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Wu CP, Murakami M, Li YC, Huang YH, Chang YT, Hung TH, Wu YS, Ambudkar SV. Imperatorin Restores Chemosensitivity of Multidrug-Resistant Cancer Cells by Antagonizing ABCG2-Mediated Drug Transport. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1595. [PMID: 38004460 PMCID: PMC10674403 DOI: 10.3390/ph16111595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The high expression of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug transporter ABCG2 in cancer cells contributes to the emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) in individuals afflicted with either solid tumors or blood cancers. MDR poses a major impediment in the realm of clinical cancer chemotherapy. Recently, substantial endeavors have been dedicated to identifying bioactive compounds isolated from nature capable of counteracting ABCG2-mediated MDR in cancer cells. Imperatorin, a natural coumarin derivative renowned for its diverse pharmacological properties, has not previously been explored for its impact on cancer drug resistance. This study investigates the chemosensitizing potential of imperatorin in ABCG2-overexpressing cancer cells. Experimental results reveal that at sub-toxic concentrations, imperatorin significantly antagonizes the activity of ABCG2 and reverses ABCG2-mediated MDR in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, biochemical data and in silico analysis of imperatorin docking to the inward-open conformation of human ABCG2 indicate that imperatorin directly interacts with multiple residues situated within the transmembrane substrate-binding pocket of ABCG2. Taken together, these results furnish substantiation that imperatorin holds promise for further evaluation as a potent inhibitor of ABCG2, warranting exploration in combination drug therapy to enhance the effectiveness of therapeutic agents for patients afflicted with tumors that exhibit high levels of ABCG2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Pu Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (Y.-H.H.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10507, Taiwan;
| | - Megumi Murakami
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Yen-Ching Li
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (Y.-H.H.)
| | - Yang-Hui Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (Y.-H.H.)
| | - Yu-Tzu Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (Y.-H.H.)
| | - Tai-Ho Hung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10507, Taiwan;
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 20401, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan;
| | - Suresh V. Ambudkar
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
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Bae HJ, Kim JY, Choi SH, Kim SY, Kim HJ, Cho YE, Choi YY, An JY, Cho SY, Ryu JH, Park SJ. Paeonol, the active component of Cynanchum paniculatum, ameliorated schizophrenia-like behaviors by regulating the PI3K-Akt-GSK3β-NF-κB signalling pathway in MK-801-treated mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 314:116627. [PMID: 37164258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cynanchum paniculatum (Bunge) Kitag. ex H. Hara (Asclepiadaceae) have been traditionally used in East Asia as analgesic or antiviral agents. Interestingly, some Chinese and Korean traditional medicinal books reported that the use of C. paniculatum in the treatment of psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we aimed to investigate whether C. paniculatum could improve sensorimotor gating disruption in mice with MK-801-induced schizophrenia-like behaviors. We also aimed to identify the active component of C. paniculatum that could potentially serve as a treatment for schizophrenia and found that paeonol, the major constituent compound of C. paniculatum, showed potential as a treatment for schizophrenia. MATERIALS AND METHODS To assess the effect of paeonol on mice with MK-801-induced schizophrenia-like behaviors, we carried out a series of behavioral tests related with symptoms of schizophrenia. In addition, we utilized Western blotting and ELISA techniques to investigate the antipsychotic actions of paeonol. RESULT C. paniculatum extract (100 or 300 mg/kg) and paenol (10 or 30 mg/kg) significantly reversed MK-801-induced prepulse deficits in acoustic startle response test. In addition, paeonol (10 or 30 mg/kg) attenuated social novelty preference and novel object recognition memory on MK-801-induced schizophrenia-like behaviour in mice. Furthermore, the phosphorylation levels of PI3K, Akt, GSK3β and NF-κB, as well as related pro-inflammatory cytokine, such as IL-1β and TNF-α, were significantly reversed by the administration of paeonol (10 or 30 mg/kg) in the prefrontal cortex of MK-801-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data show that paeonol can potentially be used as an agent for treating sensorimotor gating deficits, negative symptoms, and cognitive deficits, such as those observed in schizophrenia with few adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Jung Bae
- Agriculture and Life Science Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Youn Kim
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Hyuk Choi
- Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - So-Yeon Kim
- Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun-Jeong Kim
- Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ye Eun Cho
- Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yu-Yeong Choi
- Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ju-Yeon An
- Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - So-Young Cho
- Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Hoon Ryu
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Se Jin Park
- Agriculture and Life Science Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea; Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea; School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Huh E, Kwon Y, Choi JG, Lim MG, Jeong JS, Park AY, Kim JH, Pak YK, Hong SP, Oh MS. DA-9805, a Herbal Mixture, Restores Motor Manifestations in 6-Hydroxydopamine-induced Parkinson’s Disease Mouse Model by Regulating Striatal Dopamine and Acetylcholine Levels. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:903664. [PMID: 35784731 PMCID: PMC9240257 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.903664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of dopamine (DA) is one of the primary features of Parkinson’s disease (PD); however, imbalances of non-dopaminergic neurotransmitters significantly contribute to the disabilities noted in advanced PD patients. DA-9805 is the ethanolic extraction of the root bark of Paeonia × suffruticosa Andrews (Paeoniaceae), the root of Angelica dahurica (Hoffm.) Benth. and Hook.f. ex Franch. and Sav. (Apiaceae) and the root of Bupleurum falcatum L. (Apiaceae), which have been widely utilized as an enhancer of motor function in East Asia. This study aimed to investigate whether DA-9805 modified motor dysfunctions and imbalances associated with DA and other neurotransmitters in a 6-hydroxydopamine-induced PD mouse. We confirmed the expressions of proteins related with neurotransmissions in the striatum. In addition, we measured the striatal neurotransmitters using HPLC and analyzed their correlation. DA-9805 significantly improved motor impairments and restored the altered levels of neurotransmitters in the striatum. Moreover, DA-9805 improved the altered expressions of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), DA transporter, and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in the ipsilateral part of mouse striatum or SNpc, which implies the neuroprotection. We also found that the level of striatal acetylcholine (Ach) has the moderate negative correlation with motor functions and TH expression in the SNpc. This study indicates that DA-9805 restores motor dysfunctions by normalizing the increased levels of striatal Ach via modulating DA transmission and ChAT expressions as well as its neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Huh
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youngji Kwon
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Gyu Choi
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myung Gyu Lim
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | - Jeong Hee Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youngmi Kim Pak
- Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seon-Pyo Hong
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myung Sook Oh
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Myung Sook Oh,
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Wang Y, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Sun B, Tang C, Zhang L, Jiang Z, Ding B, Liao Y, Cai P. Simulated mobile communication frequencies (3.5 GHz) emitted by a signal generator affects the sleep of Drosophila melanogaster. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 283:117087. [PMID: 33894629 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of science and technology, 5G technology will be widely used, and biosafety concerns about the effects of 5G radiofrequency radiation on health have been raised. Drosophila melanogaster was selected as the model organism for our study, in which a 3.5 GHz radiofrequency radiation (RF-EMR) environment was simulated at intensities of 0.1 W/m2, 1 W/m2, and 10 W/m2. The activity of parent male and offspring (F1) male flies was measured using a Drosophila activity monitoring system under short-term and long-term 3.5 GHz RF-EMR exposure. Core genes associated with heat stress, the circadian clock and neurotransmitters were detected by QRT-PCR technology, and the contents of GABA and glutamate were detected by UPLC-MS. The results show that short-term RF-EMR exposure increased the activity level and reduced the sleep duration while long-term RF-EMR exposure reduced the activity level and increased the sleep duration of F1 male flies. Under long-term RF-EMR, the expression of heat stress response-related hsp22, hsp26 and hsp70 genes was increased, the expression of circadian clock-related per, cyc, clk, cry, and tim genes was altered, the content of GABA and glutamate was reduced, and the expression levels of synthesis, transport and receptor genes were altered. In conclusion, long-term RF-EMR exposure enhances the heat stress response of offspring flies and then affects the expression of circadian clock and neurotransmitter genes, which leads to decreased activity, prolonged sleep duration, and improved sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Physical Environment, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Hongying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Physical Environment, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Ziyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Physical Environment, Xiamen, 361021, China; Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Boqun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Physical Environment, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Chao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Physical Environment, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Physical Environment, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Zhihao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Physical Environment, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Bo Ding
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Physical Environment, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Yanyan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Physical Environment, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Peng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Physical Environment, Xiamen, 361021, China; Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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5
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Wu M, Wang M, Zhang Y, Zhou J, Xu L, Xia G, Yan Z, Shen Y, Yang H. Efficient and clean preparation of rare prosaikogenin D by enzymatic hydrolysis of saikosaponin B 2 and response surface methodology optimization. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 142:109690. [PMID: 33220869 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Prosaikogenin D, a rare secondary saponin in Radix Bupleuri, has much higher in vivo bioactivities than its original glycoside saikosaponin B2. Its preparation methods, such as conventional acid hydrolysis and column chromatograph, are unfriendly to environment with serious pollution and undesired products. The aim of this study was to establish an efficient and clean approach for convenient preparation of this rare steroid saponin based on the enzymatic hydrolysis. Cellulase was selected from four commercial enzymes due to its higher hydrolysis performance. Then the hydrolysis conditions were optimized by response surface methodology after preliminary investigation on affecting factors by single-factor experiments. The reaction system was constructed by 100 μg/mL of saikosaponin B2 and 8.00 mg/mL of cellulase, which was incubated in HAc-NaAc buffer (pH 4.7) at 60 °C for 33 h. Consequently, a high conversion ratio of the substrate has been achieved at 95.04 %. The newly developed strategy is an efficient and clean approach for the preparation of prosaikogenin D and it is a promising technology in industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengru Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Man Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yangyang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jinwei Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Lili Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Guohua Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zhipeng Yan
- Chengdu Pufei De Biotech Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuping Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Huan Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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6
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Li H, Wang B, Yuan G, Liu X, Huang J, Xiong L, Zhang D, Feng W, Guo R. Simultaneous Determination of Multiple Active Components from Bushen Pills and Application in a Pharmacokinetic Study in Rats. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2020; 2020:8882892. [PMID: 32765924 PMCID: PMC7387953 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8882892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bushen Pills (BSPs), as a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), is widely used in clinic to enrich Yang, nourish Yin, stem essence, and strengthen kidneys. Two chromatographic methods, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), were applied to analyze the multiple active components of BSPs in dosage form for quality evaluation and in rat plasma for pharmacokinetics study, respectively. Three active constituents of BSPs, including paeoniflorin (PF), berberine hydrochloride (BBR), and schizandrin (SCH), were simultaneously determined by the established LC-MS method with electrospray ionization (ESI) in positive selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode at m/z 503.1, 336.0, and 455.2. The contents of PF, BBR, and SCH were (6.112 ± 0.166) mg/g, (335.1 ± 14.95) μg/g, and (5.867 ± 0.136) μg/g in BSPs. On this basis, PF and BBR were selected as targeted analytes for the pharmacokinetic study of BSPs in rats. Memantine hydrochloride was used as an internal standard (IS), and the plasma samples were processed by liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate. All the analytes were separated on a C18 reversed phase column, eluted with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-formic acid (0.01%) (25 : 75, v/v), and detected by ESI in the selected ion mode with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The target fragment ions were m/z 525.3 ⟶ 449.5 for PF, 336.2 ⟶ 320.2 for BBR, and 180.1 ⟶ 163.1 for IS. The linear ranges of PF and BBR were 5-500 ng/mL and 0.1-20 ng/mL with good linearity (r 2 > 0.99). No obvious matrix effect was observed, and acceptable accuracy, precision, recovery, and stability were obtained. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of BSPs in rats after a single dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houli Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Benjie Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Guiyan Yuan
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xi'an Central Hospita, Xi'an 710003, China
| | - Lilong Xiong
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Weiyi Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ruichen Guo
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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7
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Liu Y, Wang W, Chen Y, Yan H, Wu D, Xu J, Shi S, Shen X, Huang X. Simultaneous quantification of nine components in the plasma of depressed rats after oral administration of Chaihu-Shugan-San by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and its application to pharmacokinetic studies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 186:113310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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8
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Deng M, Xie L, Zhong L, Liao Y, Liu L, Li X. Imperatorin: A review of its pharmacology, toxicity and pharmacokinetics. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 879:173124. [PMID: 32339515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As a naturally occurring furanocoumarin, the medicinal value of imperatorin has been studied more and more. We hope to provide useful information for the further development of imperatorin by analyzing the literature of imperatorin in recent years. By collating the literature on the pharmacology of imperatorin, we found that the pharmacological activity of imperatorin is wide and imperatorin can be used for anti-cancer, neuroprotection, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertension and antibacterial. In addition, we found that some researchers confirmed the toxicity of imperatorin. Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that oxidation metabolism is the main metabolic pathways of imperatorin. At present, the shortcomings of research on imperatorin mainly include: most pharmacological studies are concentrated in vitro, lacking enough in vivo experimental data; more and more studies showed that imperatorin has synergistic effect with other drugs in anticancer and other aspects, but lacking the detailed explanation of the mechanism of the synergistic effect; imperatorin has side effect, but it lacks enough experimental conclusions. Based on the above defects, we believe that more in vivo experiments of imperatorin should be carried out in the future; future research need to explore synergistic mechanisms of imperatorin with other drugs, especially in anticancer; the dose affects both the pharmacological activity and the side effect of imperatorin. The relationship between the dose and the two aspects need to be further studied in order to reduce the side effect. In addition, through structural modification of imperatorin, it is possible to improve the treatment effect and reduce side effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China.
| | - Long Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China.
| | - Li Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China.
| | - Yanmei Liao
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China.
| | - Luona Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China.
| | - Xiaofang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China.
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9
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Hu X, Ding L, Cao S, Cheng L, Wang K, Guang C, Li W, Koike K, Qiu F. Pharmacokinetics, Tissue Distribution and Excretion of Paeonol and Its Major Metabolites in Rats Provide a Further Insight Into Paeonol Effectiveness. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:190. [PMID: 32180731 PMCID: PMC7059771 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Paeonol is a major bioactive ingredient in Moutan Cortex (the root barks of Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews) and exhibited a wide range of bioactivities such as anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, hypoglycemic effect, analgesic, and others. Even though paeonol has been proven to possess significant pharmacological and therapeutic effects, its pharmacokinetic properties are not satisfactory since it has been found to have a rapid clearance in vivo. In the present study, the pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion of paeonol and its major metabolites were investigated in rats by an efficient and specific UPLC-MS/MS method. The results indicated that paeonol was rapidly absorbed, extensively metabolized, and widely distributed in various tissues without long-term accumulation after oral administration to rats. The major distribution tissues of paeonol and its metabolites were kidney, liver, and heart. Paeonol was able to cross the blood-brain barrier but rapidly decreased after 10 min. The total excretion of four metabolites in urine, bile, and feces was approximately 35.0% within 24 h, and the metabolites were mainly excreted through the urine. In addition, the hypoglycemic activities of paeonol and its metabolites were investigated by a glucose uptake assay on TNF-α mediated insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The results showed that paeonol and its major metabolites displayed hypoglycemic activities. This is the first comprehensive and systematic report on the pharmacokinetics of paeonol and its metabolites. This research provides an important basis for the clinical development and application of active metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Hu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Liqin Ding
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shijie Cao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lina Cheng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Kun Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenxi Guang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Funabashi, Japan
| | - Kazuo Koike
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Funabashi, Japan
| | - Feng Qiu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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10
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Weng Q, Chen L, Ye L, Lu X, Yu Z, Wen C, Chen Y, Huang G. Determination of licochalcone A in rat plasma by UPLC–MS/MS and its pharmacokinetics. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2019. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2018.00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Weng
- The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University & Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Lianguo Chen
- The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University & Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Luxin Ye
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Xiaojie Lu
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Zheng Yu
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Congcong Wen
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Yichuan Chen
- The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University & Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui 323000, China
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine of Lishui, Lishui 323000, China
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11
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Tao Y, Huang S, Yan J, Cai B. A reliable LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of five bioactive saponins of crude and processed Bupleurum scorzonerifolium in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4570. [PMID: 31049981 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A simple and reliable liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method was developed for simultaneous determination of saikosaponin A, saikosaponin B1 , saikosaponin C, saikosaponin D and saikosaponin F in rat plasma using glycyrrhetinic acid as an internal standard (IS). The separation was operated on a Waters BEH C18 column. The mobile phases of gradient elution consisted of acetonitrile (A) and 0.1% aqueous acetic acid (B). The mass spectrometric detection was accomplished in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The five saponins displayed good linearity (r2 > 0.9996). The lower limits of quantitation of saikosaponin A, saikosaponin B1 , saikosaponin C, saikosaponin D and saikosaponin F were determined to be 2.9, 2.3, 3.5, 2.9 and 3.1 ng/mL, respectively. Moreover, the intra- and inter-day precisions of the five saponins showed an RSD within 2.96%, whereas the accuracy (RE) ranged from -2.28 to 2.78%. Finally, the developed method was fully validated and applied to a comparative pharmacokinetic study of the five bioactive saponins in rats following oral administration of crude and vinegar-processed Bupleurum scorzonerifolium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Surun Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jizhong Yan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baochang Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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12
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Pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability studies of three saikogenins in rats using a validated UFLC-MS/MS method. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1124:265-272. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Chen W, Zheng Y, Yan L, Yuan M, Ouyang L, Li J, Zhou G, Zhong R. Validated UHPLC–MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of four triterpene saponins from
Akebia trifoliata
extract in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4585. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weikang Chen
- Jiangxi Institute for Drug Control/Jiangxi Engineering Research Center for Drug and Medical Device Quality Nanchang China
| | - Yangbin Zheng
- Jiangxi Institute for Drug Control/Jiangxi Engineering Research Center for Drug and Medical Device Quality Nanchang China
| | - Liang Yan
- Jiangxi Institute for Drug Control/Jiangxi Engineering Research Center for Drug and Medical Device Quality Nanchang China
| | - Mingming Yuan
- Jiangxi Institute for Drug Control/Jiangxi Engineering Research Center for Drug and Medical Device Quality Nanchang China
| | - Lan Ouyang
- School of PharmacyNanchang University Nanchang China
| | - Jun Li
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanchang China
| | - Guoping Zhou
- Jiangxi Institute for Drug Control/Jiangxi Engineering Research Center for Drug and Medical Device Quality Nanchang China
- School of PharmacyNanchang University Nanchang China
| | - Ruijian Zhong
- Jiangxi Institute for Drug Control/Jiangxi Engineering Research Center for Drug and Medical Device Quality Nanchang China
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14
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Blood-to-Retina Transport of Imperatorin Involves the Carrier-Mediated Transporter System at the Inner Blood-Retinal Barrier. J Pharm Sci 2018; 108:1619-1626. [PMID: 30528198 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the mechanism of transporting imperatorin across the inner blood-retinal barrier (iBRB). The carotid artery single injection method was used to calculate the retinal uptake index (RUI) of [3H]imperatorin in vivo, whereas the retinal capillary endothelial cell lines were used for the in vitro uptake and mRNA expression assays. RUI value of [3H]imperatorin was greater than that of the reference compound ([14C]n-butanol). [3H]Imperatorin significantly reduced the RUI in the presence of neuroprotective organic cationic drugs at 10 mM. However, tetraethylammonium and p-aminohippuric acid showed no significant effects. [3H]Imperatorin uptake by TR-iBRB2 cells was time-, pH-, energy-, and concentration-dependent with a Km value of 679 ± 130 μM. In addition, the uptake study showed insensitivity to sodium and membrane potential. Various organic cations including pyrilamine, nicotine, and clonidine significantly reduced the uptake of [3H]imperatorin, whereas organic anions and monocarboxylic acids did not. Furthermore, the mRNA expression level dropped markedly with rOCTN1, rOCTN2, rPMAT, and rMATE1 small interfering RNAs in the transfection study. Moreover, [3H]imperatorin uptake remained neutral with small interfering RNA transfections. Our results indicate that imperatorin transport across the iBRB involves carrier-mediated transporter system.
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15
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Lu L, Qin Y, Chen C, Guo X. Beneficial Effects Exerted by Paeonol in the Management of Atherosclerosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:1098617. [PMID: 30524649 PMCID: PMC6247470 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1098617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a chronic luminal stenosis disorder occurred in large and medium arteries, is the principle pathological basis of cardiovascular diseases with the highest morbidity and mortality worldwide. In oriental countries, traditional Chinese medicine Cortex Moutan has been widely used for the treatment of atherosclerosis-related illnesses for thousands of years. Paeonol, a bioactive monomer extracted from Cortex Moutan, is an important pharmacological component responsible for the antiatherosclerotic effects. Numerous lines of findings have established that paeonol offers beneficial roles against the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic lesions through inhibiting proatherogenic processes, such as endothelium damage, chronic inflammation, disturbance of lipid metabolism, uncontrolled oxidative stress, excessive growth, and mobilization of vascular smooth muscle cells as well as abnormality of platelet activation. Investigations identifying the atheroprotective effects of paeonol present substantial evidence for potential clinical application of paeonol as a therapeutic agent in atherosclerosis management. In this review, we summarize the antiatherosclerotic actions by which paeonol suppresses atherogenesis and provide newly insights into its atheroprotective mechanisms and the future clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yating Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiaomei Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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16
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Jeong JS, Piao Y, Kang S, Son M, Kang YC, Du XF, Ryu J, Cho YW, Jiang HH, Oh MS, Hong SP, Oh YJ, Pak YK. Triple herbal extract DA-9805 exerts a neuroprotective effect via amelioration of mitochondrial damage in experimental models of Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15953. [PMID: 30374025 PMCID: PMC6206089 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34240-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Moutan cortex, Angelica Dahurica root, and Bupleurum root are traditional herbal medicines used in Asian countries to treat various diseases caused by oxidative stress or inflammation. Parkinson's disease (PD) has been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, but no effective treatment for mitochondrial dysfunction has yet been identified. In this study we investigated the neuroprotective effects of the triple herbal extract DA-9805 in experimental models of PD. DA-9805 was prepared by extracting three dried plant materials (Moutan cortex, Angelica Dahurica root, and Bupleurum root in a 1:1:1 mixture) with 90% ethanol on a stirring plate for 24 h at room temperature and fingerprinted using high-performance liquid chromatography. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and its active metabolite 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), which both exert neurotoxic effects on dopaminergic neurons by inhibiting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complex I, were used to make experimental models of PD. In MPP+-treated SH-SY5Y cells, DA-9805 ameliorated the suppression of tyrosine hydroxylase expression and mitochondrial damage on OXPHOS complex 1 activity, mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and oxygen consumption rate. In the MPTP-induced subacute PD model mice, oral administration of DA-9805 recovered dopamine content as well as bradykinesia, as determined by the rotarod test. DA-9805 protected against neuronal damage in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and striatum. In both in vitro and in vivo models of PD, DA-9805 normalized the phosphorylation of AKT at S473 and T308 on the insulin signaling pathway and the expression of mitochondria-related genes. These results demonstrate that the triple herbal extract DA-9805 showed neuroprotective effects via alleviating mitochondria damage in experimental models of PD. We propose that DA-9805 may be a suitable candidate for disease-modifying therapeutics for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Seok Jeong
- R&D Center of Dong-A ST, Yong-in, Kyungki-do, 17073, Korea
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Ying Piao
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea
- Department of Emergency, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133000, China
| | - Sora Kang
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Minuk Son
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Young Cheol Kang
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Xiao Fei Du
- R&D Center of Dong-A ST, Yong-in, Kyungki-do, 17073, Korea
| | - Jayoung Ryu
- R&D Center of Dong-A ST, Yong-in, Kyungki-do, 17073, Korea
| | | | - Hai-Hua Jiang
- R&D Center of Dong-A ST, Yong-in, Kyungki-do, 17073, Korea
| | - Myung Sook Oh
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Seon-Pyo Hong
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Young J Oh
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
| | - Youngmi Kim Pak
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea.
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea.
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17
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Kwon MH, Jeong JS, Ryu J, Cho YW, Kang HE. Pharmacokinetics and Brain Distribution of the Active Components of DA-9805, Saikosaponin A, Paeonol, and Imperatorin in Rats. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10030133. [PMID: 30127277 PMCID: PMC6160927 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DA-9805 is a botanical anti-Parkinson’s drug candidate formulated from ethanol extracts of the root of Bupleurum falcatum, the root cortex of Paeonia suffruticosa, and the root of Angelica dahurica. The pharmacokinetics (PKs) and brain distribution of active/representative ingredients of DA-9805, Saikosaponin a (SSa; 1.1–4.6 mg/kg), Paeonol (PA; 14.8–59.2 mg/kg), and Imperatorin (IMP; 1.4–11.5 mg/kg) were evaluated following the intravenous or oral administration of each pure component and the equivalent dose of DA-9805 in rats. All three components had greater dose-normalized areas under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and slower clearance with higher doses, following intravenous administration. By contrast, dose-proportional AUC values of SSa, PA, and IMP were observed following the oral administration of each pure component (with the exception of IMP at the highest dose) or DA-9805. Compared to oral administration of each pure compound, DA-9805 administration showed an increase in the AUC of SSa (by 96.1–163%) and PA (by 155–164%), possibly due to inhibition of their metabolism by IMP or other component(s) in DA-9805. A delay in the absorption of PA and IMP was observed when they were administered as DA-9805. All three components of DA-9805 showed greater binding values in brain homogenates than in plasma, possibly explaining why the brain-to-plasma ratios were greater than unity following multiple oral administrations of DA-9805. By contrast, their levels in cerebrospinal fluid were negligible. Our results further our understanding of the comprehensive PK characteristics of SSa, PA, and IMP in rats and the comparative PKs between each pure component and DA-9805.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Hye Kwon
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon 14662, Korea.
| | - Jin Seok Jeong
- Research Center, Dong-A ST Co., Ltd., 21 Geumhwa-ro, 105beon-gil, Giheung-gu, Yongin 17073, Korea.
| | - Jayoung Ryu
- Research Center, Dong-A ST Co., Ltd., 21 Geumhwa-ro, 105beon-gil, Giheung-gu, Yongin 17073, Korea.
| | - Young Woong Cho
- Research Center, Dong-A ST Co., Ltd., 21 Geumhwa-ro, 105beon-gil, Giheung-gu, Yongin 17073, Korea.
| | - Hee Eun Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon 14662, Korea.
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