patel
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Anna C. Chlebowski
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific Northwest, Lebanon, Oregon, USA
| | - Estefania Ramos Torres
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific Northwest, Lebanon, Oregon, USA
| | - Zakia Perveen
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Arthur Penn
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Daniel B. Paulsen
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - Enze Jia
- University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Sarah Holden
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Reed Hall
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jeffrey Morré
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Carmen Wong
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Emily Ho
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Jaewoo Choi
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Jan Frederik Stevens
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Alexandra Noël
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Gerd Bobe
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Glen Kisby
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific Northwest, Lebanon, Oregon, USA
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El Zahar NM, Sutton JM, Bartlett MG. Assessment of brain-to-blood drug distribution using liquid chromatography. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5123. [PMID: 33783841 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of already existing and new drugs under development to the brain necessitates passage across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) with its tight intercellular junctions, molecular components and transporter systems. Consequently, it is critical to identify the extent of brain permeation and the partitioning across the BBB. The interpretation of brain-to-blood ratios is considered to be a significant and fundamental approach for estimating drug penetration through BBB, the brain-targeting ability and central nervous system (CNS) pharmacokinetics. Among the different bioanalytical techniques, liquid chromatography with various detectors has been widely used for determination of these ratios. This review defines the different approaches for sample preparation, extraction techniques and liquid chromatography procedures concerned with the determination of drugs in blood and brain tissues and the assessment of brain-to-blood levels. These approaches are expanded to cover the analysis of several drug classes such as CNS-acting drugs, chemotherapeutics, antidiabetics, herbal medicinal products, radiopharmaceuticals, antibiotics and antivirals. Accordingly, stability in biological matrices and matrix effects are investigated. The different administration/formulation effects and the possible deviations in these ratios are also disscussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha M El Zahar
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.,Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Salman International University, Ras-Sedr, South Sinai Governorate, Egypt
| | - J Michael Sutton
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Michael G Bartlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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5
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Erkmen C, Gebrehiwot WH, Uslu B. Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography (HILIC): Latest Applications in the Pharmaceutical Researches. CURR PHARM ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412916666200402101501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Significant advances have been occurred in analytical research since the 1970s
by Liquid Chromatography (LC) as the separation method. Reverse Phase Liquid Chromatography
(RPLC) method, using hydrophobic stationary phases and polar mobile phases, is the most commonly
used chromatographic method. However, it is difficult to analyze some polar compounds with this
method. Another separation method is the Normal Phase Liquid Chromatography (NPLC), which involves
polar stationary phases with organic eluents. NPLC presents low-efficiency separations and
asymmetric chromatographic peak shapes when analyzing polar compounds. Hydrophilic Interaction
Liquid Chromatography (HILIC) is an interesting and promising alternative method for the analysis of
polar compounds. HILIC is defined as a separation method that combines stationary phases used in the
NPLC method and mobile phases used in the RPLC method. HILIC can be successfully applied to all
types of liquid chromatographic separations such as pharmaceutical compounds, small molecules, metabolites,
drugs of abuse, carbohydrates, toxins, oligosaccharides, peptides, amino acids and proteins.
Objective:
This paper provides a general overview of the recent application of HILIC in the pharmaceutical
research in the different sample matrices such as pharmaceutical dosage form, plasma, serum,
environmental samples, animal origin samples, plant origin samples, etc. Also, this review focuses on
the most recent and selected papers in the drug research from 2009 to the submission date in 2020,
dealing with the analysis of different components using HILIC.
Results and Conclusion:
The literature survey showed that HILIC applications are increasing every
year in pharmaceutical research. It was found that HILIC allows simultaneous analysis of many compounds
using different detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cem Erkmen
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06560, Ankara,Turkey
| | | | - Bengi Uslu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06560, Ankara,Turkey
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6
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Wang Y, Wan B, Huang J, Clarke PBS. Effects of nicotine, nornicotine and cotinine, alone or in combination, on locomotor activity and ultrasonic vocalization emission in adult rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:2809-2822. [PMID: 32556369 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05574-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The behavioral effects of the nicotine metabolites nornicotine and cotinine have not been investigated extensively. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of nicotine, cotinine, and nornicotine, given alone or in combination, on locomotor activity and emission of ultrasonic vocalizations in male adult rats. METHODS Rats were first given home cage nicotine injections to make them tolerant to the drug's locomotor depressant effects. On subsequent days, locomotor activity (LMA) and ultrasonic vocalizations were recorded in an open field, for 60 min after challenge injection, using repeated measures designs. In single-drug experiments, subjects were tested with nicotine 0.05-0.4 mg/kg, cotinine 0.03-3 mg/kg, or nornicotine 0.1-10 mg/kg. In drug-combination experiments, saline or nicotine 0.2 mg/kg challenge was preceded by cotinine (0, 0.3, 3 mg/kg) or nornicotine (0, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3 mg/kg) injection. RESULTS High doses of nornicotine increased LMA and blunted the locomotor stimulant effect of nicotine. Less consistently, nicotine and high doses of nornicotine decreased the 50-kHz call rate, with no clear evidence of a nornicotine × nicotine interaction. Cotinine, given alone or before nicotine injection, altered neither LMA nor the call rate. No drug altered the relative prevalence of flat vs. trill 50-kHz call subtypes, except that the highest dose of nornicotine promoted flat calls over trills. No drug evoked 22-kHz calls. CONCLUSION Nornicotine can exert an acute anti-nicotine effect in vivo, as previously reported in vitro. The finding that nicotine did not detectably alter the 50-kHz call profile appears consistent with this drug's mild subjective effects in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, McIntyre Medical Building Rm. 1320, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Benson Wan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, McIntyre Medical Building Rm. 1320, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Jodie Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, McIntyre Medical Building Rm. 1320, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Paul B S Clarke
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, McIntyre Medical Building Rm. 1320, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada.
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7
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Majdi A, Kamari F, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Gjedde A. Molecular Insights Into Memory-Enhancing Metabolites of Nicotine in Brain: A Systematic Review. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:1002. [PMID: 30697142 PMCID: PMC6341027 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.01002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The alleged procognitive effects of nicotine and its metabolites in brain are controversial. Objective: Here, we review the pharmacologically active metabolites of nicotine in brain and their effects on neuronal mechanisms involving two main cognitive domains, i.e., learning and memory. Methods: We searched Embase, Medline via PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for entries no later than May 2018, and restricted the search to articles about nicotine metabolites and cognitive behavior or cognitive mechanisms. Results: The initial search yielded 425 articles, of which 17 were eligible for inclusion after application of exclusion criteria. Of these, 13 were experimental, two were clinical, and two were conference papers. Conclusions: The results revealed three pharmacologically active biotransformations of nicotine in the brain, including cotinine, norcotinine, and nornicotine, among which cotinine and nornicotine both had a procognitive impact without adverse effects. The observed effect was significant only for cotinine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Majdi
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farzin Kamari
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Albert Gjedde
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Nelson TM, Borgogna JC, Michalek RD, Roberts DW, Rath JM, Glover ED, Ravel J, Shardell MD, Yeoman CJ, Brotman RM. Cigarette smoking is associated with an altered vaginal tract metabolomic profile. Sci Rep 2018; 8:852. [PMID: 29339821 PMCID: PMC5770521 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14943-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking has been associated with both the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis (BV) and a vaginal microbiota lacking protective Lactobacillus spp. As the mechanism linking smoking with vaginal microbiota and BV is unclear, we sought to compare the vaginal metabolomes of smokers and non-smokers (17 smokers/19 non-smokers). Metabolomic profiles were determined by gas and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry in a cross-sectional study. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene populations revealed samples clustered into three community state types (CSTs) ---- CST-I (L. crispatus-dominated), CST-III (L. iners-dominated) or CST-IV (low-Lactobacillus). We identified 607 metabolites, including 12 that differed significantly (q-value < 0.05) between smokers and non-smokers. Nicotine, and the breakdown metabolites cotinine and hydroxycotinine were substantially higher in smokers, as expected. Among women categorized to CST-IV, biogenic amines, including agmatine, cadaverine, putrescine, tryptamine and tyramine were substantially higher in smokers, while dipeptides were lower in smokers. These biogenic amines are known to affect the virulence of infective pathogens and contribute to vaginal malodor. Our data suggest that cigarette smoking is associated with differences in important vaginal metabolites, and women who smoke, and particularly women who are also depauperate for Lactobacillus spp., may have increased susceptibilities to urogenital infections and increased malodor.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Nelson
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - J C Borgogna
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | | | - D W Roberts
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - J M Rath
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
- Truth Initiative, Washington DC, USA
| | - E D Glover
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - J Ravel
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M D Shardell
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - C J Yeoman
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA.
| | - R M Brotman
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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9
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A simple and highly sensitive UPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of nicotine, cotinine, and the tobacco-specific carcinogens N’-nitrosonornicotine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone in serum samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1072:229-234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Zhang Q, Yang FQ, Ge L, Hu YJ, Xia ZN. Recent applications of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography in pharmaceutical analysis. J Sep Sci 2016; 40:49-80. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chongqing University; Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Feng-Qing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chongqing University; Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Liya Ge
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore
| | - Yuan-Jia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Macao P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Ning Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chongqing University; Chongqing P. R. China
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Simultaneous, rapid, and sensitive quantification of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine and cotinine in human urine by on-line solid-phase extraction LC-MS/MS: correlation with tobacco exposure biomarkers NNAL. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:6295-306. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9741-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Bhateria M, Ramakrishna R, Puttrevu SK, Singh R, Bhatta RS. Analysis of bacopaside I in biomatrices using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: Pharmacokinetics and brain distribution in Swiss-albino mice. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 125:101-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Hooshfar S, Basiri B, Bartlett MG. Development of a surrogate matrix for cerebral spinal fluid for liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry based analytical methods. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:854-858. [PMID: 26969926 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE In recent years, several liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) methods have been reported for the quantitative determination of drugs and metabolites in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). Artificial CSF (aCSF) is often used as a surrogate for preparing calibration curves and quality control samples in these methods. However, aCSF does not accurately represent the composition of real CSF because it is missing all of the proteins and lipids, which may alter the electrospray ionization (ESI) response when performing LC/MS/MS analyses. In the current study we compared the mass spectral response of several compounds with a range of physiochemical properties in aCSF (essentially a mixture of salts and buffers), diluted plasma (ranging from 1:5 to 1:200) and real CSF to find the best surrogate for CSF in LC/MS/MS methods. METHODS A number of analytes from polar to non-polar, high protein binding to low protein binding, employing different sample preparation methods, were prepared in diluted plasma, actual CSF or aCSF and tested using LC/MS/MS. The analytes included cotinine and its metabolites, quetiapine, norquetiapine, chlorpromazine, efavirenz and lamivudine. The similarity of MS responses from these compounds in aCSF and diluted plasma to CSF was assessed by comparing the slopes of the calibration curves generated from using linear regression modeling. RESULTS For all compounds, the lowest percent difference in response ratio (0 to 17%) was observed from 1:200 diluted plasma. Our results indicated that, irrespective of the inherent physiochemical properties of the analytes or the method of sample preparation, 1:200 diluted plasma performed as the best surrogate for CSF in LC/MS/MS methods. CONCLUSIONS The percent difference in response ratio has been established to demonstrate how different compounds behave between CSF, aCSF and dilute plasma. Although among the compounds tested some of them showed a very similar MS response in actual and aCSF, there were analytes that demonstrated significant differences in ESI-MS signal when sprayed from these two matrices. However, even in such cases, 1:200 diluted plasma generated results with no significant difference from CSF. Therefore, we recommend that in order to develop robust and dependable bioanalytical LC/MS methods from CSF samples, it is more appropriate to prepare calibration curves and quality control samples in diluted plasma instead of aCSF. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Hooshfar
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2352, USA
| | - Babak Basiri
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2352, USA
| | - Michael G Bartlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2352, USA
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Zhou W, Zhu B, Liu F, Lyu C, Zhang S, Yan C, Cheng Y, Wei H. A rapid and simple method for the simultaneous determination of four endogenous monoamine neurotransmitters in rat brain using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1002:379-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Yang X, Poddar I, Hernandez CM, Terry AV, Bartlett MG. Simultaneous quantitation of quetiapine and its active metabolite norquetiapine in rat plasma and brain tissue by high performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1002:71-7. [PMID: 26313131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive method to simultaneously quantitate quetiapine and norquetiapine in rat plasma and brain tissue was developed using a one-step liquid-liquid extraction for sample preparation and LC-MS/MS for detection. The method provided a linear range of 1.0-500.0ng/mL for each analyte in plasma and 3.0-1500.0ng/g in brain tissue. The method was validated with precision within 15% relative standard deviation (RSD), accuracy within 15% relative error (RE), matrix effects within 10% and a consistent recovery. This method has been successfully applied in a preclinical study of quetiapine and norquetiapine to simultaneously determine their concentrations in rat plasma and brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangkun Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, United States
| | - Indrani Poddar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Caterina M Hernandez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Alvin V Terry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Michael G Bartlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, United States.
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Liachenko N, Boulamery A, Simon N. Nicotine and metabolites determination in human plasma by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: a simple approach for solving contamination problem and clinical application. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2015; 29:499-509. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Liachenko
- Service de Pharmacologie Clinique; Faculté de Médecine; Aix-Marseille Université; 27 Bd Jean Moulin F-13385 Marseille Cedex 05 Marseille France
| | - Audrey Boulamery
- Service de Pharmacologie Clinique; Faculté de Médecine; Aix-Marseille Université; 27 Bd Jean Moulin F-13385 Marseille Cedex 05 Marseille France
| | - Nicolas Simon
- Service de Pharmacologie Clinique; Faculté de Médecine; Aix-Marseille Université; 27 Bd Jean Moulin F-13385 Marseille Cedex 05 Marseille France
- INSERM U912 (SESSTIM); Aix-Marseille Université; F-13006 Marseille France
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Li P, Beck WD, Callahan PM, Terry AV, Bartlett MG. Pharmacokinetics of cotinine in rats: a potential therapeutic agent for disorders of cognitive function. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 67:494-500. [PMID: 25933960 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention has been paid to cotinine (COT), one of the major metabolites of nicotine (NIC), for its pro-cognitive effects and potential therapeutic activities against Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other types of cognitive impairment. In order to facilitate pharmacological and toxicological studies on COT for its pro-cognitive activities, we conducted a pharmacokinetic (PK) study of COT in rats, providing important oral and intravenously (iv) PK information. METHODS In this study, plasma samples were obtained up to 48 h after COT was dosed to rats orally and iv at a dose of 3mg/kg. Plasma samples were prepared and analyzed using a sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) bioanalytical method, providing concentration profiles of COT and metabolites after oral and iv administrations. RESULTS The data were fitted into a one-compartment model and a two-compartment model for the oral and iv groups, respectively, providing important PK information for COT including PK profiles, half-life, clearance and bioavailability. The results suggested fast absorption, slow elimination and high bioavailability of COT in rats. CONCLUSIONS Several important facts about the PK properties in rats suggested COT could be a potential pro-cognitive agent. Information about the pharmacokinetics of COT in rats revealed in this study is of great importance for the future studies on COT or potential COT analogs as agents for improving cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Wayne D Beck
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, USA
| | - Patrick M Callahan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, USA; Small Animal Behavior Core, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, USA
| | - Alvin V Terry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, USA; Small Animal Behavior Core, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, USA
| | - Michael G Bartlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, USA.
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Recent advances in hydrophilic interaction chromatography for quantitative analysis of endogenous and pharmaceutical compounds in plasma samples. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:2421-39. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing need for new analytical methods that can handle a large number of analytes in complex matrices. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) has recently been demonstrated as an important supplement to reversed-phase liquid chromatography for polar analytes, particularly endogenous compounds. With the increasing popularity of HILIC, progressively more polar phases with diverse functional groups have been developed. In addition, the coupling of HILIC to mass spectrometry offers the advantages of improved sensitivity by employing an organic-rich mobile phase. This article reviews recent applications of HILIC for the analysis of endogenous and pharmaceutical compounds in plasma samples. Furthermore, based on recent studies, we provide a discussion of column selection, sample pretreatment for HILIC analysis, and detection sensitivity.
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Li X, Uboh CE, Soma LR, Liu Y, Guan F, Aurand CR, Bell DS, You Y, Chen J, Maylin GA. Sensitive hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for rapid detection, quantification and confirmation of cathinone-derived designer drugs for doping control in equine plasma. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:217-229. [PMID: 24338970 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cathinone derivatives are new amphetamine-like stimulants that can evade detection when presently available methods are used for doping control. To prevent misuse of these banned substances in racehorses, development of a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method became the impetus for undertaking this study. METHODS Analytes were recovered via liquid-liquid extraction using methyl tert-butyl ether. Analyte separation was achieved on a hydrophilic interaction column using liquid chromatography and mass analysis was performed on a QTRAP mass spectrometer in positive electrospray ionization (ESI) mode with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Analyte identification was carried out by screening for a specified MRM transition. Quantification was conducted using an internal standard. Confirmation was performed by establishing a match in retention time and ion intensity ratios comparison. RESULTS The method was linear over the range 0.2-50 ng/mL. The specificity was evaluated by analysis of six different batches of blank plasma and those spiked with each analyte (0.2 ng/mL). The recovery of analytes from plasma at three different concentrations was >70%. The limits of detection, quantification and confirmation were 0.02-0.05, 0.2-1.0 and 0.2-10 ng/mL, respectively. The matrix effect was insignificant. The intra-day and inter-day precision were 1.94-12.08 and 2.58-13.32%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The method is routinely employed in screening for the eleven analytes in post-competition samples collected from racehorses in Pennsylvania to enforce the ban on the use of these performance-enhancing agents in racehorses. The method is sensitive, fast, effective and reliably reproducible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Li
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center Campus, Kennett Square, PA, 19348, USA
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How to address the sample preparation of hydrophilic compounds: Determination of entecavir in plasma and plasma ultrafiltrate with novel extraction sorbents. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 88:337-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Cui J, Zhang J, Zhu X, Bai F, Feng Y, Guan W, Cui Q. Separation and Quantification of Water-Soluble Cellular Metabolites inClostridium thermocellumusing Liquid Chromatography-Isotope Dilution Tandem Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2013.811680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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