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Nguyen S, Carlson H, Yoder A, Bamlet WR, Oberg AL, Petersen GM, Carmella SG, Hecht SS, Jansen RJ. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Pancreatic Cancer: An Analysis of the Blood Biomarker, r-1, t-2,3, c-4-Tetrahydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthrene and Selected Metabolism Gene SNPs. Nutrients 2024; 16:688. [PMID: 38474816 PMCID: PMC10935191 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), byproducts of incomplete combustion, and their effects on the development of cancer are still being evaluated. Recent studies have analyzed the relationship between PAHs and tobacco or dietary intake in the form of processed foods and smoked/well-done meats. This study aims to assess the association of a blood biomarker and metabolite of PAHs, r-1,t-2,3,c-4-tetrahydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthrene (PheT), dietary intake, selected metabolism SNPs, and pancreatic cancer. Demographics, food-frequency data, SNPs, treatment history, and levels of PheT in plasma were determined from 400 participants (202 cases and 198 controls) and evaluated based on pancreatic adenocarcinoma diagnosis. Demographic and dietary variables were selected based on previously published literature indicating association with pancreatic cancer. A multiple regression model combined the significant demographic and food items with SNPs. Final multivariate logistic regression significant factors (p-value < 0.05) associated with pancreatic cancer included: Type 2 Diabetes [OR = 6.26 (95% CI = 2.83, 14.46)], PheT [1.03 (1.02, 1.05)], very well-done red meat [0.90 (0.83, 0.96)], fruit/vegetable servings [1.35 (1.06, 1.73)], recessive (rs12203582) [4.11 (1.77, 9.91)], recessive (rs56679) [0.2 (0.06, 0.85)], overdominant (rs3784605) [3.14 (1.69, 6.01)], and overdominant (rs721430) [0.39 (0.19, 0.76)]. Of note, by design, the level of smoking did not differ between our cases and controls. This study does not provide strong evidence that PheT is a biomarker of pancreatic cancer susceptibility independent of dietary intake and select metabolism SNPs among a nonsmoking population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra Nguyen
- Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA;
| | - Heather Carlson
- Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Andrea Yoder
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA (S.S.H.)
| | - William R. Bamlet
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ann L. Oberg
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Gloria M. Petersen
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Steven G. Carmella
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA (S.S.H.)
| | - Stephen S. Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA (S.S.H.)
| | - Rick J. Jansen
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA (S.S.H.)
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Marques M, Maitre A, Choisnard L, Demeilliers C, Persoons R. Simultaneous analysis of PAH urinary mono- and dihydroxylated metabolites by GC-MS-MS following SPE and two-stage derivatization. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:6823-6835. [PMID: 34494123 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03638-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A new gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of mono- and dihydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites (OH-PAHs and diol-PAHs) in urine was developed and validated. Various sample preparation procedures were compared, namely liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE), and SPE, alone or combined. A novel two-stage derivatization approach using 2 silylation reagents was developed, and an experimental procedure design was used to optimize the programmed temperature vaporization-solvent vent injection (PTV-SV) GC parameters. The method focused on 11 target compounds resulting from four- to five-ring suspected carcinogenic PAHs. SPE was identified as an acceptable and more convenient extraction method for all tested metabolites, with extraction rates ranging from 63 to 86% and relative standard deviations lower than 20%. The two-stage derivatization approach successfully allowed first the derivatization of OH-PAHs by MTBSTFA (N-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide) and then diol-PAHs by BSTFA (N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide) in a single run. The limits of quantification were in the range of 0.01-0.02 μg l-1 for OH-PAHs and 0.02-0.2 μg l-1 for diol-PAHs. The intra- and interday precisions were lower than 10%. The method was applied to determine PAH metabolites in urine collected at the beginning and at the end of the working week from 6 workers involved in aluminum production. The mean diol-PAH levels at the end of the week were 10 to 20 times higher (0.86-2.34 μg g-1 creatinine) than those of OH-PAHs (0.03-0.30 μg g-1). These results confirmed the usefulness of this new analytical technique for detecting and characterizing metabolic patterns of PAHs in urine and assessing carcinogenic occupational exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Marques
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS Grenoble INP, CHU Grenoble Alpes, TIMC, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Anne Maitre
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS Grenoble INP, CHU Grenoble Alpes, TIMC, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Luc Choisnard
- Département de Pharmachimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 5063, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Christine Demeilliers
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS Grenoble INP, CHU Grenoble Alpes, TIMC, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Renaud Persoons
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS Grenoble INP, CHU Grenoble Alpes, TIMC, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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Luo K, Luo X, Cao W, Hochalter JB, Paiano V, Sipe CJ, Carmella SG, Murphy SE, Jensen J, Lam S, Golin AP, Bergstrom L, Midthun D, Fujioka N, Hatsukami D, Hecht SS. Cigarette smoking enhances the metabolic activation of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon phenanthrene in humans. Carcinogenesis 2021; 42:570-577. [PMID: 33319219 PMCID: PMC8086767 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgaa137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is well established that human cytochrome P450 1 family enzymes are induced by cigarette smoking through activation of the Ah receptor, it is not known whether this leads to increased metabolic activation or detoxification of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), which are present in cigarette smoke and the general environment. We gave oral doses of deuterated phenanthrene ([D10]Phe), a non-carcinogenic surrogate of carcinogenic PAH such as benzo[a]pyrene, to smokers (N = 170, 1 or 10 μg doses) and non-smokers (N = 57, 1 μg dose). Bioactivation products (dihydrodiol and tetraol) and detoxification products (phenols) of [D10]Phe were determined in 6-h urine to obtain a comprehensive metabolic profile. Cigarette smoking increased the bioactivation of [D10]Phe and decreased its detoxification resulting in significantly different metabolic patterns between smokers and non-smokers (P < 0.01), consistent with increased cancer risk in smokers. The Phe bioactivation ratios ([D10]PheT/total [D9]OHPhe) were significantly higher (2.3 (P < 0.01) to 4.8 (P < 0.001) fold) in smokers than non-smokers. With solid human in vivo evidence, our results for the first time demonstrate that cigarette smoking enhances the metabolic activation of Phe, structurally representative of carcinogenic PAH, in humans, strongly supporting their causal role in cancers caused by smoking. The results suggest potential new methods for identifying smokers who could be at particularly high risk for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Luo
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Xianghua Luo
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Wenhao Cao
- School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Viviana Paiano
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Steven G Carmella
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sharon E Murphy
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Joni Jensen
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Stephen Lam
- British Columbia Cancer Research Center, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew P Golin
- British Columbia Cancer Research Center, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Naomi Fujioka
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Dorothy Hatsukami
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Luo K, Carmella SG, Zhao Y, Tang MK, Hecht SS. Identification and quantification of phenanthrene ortho-quinones in human urine and their association with lipid peroxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115342. [PMID: 32805605 PMCID: PMC8892176 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) has been associated with in vivo oxidative damage, and hydroxyPAH metabolites have been used as biomarkers to assess PAH-induced oxidative stress, few studies have looked at the likely causative compounds for oxidative stress in humans - PAH quinones. We developed a method using pre-column derivatization - liquid chromatography-heated electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HESI-MS/MS) to analyze ortho-phenanthrene quinones (PheQs) in human urine. 1,2-PheQ and 3,4-PheQ were identified and quantified in 3 mL of human urine; their total concentrations were higher in cigarette smokers (0.79 ± 0.98 nmol/6h urine) than in nonsmokers (0.20 ± 0.98 nmol/6h urine) (p < 0.01). The total of 1,2-PheQ and 3,4-PheQ were more strongly correlated with urinary (Z)-7-[1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxy-2-[(E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-enyl]cyclopentyl]hept-5-enoic acid (8-iso-PGF2α), a biomarker of lipid peroxidation (R2 = 0.53, p < 0.001), than the other phenanthrene metabolites including phenanthrene tetraol (PheT), phenanthrene-1,2-dihydrodiol (1,2-PheD), and total phenanthrene phenols (OHPhe), consistent with the concept that PheQs and likely other PAH quinones play a causal role in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in humans. Thus, PheQs may be suitable as biomarkers to assess human exposure to oxygenated PAH and the subsequent oxidative damage. This study provides unique support, by analysis of human urinary metabolites, for the PAH quinone mediated oxidative damage hypothesis of PAH carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Luo
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Steven G Carmella
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Yingchun Zhao
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mei Kuen Tang
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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