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Chu KO, Yip YWY, Chan KP, Wang CC, Ng DSC, Pang CP. Amelioration of Functional, Metabolic, and Morphological Deterioration in the Retina following Retinal Detachment by Green Tea Extract. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:235. [PMID: 38397833 PMCID: PMC10886023 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinal detachment (RD) can result in the loss of photoreceptors that cause vision impairment and potential blindness. This study explores the protective effects of the oral administration of green tea extract (GTE) in a rat model of RD. Various doses of GTE or epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the most active ingredient in green tea catechins, were administered to Sprague Dawley (SD) rats with experimentally induced retinal detachment. The rats received sub-retinal injections of hyaluronic acid (0.1%) to induce RD and were given different doses of GTE and EGCG twice daily for three days. Notably, a low dose of GTE (142.9 mg/kg) caused significantly higher signal amplitudes in electroretinograms (ERGs) compared to higher GTE doses and any doses of EGCG. After administration of a low dose of GTE, the outer nuclear layer thickness, following normalization, of the detached retina reduced to 82.4 ± 8.2% (Mean ± SEM, p < 0.05) of the thickness by RD treatment. This thickness was similar to non-RD conditions, at 83.5 ± 4.7% (Mean ± SEM) of the thickness following RD treatment. In addition, the number of TUNEL-positive cells decreased from 76.7 ± 7.4 to 4.7 ± 1.02 (Mean ± SEM, p < 0.0001). This reduction was associated with the inhibition of apoptosis through decreased sphingomyelin levels and mitigation of oxidative stress shown by a lowered protein carbonyl level, which may involve suppression of HIF-1α pathways. Furthermore, GTE showed anti-inflammatory effects by reducing inflammatory cytokines and increasing resolving cytokines. In conclusion, low-dose GTE, but not EGCG, significantly alleviated RD-induced apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and energy insufficiency within a short period and without affecting energy metabolism. These findings suggest the potential of low-dose GTE as a protective agent for the retina in RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai On Chu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (K.O.C.); (Y.W.Y.Y.); (K.P.C.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Yolanda Wong Ying Yip
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (K.O.C.); (Y.W.Y.Y.); (K.P.C.)
| | - Kwok Ping Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (K.O.C.); (Y.W.Y.Y.); (K.P.C.)
| | - Chi Chiu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Danny Siu Chun Ng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (K.O.C.); (Y.W.Y.Y.); (K.P.C.)
| | - Chi Pui Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (K.O.C.); (Y.W.Y.Y.); (K.P.C.)
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Chico Retrato MD, Qiu S, Lundquist A, Muratovic AZ, Rad FM, Ubhayasekera SJKA, Bergquist J. Simultaneous determination of 22 fatty acids in total parenteral nutrition (TPN) components by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:2480-2489. [PMID: 37183597 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00407d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating total parenteral nutrition (TPN) products for quality assurance and quality control is crucial due to the chemical complexity of its components. With the advent of exploring different approaches for analysing TPN components using tandem mass spectrometry techniques, there is still a need for a robust and reproducible method for industrial routine analyses. This study allows simple, simultaneous determination of 22 fatty acids (FAs) commonly found in TPN components using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Five different transesterification techniques were applied for the FA standards and the sodium methoxide in methanol-dimethyl carbonate method was selected due to its good methylation efficiency. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were separated in gas chromatography using an HP-5MS UI column with helium as the carrier gas. Mass spectrometry was used to fragment and quantify FAMEs using electron ionization (EI) and selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The analytical method was evaluated using the guidelines from the US Food and Drug Agency (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) in compliance with the International Council for Harmonization (ICH) document Q2(R2). Correlation coefficients (R2) of the calibration curves for FAMEs were 0.99, except for C24:1 n-9 and C24:0, both R2 = 0.98. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were found to be 1.69 μg mL-1 and 5.14 μg mL-1, respectively. The linear range was from 3.10-179.9 μg mL-1 for most FAMEs, except for C18:1 n-7 (3.96-224.9 μg mL-1) and C18:1 n-9 (6.30-349.57 μg mL-1). The intra-day and inter-day precision coefficients of variance (CV) of the method were less than 11.10% and 11.30%, respectively. Freeze-thaw cycles and ambient temperature measurements were performed for assessing sample stability. The validated method was applied to analyse major TPN components-fish and olive oils, and an unidentified lipid sample. The presented GC-MS method is simple and robust in the identification and quantification of 22 fatty acids simultaneously in the tested TPN components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Dennis Chico Retrato
- Department of Chemistry - Biomedical Center, Analytical Chemistry and Neurochemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Innovation and Development Department, Fresenius-Kabi, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Siyuan Qiu
- Department of Chemistry - Biomedical Center, Analytical Chemistry and Neurochemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Anna Lundquist
- Innovation and Development Department, Fresenius-Kabi, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Farshid Mashayekhy Rad
- Department of Chemistry - Biomedical Center, Analytical Chemistry and Neurochemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - S J Kumari A Ubhayasekera
- Department of Chemistry - Biomedical Center, Analytical Chemistry and Neurochemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Jonas Bergquist
- Department of Chemistry - Biomedical Center, Analytical Chemistry and Neurochemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Prem S, Helmer CPO, Dimos N, Himpich S, Brück T, Garbe D, Loll B. Towards an understanding of oleate hydratases and their application in industrial processes. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:58. [PMID: 35397585 PMCID: PMC8994360 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01777-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid hydratases are unique to microorganisms. Their native function is the oxidation of unsaturated C–C bonds to enable detoxification of environmental toxins. Within this enzyme family, the oleate hydratases (Ohys), which catalyze the hydroxylation of oleic acid to 10-(R)-hydroxy stearic acid (10-HSA) have recently gained particular industrial interest. 10-HSA is considered to be a replacement for 12-(R)-hydroxy stearic acid (12-HSA), which has a broad application in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry. As 12-HSA is obtained through an energy consuming synthesis process, the biotechnological route for sustainable 10-HSA production is of significant industrial interest. All Ohys identified to date have a non-redox active FAD bound in their active site. Ohys can be divided in several subfamilies, that differ in their oligomerization state and the decoration with amino acids in their active sites. The latter observation indicates a different reaction mechanism across those subfamilies. Despite intensive biotechnological, biochemical and structural investigations, surprising little is known about substrate binding and the reaction mechanism of this enzyme family. This review, summarizes our current understanding of Ohys with a focus on sustainable biotransformation.
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Holmes EC, Chen YC, Mudgett MB, Sattely ES. Arabidopsis UGT76B1 glycosylates N-hydroxy-pipecolic acid and inactivates systemic acquired resistance in tomato. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:750-765. [PMID: 33955491 PMCID: PMC8136894 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koaa052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a mechanism that plants utilize to connect a local pathogen infection to global defense responses. N-hydroxy-pipecolic acid (NHP) and a glycosylated derivative are produced during SAR, yet their individual roles in this process are currently unclear. Here, we report that Arabidopsis thaliana UGT76B1 generated glycosylated NHP (NHP-Glc) in vitro and when transiently expressed alongside Arabidopsis NHP biosynthetic genes in two Solanaceous plants. During infection, Arabidopsis ugt76b1 mutants did not accumulate NHP-Glc and accumulated less glycosylated salicylic acid (SA-Glc) than wild-type plants. The metabolic changes in ugt76b1 plants were accompanied by enhanced defense to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, suggesting that glycosylation of the SAR molecules NHP and salicylic acid by UGT76B1 plays an important role in modulating defense responses. Transient expression of Arabidopsis UGT76B1 with the Arabidopsis NHP biosynthesis genes ALD1 and FMO1 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) increased NHP-Glc production and reduced NHP accumulation in local tissue and abolished the systemic resistance seen when expressing NHP-biosynthetic genes alone. These findings reveal that the glycosylation of NHP by UGT76B1 alters defense priming in systemic tissue and provide further evidence for the role of the NHP aglycone as the active metabolite in SAR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Holmes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yun-Chu Chen
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mary Beth Mudgett
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Author for correspondence: (E.S.S.), (M.B.M.)
| | - Elizabeth S Sattely
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Author for correspondence: (E.S.S.), (M.B.M.)
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Zeng Z, Ji Z, Hu N, Bai B, Wang H, Suo Y. A sensitive pre-column derivatization method for the analysis of free fatty acids by RP-HPLC with fluorescence detector and its application to Caragana species. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1064:151-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chitarrini G, Soini E, Riccadonna S, Franceschi P, Zulini L, Masuero D, Vecchione A, Stefanini M, Di Gaspero G, Mattivi F, Vrhovsek U. Identification of Biomarkers for Defense Response to Plasmopara viticola in a Resistant Grape Variety. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1524. [PMID: 28928759 PMCID: PMC5591819 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) is one of the most destructive diseases of the cultivated species Vitis vinifera. The use of resistant varieties, originally derived from backcrosses of North American Vitis spp., is a promising solution to reduce disease damage in the vineyards. To shed light on the type and the timing of pathogen-triggered resistance, this work aimed at discovering biomarkers for the defense response in the resistant variety Bianca, using leaf discs after inoculation with a suspension of P. viticola. We investigated primary and secondary metabolism at 12, 24, 48, and 96 h post-inoculation (hpi). We used methods of identification and quantification for lipids (LC-MS/MS), phenols (LC-MS/MS), primary compounds (GC-MS), and semi-quantification for volatile compounds (GC-MS). We were able to identify and quantify or semi-quantify 176 metabolites, among which 53 were modulated in response to pathogen infection. The earliest changes occurred in primary metabolism at 24-48 hpi and involved lipid compounds, specifically unsaturated fatty acid and ceramide; amino acids, in particular proline; and some acids and sugars. At 48 hpi, we also found changes in volatile compounds and accumulation of benzaldehyde, a promoter of salicylic acid-mediated defense. Secondary metabolism was strongly induced only at later stages. The classes of compounds that increased at 96 hpi included phenylpropanoids, flavonols, stilbenes, and stilbenoids. Among stilbenoids we found an accumulation of ampelopsin H + vaticanol C, pallidol, ampelopsin D + quadrangularin A, Z-miyabenol C, and α-viniferin in inoculated samples. Some of these compounds are known as phytoalexins, while others are novel biomarkers for the defense response in Bianca. This work highlighted some important aspects of the host response to P. viticola in a commercial variety under controlled conditions, providing biomarkers for a better understanding of the mechanism of plant defense and a potential application in field studies of resistant varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Chitarrini
- Food Quality and Nutrition Department, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all’Adige, Italy
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of UdineUdine, Italy
| | - Evelyn Soini
- Food Quality and Nutrition Department, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Samantha Riccadonna
- Computational Biology Unit, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Pietro Franceschi
- Computational Biology Unit, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Luca Zulini
- Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Domenico Masuero
- Food Quality and Nutrition Department, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Antonella Vecchione
- Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Marco Stefanini
- Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | | | - Fulvio Mattivi
- Food Quality and Nutrition Department, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all’Adige, Italy
- Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of TrentoTrento, Italy
| | - Urska Vrhovsek
- Food Quality and Nutrition Department, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all’Adige, Italy
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Lee JH, Kim SJ, Lee S, Rhee JK, Lee SY, Na YC. Saturated fatty acid determination method using paired ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry coupled with capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 984:223-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ivankin AN, Oliferenko GL, Kulikovskii AV, Chernukha IM, Semenova AA, Spiridonov KI, Nasonova VV. Determination of unsaturated fatty acids with a migrating double bond in complex biological matrices by gas chromatography with flame ionization and mass spectrometry detection. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934816110046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Rigano F, Albergamo A, Sciarrone D, Beccaria M, Purcaro G, Mondello L. Nano Liquid Chromatography Directly Coupled to Electron Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Free Fatty Acid Elucidation in Mussel. Anal Chem 2016; 88:4021-8. [PMID: 26937891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recently the miniaturization of liquid chromatography (LC) systems and progresses in mass spectrometry instrumentation have enabled direct introduction of the effluent coming from a nanoLC column into the high-vacuum region of an electron ionization source. In the present research, a nanoLC system was directly coupled to an electron ionization mass spectrometer (EI-MS) without any interface or modification of the ion source. The advantage with respect to atmospheric pressure ionization techniques, normally coupled with LC, is major identification power because of a more extensive and reproducible fragmentation pattern, without any matrix effect or mobile-phase interference. In particular, a nanoLC/EI-MS method was developed for elucidation of the free fatty acid profile in mussel samples, avoiding a previous derivatization step, required when gas chromatographic analysis is involved. A total of 20 fatty acids were reliably identified through the comparison with commercial libraries. A quantitative determination was also carried out by using the response factors approach along with the internal standard method, allowing for quantification of 14 fatty acids. Among them, palmitic acid resulted the most abundant, followed by ω6 arachidonic acid. The quantitative data were compared with those obtained by a well-established technique, such as gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID). Both nanoLC/EI-MS and GC-FID methods were validated and similar results were obtained in terms of limit of detection and quantification, resulting in the picomole range, and sensitivity as well was not significantly different, as demonstrated by comparing the slope values of the calibration curves (p < 0.05, from a t-test).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Rigano
- "Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali", University of Messina , Polo Annunziata, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.,Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o, University of Messina , , Polo Annunziata, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Ambrogina Albergamo
- "Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali", University of Messina , Polo Annunziata, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.,Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o, University of Messina , , Polo Annunziata, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Danilo Sciarrone
- "Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali", University of Messina , Polo Annunziata, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.,Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o, University of Messina , , Polo Annunziata, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Marco Beccaria
- "Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali", University of Messina , Polo Annunziata, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.,Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o, University of Messina , , Polo Annunziata, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Giorgia Purcaro
- "Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali", University of Messina , Polo Annunziata, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.,Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o, University of Messina , , Polo Annunziata, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- "Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali", University of Messina , Polo Annunziata, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.,Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o, University of Messina , , Polo Annunziata, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
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Saini RK, Shang XM, Ko EY, Choi JH, Kim D, Keum YS. Characterization of nutritionally important phytoconstituents in minimally processed ready-to-eat baby-leaf vegetables using HPLC–DAD and GC–MS. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-016-9312-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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