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Songvut P, Boonyarattanasoonthorn T, Nuengchamnong N, Junsai T, Kongratanapasert T, Supannapan K, Khemawoot P. Enhancing oral bioavailability of andrographolide using solubilizing agents and bioenhancer: comparative pharmacokinetics of Andrographis paniculata formulations in beagle dogs. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2024; 62:183-194. [PMID: 38351624 PMCID: PMC10868414 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2024.2311201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT The therapeutic potential of andrographolide is hindered by its poor oral bioavailability and unpredictable pharmacokinetics, primarily due to its limited water solubility. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to enhance the solubility and pharmacokinetics of andrographolide, a bioactive compound in Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees (Acanthaceae), using solubilizing agents and a bioenhancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four groups of beagles were compared: (1) A. paniculata powder alone (control), (2) A. paniculata powder with 50% weight/weight (w/w) β-cyclodextrin solubilizer, (3) A. paniculata powder with 1% w/w sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solubilizer, and (4) A. paniculata powder co-administered with 1% w/w SDS solubilizer and 10% piperine bioenhancer. All groups received a consistent oral dose of 3 mg/kg of andrographolide, administered both as a single dose and multiple doses over seven consecutive days. RESULTS Thirteen chemical compounds were identified in A. paniculata powder, including 7 diterpenoids, 5 flavonoids, and 1 phenolic compound. A. paniculata co-administration with either 50% w/w β-cyclodextrin or 1% w/w SDS, alone or in combination with 10% w/w piperine, significantly increased systemic andrographolide exposure by enhancing bioavailability (131.01% to 196.05%) following single and multiple oral co-administration. Glucuronidation is one possible biotransformation pathway for andrographolide, as evidenced by the excretion of glucuronide conjugates in urine and feces. CONCLUSION The combination of solubilizing agents and a bioenhancer improved the oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of andrographolide, indicating potential implications for A. paniculata formulations and clinical therapeutic benefits. Further investigation in clinical studies is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phanit Songvut
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Nitra Nuengchamnong
- Science Laboratory Center, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Thammaporn Junsai
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samutprakarn, Thailand
| | - Teetat Kongratanapasert
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samutprakarn, Thailand
| | | | - Phisit Khemawoot
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samutprakarn, Thailand
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Wang Y, Wang H, Gao A, Wei L, Yu J. A comprehensive study of Chuanwang Xiaoyan capsule based on characterization of chemical constituents in vitro and in vivo using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry and pharmacokinetic study of multiple components in rats using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5930. [PMID: 38881164 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Chuanwang Xiaoyan (CWXY) capsule is primarily used to treat a variety of acute and chronic inflammations, including acute and chronic pharyngitis and tonsillitis. However, a systematic study of its chemical constituents is still not available. This study evaluated the chemical constituents in vitro and metabolite profiles in vivo of CWXY using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry, and the pharmacokinetic behaviors of the nine main components in rats were detected using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-mass spectrometry (UPLC-QQQ-MS/MS). A total of 92 chemical constituents in CWXY were preliminarily identified in vitro. After oral administration to rats, 56 prototype components and 128 metabolites of CWXY were detected in the biological samples of rat plasma, urine, bile, and feces. Of these prototype components and metabolites, seven new compounds, namely M15, M16, M25, M30, M31, M71, and M128, were detected for the first time. The quantitation method of nine components in rat plasma was developed using a pharmacokinetic study. To the best of our knowledge, this study was the first to investigate the pharmacokinetic behavior of triumbelletin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongjin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Aichun Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lan Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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Gou T, Hu M, Xu M, Chen Y, Chen R, Zhou T, Liu J, Guo L, Ao H, Ye Q. Novel wine in an old bottle: Preventive and therapeutic potentials of andrographolide in atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:563-589. [PMID: 37440909 PMCID: PMC10334359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) frequently results in sudden death and poses a serious threat to public health worldwide. The drugs approved for the prevention and treatment of ASCVD are usually used in combination but are inefficient owing to their side effects and single therapeutic targets. Therefore, the use of natural products in developing drugs for the prevention and treatment of ASCVD has received great scholarly attention. Andrographolide (AG) is a diterpenoid lactone compound extracted from Andrographis paniculata. In addition to its use in conditions such as sore throat, AG can be used to prevent and treat ASCVD. It is different from drugs that are commonly used in the prevention and treatment of ASCVD and can not only treat obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia and ASCVD but also inhibit the pathological process of atherosclerosis (AS) including lipid accumulation, inflammation, oxidative stress and cellular abnormalities by regulating various targets and pathways. However, the pharmacological mechanisms of AG underlying the prevention and treatment of ASCVD have not been corroborated, which may hinder its clinical development and application. Therefore, this review summarizes the physiological and pathological mechanisms underlying the development of ASCVD and the in vivo and in vitro pharmacological effects of AG on the relative risk factors of AS and ASCVD. The findings support the use of the old pharmacological compound ('old bottle') as a novel drug ('novel wine') for the prevention and treatment of ASCVD. Additionally, this review summarizes studies on the availability as well as pharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic properties of AG, aiming to provide more information regarding the clinical application and further research and development of AG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Minghao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Min Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yuchen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Rong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Junjing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Li Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Hui Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Qiang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
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Suemanotham N, Phochantachinda S, Chatchaisak D, Sakcamduang W, Chansawhang A, Pitchakarn P, Chantong B. Antidiabetic effects of Andrographis paniculata supplementation on biochemical parameters, inflammatory responses, and oxidative stress in canine diabetes. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1077228. [PMID: 36865924 PMCID: PMC9971231 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1077228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a common endocrine disorder that causes hyperglycemia in dogs. Persistent hyperglycemia can induce inflammation and oxidative stress. This study aimed to investigate the effects of A. paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees (Acanthaceae) (A. paniculata) on blood glucose, inflammation, and oxidative stress in canine diabetes. A total of 41 client-owned dogs (23 diabetic and 18 clinically healthy) were included in this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Methods: The diabetic dogs were further divided into two treatments protocols: group 1 received A. paniculata extract capsules (50 mg/kg/day; n = 6) or received placebo for 90 days (n = 7); and group 2 received A. paniculata extract capsules (100 mg/kg/day; n = 6) or received a placebo for 180 days (n = 4). Blood and urine samples were collected every month. No significant differences in fasting blood glucose, fructosamine, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde levels were observed between the treatment and placebo groups (p > 0.05). Results and Discussion: The levels of alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine were stable in the treatment groups. The blood glucose levels and concentrations of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in the client-owned diabetic dogs were not altered by A. paniculata supplementation. Furthermore, treatment with this extract did not have any adverse effects on the animals. Non-etheless, the effects of A. paniculata on canine diabetes must be appropriately evaluated using a proteomic approach and involving a wider variety of protein markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namphung Suemanotham
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand,Department of pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sataporn Phochantachinda
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Duangthip Chatchaisak
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Walasinee Sakcamduang
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Anchana Chansawhang
- The Center for Veterinary Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Pornsiri Pitchakarn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Boonrat Chantong
- Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand,*Correspondence: Boonrat Chantong,
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Green Solid-Phase (Micro)Extraction of Andrographolides’ from Human Plasma Samples Followed by UHPLC-DAD-QqQ-MS/MS Analysis. SEPARATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10020069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Since inflammatory bowel disease is a progressive disease, optimal treatment early in the disease course is paramount. Still, the use of conventional drugs is accompanied by side effects. The herbal therapies for gastrointestinal disorders are traditionally widespread in Asia, while in Western countries have been adopted in recent years. Andrographis paniculata is a herbaceous plant used in anti-inflammatory treatment. To improve its clinical application, an analytical method with the potential to define a relationship between dose and plasma concentration of active ingredients is prerequisite. Considering the increasing demand for eco-friendly bioanalytical methods, our research aimed to implement new sample preparation technique microextraction by packed sorbent for extraction of marker compounds of A. paniculata from plasma. This green procedure using polymeric sorbent based on the poly (styrene-divinylbenzene) allowed miniaturization of sample volume (100 µL), decrease in consumption of solvents, and high recovery (92–98%). A highly selective and sensitive reversed-phase ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography method has been developed and validated. The newest greenness assessment software AGREE calculator was used for evaluation of the method’s environmental performance. It suggests that our method conforms to the eco-friendly conditions (score 0.8). The sample preparation was identified as weak point of the bioanalytical methods which highlights the importance of microextraction.
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Qin X, Wang X, Tian M, Dong Z, Wang J, Wang C, Huang Q. The role of Andrographolide in the prevention and treatment of liver diseases. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 109:154537. [PMID: 36610122 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence or absence of damage to the liver organ is crucial to a person's health. Nutritional disorders, alcohol consumption, and drug abuse are the main causes of liver disease. Liver transplantation is the last irrevocable option for liver disease and has become a serious economic burden worldwide. Andrographolide (AP) is one of the main active ingredients of Herba Andrographitis. It has several biological activities and has been reported to have protective and therapeutic effects against liver diseases. Earlier literature has been written on AP's role in treating inflammation and other diseases, and there has not been a systematic review on liver diseases. This review is dedicated to sorting out the research results of AP against liver diseases. Pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and nanotechnology to improve bioavailability are discussed. Finally, an outlook and assessment of its future are provided. METHODS Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. PubMed and web of Science databases were used to search all relevant literature on AP for liver disease up to 2022. RESULTS Studies have shown that AP plays an important role in different liver disease phenotypes, mainly through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. AP regulates HO-1 and inhibits hepatitis virus replication. It affects the NF-κB pathway, downregulates inflammatory factors such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and reduces liver damage. In preventing liver fibrosis, AP inhibits angiogenesis and activation of hepatic stellate cells and reduces oxidative stress involved in the Nrf2 and TGF-β1/Smad pathways. In addition, AP impedes the development of liver cancer by promoting apoptosis and autonomous phagocytosis in a cell-dependent way. Interestingly, miRNAs are involved in the therapeutic process of liver cancer and hepatic fibrosis. The poor solubility of AP limits the development of dosage forms. Therefore, the advent of nanoformulations has improved bioavailability. Although the effect of AP is dose- and time-dependent, the magnitude of its toxicity is not negligible. Some clinical trials have shown that AP has mild side effects. CONCLUSIONS AP, as an effective natural product, has a good effect on the liver disease through multiple pathways and targets. However, the dose reaches a certain level, leading to its toxicity and side effects. For better clinical application of AP, high-quality clinical and toxic intervention mechanisms are needed to validate current studies. In addition, modulation of miRNA-mediated hepatocellular carcinoma and liver fibrosis and synergistic action with drugs may be the future focus of AP. In conclusion, AP can be regarded as an important candidate for treating different liver diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, No.1166, Liutai Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, PR. China; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1166, Liutai Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, PR. China
| | - Xi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, No.1166, Liutai Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, PR. China; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1166, Liutai Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, PR. China
| | - Maoying Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, No.1166, Liutai Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, PR. China; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1166, Liutai Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, PR. China
| | - Zhaowei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, No.1166, Liutai Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, PR. China; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1166, Liutai Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, PR. China
| | - Jin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, No.1166, Liutai Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, PR. China; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1166, Liutai Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, PR. China
| | - Chao Wang
- Sichuan Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, No.51, Section 4, Renmin South Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610042, PR. China.
| | - Qinwan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, No.1166, Liutai Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, PR. China; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1166, Liutai Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, PR. China.
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Songvut P, Suriyo T, Panomvana D, Rangkadilok N, Satayavivad J. A comprehensive review on disposition kinetics and dosage of oral administration of Andrographis paniculata, an alternative herbal medicine, in co-treatment of coronavirus disease. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:952660. [PMID: 36059950 PMCID: PMC9437296 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.952660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a present global health crisis that is driving the investigation of alternative phytomedicines for antiviral purposes. The evidence suggests that Andrographis paniculata crude or extract is a promising candidate for treating symptoms of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This review aims to consolidate the available reports on the disposition kinetics of andrographolide, a main active component of A. paniculata. The second objective of this review is to summarize the available reports on an appropriate oral dosage for the use of andrographolide in upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) and other viral infectious diseases. The data were collected from the literature on absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion of andrographolide, and information was also obtained from scientific databases about the use of A. paniculata. The finding of this review on pharmacokinetics indicates that andrographolide is slightly absorbed into the blood circulation and exhibits poor oral bioavailability, whereas its distribution process is unrestricted. In the termination phase, andrographolide preferentially undergoes biotransformation partly through phase I hydroxylation and phase II conjugation, and it is then eliminated via the renal excretion and hepatobiliary system. The key summary of the recommended dosage for andrographolide in uncomplicated URTI treatment is 30 mg/day for children and 60 mg/day for adults. The dose for adult patients with pharyngotonsillitis could be increased to 180 mg/day, but not exceed 360 mg/day. Co-treatment with A. paniculata in concert with the standard supportive care for influenza reduced the severity of symptoms, shortened treatment duration, and decreased the risk of developing post-influenza complications. The recommended starting dose for use in patients with mild COVID-19 is 180 mg/day of andrographolide, based on the dose used in patients experiencing a URTI with inflammation. This review is not only applicable for evaluating the appropriate doses of andrographolide for antiviral treatments but also encourages future research evaluating the effectiveness of these recommended dosages during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phanit Songvut
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tawit Suriyo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Duangchit Panomvana
- Translational Research Unit, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nuchanart Rangkadilok
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jutamaad Satayavivad
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, Bangkok, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Jutamaad Satayavivad,
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Zhang K, Lu Z, Wang Q, Liu F, Wang M, Lin C, Zhu C. Pharmacokinetic Study of Four Major Bioactive Components of Liandan Xiaoyan Formula in Ulcerative Colitis and Control Rats Using UPLC-MS/MS. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:936846. [PMID: 35860031 PMCID: PMC9289130 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.936846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Liandan Xiaoyan Formula (LXF), a classic Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula, is composed of two Chinese herbal medicines for treating bowel disease under the TCM theory. This study aimed to develop a rapid, stable, sensitive, and reliable method based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) to simultaneously determine four major bioactive components of LXF (andrographolide, dehydroandrographolide, 1-methoxicabony-β-carboline, 4-methoxy-5-hydroxy-canthin-6-one) in rat serum and evaluate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of LXF in ulcerative colitis (UC) and control rats. After pretreating by protein precipitation with methanol, separation was performed on a UPLC C18 column using gradient elution with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid at a flowing rate of 0.4 ml/min. Detection was performed on Triple-TOF™ 5600 mass spectrometry set at the positive ionization and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The validated method showed good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9970), the intra- and inter-day accuracy were within ±11.58%, whereas the intra- and inter-day precision were less than 13.79%. This method was validated and applied to compare the pharmacokinetic profiles of the analytes in serum of UC induced by dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) and control rats after oral administration of LXF. The results showed that four major bioactive components of LXF were quickly absorbed after oral administration in both groups, with higher exposure levels in the UC group. This relationship between the active ingredients’ pharmacokinetic properties provided essential scientific information for applying LXF in clinical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihui Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zenghui Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangle Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meiqi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Meiqi Wang, ; Chaozhan Lin, ; Chenchen Zhu,
| | - Chaozhan Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Meiqi Wang, ; Chaozhan Lin, ; Chenchen Zhu,
| | - Chenchen Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Meiqi Wang, ; Chaozhan Lin, ; Chenchen Zhu,
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Shafiqul Islam AKM, Krishnan H, Ahmad MN, Nadaraja P, Uddin ABMH. A Novel Molecular Imprint Polymer Quartz Crystal Microbalance Nanosensor for the Detection of Andrographolide in the Medicinal Plant Extract. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193520120228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Malik Z, Parveen R, Parveen B, Zahiruddin S, Aasif Khan M, Khan A, Massey S, Ahmad S, Husain SA. Anticancer potential of andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees and its mechanisms of action. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 272:113936. [PMID: 33610710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Synthetic drugs used for cancer treatment have side effects that may be immunosupressive, can cause liver, kidney and cardiac toxicity, and infertility and ovarian failure, among others. Thus, herbal drugs could be used in the cancer treatment as an adjuvant therapy. Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees (AP) is one of the traditional herbs used in different alternative medicinal systems such as Ayurveda, Unani, Chinese, Malayi, Siddha, etc. for the treatment of various disorders and diseases including cancer. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of writing this review is to highlight the medicinal importance of AP and its main phytoconstituent andrographolide (AG). The main emphasis was given on the anticancer activity of AG, its proposed mechanisms of action, novel approaches used to improve its biopharmaceutical properties with the perspective of evidence-based research, and its development as an adjuvant therapy for cancer treatment in future. MATERIALS AND METHODS Literature survey was conducted and research papers were retrieved from different databases such as Pubmed, Google Scholar, ACS, Wiley online library, ScienceDirect, Springer, and Scopus during 1970-2020. Research articles, review articles, and short communications, etc. were used for this purpose. The papers were selected on the basis of exclusion and inclusion criteria. RESULTS Different anticancer mechanisms of AG have been reportedly proven such as cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, NF-κβ inhibition, antiangiogenesis, cytokine inhibition, etc. whereas its pharmacokinetic properties showed its highly protein bound nature, Cyt P400 (CYP) inhibition, low aqueous solubility, poor oral bioavailability, etc. Different novel formulations of AG have been investigated to increase its bioavailability for better efficacy. CONCLUSION This review can provide knowledge about the potential applicability of AP or AG as an adjuvant therapy in cancer treatment. Further research is needed before making any conclusion about the efficacy in humans as an adjuvant therapy in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoya Malik
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India; Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Rabea Parveen
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India; Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Bushra Parveen
- Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Sultan Zahiruddin
- Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Mohammad Aasif Khan
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Asifa Khan
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Sheersh Massey
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Sayeed Ahmad
- Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
| | - Syed Akhtar Husain
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
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11
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Hossain S, Urbi Z, Karuniawati H, Mohiuddin RB, Moh Qrimida A, Allzrag AMM, Ming LC, Pagano E, Capasso R. Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees: An Updated Review of Phytochemistry, Antimicrobial Pharmacology, and Clinical Safety and Efficacy. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:348. [PMID: 33923529 PMCID: PMC8072717 DOI: 10.3390/life11040348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious disease (ID) is one of the top-most serious threats to human health globally, further aggravated by antimicrobial resistance and lack of novel immunization options. Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees and its metabolites have been long used to treat IDs. Andrographolide, derived from A. paniculata, can inhibit invasive microbes virulence factors and regulate the host immunity. Controlled clinical trials revealed that A. paniculata treatment is safe and efficacious for acute respiratory tract infections like common cold and sinusitis. Hence, A. paniculata, mainly andrographolide, could be considered as an excellent candidate for antimicrobial drug development. Considering the importance, medicinal values, and significant role as antimicrobial agents, this study critically evaluated the antimicrobial therapeutic potency of A. paniculata and its metabolites, focusing on the mechanism of action in inhibiting invasive microbes and biofilm formation. A critical evaluation of the secondary metabolites with the aim of identifying pure compounds that possess antimicrobial functions has further added significant values to this study. Notwithstanding that A. paniculata is a promising source of antimicrobial agents and safe treatment for IDs, further empirical research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanower Hossain
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Zannat Urbi
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Industrial Sciences & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Kuantan 26300, Pahang, Malaysia;
| | - Hidayah Karuniawati
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Surakarta 57102, Indonesia;
| | - Ramisa Binti Mohiuddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh 1902, Tangail, Bangladesh;
| | - Ahmed Moh Qrimida
- Department of Agriculture, Higher Institute of Overall Occupations-Sooq Al Khamees Imsahil, Tripoli 1300, Libya; (A.M.Q.); (A.M.M.A.)
| | - Akrm Mohamed Masaud Allzrag
- Department of Agriculture, Higher Institute of Overall Occupations-Sooq Al Khamees Imsahil, Tripoli 1300, Libya; (A.M.Q.); (A.M.M.A.)
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- PAP Rashidah Sa’adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei;
| | - Ester Pagano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
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12
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Srikalyani V, Ilango K. Simultaneous quantification of 12 phytoconstituents in the different marketed formulation of Manasamitra Vatakam by high‐performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202000066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vemuri Srikalyani
- Division of analytical chemistry, Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM) SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur, 603 203 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Kaliappan Ilango
- Division of analytical chemistry, Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM) SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur, 603 203 Tamil Nadu India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SRM College of Pharmacy SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur, 603 203 Tamil Nadu India
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13
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Thongchai W, Poolprasert P, Thongchai S. The Synthesis of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers on Microcentrifuge Tube Filters for Solid-Phase Extraction and the HPLC-UV Determination of Andrographolides. J Chromatogr Sci 2021; 59:877-886. [PMID: 33517403 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmaa139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imprinting-based solid-phase extraction has been in the spotlight to improve recognition selectivity and detection sensitivity of andrographolides. The synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymers on micro centrifuge tube filters for the extraction and the determination of andrographolides were investigated. Molecularly imprinted polymers were synthesized using the photo-polymerization method for the preconcentration of andrographolides (AD) template molecule using 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone as initiators, the mixture of 1-dodecanol and toluene solvent, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as functional monomers and cross-linked, respectively. The resultant AD molecularly imprinted polymers (AD-MIPs) were characterized using the Fourier-transform infrared spectrum and scanning electron microscopy. The maximum adsorption of AD-MIPs toward the andrographolides was found to be 85%, and could reach binding equilibrium within 60 min. The sample solution was separated by AD-MIP using solid-phase extraction (SPE). Subsequently, the sample solution was analyzed by the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The AD-MIP could be successfully applied to specifically separate and determine the andrographolides from pharmaceutical products and biological fluid samples with relatively high recoveries (102.01-108.61%). The present method is simple, selective, accurate, and provides a promising alternative to traditional SPE sorbents for the extraction and determination of andrographolides in real samples and biological fluid samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wisanu Thongchai
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Pibulsongkram Rajabhat University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Pisit Poolprasert
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Pibulsongkram Rajabhat University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
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14
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Yu Z, Chen Z, Li Q, Yang K, Huang Z, Wang W, Zhao S, Hu H. What dominates the changeable pharmacokinetics of natural sesquiterpene lactones and diterpene lactones: a review focusing on absorption and metabolism. Drug Metab Rev 2020; 53:122-140. [PMID: 33211987 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2020.1853151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Sesquiterpene lactones (STLs) and diterpene lactones (DTLs) are two groups of common phytochemicals with similar structures. It's frequently reported that both exhibit changeable pharmacokinetics (PK) in vivo, especially the unstable absorption and extensive metabolism. However, the recognition of their PK characteristics is still scattered. In this review, representative STLs (atractylenolides, alantolactone, costunolide, artemisinin, etc.) and DTLs (ginkgolides, andrographolide, diosbulbins, triptolide, etc.) as typical cases are discussed in detail. We show how the differences of treatment regimens and subjects alter the PK of STLs and DTLs, with emphasis on the effects from absorption and metabolism. These compounds tend to be quite permeable in intestinal epithelium, but gastrointestinal pH and efflux transporters (represented by P-glycoprotein) have great impact and result in the unstable absorption. As the only characteristic functional moiety, the metabolic behavior of lactone ring is not dominant. The α, β-unsaturated lactone moiety has the strongest metabolic activity. While with the increase of low-activity saturated lactone moieties, the metabolism is led by other groups more easily. The phase I (oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis reaction) and II metabolism (conjugation reaction) are both extensive. CYP450s, mainly CYP3A4, are largely involved in biotransformation. However, only UGTs (UGT1A3, UGT1A4, UGT2B4 and UGT2B7) has been mentioned in studies about phase II metabolic enzymes. Our work offers a beneficial reference for promoting the safety evaluation and maximizing the utilization of STLs and DTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ziqiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qijuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zecheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Huiling Hu
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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15
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Kumar S, Singh A, Bajpai V, Sharma KR, Kumar B. Identification and Characterization of Terpenoid Lactones and Flavonoids from Ethanolic Extract ofAndrographis Paniculata(Burm.f.) Nees Using Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.201800106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Awantika Singh
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); New Delhi India
| | - Vikas Bajpai
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); New Delhi India
| | - Kulwant R. Sharma
- Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry; Nauni, Solan Himanchal India
| | - Brijesh Kumar
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); New Delhi India
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16
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Yin XL, Gu HW, Wu Q, Peng TQ, Zhang SH, Liu Y. Second-order calibration serves as a remedial measure for the simultaneous determination of andrographolide and dehydroandrographolide inAndrographis paniculataand its preparations by HPLC without complete baseline separation. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:3232-3240. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Yin
- College of Life Sciences; Yangtze University; Jingzhou China
| | - Hui-Wen Gu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering; Yangtze University; Jingzhou China
| | - Qiao Wu
- Department of Pharmacy; Changsha Health Vocational College; Changsha China
| | - Tian-Qin Peng
- College of Life Sciences; Yangtze University; Jingzhou China
| | - Shan-Hui Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering; Yangtze University; Jingzhou China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering; Yangtze University; Jingzhou China
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17
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Stylos E, Chatziathanasiadou MV, Syriopoulou A, Tzakos AG. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) based bioavailability determination of the major classes of phytochemicals. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1047:15-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Wu Y, Liu R, Gu P, Cheng M, Zheng L, Liu Y, Ma P, Ding L. Highly sensitive method for simultaneous determination of nine alkaloids of Shuanghua Baihe tablets in human plasma by LC-MS/MS and its application. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1007:81-92. [PMID: 26590879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Shuanghua Baihe tablets (SBT) is a traditional Chinese medicinal formula which has been used to treat recurrent aphthous stomatitis for many years. To study the pharmacokinetic profiles of berberine, epiberberine, coptisine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine, magnoflorine, berberrubine, corynoline and acetylcorynoline in human after administration of SBT, a sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and fully validated for the simultaneous quantification of these nine alkaloids in human plasma. After protein precipitation, the nine alkaloids in human plasma sample was separated on a Hanbon C18 (150mm×2.1mm, 5μm) column with gradient elution using methanol and 0.5% formic acid water solution, and detected by a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with an electrospray ionization source. It is a challenge to design different calibration ranges for different analytes in a bioanalytical method for simultaneous determination of multi-analytes in bio-samples. To ensure that each alkaloid in the plasma was determined accurately by the simultaneous quantitation method, the upper limits of quantification for the nine alkaloids were designed at 100, 300, 800, 1800 and 5000pg/mL, respectively, according to the maximum plasma concentration value of each alkaloid obtained from the pilot pharmacokinetic study. The lower limit of quantification was 15pg/mL for berberine, epiberberine, coptisine, magnoflorine, berberrubine, corynoline and acetylcorynoline, while for palmatine and jatrorrhizine it was 1.5pg/mL. This method was successfully applied to investigate the pharmacokinetic profiles of the nine alkaloids in healthy Chinese volunteers after a single oral administration of SBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Nanjing Clinical Tech Laboratories Inc., 18 Zhilan Road, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211000, PR China
| | - Ruijuan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Nanjing Clinical Tech Laboratories Inc., 18 Zhilan Road, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211000, PR China
| | - Pan Gu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Nanjing Clinical Tech Laboratories Inc., 18 Zhilan Road, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211000, PR China
| | - Minlu Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Nanjing Clinical Tech Laboratories Inc., 18 Zhilan Road, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211000, PR China
| | - Lu Zheng
- Yangtze River Pharmaceutical Group, Taizhou 225321, PR China
| | - Yujie Liu
- Yangtze River Pharmaceutical Group, Taizhou 225321, PR China
| | - Pengcheng Ma
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 12 Jiangwangmiao Street, Nanjing 210042, PR China
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Nanjing Clinical Tech Laboratories Inc., 18 Zhilan Road, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211000, PR China.
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