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Mackman RL. Phosphoramidate Prodrugs Continue to Deliver, The Journey of Remdesivir (GS-5734) from RSV to SARS-CoV-2. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:338-347. [PMID: 35291757 PMCID: PMC8887656 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
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Remdesivir (GS-5734) is a monophenol,
2-ethylbutylalanine phosphoramidate
prodrug of a 1′-cyano-4-aza-7,9-dideazaadenosine C-nucleoside
(GS-441524) that is FDA approved for the treatment of hospitalized
patients with COVID-19. The prodrug, initially invented for respiratory
syncytial virus, was later found to have activity toward emerging
RNA viruses, including Ebola and coronaviruses. Remdesivir is among
the first examples of a phosphoramidate prodrug aimed at delivering
a nucleoside monophosphate into lung cells to efficiently generate
the nucleoside triphosphate inhibitor of viral RNA polymerases. With
remdesivir as the central case study, the present work describes the
antiviral potency and in vitro metabolism evidence for lung cell activation
of phosphoramidates, together with their in vivo pharmacokinetics,
lung distribution, and antiviral efficacy toward respiratory viruses.
The lung delivery of nucleoside monophosphate analogs using prodrugs
warrants further investigation toward the development of novel respiratory
antivirals.
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Hu W, Chang L, Ke C, Xie Y, Shen J, Tan B, Liu J. Challenges and stepwise fit-for-purpose optimization for bioanalyses of remdesivir metabolites nucleotide monophosphate and triphosphate in mouse tissues using LC-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 194:113806. [PMID: 33280995 PMCID: PMC7703390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A robust and reliable LC–MS/MS method for the quantification of RMP and RTP was optimized and validated. The novel method solved the major challenges of direct determination of RMP and RTP in biological matrix through improvement of LC retention, stability and recovery. The method was validated and successfully applied to mouse tissue distribution study. This method provides useful information for further study of remdesivir as well as extends the approach for phosphate determination. The method solved the major challenges for determining RMP and RTP in biological matrix such as LC retention, stability and recovery.
Remdesivir is a prodrug of the nucleotide analogue and used for COVID-19 treatment. However, the bioanalysis of the active metabolites remdesivir nucleotide triphosphate (RTP) and its precursor remdesivir nucleotide monophosphate (RMP) is very challenging. Herein, we established a novel method to separate RTP and RMP on a BioBasic AX column and quantified them by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in positive electrospray ionization mode. Stepwise, we optimized chromatographic retention on an anion exchange column, improved stability in matrix through the addition of 5,5′-dithiobis-(2nitrobenzoic acid) and PhosSTOP EASYpack, and increased recovery by dissociation of tight protein binding with 2 % formic acid aqueous solution. The method allowed lower limit of quantification of 20 nM for RMP and 10 nM for RTP. Method validation demonstrated acceptable accuracy (93.6%–103% for RMP, 94.5%–107% for RTP) and precision (RSD < 11.9 % for RMP, RSD < 11.4 % for RTP), suggesting that it was sensitive and robust for simultaneous quantification of RMP and RTP. The method was successfully applied to analyze RMP and RTP in mouse tissues. In general, the developed method is suitable to monitor RMP and RTP, and provides a useful approach for exploring more detailed effects of remdesivir in treating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Lu Chang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Changqiang Ke
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Yuanchao Xie
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jingshan Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Bo Tan
- Clinical Pharmacokinetic Laboratory, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jia Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Wagner A, Zhang J, Liu C, Covey TR, Olah TV, Weller H(BN, Shou WZ. Ultrahigh-Throughput and Chromatography-Free Bioanalysis of Polar Analytes with Acoustic Ejection Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13525-13531. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Wagner
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Princeton Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Jun Zhang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Princeton Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Chang Liu
- Sciex, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, Ontario L4K 4 V8, Canada
| | - Thomas R. Covey
- Sciex, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, Ontario L4K 4 V8, Canada
| | - Timothy V. Olah
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Princeton Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Harold (Bud) N. Weller
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Princeton Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Wilson Z. Shou
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Princeton Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08648, United States
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Direct and indirect quantification of phosphate metabolites of nucleoside analogs in biological samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 178:112902. [PMID: 31610397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are prodrugs that require intracellular phosphorylation to active triphosphate nucleotide metabolites (NMs) for their pharmacological activity. However, monitoring these pharmacologically active NMs is challenging due to their instability, high hydrophilicity, and their low concentrations in blood and tissues. Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is the gold standard technique for the quantification of NRTIs and their phosphorylated NMs. In this review, an overview of the publications describing the quantitative analysis of intracellular and total tissue concentration of NMs is presented. The focus of this review is the comparison of the different approaches and challenges associated with sample collection, tissue homogenization, cell lysis, cell counting, analyte extraction, sample storage conditions, and LC-MS analysis. Quantification methods of NMs via LC-MS can be categorized into direct and indirect methods. In the direct LC-MS methods, chromatographic retention of the NMs is accomplished by ion-exchange (IEX), ion-pairing (IP), hydrophilic interaction (HILIC), porous graphitic carbon (PGC) chromatography, or capillary electrophoresis (CE). In indirect methods, parent nucleosides are 1st generated from the dephosphorylation of NMs during sample preparation and are then quantified by reverse phase LC-MS as surrogates for their corresponding NMs. Both approaches have advantages and disadvantages associated with them, which are discussed in this review.
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Saurina J, Sentellas S. Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for metabolite profiling in the field of drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:469-483. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1582638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Saurina
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Sentellas
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Slusarczyk M, Serpi M, Pertusati F. Phosphoramidates and phosphonamidates (ProTides) with antiviral activity. Antivir Chem Chemother 2018; 26:2040206618775243. [PMID: 29792071 PMCID: PMC5971382 DOI: 10.1177/2040206618775243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the first report on the nucleoside phosphoramidate (ProTide) prodrug approach in 1990 by Chris McGuigan, the extensive investigation of ProTide technology has begun in many laboratories. Designed with aim to overcome limitations and the key resistance mechanisms associated with nucleoside analogues used in the clinic (poor cellular uptake, poor conversion to the 5'-monophosphate form), the ProTide approach has been successfully applied to a vast number of nucleoside analogues with antiviral and anticancer activity. ProTides consist of a 5'-nucleoside monophosphate in which the two hydroxyl groups are masked with an amino acid ester and an aryloxy component which once in the cell is enzymatically metabolized to deliver free 5'-monophosphate, which is further transformed to the active 5'-triphosphate form of the nucleoside analogue. In this review, the seminal contribution of Chris McGuigan's research to this field is presented. His technology proved to be extremely successful in drug discovery and has led to two Food and Drug Administration-approved antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michaela Serpi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Fabrizio Pertusati
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Li W, Trouba KJ, Ma L, Kwagh J, Storck C, Zhu Y, Flint O, Humphreys WG, Wang J, Liu A, Wang B, Graziano MJ, Davies MH, Sanderson TP. In Vitro Metabolite Formation in Human Hepatocytes and Cardiomyocytes and Metabolism and Tissue Distribution in Monkeys of the 2'-C-Methylguanosine Prodrug BMS-986094. Int J Toxicol 2017; 36:35-49. [PMID: 28056568 DOI: 10.1177/1091581816683642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BMS-986094, a 2'-C-methylguanosine prodrug for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection, was withdrawn from phase 2 clinical trials because of unexpected cardiac and renal toxicities. To better understand these toxicities, the in vitro metabolism of BMS-986094 in human hepatocytes (HHs) and human cardiomyocytes (HCMs) and the measurement of BMS-986094 and selected metabolites in monkey plasma and tissues were assessed. BMS-986094 was extensively metabolized by HHs and HCMs, resulting in more efficient formation and accumulation of the active triphosphorylated metabolite, INX-09114, and less efficient efflux of metabolites in HCMs. The predominant metabolism pathway (hydrolysis) in HHs and HCMs was not associated with the formation of reactive metabolites or oxidative stress. In cynomolgus monkeys dosed with BMS-986094 of 15 or 30 mg/kg/d for 3 weeks, the nucleoside metabolite M2 was the major plasma analyte (66%-68% of the combined area under the curve). INX-09114 was the highest drug-related species in the heart and kidney (2,610-4,280 ng/mL [males]; ∼2-420× the concentration of other analytes). Other analytes increased dose dependently, with BMS-986094 highest in diaphragm (≤4,400 ng/mL) followed by M2 in liver and kidney (≤1,360 ng/mL), and M7 and M8 in other tissues (≤124 ng/mL). Three weeks after the last dose, INX-09114 remained high in the heart and kidney (≤1,870 ng/mL), with low M2 (≤37 ng/mL) in plasma and tissues. Persistent high concentrations of INX-09114 in the heart and kidney appeared to correlate with toxicities in these tissues in monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Li
- 1 Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | | | - Li Ma
- 1 Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | - Jae Kwagh
- 3 Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pennington, NJ, USA
| | | | - Yongxin Zhu
- 1 Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | - Oliver Flint
- 3 Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pennington, NJ, USA
| | | | - Jian Wang
- 1 Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | - Ang Liu
- 1 Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | - Bonnie Wang
- 4 Bristol-Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - Marc H Davies
- 1 Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
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