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Huang BZ, Binder AM, Quon B, Patel YM, Lum-Jones A, Tiirikainen M, Murphy SE, Loo L, Maunakea AK, Haiman CA, Wilkens LR, Koh WP, Cai Q, Aldrich MC, Siegmund KD, Hecht SS, Yuan JM, Blot WJ, Stram DO, Le Marchand L, Park SL. Epigenome-wide association study of total nicotine equivalents in multiethnic current smokers from three prospective cohorts. Am J Hum Genet 2024; 111:456-472. [PMID: 38367619 PMCID: PMC10940014 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2024.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The impact of tobacco exposure on health varies by race and ethnicity and is closely tied to internal nicotine dose, a marker of carcinogen uptake. DNA methylation is strongly responsive to smoking status and may mediate health effects, but study of associations with internal dose is limited. We performed a blood leukocyte epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) of urinary total nicotine equivalents (TNEs; a measure of nicotine uptake) and DNA methylation measured using the MethylationEPIC v1.0 BeadChip (EPIC) in six racial and ethnic groups across three cohort studies. In the Multiethnic Cohort Study (discovery, n = 1994), TNEs were associated with differential methylation at 408 CpG sites across >250 genomic regions (p < 9 × 10-8). The top significant sites were annotated to AHRR, F2RL3, RARA, GPR15, PRSS23, and 2q37.1, all of which had decreasing methylation with increasing TNEs. We identified 45 novel CpG sites, of which 42 were unique to the EPIC array and eight annotated to genes not previously linked with smoking-related DNA methylation. The most significant signal in a novel gene was cg03748458 in MIR383;SGCZ. Fifty-one of the 408 discovery sites were validated in the Singapore Chinese Health Study (n = 340) and the Southern Community Cohort Study (n = 394) (Bonferroni corrected p < 1.23 × 10-4). Significant heterogeneity by race and ethnicity was detected for CpG sites in MYO1G and CYTH1. Furthermore, TNEs significantly mediated the association between cigarettes per day and DNA methylation at 15 sites (average 22.5%-44.3% proportion mediated). Our multiethnic study highlights the transethnic and ethnic-specific methylation associations with internal nicotine dose, a strong predictor of smoking-related morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Z Huang
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Alexandra M Binder
- Population Sciences of the Pacific Program-Epidemiology, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brandon Quon
- Population Sciences of the Pacific Program-Epidemiology, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Yesha M Patel
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Annette Lum-Jones
- Population Sciences of the Pacific Program-Epidemiology, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Maarit Tiirikainen
- Population Sciences of the Pacific Program-Epidemiology, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Sharon E Murphy
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lenora Loo
- Population Sciences of the Pacific Program-Epidemiology, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Alika K Maunakea
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lynne R Wilkens
- Population Sciences of the Pacific Program-Epidemiology, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Woon-Puay Koh
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Melinda C Aldrich
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kimberly D Siegmund
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - William J Blot
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Daniel O Stram
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Loïc Le Marchand
- Population Sciences of the Pacific Program-Epidemiology, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Sungshim L Park
- Population Sciences of the Pacific Program-Epidemiology, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA.
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Leroue MK, Williamson KM, Curtin PC, Sontag MK, Wagner BD, Ambroggio L, Bixby M, Busgang SA, Murphy SE, Peterson LA, Vevang KR, Sipe CJ, Kirk Harris J, Reeder RW, Locandro C, Carpenter TC, Maddux AB, Simões EAF, Osborne CM, Robertson CE, Langelier C, Carcillo JA, Meert KL, Pollack MM, McQuillen PS, Mourani PM. Tobacco smoke exposure, the lower airways microbiome and outcomes of ventilated children. Pediatr Res 2023; 94:660-667. [PMID: 36750739 PMCID: PMC9903281 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02502-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco smoke exposure increases the risk and severity of lower respiratory tract infections in children, yet the mechanisms remain unclear. We hypothesized that tobacco smoke exposure would modify the lower airway microbiome. METHODS Secondary analysis of a multicenter cohort of 362 children between ages 31 days and 18 years mechanically ventilated for >72 h. Tracheal aspirates from 298 patients, collected within 24 h of intubation, were evaluated via 16 S ribosomal RNA sequencing. Smoke exposure was determined by creatinine corrected urine cotinine levels ≥30 µg/g. RESULTS Patients had a median age of 16 (IQR 568) months. The most common admission diagnosis was lower respiratory tract infection (53%). Seventy-four (20%) patients were smoke exposed and exhibited decreased richness and Shannon diversity. Smoke exposed children had higher relative abundances of Serratia spp., Moraxella spp., Haemophilus spp., and Staphylococcus aureus. Differences were most notable in patients with bacterial and viral respiratory infections. There were no differences in development of acute respiratory distress syndrome, days of mechanical ventilation, ventilator free days at 28 days, length of stay, or mortality. CONCLUSION Among critically ill children requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation, tobacco smoke exposure is associated with decreased richness and Shannon diversity and change in microbial communities. IMPACT Tobacco smoke exposure is associated with changes in the lower airways microbiome but is not associated with clinical outcomes among critically ill pediatric patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation. This study is among the first to evaluate the impact of tobacco smoke exposure on the lower airway microbiome in children. This research helps elucidate the relationship between tobacco smoke exposure and the lower airway microbiome and may provide a possible mechanism by which tobacco smoke exposure increases the risk for poor outcomes in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Leroue
- Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Kayla M Williamson
- Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Paul C Curtin
- CHEAR Data Center, Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marci K Sontag
- Epidemiology, University of Colorado, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Brandie D Wagner
- Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Lilliam Ambroggio
- Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Moira Bixby
- CHEAR Data Center, Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stefanie A Busgang
- CHEAR Data Center, Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sharon E Murphy
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lisa A Peterson
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Karin R Vevang
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - J Kirk Harris
- Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ron W Reeder
- Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Todd C Carpenter
- Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Aline B Maddux
- Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Eric A F Simões
- Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
- Epidemiology, University of Colorado, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Christina M Osborne
- Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Charles E Robertson
- Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Charles Langelier
- Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Kathleen L Meert
- Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Peter M Mourani
- Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
- Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
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Cassidy RN, Tidey JW, Jackson KM, Cioe PA, Murphy SE, Krishnan-Sarin S, Hatsukami D, Colby SM. The Impact of Reducing Nicotine Content on Adolescent Cigarette Smoking and Nicotine Exposure: Results From a Randomized Controlled Trial. Nicotine Tob Res 2023; 25:918-927. [PMID: 36482794 PMCID: PMC10077938 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As the science base around the potential benefits of a reduced-nicotine standard for cigarettes grows, information on the potential effects on adolescent smokers is a high priority. The aim of this randomized trial was to test the influence of 3-week exposure to reduced nicotine cigarettes in a sample of adolescent daily smokers. AIMS AND METHODS In this double-blind, two-arm, randomized controlled trial (NCT0258731), following a 1-week baseline, adolescent daily smokers not currently intending to quit (ages 15-19 years, n = 66 randomized) were urn randomized to use either very low nicotine content (VLNC; 0.4 mg/g; n = 33) or normal nicotine content (NNC, 15.8 mg/g; n = 33) research cigarettes for 3 weeks. Participants attended five study sessions at our clinical laboratory. The primary outcome was average total cigarettes smoked per day (CPD; including both study and non-study cigarettes) at week 3. RESULTS Stepwise regression results demonstrated that compared with NNC cigarettes (n = 31), assignment to VLNC cigarettes (n = 29), was associated with 2.4 fewer CPD on average than NNC assignment (p < .05) week 3 when controlling for covariates (p < .01, Cohen's d = 0.52 n = 60 completed all procedures). VLNC cigarettes were also associated with lower levels of craving reduction than NNC cigarettes (Questionnaire on Smoking Urges Factor 2, p < .05). No group differences were found for secondary outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Adolescent participants assigned to VLNC use for 3 weeks smoked fewer total CPD relative to the NNC group. Overall, data suggest that a VLNC policy would reduce cigarette smoking in adolescents who smoke, but high rates of incomplete adherence suggest that youth may seek alternative sources of nicotine in this scenario. IMPLICATIONS The US Food and Drug Administration may enact a reduced-nicotine product standard that would affect all commercially available cigarettes. One important population affected by this policy would be adolescents who smoke. This study, the first clinical trial of VLNC cigarettes in adolescents, demonstrates that adolescents switched to VLNC cigarettes for 3 weeks reduced their CPD relative to the normal-nicotine cigarette control group, without leading to increased respiratory symptoms or increased withdrawal. Biomarkers indicated the use of other sources of nicotine, suggesting that such a policy will need to consider approaches to assist in transitioning away from smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel N Cassidy
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jennifer W Tidey
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kristina M Jackson
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Patricia A Cioe
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Sharon E Murphy
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Dorothy Hatsukami
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Suzanne M Colby
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Cigan SS, Murphy SE, Stram DO, Hecht SS, Le Marchand L, Stepanov I, Park SL. Association of Urinary Biomarkers of Smoking-Related Toxicants with Lung Cancer Incidence in Smokers: The Multiethnic Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023; 32:306-314. [PMID: 36350738 PMCID: PMC9992134 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-22-0569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer, the majority of smokers do not develop the disease over their lifetime. The inter-individual differences in risk among smokers may in part be due to variations in exposure to smoking-related toxicants. METHODS Using data from a subcohort of 2,309 current smokers at the time of urine collection from the Multiethnic Cohort Study, we prospectively evaluated the association of ten urinary biomarkers of smoking-related toxicants [total nicotine equivalents (TNE), a ratio of total trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (3-HCOT)/cotinine (a phenotypic measure of CYP2A6 enzymatic activity), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-3-(pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), S-phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA), 3-hydroxypropyl mercapturic acid (3-HPMA), phenanthrene tetraol (PheT), 3-hydroxyphenanthrene (PheOH), the ratio of PheT/PheOH, cadmium (Cd), and (Z)-7-(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxy-2-[(E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-enyl]cyclopenyl]hept-5-enoic acid (8-iso-PGF2α)] with lung cancer risk (n = 140 incident lung cancer cases over an average of 13.4 years of follow-up). Lung cancer risk was estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS After adjusting for decade of birth, sex, race/ethnicity, body mass index, self-reported pack-years, creatinine, and urinary TNE (a biomarker of internal smoking dose), a one SD increase in log total 3-HCOT/cotinine (HR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.06-1.66), 3-HPMA (HR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.07-1.85), and Cd (HR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.18-1.79) were each associated with increased lung cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that urinary total 3-HCOT/cotinine, 3-HPMA, and Cd are positively associated with lung cancer risk. These findings warrant replication and consideration as potential biomarkers for smoking-related lung cancer risk. IMPACT These biomarkers may provide additional information on lung cancer risk that is not captured by self-reported smoking history or TNE. See related commentary by Etemadi et al., p. 289.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon S. Cigan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455, United States of America
| | - Sharon E. Murphy
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455, United States of America
| | - Daniel O. Stram
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, United States of America
| | - Stephen S. Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455, United States of America
| | - Loïc Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States of America
| | - Irina Stepanov
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455, United States of America
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455, United States of America
| | - Sungshim L. Park
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States of America
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von Weymarn LB, Lu X, Thomson NM, LeMarchand L, Park SL, Murphy SE. Quantitation of Ten Urinary Nicotine Metabolites, Including 4-Hydroxy-4-(3-pyridyl) Butanoic Acid, a Product of Nicotine 2'-Oxidation, and CYP2A6 Activity in Japanese Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Whites. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:313-321. [PMID: 36735658 PMCID: PMC10042446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Smoking intensity varies across smokers and is influenced by individual variability in the metabolism of nicotine, the major addictive agent in tobacco. Therefore, lung cancer risk, which varies by racial ethnic group, is influenced by the primary catalyst of nicotine metabolism, cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6). In smokers, CYP2A6 catalyzes nicotine 5'-oxidation. In vitro, CYP2A6 also catalyzes, to a much lower extent, 2'-oxidation, which leads to the formation of 4-hydroxy-4-(3-pyridyl) butanoic acid (hydroxy acid). The urinary concentration of hydroxy acid has been quantified in only a few small studies of White smokers. To quantitatively assess the importance of nicotine 2'-oxidation in smokers, an LC-MS/MS-based method was developed for the analysis of nicotine and ten metabolites in urine. The concentrations of nicotine and these metabolites were measured in 303 smokers (99 Whites, 99 Native Hawaiians, and 105 Japanese Americans), and the relative metabolism of nicotine by four pathways was determined. Metabolism by these pathways was also compared across quartiles of CYP2A6 activity (measured as the plasma ratio of 3-hydroxycotinine to cotinine). As reported previously and consistent with their average CYP2A6 activity, nicotine 5'-oxidation was highest in Whites and lowest in Japanese Americans. Nicotine N-glucuronidation and N-oxidation increased with decreasing CYP2A6 activity. However, the relative urinary concentration of hydroxy acid (mean, 2.3%; 95% CI, 2.2-2.4%) did not vary by ethnic group or by CYP2A6 activity. In summary, CYP2A6 is not an important catalyst of nicotine 2'-oxidation in smokers, nor does nicotine 2'-oxidation compensate for decreased CYP2A6 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda B von Weymarn
- Department of Biochemistry Molecular Biology and Biophysics and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Xiaotong Lu
- Department of Biochemistry Molecular Biology and Biophysics and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Nicole M Thomson
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Loic LeMarchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, United States
| | - Sungshim L Park
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, United States
| | - Sharon E Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry Molecular Biology and Biophysics and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Park SL, Le Marchand L, Cheng G, Balbo S, Chen M, Carmella SG, Thomson NM, Lee Y, Patel YM, Stram DO, Jensen J, Hatsukami DK, Murphy SE, Hecht SS. Quantitation of DNA Adducts Resulting from Acrolein Exposure and Lipid Peroxidation in Oral Cells of Cigarette Smokers from Three Racial/Ethnic Groups with Differing Risks for Lung Cancer. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1914-1922. [PMID: 35998368 PMCID: PMC10019528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Multiethnic Cohort Study has demonstrated that the risk for lung cancer in cigarette smokers among three ethnic groups is highest in Native Hawaiians, intermediate in Whites, and lowest in Japanese Americans. We hypothesized that differences in levels of DNA adducts in oral cells of cigarette smokers would be related to these differing risks of lung cancer. Therefore, we used liquid chromatography-nanoelectrospray ionization-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry to quantify the acrolein-DNA adduct (8R/S)-3-(2'-deoxyribos-1'-yl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-8-hydroxypyrimido[1,2-a]purine-10(3H)-one (γ-OH-Acr-dGuo, 1) and the lipid peroxidation-related DNA adduct 1,N6-etheno-dAdo (εdAdo, 2) in DNA obtained by oral rinse from 101 Native Hawaiians, 101 Whites, and 79 Japanese Americans. Levels of urinary biomarkers of nicotine, acrolein, acrylonitrile, and a mixture of crotonaldehyde, methyl vinyl ketone, and methacrolein were also quantified. Whites had significantly higher levels of γ-OH-Acr-dGuo than Japanese Americans and Native Hawaiians after adjusting for age and sex. There was no significant difference in levels of this DNA adduct between Japanese Americans and Native Hawaiians, which is not consistent with the high lung cancer risk of Native Hawaiians. Levels of εdAdo were modestly higher in Whites and Native Hawaiians than in Japanese Americans. The lower level of DNA adducts in the oral cells of Japanese American cigarette smokers than Whites is consistent with their lower risk for lung cancer. The higher levels of εdAdo, but not γ-OH-Acr-dGuo, in Native Hawaiian versus Japanese American cigarette smokers suggest that lipid peroxidation and related processes may be involved in their high risk for lung cancer, but further studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungshim L Park
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, United States
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, United States
| | - Guang Cheng
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Silvia Balbo
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Menglan Chen
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Steven G Carmella
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Nicole M Thomson
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Younghan Lee
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, United States
| | - Yesha M Patel
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Daniel O Stram
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Joni Jensen
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Sharon E Murphy
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Baurley JW, Bergen AW, Ervin CM, Park SSL, Murphy SE, McMahan CS. Predicting nicotine metabolism across ancestries using genotypes. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:663. [PMID: 36131240 PMCID: PMC9490935 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08884-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a need to match characteristics of tobacco users with cessation treatments and risks of tobacco attributable diseases such as lung cancer. The rate in which the body metabolizes nicotine has proven an important predictor of these outcomes. Nicotine metabolism is primarily catalyzed by the enzyme cytochrone P450 (CYP2A6) and CYP2A6 activity can be measured as the ratio of two nicotine metabolites: trans-3'-hydroxycotinine to cotinine (NMR). Measurements of these metabolites are only possible in current tobacco users and vary by biofluid source, timing of collection, and protocols; unfortunately, this has limited their use in clinical practice. The NMR depends highly on genetic variation near CYP2A6 on chromosome 19 as well as ancestry, environmental, and other genetic factors. Thus, we aimed to develop prediction models of nicotine metabolism using genotypes and basic individual characteristics (age, gender, height, and weight). RESULTS We identified four multiethnic studies with nicotine metabolites and DNA samples. We constructed a 263 marker panel from filtering genome-wide association scans of the NMR in each study. We then applied seven machine learning techniques to train models of nicotine metabolism on the largest and most ancestrally diverse dataset (N=2239). The models were then validated using the other three studies (total N=1415). Using cross-validation, we found the correlations between the observed and predicted NMR ranged from 0.69 to 0.97 depending on the model. When predictions were averaged in an ensemble model, the correlation was 0.81. The ensemble model generalizes well in the validation studies across ancestries, despite differences in the measurements of NMR between studies, with correlations of: 0.52 for African ancestry, 0.61 for Asian ancestry, and 0.46 for European ancestry. The most influential predictors of NMR identified in more than two models were rs56113850, rs11878604, and 21 other genetic variants near CYP2A6 as well as age and ancestry. CONCLUSIONS We have developed an ensemble of seven models for predicting the NMR across ancestries from genotypes and age, gender and BMI. These models were validated using three datasets and associate with nicotine dosages. The knowledge of how an individual metabolizes nicotine could be used to help select the optimal path to reducing or quitting tobacco use, as well as, evaluating risks of tobacco use.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W. Baurley
- grid.427493.fBioRealm LLC, 340 S Lemon Ave, Suite 1931, 91789 Walnut, CA USA
| | - Andrew W. Bergen
- grid.427493.fBioRealm LLC, 340 S Lemon Ave, Suite 1931, 91789 Walnut, CA USA ,grid.280332.80000 0001 2110 136XOregon Research Institute, 3800 Sports Way, 97477 Springfield, OR USA
| | - Carolyn M. Ervin
- grid.427493.fBioRealm LLC, 340 S Lemon Ave, Suite 1931, 91789 Walnut, CA USA
| | - Sung-shim Lani Park
- grid.410445.00000 0001 2188 0957University of Hawaii, 701 Ilalo Street, 96813 Honolulu, HI USA
| | - Sharon E. Murphy
- grid.17635.360000000419368657University of Minnesota, 2231 6th St SE, 55455 Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Christopher S. McMahan
- grid.26090.3d0000 0001 0665 0280Clemson University, 220 Parkway Drive, 29634 Clemson, SC USA
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Ruran HB, Maciag MC, Murphy SE, Phipatanakul W, Hauptman M. Cross-sectional study of urinary biomarkers of environmental tobacco and e-cigarette exposure and asthma morbidity. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2022; 129:378-380. [PMID: 35688366 PMCID: PMC9814889 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hana B Ruran
- Hopkinton High School, Hopkinton, Massachusetts; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michelle C Maciag
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sharon E Murphy
- University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Wanda Phipatanakul
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marissa Hauptman
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of General Pediatrics, Pediatric Environmental Health Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Region 1 New England Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit, Boston, Massachusetts.
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9
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Chen M, Carmella SG, Lindgren BR, Luo X, Ikuemonisan J, Niesen B, Thomson NM, Murphy SE, Hatsukami DK, Hecht SS. Increased Levels of the Acrolein Metabolite 3-Hydroxypropyl Mercapturic Acid in the Urine of e-Cigarette Users. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 36:583-588. [PMID: 35858275 PMCID: PMC9852357 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Carcinogen and toxicant uptake by e-cigarette users have not been fully evaluated. In the study reported here, we recruited 30 e-cigarette users, 63 nonsmokers, and 33 cigarette smokers who gave monthly urine samples over a period of 4-6 months. Their product use status was confirmed by measurements of exhaled CO, urinary total nicotine equivalents, cyanoethyl mercapturic acid (CEMA), and total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol. Urinary biomarkers of exposure to the carcinogens acrolein (3-hydroxypropyl mercapturic acid, 3-HPMA), benzene (S-phenyl mercapturic acid, SPMA), acrylonitrile (CEMA), and a combination of crotonaldehyde, methyl vinyl ketone, and methacrolein (3-hydroxy-1-methylpropyl mercapturic acid, HMPMA) were quantified at each visit. Data from subject visits with CEMA > 27 pmol/mL were excluded from the statistical analysis of the results because of possible unreported exposures to volatile combustion products such as secondhand cigarette smoke or marijuana smoke exposure; this left 22 e-cigarette users with 4 or more monthly visits and all 63 nonsmokers. Geometric mean levels of 3-HPMA (1249 versus 679.3 pmol/mL urine) were significantly higher (P = 0.003) in e-cigarette users than in nonsmokers, whereas levels of SPMA, CEMA, and HMPMA did not differ between these two groups. All analytes were significantly higher in cigarette smokers than in either e-cigarette users or nonsmokers. The results of this unique multimonth longitudinal study demonstrate consistent significantly higher uptake of the carcinogen acrolein in e-cigarette users versus nonsmokers, presenting a warning signal regarding e-cigarette use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stephen S. Hecht
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE - 2-148 CCRB, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. phone: (612) 624-7604; fax: (612) 624-3869;
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10
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Okuyemi KS, Ojo-Fati O, Aremu TO, Friedrichsen SC, Grude L, Oyenuga M, Shyne M, Murphy SE, Hatsukami D, Joseph AM. A Randomized Trial of Nicotine versus No-nicotine E-cigarettes Among African American Smokers: Changes in Smoking and Tobacco Biomarkers. Nicotine Tob Res 2022; 24:555-563. [PMID: 34669956 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of this clinical trial was to compare the effects of e-cigarettes with and without nicotine on patterns of combustible cigarette use and biomarkers of exposure to tobacco toxicants among African American smokers. METHODS African American smokers (n = 234) were enrolled in a 12-week, single blind, randomized controlled trial and assigned to ad lib use of nicotine e-cigarettes with or without menthol (2.4% nicotine [equivalent to combustible cigarettes], n = 118), or no-nicotine e-cigarettes (n = 116) for 6 weeks. Surveys were administered at baseline, 2, 6, and 12 weeks, and urinary biomarkers 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and total nicotine equivalents (TNE) were assessed at baseline and 6 weeks. RESULTS Participants smoked an average of 11.4 cigarettes per day (CPD) and 88% used menthol cigarettes at baseline. At Week 6, the nicotine group reported using e-cigarettes 9.1 times per day compared to 11.4 times in the no-nicotine group (p = 0.42). Combustible cigarette smoking decreased 3.0 CPD in the nicotine group compared to 2.7 CPD in the no-nicotine group (p = 0.74). Neither TNE nor NNAL changed significantly between baseline and Week 6. There were no differences in nicotine withdrawal symptoms between treatment groups. Smoking reduction persisted in both groups at Week 12. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to our hypotheses, nicotine e-cigarettes did not significantly reduce the use of combustible cigarettes compared to no-nicotine e-cigarettes in this cohort of African American smokers. Findings suggest e-cigarettes are modestly associated with the decreased use of combustible cigarettes among non-treatment seeking smokers, regardless of nicotine content, but without a reduction in tobacco toxicants. IMPLICATIONS Although e-cigarettes have the potential to reduce harm if substituted for combusted cigarettes (or if they promoted cessation) because of lower levels of tobacco toxicants, this study suggests ad lib use of e-cigarettes among African American smokers, with or without nicotine, results in modest smoking reduction but does not change toxicant exposure in a cohort where smoking cessation or reduction is not the goal. These data suggest that testing future harm reduction interventions using e-cigarettes should include more specific behavioral change coaching, including substituting for or completely stopping combusted cigarettes. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov - NCT03084315.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolawole S Okuyemi
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Olamide Ojo-Fati
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Taiwo O Aremu
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Samantha C Friedrichsen
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lindsay Grude
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mosunmoluwa Oyenuga
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael Shyne
- Biostatistical Design and Analysis Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sharon E Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Dorothy Hatsukami
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Anne M Joseph
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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11
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Peacock JL, Palys TJ, Halchenko Y, Sayarath V, Takigawa CA, Murphy SE, Peterson LA, Baker ER, Karagas MR. Assessing tobacco smoke exposure in pregnancy from self-report, urinary cotinine and NNAL: a validation study using the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e054535. [PMID: 35131829 PMCID: PMC8823089 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Accurate assessment of tobacco smoke exposure is key to evaluate its effects. We sought to validate and establish cut-offs for self-reported smoking and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure during pregnancy using urinary cotinine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(-3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) in a large contemporary prospective study from the USA, with lower smoking prevalence than has previously been evaluated. DESIGN Prospective birth cohort. SETTING Pregnancy clinics in New Hampshire and Vermont, USA. PARTICIPANTS 1396 women enrolled in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study with self-reported smoking, urinary cotinine, NNAL and pregnancy outcomes. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Cut-offs for urinary cotinine and NNAL concentrations were estimated from logistic regression models using Youden's method to predict SHS and active smoking. Cotinine and NNAL were each used as the exposure in separate multifactorial models for pregnancy outcomes. RESULTS Self-reported maternal smoking was: 72% non-smokers, 5.7% ex-smokers, 6.4% SHS exposure, 6.2% currently smoked, 10% unreported. Cotinine and NNAL levels were low and highly intercorrelated (r=0.91). Geometric mean cotinine, NNAL were 0.99 ng/mL, 0.05 pmol/mL, respectively. Cotinine cut-offs for SHS, current smoking were 1.2 ng/mL and 1.8 ng/mL (area under curve (AUC) 95% CI: 0.52 (0.47 to 0.57), 0.90 (0.85 to 0.94)). NNAL cut-off for current smoking was 0.09 pmol/mL (AUC=0.82 (95% CI 0.77 to 0.87)). Using cotinine and NNAL cut-offs combined gave similar AUC to cotinine alone, 0.87 (95% CI 0.82 to 0.91). Cotinine and NNAL gave almost identical effect estimates when modelling pregnancy outcomes. CONCLUSIONS In this population, we observed high concordance between self-complete questionnaire smoking data and urinary cotinine and NNAL. With respect to biomarkers, either cotinine or NNAL can be used as a measure of tobacco smoke exposure overall but only cotinine can be used to detect SHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet L Peacock
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Thomas J Palys
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Yuliya Halchenko
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Vicki Sayarath
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Cindy A Takigawa
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Sharon E Murphy
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lisa A Peterson
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Emily R Baker
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Margaret R Karagas
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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12
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Bergen AW, McMahan CS, McGee S, Ervin CM, Tindle HA, Le Marchand L, Murphy SE, Stram DO, Patel YM, Park SL, Baurley JW. Multiethnic Prediction of Nicotine Biomarkers and Association With Nicotine Dependence. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:2162-2169. [PMID: 34313775 PMCID: PMC8757310 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The nicotine metabolite ratio and nicotine equivalents are measures of metabolism rate and intake. Genome-wide prediction of these nicotine biomarkers in multiethnic samples will enable tobacco-related biomarker, behavioral, and exposure research in studies without measured biomarkers. Aims and Methods We screened genetic variants genome-wide using marginal scans and applied statistical learning algorithms on top-ranked genetic variants, age, ethnicity and sex, and, in additional modeling, cigarettes per day (CPD), (in additional modeling) to build prediction models for the urinary nicotine metabolite ratio (uNMR) and creatinine-standardized total nicotine equivalents (TNE) in 2239 current cigarette smokers in five ethnic groups. We predicted these nicotine biomarkers using model ensembles and evaluated external validity using dependence measures in 1864 treatment-seeking smokers in two ethnic groups. Results The genomic regions with the most selected and included variants for measured biomarkers were chr19q13.2 (uNMR, without and with CPD) and chr15q25.1 and chr10q25.3 (TNE, without and with CPD). We observed ensemble correlations between measured and predicted biomarker values for the uNMR and TNE without (with CPD) of 0.67 (0.68) and 0.65 (0.72) in the training sample. We observed inconsistency in penalized regression models of TNE (with CPD) with fewer variants at chr15q25.1 selected and included. In treatment-seeking smokers, predicted uNMR (without CPD) was significantly associated with CPD and predicted TNE (without CPD) with CPD, time-to-first-cigarette, and Fagerström total score. Conclusions Nicotine metabolites, genome-wide data, and statistical learning approaches developed novel robust predictive models for urinary nicotine biomarkers in multiple ethnic groups. Predicted biomarker associations helped define genetically influenced components of nicotine dependence. Implications We demonstrate development of robust models and multiethnic prediction of the uNMR and TNE using statistical and machine learning approaches. Variants included in trained models for nicotine biomarkers include top-ranked variants in multiethnic genome-wide studies of smoking behavior, nicotine metabolites, and related disease. Association of the two predicted nicotine biomarkers with Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence items supports models of nicotine biomarkers as predictors of physical dependence and nicotine exposure. Predicted nicotine biomarkers may facilitate tobacco-related disease and treatment research in samples with genomic data and limited nicotine metabolite or tobacco exposure data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Bergen
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, USA.,BioRealm, LLC, Walnut, CA, USA
| | - Christopher S McMahan
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | | | | | - Hilary A Tindle
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Veterans Health Administration-Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Loïc Le Marchand
- Cancer Epidemiology and University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Sharon E Murphy
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Daniel O Stram
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yesha M Patel
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sungshim L Park
- Cancer Epidemiology and University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI, USA
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13
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Abstract
Nicotine is the key addictive constituent of tobacco. It is not a carcinogen, but it drives smoking and the continued exposure to the many carcinogens present in tobacco. The investigation into nicotine biotransformation has been ongoing for more than 60 years. The dominant pathway of nicotine metabolism in humans is the formation of cotinine, which occurs in two steps. The first step is cytochrome P450 (P450, CYP) 2A6–catalyzed 5′-oxidation to an iminium ion, and the second step is oxidation of the iminium ion to cotinine. The half-life of nicotine is longer in individuals with low P450 2A6 activity, and smokers with low activity often decrease either the intensity of their smoking or the number of cigarettes they use compared with those with “normal” activity. The effect of P450 2A6 activity on smoking may influence one's tobacco-related disease risk. This review provides an overview of nicotine metabolism and a summary of the use of nicotine metabolite biomarkers to define smoking dose. Some more recent findings, for example, the identification of uridine 5′-diphosphoglucuronosyltransferase 2B10 as the catalyst of nicotine N-glucuronidation, are discussed. We also describe epidemiology studies that establish the contribution of nicotine metabolism and CYP2A6 genotype to lung cancer risk, particularly with respect to specific racial/ethnic groups, such as those with Japanese, African, or European ancestry. We conclude that a model of nicotine metabolism and smoking dose could be combined with other lung cancer risk variables to more accurately identify former smokers at the highest risk of lung cancer and to intervene accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon E Murphy
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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14
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Luo K, Luo X, Cao W, Hochalter JB, Paiano V, Sipe CJ, Carmella SG, Murphy SE, Jensen J, Lam S, Golin AP, Bergstrom L, Midthun D, Fujioka N, Hatsukami D, Hecht SS. Cigarette smoking enhances the metabolic activation of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon phenanthrene in humans. Carcinogenesis 2021; 42:570-577. [PMID: 33319219 PMCID: PMC8086767 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgaa137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is well established that human cytochrome P450 1 family enzymes are induced by cigarette smoking through activation of the Ah receptor, it is not known whether this leads to increased metabolic activation or detoxification of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), which are present in cigarette smoke and the general environment. We gave oral doses of deuterated phenanthrene ([D10]Phe), a non-carcinogenic surrogate of carcinogenic PAH such as benzo[a]pyrene, to smokers (N = 170, 1 or 10 μg doses) and non-smokers (N = 57, 1 μg dose). Bioactivation products (dihydrodiol and tetraol) and detoxification products (phenols) of [D10]Phe were determined in 6-h urine to obtain a comprehensive metabolic profile. Cigarette smoking increased the bioactivation of [D10]Phe and decreased its detoxification resulting in significantly different metabolic patterns between smokers and non-smokers (P < 0.01), consistent with increased cancer risk in smokers. The Phe bioactivation ratios ([D10]PheT/total [D9]OHPhe) were significantly higher (2.3 (P < 0.01) to 4.8 (P < 0.001) fold) in smokers than non-smokers. With solid human in vivo evidence, our results for the first time demonstrate that cigarette smoking enhances the metabolic activation of Phe, structurally representative of carcinogenic PAH, in humans, strongly supporting their causal role in cancers caused by smoking. The results suggest potential new methods for identifying smokers who could be at particularly high risk for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Luo
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Xianghua Luo
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Wenhao Cao
- School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Viviana Paiano
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Steven G Carmella
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sharon E Murphy
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Joni Jensen
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Stephen Lam
- British Columbia Cancer Research Center, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew P Golin
- British Columbia Cancer Research Center, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Naomi Fujioka
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Dorothy Hatsukami
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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15
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St Helen G, Benowitz NL, Ko J, Jacob P, Gregorich SE, Pérez-Stable EJ, Murphy SE, Hecht SS, Hatsukami DK, Donny EC. Differences in exposure to toxic and/or carcinogenic volatile organic compounds between Black and White cigarette smokers. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2021; 31:211-223. [PMID: 31406274 PMCID: PMC7012700 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-019-0159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is unclear why Black smokers in the United States have elevated risk of some tobacco-related diseases compared to White smokers. One possible causal mechanism is differential intake of tobacco toxicants, but results across studies are inconsistent. Thus, we examined racial differences in biomarkers of toxic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in tobacco smoke. METHOD We analyzed baseline data collected from 182 Black and 184 White adult smokers who participated in a randomized clinical trial in 2013-2014 at 10 sites across the United States. We examined differences in urinary levels of ten VOC metabolites, total nicotine equivalents (TNE), and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), controlling for covariates such as cigarettes per day (CPD), as well as differences in VOCs per TNE to assess the extent to which tobacco exposure, and not metabolic factors, accounted for racial differences. RESULTS Concentration of metabolites of acrolein, acrylonitrile, ethylene oxide, and methylating agents were significantly higher in Blacks compared to Whites when controlled for covariates. Other than the metabolite of methylating agents, VOCs per TNE did not differ between Blacks and Whites. Concentrations of TNE/CPD and VOCs/CPD were significantly higher in Blacks. Menthol did not contribute to racial differences in VOC levels. CONCLUSIONS For a given level of CPD, Black smokers likely take in higher levels of acrolein, acrylonitrile, and ethylene oxide than White smokers. Our findings are consistent with Blacks taking in more nicotine and toxicants per cigarette smoked, which may explain their elevated disease risk relative to other racial groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon St Helen
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Program, Division of Cardiology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education (CTCRE), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Program, Division of Cardiology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education (CTCRE), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Ko
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Program, Division of Cardiology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peyton Jacob
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Program, Division of Cardiology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education (CTCRE), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven E Gregorich
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eliseo J Pérez-Stable
- Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute and Office of the Director, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sharon E Murphy
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Masonic Cancer Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Eric C Donny
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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16
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Luo X, Carmella SG, Chen M, Jensen JA, Wilkens LR, Le Marchand L, Hatsukami DK, Murphy SE, Hecht SS. Urinary Cyanoethyl Mercapturic Acid, a Biomarker of the Smoke Toxicant Acrylonitrile, Clearly Distinguishes Smokers From Nonsmokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 22:1744-1747. [PMID: 32391548 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cyanoethyl mercapturic acid (CEMA) is a urinary metabolite of acrylonitrile, a toxicant found in substantial quantities in cigarette smoke, but not in non-combusted products such as e-cigarettes or smokeless tobacco and rarely in the diet or in the general human environment. Thus, we hypothesized that CEMA is an excellent biomarker of combusted tobacco product use. AIMS AND METHODS We tested this hypothesis by analyzing CEMA in the urine of 1259 cigarette smokers (urinary cotinine ≥25 ng/mL) and 1191 nonsmokers. The analyses of CEMA and cotinine were performed by validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods. Logistic regression was fit for log-transformed CEMA to construct the receiver operating characteristic curve. RESULTS We found that a CEMA cutpoint of 27 pmol/mL urine differentiated cigarette smokers from nonsmokers with sensitivity and specificity greater than 99%. The use of different cotinine cutpoints to define smokers (10-30 ng/mL) had little effect on the results. CONCLUSIONS CEMA is a highly reliable urinary biomarker to identify users of combusted tobacco products such as cigarettes as opposed to users of non-combusted products, medicinal nicotine, or nonusers of tobacco products. IMPLICATIONS CEMA can be used to distinguish users of combusted tobacco products from non-combusted products such as e-cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, and medicinal nicotine. Levels of CEMA in the urine of people who use these non-combusted products are extremely low, in contrast to cotinine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghua Luo
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Menglan Chen
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Joni A Jensen
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | | | | | - Sharon E Murphy
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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17
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Peterson LA, Balbo S, Fujioka N, Hatsukami DK, Hecht SS, Murphy SE, Stepanov I, Tretyakova NY, Turesky RJ, Villalta PW. Applying Tobacco, Environmental, and Dietary-Related Biomarkers to Understand Cancer Etiology and Evaluate Prevention Strategies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:1904-1919. [PMID: 32051197 PMCID: PMC7423750 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-1356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Many human cancers are caused by environmental and lifestyle factors. Biomarkers of exposure and risk developed by our team have provided critical data on internal exposure to toxic and genotoxic chemicals and their connection to cancer in humans. This review highlights our research using biomarkers to identify key factors influencing cancer risk as well as their application to assess the effectiveness of exposure intervention and chemoprevention protocols. The use of these biomarkers to understand individual susceptibility to the harmful effects of tobacco products is a powerful example of the value of this type of research and has provided key data confirming the link between tobacco smoke exposure and cancer risk. Furthermore, this information has led to policy changes that have reduced tobacco use and consequently, the tobacco-related cancer burden. Recent technological advances in mass spectrometry led to the ability to detect DNA damage in human tissues as well as the development of adductomic approaches. These new methods allowed for the detection of DNA adducts in tissues from patients with cancer, providing key evidence that exposure to carcinogens leads to DNA damage in the target tissue. These advances will provide valuable insights into the etiologic causes of cancer that are not tobacco-related.See all articles in this CEBP Focus section, "Environmental Carcinogenesis: Pathways to Prevention."
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Peterson
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Silvia Balbo
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Naomi Fujioka
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Sharon E Murphy
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Irina Stepanov
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Natalia Y Tretyakova
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Robert J Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Peter W Villalta
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Peterson RL, Koopmeiners JS, Smith TT, Murphy SE, Donny EC, Vock DM. Detecting participant noncompliance across multiple time points by modeling a longitudinal biomarker. Clin Trials 2020; 18:28-38. [PMID: 32921152 DOI: 10.1177/1740774520956949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Participant noncompliance, in which participants do not follow their assigned treatment protocol, has long complicated the interpretation of randomized clinical trials. No gold standard has been identified for detecting noncompliance, but in some trials participants' biomarkers can provide objective information that suggests exposure to non-study treatments. However, existing methods are limited to retrospectively detecting noncompliance at a single time point based on a single biomarker measurement. We propose a novel method that can leverage participants' full biomarker history to detect noncompliance across multiple time points. Conditional on longitudinal biomarker data, our method can estimate the probability of compliance at (1) a single time point of the trial, (2) all time points, and (3) a future time point. METHODS Across time points, we model the biomarker as a mixture density with (latent) components corresponding to longitudinal patterns of compliance. To estimate the mixture density, we fit mixed effects models for both compliance and the biomarker. We use the mixture density to derive compliance probabilities that condition on the longitudinal biomarker data. We evaluate our compliance probabilities by simulation and apply them to a trial in which current smokers were asked to only smoke low nicotine study cigarettes (Center for the Evaluation of Nicotine in Cigarettes Project 1 Study 2). In the simulation, we investigated three different effects of compliance on the biomarker, as well as the effect of misspecification of the covariance structures. We compared probability estimators (1) and (2) to those that ignore the longitudinal correlation in the data according to area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. We evaluated estimator (3) by plotting its calibration lines. For Center for the Evaluation of Nicotine in Cigarettes Project 1 Study 2, we compared estimators (1) and (3) to a probability estimator of compliance at the last time point that ignores the longitudinal correlation. RESULTS In the simulation, for both compliance at the last time point and at all time points, conditioning on the longitudinal biomarker data uniformly raised area under the receiver operating characteristic curve across all three compliance effect scenarios. The gains in area under the receiver operating characteristic curve were smaller under misspecification. The calibration lines for the prediction of compliance closely followed 45°, though with additional variability under misspecification. For compliance at the last time point of Center for the Evaluation of Nicotine in Cigarettes Project 1 Study 2, conditioning on participants' full biomarker history boosted area under the receiver operating characteristic curve by three percentage points. The prediction probabilities somewhat accurately approximated the non-longitudinal compliance probabilities. DISCUSSION Compared to existing methods that only use a single biomarker measurement, our method can account for the longitudinal correlation in the biomarker and compliance to more accurately identify noncompliant participants. Our method can also use participants' biomarker history to predict compliance at a future time point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross L Peterson
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Joseph S Koopmeiners
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Tracy T Smith
- Division of Addiction Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Sharon E Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Eric C Donny
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David M Vock
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Hatsukami DK, Meier E, Lindgren BR, Anderson A, Reisinger SA, Norton KJ, Strayer L, Jensen JA, Dick L, Murphy SE, Carmella SG, Tang MK, Chen M, Hecht SS, O’connor RJ, Shields PG. A Randomized Clinical Trial Examining the Effects of Instructions for Electronic Cigarette Use on Smoking-Related Behaviors and Biomarkers of Exposure. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:1524-1532. [PMID: 31828315 PMCID: PMC7443587 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have the potential to significantly reduce exposure to harmful constituents associated with cigarette smoking when smokers completely substitute cigarettes with e-cigarettes. This study examined patterns of e-cigarette and cigarette use, and extent of toxicant exposure, if smokers were instructed and incentivized to completely switch to e-cigarettes compared to instructions to use the product ad libitum. AIMS AND METHODS US adult daily smokers (n = 264; 49.2% female; Mage = 47.0), uninterested in quitting smoking immediately, were recruited from Minneapolis, MN, Columbus, OH, and Buffalo, NY. Participants were randomized to 8 weeks of instructions for (1) ad libitum use of e-cigarettes (AD-E), (2) complete substitution of cigarettes with e-cigarettes (CS-E), (3) complete substitution of cigarettes with nicotine gum or lozenge (CS-NRT), or (4) continue smoking of usual brand cigarettes (UB). Participants were incentivized for protocol compliance, including complete switching in the CS-E and CS-NRT groups. Outcome variables were cigarette smoking rate and tobacco-related biomarkers of exposure. RESULTS Smokers in the CS-E and CS-NRT groups showed lower rates of smoking and lower exposure to carbon monoxide, tobacco carcinogens, and other toxicants than smokers in the AD-E group. In general, no significant differences were observed between CS-E versus CS-NRT or between AD-E versus UB for most biomarkers. Significantly higher 7-day point prevalence smoke-free rates were observed for CS-E versus CS-NRT. CONCLUSIONS Smokers instructed and incentivized to completely switch to e-cigarettes resulted in lower smoking rates and greater reductions in exposures to harmful chemicals than smokers instructed to use the product ad libitum. IMPLICATIONS Smokers instructed to completely substitute e-cigarettes for cigarettes displayed significantly lower levels of smoking and biomarkers of exposure to carcinogens and toxicants, compared to smokers instructed to use e-cigarettes ad libitum and similar levels as smokers instructed to completely substitute with nicotine replacement therapies. Furthermore, a higher rate of complete switching was achieved with e-cigarettes versus nicotine replacement therapies. Approaches to maximize complete substitution with e-cigarettes are an important area for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Ellen Meier
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin – Stevens Point, Stevens Point, WI
| | | | - Amanda Anderson
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Kaila J Norton
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY
| | - Lori Strayer
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Joni A Jensen
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Laura Dick
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Sharon E Murphy
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Mei-Kuen Tang
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Menglan Chen
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Richard J O’connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY
| | - Peter G Shields
- James Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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Meier E, Vandrey R, Rubin N, Pacek LR, Jensen JA, Donny EC, Hecht SS, Carmella SG, Murphy SE, Luo X, Stepanov I, Ikuemonisan J, Severson H, Al’absi M, Hatsukami DK. Cigarette Smokers Versus Cousers of Cannabis and Cigarettes: Exposure to Toxicants. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:1383-1389. [PMID: 31616939 PMCID: PMC7366295 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cannabis and tobacco couse is common and could expose users to higher levels of toxicants. No studies have examined biomarkers of toxicant exposure in cousers of cannabis and cigarettes, compared with cigarette smokers (CS). AIMS AND METHODS Adult daily CS were recruited from 10 US sites for a study of reduced nicotine cigarettes. In this analysis of baseline data, participants were categorized as either cousers of cannabis and tobacco (cousers; N = 167; urine positive for 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ 9-tetrahydrocannnabinol and self-reported cannabis use ≥1×/week), or CS (N = 911; negative urine and no self-reported cannabis use). Participants who did not meet either definition (N = 172) were excluded. Self-reported tobacco and cannabis use and tobacco and/or combustion-related biomarkers of exposure were compared between groups. RESULTS Compared to CS, cousers were younger (couser Mage = 38.96, SD = 13.01; CS Mage = 47.22, SD = 12.72; p < .001) and more likely to be male (cousers = 67.7%, CS = 51.9%, p < .001). There were no group differences in self-reported cigarettes/day, total nicotine equivalents, or breath carbon monoxide, but cousers had greater use of non-cigarette tobacco products. Compared to CS, cousers had higher concentrations of 3-hydroxypropylmercapturic acid, 2-cyanoethylmercapturic acid, S-phenylmercapturic acid, 3-hydroxy-1-methylpropylmercapturic acid (ps < .05), and phenanthrene tetraol (p < .001). No biomarkers were affected by number of cannabis use days/week or days since last cannabis use during baseline (ps > .05). CONCLUSIONS Cousers had higher concentrations of biomarkers of exposure than CS, but similar number of cigarettes per day and nicotine exposure. Additional studies are needed to determine whether cannabis and/or alternative tobacco products are driving the increased toxicant exposure. IMPLICATIONS Cousers of cannabis and tobacco appear to be exposed to greater levels of harmful chemicals (ie, volatile organic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), but similar levels of nicotine as CS. It is unclear if the higher levels of toxicant exposure in cousers are due to cannabis use or the increased use of alternative tobacco products compared with CS. It is important for studies examining biomarkers of exposure among CS to account for cannabis use as it may have a significant impact on outcomes. Additionally, further research is needed examining exposure to harmful chemicals among cannabis users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Meier
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin—Stevens Point, Stevens Point, WI
| | - Ryan Vandrey
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Nathan Rubin
- University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Lauren R Pacek
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Joni A Jensen
- University of Minnesota, Tobacco Research Programs, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Eric C Donny
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Sharon E Murphy
- University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Xianghua Luo
- University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414
| | - Irina Stepanov
- University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN
- University of Minnesota, Tobacco Research Programs, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | | | - Mustafa Al’absi
- Department of Family Medicine and BioBehavioral Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN
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Cao W, Hecht SS, Murphy SE, Chu H, Benowitz NL, Donny EC, Hatsukami DK, Luo X. Analysis of Multiple Biomarkers Using Structural Equation Modeling. TOB REGUL SCI 2020; 6:266-278. [PMID: 35530662 PMCID: PMC9075702 DOI: 10.18001/trs.6.4.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objectives When examining the relationship between smoking intensity and toxicant exposure biomarkers in an effort to understand the potential risk for smoking-related disease, individual biomarkers may not be strongly associated with smoking intensity because of the inherent variability in biomarkers. Structural equation modeling (SEM) offers a powerful solution by modeling the relationship between smoking intensity and multiple biomarkers through a latent variable. Methods Baseline data from a randomized trial (N = 1250) were used to estimate the relationship between smoking intensity and a latent toxicant exposure variable summarizing five volatile organic compound biomarkers. Two variables of smoking intensity were analyzed: the self-report cigarettes smoked per day and total nicotine equivalents in urine. SEM was compared with linear regression with each biomarker analyzed individually or with the sum score of the five biomarkers. Results SEM models showed strong relationships between smoking intensity and the latent toxicant exposure variable, and the relationship was stronger than its counterparts in linear regression with each biomarker analyzed separately or with the sum score. Conclusions SEM is a powerful multivariate statistical method for studying multiple biomarkers assessing the same class of harmful constituents. This method could be used to evaluate exposure from different combusted tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Cao
- Wenhao Cao, Master of Science Student, Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Stephen S. Hecht, Professor, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Sharon E. Murphy, Professor, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Haitao Chu, Professor, Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Neal L. Benowitz, Professor, University of California, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, CA. Eric C. Donny, Professor, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Winston-Salem, NC. Dorothy K. Hatsukami, Professor, Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Xianghua Luo, Associate Professor, Division of Biostatistics School of Public Health and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Wenhao Cao, Master of Science Student, Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Stephen S. Hecht, Professor, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Sharon E. Murphy, Professor, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Haitao Chu, Professor, Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Neal L. Benowitz, Professor, University of California, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, CA. Eric C. Donny, Professor, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Winston-Salem, NC. Dorothy K. Hatsukami, Professor, Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Xianghua Luo, Associate Professor, Division of Biostatistics School of Public Health and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Sharon E Murphy
- Wenhao Cao, Master of Science Student, Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Stephen S. Hecht, Professor, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Sharon E. Murphy, Professor, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Haitao Chu, Professor, Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Neal L. Benowitz, Professor, University of California, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, CA. Eric C. Donny, Professor, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Winston-Salem, NC. Dorothy K. Hatsukami, Professor, Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Xianghua Luo, Associate Professor, Division of Biostatistics School of Public Health and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Haitao Chu
- Wenhao Cao, Master of Science Student, Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Stephen S. Hecht, Professor, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Sharon E. Murphy, Professor, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Haitao Chu, Professor, Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Neal L. Benowitz, Professor, University of California, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, CA. Eric C. Donny, Professor, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Winston-Salem, NC. Dorothy K. Hatsukami, Professor, Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Xianghua Luo, Associate Professor, Division of Biostatistics School of Public Health and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Wenhao Cao, Master of Science Student, Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Stephen S. Hecht, Professor, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Sharon E. Murphy, Professor, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Haitao Chu, Professor, Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Neal L. Benowitz, Professor, University of California, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, CA. Eric C. Donny, Professor, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Winston-Salem, NC. Dorothy K. Hatsukami, Professor, Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Xianghua Luo, Associate Professor, Division of Biostatistics School of Public Health and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Eric C Donny
- Wenhao Cao, Master of Science Student, Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Stephen S. Hecht, Professor, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Sharon E. Murphy, Professor, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Haitao Chu, Professor, Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Neal L. Benowitz, Professor, University of California, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, CA. Eric C. Donny, Professor, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Winston-Salem, NC. Dorothy K. Hatsukami, Professor, Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Xianghua Luo, Associate Professor, Division of Biostatistics School of Public Health and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Wenhao Cao, Master of Science Student, Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Stephen S. Hecht, Professor, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Sharon E. Murphy, Professor, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Haitao Chu, Professor, Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Neal L. Benowitz, Professor, University of California, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, CA. Eric C. Donny, Professor, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Winston-Salem, NC. Dorothy K. Hatsukami, Professor, Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Xianghua Luo, Associate Professor, Division of Biostatistics School of Public Health and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Xianghua Luo
- Wenhao Cao, Master of Science Student, Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Stephen S. Hecht, Professor, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Sharon E. Murphy, Professor, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Haitao Chu, Professor, Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Neal L. Benowitz, Professor, University of California, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, CA. Eric C. Donny, Professor, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Winston-Salem, NC. Dorothy K. Hatsukami, Professor, Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Xianghua Luo, Associate Professor, Division of Biostatistics School of Public Health and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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Sipe CJ, Koopmeiners JS, Donny EC, Hatsukami DK, Murphy SE. UGT2B10 Genotype Influences Serum Cotinine Levels and Is a Primary Determinant of Higher Cotinine in African American Smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:1673-1678. [PMID: 32532831 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-20-0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cotinine is the most widely used biomarker of tobacco exposure. At similar smoking levels, African Americans have higher serum cotinine than Whites. UGT2B10-catalyzed cotinine glucuronidation impacts these levels, and African Americans often have low UGT2B10 activity due to a high prevalence of a UGT2B10 splice variant (rs2942857). METHODS Two UGT2B10 SNPs (rs6175900 and rs2942857) were genotyped in 289 African Americans and 627 White smokers. Each smoker was assigned a genetic score of 0, 1, or 2 based on the number of variant alleles. Total nicotine equivalents (TNE), the sum of nicotine and six metabolites, and serum cotinine and 3'-hydroxycotinine were quantified. The contribution of UGT2B10 genetic score to cotinine concentration was determined. RESULTS Serum cotinine was significantly higher in smokers with UGT2B10 genetic scores of 2 versus 0 (327 ng/mL vs. 221 ng/mL; P < 0.001); TNEs were not different. In a linear regression model adjusted for age, gender, cigarettes per day, TNE, race, and CYP2A6 activity, geometric mean cotinine increased 43% between genetic score 2 versus 0 (P < 0.001). A 0.1 increase in the CYP2A6 activity ratio, 3'-hydroxycotinine/cotinine, resulted in a 6% decrease in cotinine. After adjustment for UGT2B10 genotype and the other covariants, there was no significant difference in serum cotinine by race. CONCLUSIONS UGT2B10 genotype is a major contributor to cotinine levels and explains the majority of high serum cotinine in African American smokers. IMPACT Cotinine levels in smokers may greatly overestimate tobacco exposure and potentially misinform our understanding of ethnic/racial difference in tobacco-related disease if UGT2B10 genotype is not taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph S Koopmeiners
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Eric C Donny
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Sharon E Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry Molecular Biology and Biophysics and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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Stram DO, Park SL, Haiman CA, Murphy SE, Patel Y, Hecht SS, Le Marchand L. Racial/Ethnic Differences in Lung Cancer Incidence in the Multiethnic Cohort Study: An Update. J Natl Cancer Inst 2020; 111:811-819. [PMID: 30698722 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djy206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously found that African Americans and Native Hawaiians were at highest lung cancer risk compared with Japanese Americans and Latinos; whites were midway in risk. These differences were more evident at relatively low levels of smoking intensity, fewer than 20 cigarettes per day (CPD), than at higher intensity. METHODS We apportioned lung cancer risk into three parts: age-specific background risk (among never smokers), an excess relative risk term for cumulative smoking, and modifiers of the smoking effect: race and years-quit smoking. We also explored the effect of replacing self-reports of CPD with a urinary biomarker-total nicotine equivalents-using data from a urinary biomarker substudy. RESULTS Total lung cancers increased from 1979 to 4993 compared to earlier analysis. Estimated excess relative risks for lung cancer due to smoking for 50 years at 10 CPD (25 pack-years) ranged from 21.9 (95% CI = 18.0 to 25.8) for Native Hawaiians to 8.0 (95% CI = 6.6 to 9.4) for Latinos over the five groups. The risk from smoking was higher for squamous cell carcinomas and small cell cancers than for adenocarcinomas. Racial differences consistent with earlier patterns were seen for overall cancer and for cancer subtypes. Adjusting for predicted total nicotine equivalents, Japanese Americans no longer exhibit a lower risk, and African Americans are no longer at higher risk, compared to whites. Striking risk differences between Native Hawaiians and Latinos persist. CONCLUSIONS Racial differences in lung cancer risk persist in the Multiethnic Cohort study that are not easily explained by variations in self-reported or urinary biomarker-measured smoking intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel O Stram
- See the Notes section for the full list of authors' affiliations
| | - S Lani Park
- See the Notes section for the full list of authors' affiliations
| | | | - Sharon E Murphy
- See the Notes section for the full list of authors' affiliations
| | - Yesha Patel
- See the Notes section for the full list of authors' affiliations
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- See the Notes section for the full list of authors' affiliations
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- See the Notes section for the full list of authors' affiliations
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Meier E, Lindgren BR, Anderson A, Reisinger SA, Norton KJ, Jensen J, Strayer L, Dick L, Tang MK, Chen M, Carmella SG, Hecht SS, Murphy SE, Yang J, Stepanov I, O'Connor RJ, Shields PG, Hatsukami DK. A Randomized Clinical Trial of Snus Examining the Effect of Complete Versus Partial Cigarette Substitution on Smoking-Related Behaviors, and Biomarkers of Exposure. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:473-481. [PMID: 31321423 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This 8-week multisite, randomized controlled trial of snus examined the differential effects of instructions on (1) snus use, (2) smoking and smoking-related measures, and (3) exposure to tobacco-related constituents. METHOD US adult daily cigarette smokers (n = 150; 43.3% female; Medianage = 43.5) were recruited from Minneapolis, Minnesota; Columbus and Coshocton, Ohio; and Buffalo, New York. Following a 1-week sampling phase of snus, participants who used at least 7 pouches were randomized to either (1) partial substitution (PS; "use snus as you like with your cigarettes"), (2) complete substitution (CS; "avoid cigarettes"), or (3) usual brand cigarettes (UB). Analyses included between-group analyses (eg, PS vs. CS) using Wilcoxon rank sum test of cigarettes per day and snus pouches per day, and a linear mixed model (biomarkers). RESULTS Compared to the PS and UB groups, smokers assigned to CS reported greater reductions in cigarettes per day (ps < .001), using more snus pouches per day (p = .02), and more smoke-free days (CS median = 14.5, PS and UB medians = 0, p < .001). In addition, results demonstrated reductions in carbon monoxide (p < .001), total nicotine equivalents (p = .02), and four out of five measured volatile organic compounds (ps < .01) over time among the CS group. Exposure to N'-nitrosonornicotine increased by trial end only among the PS group (p < .04). Phenanthrene tetraol increased among all groups by trial end (p = .02) with no difference between groups. CONCLUSIONS Instructions to completely switch from cigarettes to snus resulted in the greatest reduction in cigarettes and exposure to harmful constituents. IMPLICATIONS Directly instructing smokers to switch completely to snus, rather than using ad libitum (with no instructions to avoid cigarettes), is necessary for reductions in smoking and subsequent exposure to harmful constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Meier
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, WI
| | - Bruce R Lindgren
- Masonic Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Amanda Anderson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | | | - Joni Jensen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Lori Strayer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Laura Dick
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Mei-Kuen Tang
- Masonic Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Menglan Chen
- Masonic Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Steven G Carmella
- Masonic Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Sharon E Murphy
- Masonic Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Jing Yang
- Masonic Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Irina Stepanov
- Masonic Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | | | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Masonic Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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Smith TT, Koopmeiners JS, Hatsukami DK, Tessier KM, Benowitz NL, Murphy SE, Strasser AA, Tidey JW, Blount BC, Valentin L, Bravo Cardenas R, Watson C, Pirkle JL, Donny EC. Mouth-Level Nicotine Intake Estimates from Discarded Filter Butts to Examine Compensatory Smoking in Low Nicotine Cigarettes. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:643-649. [PMID: 32102909 PMCID: PMC7100998 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-0905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A mandated reduction in the nicotine content of cigarettes could reduce smoking rate and prevalence. However, one concern is that smokers may compensate by increasing the intensity with which they smoke each cigarette to obtain more nicotine. This study assessed whether smokers engage in compensatory smoking by estimating the mouth-level nicotine intake of low nicotine cigarettes smoked during a clinical trial. METHODS Smokers were randomly assigned to receive cigarettes with one of five nicotine contents for 6 weeks. An additional group received a cigarette with the lowest nicotine content, but an increased tar yield. The obtained mouth-level nicotine intake from discarded cigarette butts for a subset of participants (51-70/group) was estimated using solanesol as described previously. A compensation index was calculated for each group to estimate the proportion of nicotine per cigarette recovered through changes in smoking intensity. RESULTS There was no significant increase in smoking intensity for any of the reduced nicotine cigarettes as measured by the compensation index (an estimated 0.4% of the nicotine lost was recovered in the lowest nicotine group; 95% confidence interval, -0.1 to 1.2). There was a significant decrease in smoking intensity for very low nicotine content cigarettes with increased tar yield. CONCLUSIONS Reductions in nicotine content did not result in compensatory changes in how intensively participants smoked research cigarettes. IMPACT Combined with data from clinical trials showing a reduction in cigarettes smoked per day, these data suggest that a reduction in nicotine content is unlikely to result in increased smoke exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy T Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
| | - Joseph S Koopmeiners
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Department of Psychiatry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Katelyn M Tessier
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sharon E Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry Molecular Biology and BioPhysics and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Andrew A Strasser
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, and Abraham Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer W Tidey
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Benjamin C Blount
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Liza Valentin
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Roberto Bravo Cardenas
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Clifford Watson
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - James L Pirkle
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Eric C Donny
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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26
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Carroll DM, Murphy SE, Benowitz NL, Strasser AA, Kotlyar M, Hecht SS, Carmella SG, McClernon FJ, Pacek LR, Dermody SS, Vandrey RG, Donny EC, Hatsukami DK. Relationships between the Nicotine Metabolite Ratio and a Panel of Exposure and Effect Biomarkers: Findings from Two Studies of U.S. Commercial Cigarette Smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:871-879. [PMID: 32051195 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-0644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined the nicotine metabolite ratio's (NMR) relationship with smoking intensity, nicotine dependence, and a broad array of biomarkers of exposure and biological effect in commercial cigarette smokers. METHODS Secondary analysis was conducted on two cross-sectional samples of adult, daily smokers from Wave 1 (2013-2014) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco Use and Health (PATH) Study and baseline data from a 2014-2017 randomized clinical trial. Data were restricted to participants of non-Hispanic, white race. The lowest quartile of NMR (<0.26) in the nationally representative PATH Study was used to distinguish slow from normal/fast nicotine metabolizers. NMR was modeled continuously in secondary analysis. RESULTS Compared with slow metabolizers, normal/fast metabolizers had greater cigarettes per day and higher levels of total nicotine equivalents, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, volatile organic componds, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. A novel finding was higher levels of inflammatory biomarkers among normal/fast metabolizers versus slow metabolizers. With NMR modeled as a continuous measure, the associations between NMR and biomarkers of inflammation were not significant. CONCLUSIONS The results are suggestive that normal/fast nicotine metabolizers may be at increased risk for tobacco-related disease due to being heavier smokers, having higher exposure to numerous toxicants and carcinogens, and having higher levels of inflammation when compared with slow metabolizers. IMPACT This is the first documentation that NMR is not only associated with smoking exposure but also biomarkers of biological effects that are integral in the development of tobacco-related disease. Results provide support for NMR as a biomarker for understanding a smoker's exposure and potential risk for tobacco-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Carroll
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. .,Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Sharon E Murphy
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Andrew A Strasser
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael Kotlyar
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Steve G Carmella
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Francis J McClernon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Lauren R Pacek
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Sarah S Dermody
- School of Psychological Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Ryan G Vandrey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Eric C Donny
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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Thomas CE, Wang R, Adams-Haduch J, Murphy SE, Ueland PM, Midttun Ø, Brennan P, Johansson M, Gao YT, Yuan JM. Urinary Cotinine Is as Good a Biomarker as Serum Cotinine for Cigarette Smoking Exposure and Lung Cancer Risk Prediction. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:127-132. [PMID: 31685561 PMCID: PMC7695222 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-0653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cotinine is a metabolite of nicotine. Serum and urinary cotinine are validated biomarkers for cigarette exposure. Their performance for lung cancer risk prediction has not been simultaneously examined in epidemiologic studies. METHODS A nested case-control study, including 452 incident lung cancer cases and 452 smoking-matched controls in the Shanghai cohort study, was conducted. Mass spectrometry-based methods were used to quantify cotinine in serum and urine samples collected from current smokers at baseline, on average 10 years before cancer diagnosis of cases. Logistic regression was used to estimate ORs, 95% confidence intervals (CI), and AUC ROC for lung cancer associated with higher levels of cotinine. RESULTS Serum and urinary cotinine levels were significantly higher in lung cancer cases than controls. Compared with the lowest quartile serum cotinine (≤0.40 nmol/mL), the OR of lung cancer for smokers in the highest quartiles (>1.39 nmol/mL) was 5.46 (95% CI, 3.38-8.81). Similarly, the OR was 5.49 (95% CI, 3.39-8.87) for highest (>16.38 nmol/mg creatinine) relative to the lowest quartile of urinary total cotinine (≤4.11 nmol/mg creatinine). A risk prediction model yielded an AUC of 0.72 (95% CI, 0.69-0.75) for serum cotinine and 0.72 (95% CI, 0.69-0.75) for urinary total cotinine combined with smoking history. CONCLUSIONS Urinary and serum cotinine have the same performance in prediction of lung cancer risk for current smokers. IMPACT Urinary cotinine is a noninvasive biomarker that can replace serum cotinine in risk prediction of future lung cancer risk for current smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Thomas
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Renwei Wang
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer Adams-Haduch
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sharon E Murphy
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and BioPhysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Per Magne Ueland
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Paul Brennan
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Mattias Johansson
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Yu-Tang Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Tidey JW, Colby SM, Denlinger-Apte RL, Goodwin C, Cioe PA, Cassidy RN, Swift RM, Lindgren BR, Rubin N, Murphy SE, Hecht SS, Hatsukami DK, Donny EC. Effects of 6-Week Use of Very Low Nicotine Content Cigarettes in Smokers With Serious Mental Illness. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 21:S38-S45. [PMID: 31867650 PMCID: PMC6939771 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The US Food and Drug Administration is considering implementing a reduced-nicotine standard for cigarettes. Given the high rate of smoking among people with serious mental illness (SMI), it is important to examine the responses of these smokers to very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes. METHODS This trial compared the effects of VLNC (0.4 mg nicotine/g tobacco) and normal nicotine content cigarettes (15.8 mg/g) over a 6-week period in non-treatment-seeking smokers with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or bipolar disorder (n = 58). Linear regression was used to examine the effects of cigarette condition on cigarettes per day, subjective responses, nicotine and tobacco toxicant exposure, craving, withdrawal symptoms, and psychiatric symptoms. RESULTS At week 6, participants in the VLNC condition smoked fewer cigarettes per day, had lower breath carbon monoxide levels, lower craving scores, and rated their study cigarettes lower in satisfaction, reward, enjoyment, and craving reduction than those in the normal nicotine content condition (ps < .05). Week 6 psychiatric and extrapyramidal symptoms did not differ by condition, except for scores on a measure of parkinsonism, which were lower in the VLNC condition (p < .05). There were no differences across conditions on total nicotine exposure, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol, withdrawal symptoms, or responses to abstinence. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that a reduced-nicotine standard for cigarettes would reduce smoking among smokers with SMI. However, the lack of effect on total nicotine exposure indicates VLNC noncompliance, suggesting that smokers with SMI may respond to a reduced-nicotine standard by substituting alternative forms of nicotine. IMPLICATIONS Results from this trial suggest that a reduced-nicotine standard for cigarettes would reduce smoking rates and smoke exposure in smokers with SMI, without increasing psychiatric symptoms. However, noncompliance with VLNC cigarettes was observed, suggesting that these smokers might respond to a reduced-nicotine standard by substituting alternative forms of nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer W Tidey
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI
| | - Suzanne M Colby
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI
| | - Rachel L Denlinger-Apte
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI
| | - Christine Goodwin
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI
| | - Patricia A Cioe
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI
| | - Rachel N Cassidy
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI
| | - Robert M Swift
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI
| | | | - Nathan Rubin
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Sharon E Murphy
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Eric C Donny
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
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29
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Carmella SG, Heskin AK, Tang MK, Jensen J, Luo X, Le CT, Murphy SE, Benowitz NL, McClernon FJ, Vandrey R, Allen SS, Denlinger-Apte R, Cinciripini PM, Strasser AA, al’Absi M, Robinson JD, Donny EC, Hatsukami DK, Hecht SS. Longitudinal stability in cigarette smokers of urinary eicosanoid biomarkers of oxidative damage and inflammation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215853. [PMID: 31022220 PMCID: PMC6483352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The urinary metabolites (Z)-7-[1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxy-2-[(E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-enyl]cyclopentyl]hept-5-enoic acid (8-iso-PGF2α), an F2-isoprostane and biomarker of oxidative damage, and "prostaglandin E2 metabolite" (PGE-M), a biomarker of inflammation, are elevated in cigarette smokers. However, there is little information in the literature on the longitudinal stability of these widely used biomarkers. In a large clinical trial involving 10 institutional sites, smokers were given, free of charge over a period of 20 weeks, Spectrum NRC600/601 research cigarettes containing 15.5 mg nicotine/g tobacco. All participants were instructed to smoke these cigarettes for the duration of the study. At weeks 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20, first morning urine voids were collected and analyzed for 8-iso-PGF2α and PGE-M using validated liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry methods. The mean level of 8-iso-PGF2α at Week 4 was 1.34 ± 1.08 (S.D.) pmol/mg creatinine (N = 226) while that of PGE-M was 73.7 ± 113 (S.D.) pmol/mg creatinine (N = 232). The corresponding levels at Week 20 were 1.35 ± 0.93 (S.D.) pmol/mg creatinine (N = 209) for 8-iso-PGF2α and 74.2 ± 142 (S.D.) pmol/mg creatinine (N = 210) for PGE-M. There was variation in these values in the intervening weeks. The intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) were 0.51 (95% CI, 0.45, 0.57) and 0.36 (0.30, 0.43), for 8-iso-PGF2α and PGE-M, respectively, indicating fair longitudinal stability for 8-iso-PGF2α and poorer longitudinal stability for PGE-M in cigarette smokers. Males had higher ICC values than females for both 8-iso-PGF2α and PGE-M. These results indicate that, in addition to cigarette smoking, endogenous processes of oxidative damage and inflammation influence the levels of these biomarkers over time among current smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G. Carmella
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Alisa K. Heskin
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Mei Kuen Tang
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Joni Jensen
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Xianghua Luo
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Chap T. Le
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Sharon E. Murphy
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Neal L. Benowitz
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - F. Joseph McClernon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ryan Vandrey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sharon S. Allen
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Rachel Denlinger-Apte
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Cinciripini
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andrew A. Strasser
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mustafa al’Absi
- Behavioral Medicine Laboratories, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jason D. Robinson
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Eric C. Donny
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dorothy K. Hatsukami
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Stephen S. Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
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30
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Chen M, Carmella SG, Sipe C, Jensen J, Luo X, Le CT, Murphy SE, Benowitz NL, McClernon FJ, Vandrey R, Allen SS, Denlinger-Apte R, Cinciripini PM, Strasser AA, al’Absi M, Robinson JD, Donny EC, Hatsukami D, Hecht SS. Longitudinal stability in cigarette smokers of urinary biomarkers of exposure to the toxicants acrylonitrile and acrolein. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210104. [PMID: 30608961 PMCID: PMC6319718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The urinary metabolites cyanoethyl mercapturic acid (CEMA) and 3-hydroxypropyl mercapturic acid (3-HPMA) have been widely used as biomarkers of exposure to acrylonitrile and acrolein, respectively, but there are no published data on their consistency over time in the urine of cigarette smokers. We provided, free of charge over a 20 week period, Spectrum NRC600/601 research cigarettes to cigarette smokers in the control arm of a randomized clinical trial of the reduced nicotine cigarette. Urine samples were collected at weeks 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 and analyzed for CEMA and 3-HPMA, and total nicotine equivalents (TNE) using validated methods. Creatinine-corrected intra-class correlation coefficients for CEMA, 3-HPMA, and TNE were 0.67, 0.46, and 0.68, respectively, indicating good longitudinal consistency for CEMA, while that of 3-HPMA was fair. A strong correlation between CEMA and TNE values was observed. These data support the use of CEMA as a reliable biomarker of tobacco smoke exposure. This is the first report of the longitudinal stability of the biomarkers of acrylonitrile and acrolein exposure in smokers. The data indicate that CEMA, the biomarker of acrylonitrile exposure, is consistent over time in cigarette smokers, supporting its use. While 3-HPMA levels were less stable over time, this biomarker is nevertheless a useful monitor of human acrolein exposure because of its specificity to this toxicant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglan Chen
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Carmella
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Chistopher Sipe
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Joni Jensen
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Xianghua Luo
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Chap T. Le
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Sharon E. Murphy
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Neal L. Benowitz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - F. Joseph McClernon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ryan Vandrey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sharon S. Allen
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Rachel Denlinger-Apte
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Cinciripini
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andrew A. Strasser
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mustafa al’Absi
- Behavioral Medicine Laboratories, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jason D. Robinson
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Eric C. Donny
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dorothy Hatsukami
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Stephen S. Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Allen AM, Lundeen K, Murphy SE, Spector L, Harlow BL. Web-Delivered Multimedia Training Materials for the Self-Collection of Dried Blood Spots: A Formative Project. JMIR Form Res 2018; 2:e11025. [PMID: 30684406 PMCID: PMC6334672 DOI: 10.2196/11025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The use of dried blood spots (DBS) in biomedical research has been increasing as an objective measure for variables that are typically plagued by self-report, such as smoking status and medication adherence. The development of training materials for the self-collection of DBS that can be delivered through the Web would allow for broader use of this methodology. Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the acceptability and feasibility of the self-collection of DBS using newly developed multimedia training materials that were delivered through the Web. We also aimed to assess the usability of the collected DBS samples. Methods We recruited participants through Facebook advertising for two distinct studies. The first study evaluated the acceptability of our newly developed DBS training materials, while the second assessed the implementation of this protocol into a larger Web-based study. Results In the first study, participants (N=115) were aged, on average, 26.1 (SD 6.4) years. Training materials were acceptable (113/115, 98.2%, of participants were willing to collect DBS again) and produced usable samples (110/115, 95.7%, collected DBS were usable). In the second study, response rate was 25.0% (41/164), with responders being significantly younger than nonresponders (20.3 [SD 0.2] vs 22.0 [SD 0.4]; P<.001), and 92% (31/41) of collected DBS samples were usable by the laboratory. Conclusions Overall, while the protocol is acceptable, feasible, and produced usable samples, additional work is needed to improve response rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Allen
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Kim Lundeen
- Department of Family Medicine & Community Health, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Sharon E Murphy
- Division of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Logan Spector
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Bernard L Harlow
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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32
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Dator R, von Weymarn LB, Villalta PW, Hooyman CJ, Maertens LA, Upadhyaya P, Murphy SE, Balbo S. In Vivo Stable-Isotope Labeling and Mass-Spectrometry-Based Metabolic Profiling of a Potent Tobacco-Specific Carcinogen in Rats. Anal Chem 2018; 90:11863-11872. [PMID: 30086646 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The tobacco-specific nitrosamine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), is a potent lung carcinogen that exerts its carcinogenic effects upon metabolic activation. The identification and quantitation of NNK metabolites could identify potential biomarkers of bioactivation and detoxification of this potent carcinogen and may be used to predict lung cancer susceptibility among smokers. Here, we used in vivo isotope-labeling and high-resolution-mass-spectrometry-based methods for the comprehensive profiling of all known and unknown NNK metabolites. The sample-enrichment, LC-MS, and data-analysis workflow, including a custom script for automated d0- d4- m/ z-pair-peak detection, enabled unbiased identification of numerous NNK metabolites. The structures of the metabolites were confirmed using targeted LC-MS2 with retention-time ( tR) and MS2-fragmentation comparisons to those of standards when possible. Eleven known metabolites and unchanged NNK were identified simultaneously. More importantly, our workflow revealed novel NNK metabolites, including 1,3-Diol (13), α-OH-methyl-NNAL-Gluc (14), nitro-NK- N-oxide (15), nitro-NAL- N-oxide (16), γ-OH NNAL (17), and three N-acetylcysteine (NAC) metabolites (18a-c). We measured the differences in the relative distributions of a panel of nitroso-containing NNK-specific metabolites in rats before and after phenobarbital (PB) treatment, and this served as a demonstration of a general strategy for the detection of metabolic differences in animal and cell systems. Lastly, we generated a d4-labeled NNK-metabolite mixture to be used as internal standards ( d4-rat urine) for the relative quantitation of NNK metabolites in humans, and this new strategy will be used to assess carcinogen exposure and ultimately to evaluate lung-cancer risk and susceptibility in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romel Dator
- Masonic Cancer Center , University of Minnesota , 2231 Sixth Street Southeast , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Linda B von Weymarn
- Masonic Cancer Center , University of Minnesota , 2231 Sixth Street Southeast , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Peter W Villalta
- Masonic Cancer Center , University of Minnesota , 2231 Sixth Street Southeast , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Cory J Hooyman
- Independent Consultant , 3732 Harriet Avenue South , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55409 , United States
| | - Laura A Maertens
- Masonic Cancer Center , University of Minnesota , 2231 Sixth Street Southeast , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Pramod Upadhyaya
- Masonic Cancer Center , University of Minnesota , 2231 Sixth Street Southeast , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Sharon E Murphy
- Masonic Cancer Center , University of Minnesota , 2231 Sixth Street Southeast , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Silvia Balbo
- Masonic Cancer Center , University of Minnesota , 2231 Sixth Street Southeast , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
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Hatsukami DK, Luo X, Jensen JA, al'Absi M, Allen SS, Carmella SG, Chen M, Cinciripini PM, Denlinger-Apte R, Drobes DJ, Koopmeiners JS, Lane T, Le CT, Leischow S, Luo K, McClernon FJ, Murphy SE, Paiano V, Robinson JD, Severson H, Sipe C, Strasser AA, Strayer LG, Tang MK, Vandrey R, Hecht SS, Benowitz NL, Donny EC. Effect of Immediate vs Gradual Reduction in Nicotine Content of Cigarettes on Biomarkers of Smoke Exposure: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2018; 320:880-891. [PMID: 30193275 PMCID: PMC6372240 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2018.11473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Importance The optimal temporal approach for reducing nicotine to minimally or nonaddictive levels in all cigarettes sold in the United States has not been determined. Objectives To determine the effects of immediate vs gradual reduction in nicotine content to very low levels and as compared with usual nicotine level cigarettes on biomarkers of toxicant exposure. Design, Setting, and Participants A double-blind, randomized, parallel-design study with 2 weeks of baseline smoking and 20 weeks of intervention was conducted at 10 US sites. A volunteer sample of daily smokers with no intention to quit within 30 days was recruited between July 2014 and September 2016, with the last follow-up completed in March 2017. Interventions (1) Immediate reduction to 0.4 mg of nicotine per gram of tobacco cigarettes; (2) gradual reduction from 15.5 mg to 0.4 mg of nicotine per gram of tobacco cigarettes with 5 monthly dose changes; or (3) maintenance on 15.5 mg of nicotine per gram of tobacco cigarettes. Main Outcomes and Measures Between-group differences in 3 co-primary biomarkers of smoke toxicant exposure: breath carbon monoxide (CO), urine 3-hydroxypropylmercapturic acid (3-HPMA, metabolite of acrolein), and urine phenanthrene tetraol (PheT, indicator of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) calculated as area under the concentration-time curve over the 20 weeks of intervention. Results Among 1250 randomized participants (mean age, 45 years; 549 women [44%]; 958 [77%] completed the trial), significantly lower levels of exposure were observed in the immediate vs gradual reduction group for CO (mean difference, -4.06 parts per million [ppm] [95% CI, -4.89 to -3.23]; P < .0055), 3-HPMA (ratio of geometric means, 0.83 [95% CI, 0.77 to 0.88]; P < .0055), and PheT (ratio of geometric means, 0.88 [95% CI, 0.83 to 0.93]; P < .0055). Significantly lower levels of exposure were observed in the immediate reduction vs control group for CO (mean difference, -3.38 [95% CI, -4.40 to -2.36]; P < .0055), 3-HPMA (ratio of geometric means, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.75 to 0.88]; P < .0055), and PheT (ratio of geometric means, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.81 to 0.92]; P < .0055). No significant differences were observed between the gradual reduction vs control groups for CO (mean difference, 0.68 [95% CI, -0.31 to 1.67]; P = .18), 3-HPMA (ratio of geometric means, 0.98 [95% CI, 0.91 to 1.06]; P = .64), and PheT (ratio of geometric means, 0.98 [95% CI, 0.92 to 1.04]; P = .52). Conclusions and Relevance Among smokers, immediate reduction of nicotine in cigarettes led to significantly greater decreases in biomarkers of smoke exposure across time compared with gradual reduction or a control group, with no significant differences between gradual reduction and control. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02139930.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xianghua Luo
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Joni A Jensen
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Mustafa al'Absi
- Behavioral Medicine Laboratories, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth
| | - Sharon S Allen
- Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis
| | | | - Menglan Chen
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Paul M Cinciripini
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Rachel Denlinger-Apte
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - David J Drobes
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | | | - Tonya Lane
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Chap T Le
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Scott Leischow
- Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Kai Luo
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - F Joseph McClernon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Viviana Paiano
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Jason D Robinson
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | | | | | | | - Lori G Strayer
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Mei Kuen Tang
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Ryan Vandrey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Neal L Benowitz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Eric C Donny
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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Huang IC, Klosky JL, Young CM, Murphy SE, Krull KK, Srivastava DK, Hudson MM, Robison LL. Misclassification of self-reported smoking in adult survivors of childhood cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2018; 65:e27240. [PMID: 29856513 PMCID: PMC6105425 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.27240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We investigated misclassification rates, sensitivity, and specificity of self-reported cigarette smoking through serum cotinine concentration (liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry) among 287 adult survivors of childhood cancer. Overall, 2.5-6.7% and 19.7-36.9% of the self-reported never and past smokers had cotinine levels indicative of active smoking. Sensitivity and specificity of self-reported smoking were 57.5-67.1% and 96.6-99.2%. Misclassification was associated with younger age (OR = 3.2; 95% CI = 1.4-7.4), male (OR = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.1-4.0), and past (OR = 2.7; 95% CI = 1.3-5.8) or current (OR = 2.6; 95% CI = 1.0-6.6) marijuana use. After adjusting for tobacco-related variables, current marijuana use remained a significant risk for misclassification. Clinicians/researchers should consider bio-verification to measure smoking status among survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Chan Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - James L. Klosky
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chelsea M. Young
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA,College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sharon E. Murphy
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kevin K. Krull
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - D. Kumar Srivastava
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Melissa M. Hudson
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA,Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Leslie L. Robison
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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Park SL, Patel YM, Loo LWM, Mullen DJ, Offringa IA, Maunakea A, Stram DO, Siegmund K, Murphy SE, Tiirikainen M, Le Marchand L. Association of internal smoking dose with blood DNA methylation in three racial/ethnic populations. Clin Epigenetics 2018; 10:110. [PMID: 30139389 PMCID: PMC6108111 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-018-0543-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death. While cigarette smoking is the primary cause of this malignancy, risk differs across racial/ethnic groups. For the same number of cigarettes smoked, Native Hawaiians compared to whites are at greater risk and Japanese Americans are at lower risk of developing lung cancer. DNA methylation of specific CpG sites (e.g., in AHRR and F2RL3) is the most common blood epigenetic modification associated with smoking status. However, the influence of internal smoking dose, measured by urinary nicotine equivalents (NE), on DNA methylation in current smokers has not been investigated, nor has a study evaluated whether for the same smoking dose, circulating leukocyte DNA methylation patterns differ by race. METHODS We conducted an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) of NE in 612 smokers from three racial/ethnic groups: whites (n = 204), Native Hawaiians (n = 205), and Japanese Americans (n = 203). Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling of blood leukocyte DNA was measured using the Illumina 450K BeadChip array. Average β value, the ratio of signal from a methylated probe relative to the sum of the methylated and unmethylated probes at that CpG, was the dependent variables in linear regression models adjusting for age, sex, race (for pan-ethnic analysis), and estimated cell-type distribution. RESULTS We found that NE was significantly associated with six differentially methylated CpG sites (Bonferroni corrected p < 1.48 × 10-7): four in or near the FOXK2, PBX1, FNDC7, and FUBP3 genes and two in non-annotated genetic regions. Higher levels of NE were associated with increasing methylation beta-valuesin all six sites. For all six CpG sites, the association was only observed in Native Hawaiians, suggesting that the influence of smoking dose on DNA methylation patterns is heterogeneous across race/ethnicity (p interactions < 8.8 × 10-8). We found two additional CpG sites associated with NE in only Native Hawaiians. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, internal smoking dose was associated with increased DNA methylation in circulating leukocytes at specific sites in Native Hawaiian smokers but not in white or Japanese American smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungshim L Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy Street, NRT 1509G, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
| | - Yesha M Patel
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy Street, NRT 1509G, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Lenora W M Loo
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Daniel J Mullen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Ite A Offringa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Alika Maunakea
- University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Daniel O Stram
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy Street, NRT 1509G, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Kimberly Siegmund
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy Street, NRT 1509G, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Sharon E Murphy
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Maarit Tiirikainen
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Loïc Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.
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Murphy SE, Park SL, Balbo S, Haiman CA, Hatsukami DK, Patel Y, Peterson LA, Stepanov I, Stram DO, Tretyakova N, Hecht SS, Le Marchand L. Tobacco biomarkers and genetic/epigenetic analysis to investigate ethnic/racial differences in lung cancer risk among smokers. NPJ Precis Oncol 2018; 2:17. [PMID: 30155522 PMCID: PMC6105591 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-018-0057-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Multiethnic Cohort Study has demonstrated that African Americans and Native Hawaiians have a higher risk for lung cancer due to cigarette smoking than Whites while Latinos and Japanese Americans have a lower risk. These findings are consistent with other epidemiologic studies in the literature. In this review, we summarize tobacco carcinogen and toxicant biomarker studies and genetic analyses which partially explain these differences. As determined by measurement of total nicotine equivalents in urine, which account for about 85% of the nicotine dose, African Americans take up greater amounts of nicotine than Whites per cigarette while Japanese Americans take up less. There are corresponding differences in the uptake of tobacco smoke carcinogens such as tobacco-specific nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 1,3-butadiene, and other toxic volatiles. The lower nicotine uptake of Japanese Americans is clearly linked to the preponderance of low activity forms of the primary nicotine metabolizing enzyme CYP2A6 in this ethnic group, leading to more unchanged nicotine in the body and thus lower smoking intensity. But the relatively high risk of Native Hawaiians and the low risk of Latino smokers for lung cancer are not explained by these factors. The possible role of epigenetics in modifying lung cancer risk among smokers is also discussed here. The results of these published studies may lead to a better understanding of susceptibility factors for lung cancer in cigarette smokers thus potentially identifying biomarkers that can detect those individuals at highest risk so that preventive approaches can be initiated at an early stage of the lung cancer development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon E. Murphy
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Sungshim Lani Park
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
| | - Silvia Balbo
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Christopher A. Haiman
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
| | | | - Yesha Patel
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
| | - Lisa A. Peterson
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Irina Stepanov
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Daniel O. Stram
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
| | - Natalia Tretyakova
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Stephen S. Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Loïc Le Marchand
- Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA
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Polfus LM, Park SL, Patel YM, Murphy SE, Conti D, Haiman C, Stram DO, Marchand LL. Abstract 232: Genome-wide association study (GWAS) of total nicotine equivalents: A composite biomarker of nicotine uptake. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The primary risk factor for lung cancer (second most common cancer in men and women in the U.S.) is tobacco smoking. Prior GWAS have identified variants in the CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 cluster (chr 15q25) to be associated with smoking. Total nicotine equivalents (TNE) measured from urine represents the sum of nicotine, cotinine, and trans-3′-hydroxycotinine and its glucuronides, as well as nicotine N-oxide, and is a biomarker of nicotine uptake and, when adjusted for cigarettes smoked per day (CPD), a biomarker of smoking intensity. In addition to smoking status, genetic variation is likely to influence smoking behavior (e.g., number of cigarettes, number of puffs, depth of inhalation) and, thus, one's internal exposure to nicotine and tobacco carcinogens. We conducted a genome-wide association study of TNE (i.e. smoking dose) among 2,239 cancer-free, current smokers from the Multiethnic Cohort, comprised of 5 ethnic groups. TNE was measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis in overnight or first morning urine samples. Genotyping was conducted utilizing the Illumina 1M array and the data were imputed to the 1000 Genomes reference panel, for a total of 11.9 million SNPs and indels. Linear regression models were conducted in all subjects combined and each ethnic group using the log transformed TNE measurement, adjusted for age, BMI, sex, and the first ten principle components (Model 1). A separate model additionally adjusted for log transformed cigarettes per day (Model 2). Genome-wide significant associations with TNE for Model 1 included the chr 15q25 region, specifically, intronic common SNPs in CHRNB4 (rs17487223) and CHRNA3 (rs55676755) with P=7.37x10-9 (Beta (SE) = 0.21 (0.04)) and P=2.22x10-8 (Beta (SE) = 0.19 (0.03)), respectively. Ethnic specific analyses pointed to European American, African American, and Hispanic individuals mainly contributing to the signal. Nicotinic receptors, as ligand-gated channels consist of five subunits and are the primary targets for nicotine and initiate the brain responses to smoking. Our findings with nicotine uptake confirm previous reports that these biologically plausible genes influence smoking behavior. For Model 2 in all pooled ethnicities combined, three intronic SNPs were near genome-wide significance (with lowest P=7.13x10-8 for rs55934265) in the beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase (B3GALT1) gene, Beta (SE) = -0.57 (0.10). The B3GALT1 signal was primarily driven by the African American data (N=364) with ethnic specific results at P=5.3x10-4, Beta (SE) = -0.47 (0.13). B3GALT1 is expressed exclusively in the brain and is involved in the biosynthesis of glycolipids. Next steps include constructing a genetic risk score (GRS) of TNE, and evaluating the GRS in association with lung cancer risk independent of self-reported levels of smoking.
Citation Format: Linda M. Polfus, S. Lani Park, Yesha M. Patel, Sharon E. Murphy, David Conti, Christopher Haiman, Daniel O. Stram, Loïc Le Marchand. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) of total nicotine equivalents: A composite biomarker of nicotine uptake [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 232.
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Wang L, Bernert JT, Benowitz NL, Feng J, Jacob P, McGahee E, Caudill SP, Scherer G, Scherer M, Pluym N, Doig MV, Newland K, Murphy SE, Caron NJ, Sander LC, Shimizu M, Yamazaki H, Kim S, Langman LJ, Pritchett JS, Sniegoski LT, Li Y, Blount BC, Pirkle JL. Collaborative Method Performance Study of the Measurement of Nicotine, Its Metabolites, and Total Nicotine Equivalents in Human Urine. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018; 27:1083-1090. [PMID: 29853481 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-17-1127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Biomarkers of tobacco exposure have a central role in studies of tobacco use and nicotine intake. The most significant exposure markers are nicotine itself and its metabolites in urine. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the performance of laboratories conducting these biomarker measurements.Methods: This report presents the results from a method performance study involving 11 laboratories from 6 countries that are currently active in this area. Each laboratory assayed blind replicates of seven human urine pools at various concentrations on three separate days. The samples included five pools blended from smoker and nonsmoker urine sources, and two additional blank urine samples fortified with pure nicotine, cotinine, and hydroxycotinine standards. All laboratories used their own methods, and all were based on some form of liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.Results: Overall, good agreement was found among the laboratories in this study. Intralaboratory precision was good, and in the fortified pools, the mean bias observed was < + 3.5% for nicotine, approximately 1.2% for hydroxycotinine, and less than 1% for cotinine (1 outlier excluded in each case). Both indirect and direct methods for analyzing the glucuronides gave comparable results.Conclusions: This evaluation indicates that the experienced laboratories participating in this study can produce reliable and comparable human urinary nicotine metabolic profiles in samples from people with significant recent exposure to nicotine.Impact: This work supports the reliability and agreement of an international group of established laboratories measuring nicotine and its metabolites in urine in support of nicotine exposure studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 27(9); 1083-90. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanqing Wang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - John T Bernert
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - June Feng
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Peyton Jacob
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Ernest McGahee
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | | | | | - Mira V Doig
- ABS Laboratories, Ltd., Herts, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Lane C Sander
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | | | | | - Sung Kim
- Center for Risk Assessment, Soon Chun Hyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | - Lorna T Sniegoski
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Yao Li
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | | | - James L Pirkle
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Murphy SE, vonWeymarn LB, Parenteau M, Stepanov I, Tiirikainen M, Le Marchand L, Park SL. Influence of UGT2B10 Genotype on Urinary Excretion of 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol- N-glucuronide by African American Smokers. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:168-175. [PMID: 29460622 PMCID: PMC6058729 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
At similar smoking levels, African American's lung cancer risk is as much as twice that of whites. We hypothesized that racial/ethnic differences in UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT)-catalyzed glucuronidation of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), a detoxication pathway for the tobacco-specific lung carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) may contribute to this variable risk. UGT2B10 catalyzes NNAL- N-glucuronidation, and a UGT2B10 splice variant is common among African Americans. Smokers from two independent studies were genotyped for this variant (rs116294140) and an Asp67Tyr variant (rs61750900), and urinary NNAL and NNAL-glucuronide concentrations were quantified. In the first, no significant differences in NNAL- N-glucuronidation between African Americans ( n = 257) and whites ( n = 354) or between homozygous carriers of UGT2B10 variants (genetic score 2) and noncarriers (score 0) were detected. However, total NNAL glucuronidation by score 2 compared to score 0 smokers was lower (68.9 vs 71.2%, p < 0.0001). For NNAL- N-glucuronide to be more precisely quantified in a second study, a sensitive high-resolution LC-MS/MS-based method, which separated NNAL, NNAL- O-glucuronide, and NNAL- N-glucuronide prior to analysis, was developed. In this study, the excretion of total NNAL (free plus glucuronides) by African American ( n = 52) and white ( n = 54) smokers was not different; however, total NNAL glucuronidation by African Americans (64.0%) was slightly less than by whites (68.3%, p = 0.05). The mean NNAL- N-glucuronidation by African Americans was much lower than for whites (14 vs 24.9%, p < 0.00001), but the NNAL- O-glucuronidation was greater (50.0 vs 43.3%, p = 0.013). UGT2B10 genotype influenced NNAL- N-glucuronidation; the geometric mean percentage N-glucuronidation was 22.5% for smokers with genetic score 0 ( n = 57) and 11.2% for score 2 ( n = 11). In summary, the high prevalence of a UGT2B10 splice variant among African Americans results in lower NNAL- N-glucuronidation but only a small decrease in total NNAL glucuronidation. Therefore, despite the significant contribution of UGT2B10 to NNAL- N-glucuronidation, the UGT2B10 genotype does not play a large role in NNAL detoxication. Any decrease in N-glucuronidation was accompanied by a parallel increase in O-glucuronidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon E. Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry Molecular Biology and Biophysics and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Linda B. vonWeymarn
- Department of Biochemistry Molecular Biology and Biophysics and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Marc Parenteau
- Department of Biochemistry Molecular Biology and Biophysics and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Irina Stepanov
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Maarit Tiirikainen
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, 96813 USA
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, 96813 USA
| | - Sungshim L. Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089 USA
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Teitelbaum AM, Murphy SE, Akk G, Baker TB, Germann A, von Weymarn LB, Bierut LJ, Goate A, Kharasch ED, Bloom AJ. Nicotine dependence is associated with functional variation in FMO3, an enzyme that metabolizes nicotine in the brain. Pharmacogenomics J 2018; 18:136-143. [PMID: 28290528 PMCID: PMC5599305 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2016.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A common haplotype of the flavin-containing monooxygenase gene FMO3 is associated with aberrant mRNA splicing, a twofold reduction in in vivo nicotine N-oxidation and reduced nicotine dependence. Tobacco remains the largest cause of preventable mortality worldwide. CYP2A6, the primary hepatic nicotine metabolism gene, is robustly associated with cigarette consumption but other enzymes contribute to nicotine metabolism. We determined the effects of common variants in FMO3 on plasma levels of nicotine-N-oxide in 170 European Americans administered deuterated nicotine. The polymorphism rs2266780 (E308G) was associated with N-oxidation of both orally administered and ad libitum smoked nicotine (P⩽3.3 × 10-5 controlling for CYP2A6 genotype). In vitro, the FMO3 G308 variant was not associated with reduced activity, but rs2266780 was strongly associated with aberrant FMO3 mRNA splicing in both liver and brain (P⩽6.5 × 10-9). Surprisingly, in treatment-seeking European American smokers (n=1558) this allele was associated with reduced nicotine dependence, specifically with a longer time to first cigarette (P=9.0 × 10-4), but not with reduced cigarette consumption. As N-oxidation accounts for only a small percentage of hepatic nicotine metabolism we hypothesized that FMO3 genotype affects nicotine metabolism in the brain (unlike CYP2A6, FMO3 is expressed in human brain) or that nicotine-N-oxide itself has pharmacological activity. We demonstrate for the first time nicotine N-oxidation in human brain, mediated by FMO3 and FMO1, and show that nicotine-N-oxide modulates human α4β2 nicotinic receptor activity in vitro. These results indicate possible mechanisms for associations between FMO3 genotype and smoking behaviors, and suggest nicotine N-oxidation as a novel target to enhance smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Teitelbaum
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - S E Murphy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - G Akk
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - T B Baker
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - A Germann
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - L B von Weymarn
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - L J Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - A Goate
- Neuroscience Genetics & Genomics Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - E D Kharasch
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - A J Bloom
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Park SL, Murphy SE, Wilkens LR, Stram DO, Hecht SS, Le Marchand L. Association of CYP2A6 activity with lung cancer incidence in smokers: The multiethnic cohort study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178435. [PMID: 28542511 PMCID: PMC5444837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While smoking is the primary cause of lung cancer, only 11-24% of smokers develop the malignancy over their lifetime. The primary addictive agent in tobacco smoke is nicotine and variation in nicotine metabolism may influence the smoking levels of an individual. Therefore, inter-individual variation in lung cancer risk among smokers may be due in part to differences in the activity of enzymes involved in nicotine metabolism. In most smokers, cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6)-catalyzed C-oxidation accounts for >75% of nicotine metabolism, and the activity of this enzyme has been shown to correlate with the amount of nicotine and carcinogens drawn from cigarettes. We prospectively evaluated the association of urinary biomarkers of nicotine uptake (total nicotine equivalents [TNE]) and CYP2A6 activity (ratio of urinary total trans-3'-hydroxycotinine to cotinine) with lung cancer risk among 2,309 Multiethnic Cohort Study participants who were current smokers at time of urine collection; 92 cases were diagnosed during a mean follow-up of 9.5 years. We found that higher CYP2A6 activity and TNE was associated with increased lung cancer risk after adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, body mass index, smoking duration, and urinary creatinine (p's = 0.002). The association for CYP2A6 activity remained even after adjusting for self-reported cigarettes per day (CPD) (Hazard Ratio [HR] per unit increase in log-CYP2A6 activity = 1.52; p = 0.005) and after adjusting for TNE (HR = 1.46; p = 0.01). In contrast, the association between TNE and lung cancer risk was of borderline statistical significance when adjusted for CPD (HR = 1.53; p = 0.06) and not statistically significant when further adjusted for CYP2A6 activity (HR = 1.30; p = 0.22). These findings suggest that CYP2A6 activity provides information on lung cancer risk that is not captured by smoking history or a (short-term) biomarker of dose. CYP2A6 activity should be further studied as a risk biomarker for smoking-related lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungshim L. Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sharon E. Murphy
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Lynne R. Wilkens
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Daniel O. Stram
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Stephen S. Hecht
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Loïc Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
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Yuan JM, Nelson HH, Carmella SG, Wang R, Kuriger-Laber J, Jin A, Adams-Haduch J, Hecht SS, Koh WP, Murphy SE. CYP2A6 genetic polymorphisms and biomarkers of tobacco smoke constituents in relation to risk of lung cancer in the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Carcinogenesis 2017; 38:411-418. [PMID: 28182203 PMCID: PMC6248819 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) catalyzes the metabolism of nicotine and the tobacco-specific lung carcinogen, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). Genetic variation in CYP2A6 may affect smoking behavior and contribute to lung cancer risk. A nested case-control study of 197 lung cancer cases and 197 matched controls was conducted within a prospective cohort of 63 257 Chinese men and women in Singapore. Quantified were five genetic variants of CYP2A6 (*1A, *4, *7, *9 and *12) and urinary metabolites of nicotine [total nicotine, total cotinine, total trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (3HC)] and NNK (total NNAL, free NNAL, NNAL-glucuronide, NNAL-N-glucuronide, and NNAL-O-glucuronide). Higher urinary metabolites of nicotine and NNK were significantly associated with a 2- to 3-fold increased risk of lung cancer after adjustment for smoking intensity and duration. Lower CYP2A6-determined nicotine metabolizer status was significantly associated with a lower ratio of total 3HC over total cotinine, lower total nicotine equivalent and reduced risk of developing lung cancer (all Ptrend < 0.001). Compared with normal metabolizers, odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of developing lung cancer for intermediate, slow and poor metabolizers determined by CYP2A6 genotypes were 0.85 (0.41-1.77), 0.55 (0.28-1.08) and 0.32 (0.15-0.70), respectively, after adjustment for smoking intensity and duration and urinary total nicotine equivalents. Thus the reduced risk of lung cancer in smokers with lower CYP2A6 activity may be explained by lower consumption of cigarettes, less intense smoking and reduced CYP2A6-catalyzed activation of the tobacco-specific lung carcinogen NNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Min Yuan
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Heather H Nelson
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Steven G Carmella
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Renwei Wang
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Aizhen Jin
- National Registry of Diseases Office, Health Promotion Board, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jennifer Adams-Haduch
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Woon-Puay Koh
- Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore and
| | - Sharon E Murphy
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and BioPhysics, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
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Murphy SE, Sipe CJ, Choi K, Raddatz LM, Koopmeiners JS, Donny EC, Hatsukami DK. Low Cotinine Glucuronidation Results in Higher Serum and Saliva Cotinine in African American Compared to White Smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017; 26:1093-1099. [PMID: 28264876 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-16-0920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tobacco exposure is often quantified by serum or saliva concentrations of the primary nicotine metabolite, cotinine. However, average cotinine concentrations are higher in African Americans (AA) compared with Whites with similar smoking levels. Cotinine is metabolized by UGT2B10 and CYP2A6, and low UGT2B10 activity is common in AA, due to the prevalence of a UGT2B10 splice variant.Methods: UGT2B10 activity was phenotyped in 1,446 smokers (34% AA) by measuring the percentage of cotinine excreted as a glucuronide. Urinary total nicotine equivalents (TNE), the sum of nicotine and 6 metabolites, were determined to quantify smoking dose, and cotinine and 3'-hydroxycotinine were quantified in saliva (study 1) or serum (study 2).Results: Ninety-seven smokers (78% AA) were null for UGT2B10 activity, and the saliva and serum cotinine levels, after adjustment for TNE and cigarettes per day (CPD), were 68% and 48% higher in these smokers compared with nonnull smokers (P < 0.001). After adjustment for TNE and CPD, salivary cotinine was 35% higher, and serum cotinine 24% higher in AA versus White smokers, but with additional adjustment for UGT2B10 activity, there were no significant differences in saliva and serum cotinine concentrations between these two groups.Conclusions: UGT2B10 activity significantly influences plasma cotinine levels, and higher cotinine concentrations in AA versus White smokers (after adjustment for smoking dose) result from lower levels of UGT2B10-catalyzed cotinine glucuronidation by AA.Impact: UGT2B10 activity or genotype should be considered when using cotinine as a tobacco exposure biomarker, particularly in populations such as AA with high frequencies of UGT2B10 nonfunctional variants. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(7); 1093-9. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon E Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry Molecular Biology and Biophysics and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
| | | | - Kwangsoo Choi
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Leah M Raddatz
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Joseph S Koopmeiners
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Eric C Donny
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Abstract
Nicotine is the primary addictive agent in tobacco, and P450 2A6 (gene name: CYP2A6) is the primary catalyst of nicotine metabolism. It was proposed more than 20 years ago that individuals who metabolize nicotine poorly would smoke less, either fewer cigarettes per day or less intensely per cigarette, compared to smokers who metabolize nicotine more efficiently. These poor metabolizers would then be less likely to develop lung cancer due to their lower exposure to the many carcinogens delivered with nicotine in each puff of smoke. Numerous studies have reported that smokers who carry reduced activity or null CYP2A6 alleles do smoke less. Yet only in Asian populations, both Japanese and Chinese, which have a high prevalence of genetic variants, has a link between CYP2A6, smoking dose, and lung cancer been established. In other ethnic groups, it has been challenging to confirm a direct link between P450 2A6-mediated nicotine metabolism and the risk of lung cancer. This challenge is due in part to the difficulty in accurately quantifying smoking dose and accurately predicting or measuring P450 2A6-mediated nicotine metabolism. Biomarkers of nicotine metabolism and smoking exposure, including the ratio of trans-3-hydroxycotine to cotinine, a measure of P450 2A6 activity and plasma cotinine, or urinary total nicotine equivalents (the sum of nicotine and six metabolites) as measures of exposure are useful for addressing this challenge. However, to take full advantage of these biomarkers in the study of ethnic/racial differences in the risk of lung cancer requires the complete characterization of nicotine metabolism across ethnic/racial groups. Variation in metabolism pathways, other than those catalyzed by P450 2A6, can impact biomarkers of both nicotine metabolism and dose. This is clearly important for smokers with low levels of UGT2B10-catalyzed nicotine and cotinine glucuronidation because the UGT2B10 genotype influences plasma cotinine levels. Cotinine is not glucuronidated in 15% of African American smokers (compared to 1% of Whites) due to the prevalence of a UGT2B10 splice variant. This variant contributes significantly to the higher plasma cotinine levels per cigarette in this group and may also influence the accuracy of the 3HCOT to cotinine ratio as a measure of P450 2A6 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon E. Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry Molecular Biology and Biophysics and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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Hatsukami DK, Luo X, Dick L, Kangkum M, Allen SS, Murphy SE, Hecht SS, Shields P, al’Absi M. Reduced nicotine content cigarettes and use of alternative nicotine products: exploratory trial. Addiction 2017; 112:156-167. [PMID: 27614097 PMCID: PMC5249662 DOI: 10.1111/add.13603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To compare the use of alternative nicotine products, smoking behavior and tobacco biomarker exposure in smokers unwilling to quit who were assigned randomly to normal nicotine content (NNC) cigarettes or very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes. DESIGN Randomized, parallel-arm 8-week study with assignment to VLNC (VLNC 1, n = 53) or NNC (NNC, n = 27) with access to non-cigarette combusted and non-combusted tobacco/nicotine products or to VLNC with access to only non-combusted products (VLNC2, n = 56). SETTING Clinics in Minnesota, USA. PARTICIPANTS Smokers uninterested in quitting smoking with a mean [± standard deviation (SD)] age of 44 (± 14) years and smoking 16 (± seven) cigarettes/day; 51% female, 72% white. MEASUREMENTS During the experimental period, the measures taken included: rate of alternative products used, amount of and abstinence from combusted tobacco used and tobacco exposure biomarkers. FINDINGS There were higher rates of non-combusted alternative tobacco/nicotine product use in both VLNC conditions versus the NNC condition [rate ratio (RR) = 2.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.94, 2.46 and RR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.46, 1.85, respectively] and in VLNC1 versus VLNC2 condition (RR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.23, 1.44), accompanied by reduced biomarkers of exposure primarily in VLNC2 condition compared to NNC condition (Ps < 0.05). Fewer combusted products were smoked at almost all visits (Ps ≤ 0.02) and there were higher rates of abstinence for both VLNC conditions compared with the NNC condition (VLNC1 versus NNC: RR = 9.96, 95% CI = 5.01, 19.81; VLNC2 versus NNC: RR = 11.23, 95% CI = 5.74, 21.97). CONCLUSION The offer of, and instructions to use, reduced nicotine content cigarettes during an 8-week period led to greater use of alternative tobacco/nicotine products compared with continued use of normal nicotine cigarettes and also reductions in smoking rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy K. Hatsukami
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Xianghua Luo
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA,Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Laura Dick
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Margarita Kangkum
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sharon S. Allen
- Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sharon E. Murphy
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Stephen S. Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Peter Shields
- James Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mustafa al’Absi
- Duluth Medical Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, USA
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Nardone N, Donny EC, Hatsukami DK, Koopmeiners JS, Murphy SE, Strasser AA, Tidey JW, Vandrey R, Benowitz NL. Estimations and predictors of non-compliance in switchers to reduced nicotine content cigarettes. Addiction 2016; 111:2208-2216. [PMID: 27367436 PMCID: PMC5203964 DOI: 10.1111/add.13519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Clinical trials on the impact and safety of reduced nicotine content cigarettes (RNCs) are ongoing, and an important methodological concern is participant compliance with smoking only RNCs. Our aims were to measure non-compliance biochemically with urine cotinine (COT) and total nicotine equivalents (TNEs), compare with self-reported non-compliance and identify associated covariates. DESIGN Secondary analysis of a double-blind, parallel, randomized clinical trial. SETTING Research centers from the United States, enrolling participants from June 2013 to July 2014. PARTICIPANTS Volunteer sample of 242 participants (55% Caucasian), average age of 41.2 years, smoking at least five cigarettes per day (CPD). INTERVENTION Smoking very low nicotine cigarettes (VLNCs; 0.4 mg nicotine/g tobacco) for 6 weeks. MEASUREMENTS The primary outcome was biochemically verified non-compliance, measured as thresholds of COT/CPD and TNE/CPD ratios, considering changes in nicotine content from conventional levels to VLNCs, and as an absolute threshold of week 6 TNEs. Self-reported non-compliance was measured via daily phone calls. Key predictors included age, sex, race, menthol preference, nicotine metabolite ratio, time to first cigarette, dependence, CPD, TNEs, tar level and cigarette evaluation. FINDINGS Estimates of non-compliance with smoking the VLNCs exclusively include: the biochemical ratios (both 78%), the week 6 TNE threshold (76%) and self-report (39%). Of the key covariates, age, dependence and cigarette evaluations of satisfaction were significant; for age, younger participants more likely to be non-compliant [P = 0.01; odds ratio (OR) = 0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.96-0.99]. Dependence was associated significantly with self-reported non-compliance (P = 0.01; OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.06-1.55). Cigarette evaluations of satisfaction were associated significantly with non-compliance (P = 0.001; OR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.61-0.82). CONCLUSIONS Among smokers volunteering to smoke only very low nicotine cigarettes for 6 weeks, non-compliance was common and biochemical assessments detected more cases of non-compliance than self-report. Despite high levels of non-compliance, smokers reduced their intake of nicotine by an average of 60%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Nardone
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Medicine, 3130 20th Street, Suite 308, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | - Eric C. Donny
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychology, 210 S. Bouquet St, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Dorothy K. Hatsukami
- University of Minnesota, Department of Psychiatry, 717 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414
| | - Joseph S. Koopmeiners
- University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Sharon E. Murphy
- University of Minnesota, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, & Biophysics, 2231 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Andrew A. Strasser
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, 3535 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jennifer W. Tidey
- Brown University, Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Box G-S121-5, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02903
| | - Ryan Vandrey
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Neal L. Benowitz
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Medicine and Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, Box 1220, San Francisco, CA 94143-1220
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Smith TT, Rupprecht LE, Cwalina SN, Onimus MJ, Murphy SE, Donny EC, Sved AF. Effects of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition on the Reinforcing Properties of Low-Dose Nicotine. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:2335-43. [PMID: 26955970 PMCID: PMC4946064 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has the authority to regulate cigarette smoke constituents, and a reduction in nicotine content might benefit public health by reducing the prevalence of smoking. Research suggests that cigarette smoke constituents that inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAO) may increase the reinforcing value of low doses of nicotine. The aim of the present experiments was to further characterize the impact of MAO inhibition on the primary reinforcing and reinforcement enhancing effects of nicotine in rats. In a series of experiments, rats responded for intravenous nicotine infusions or a moderately-reinforcing visual stimulus in daily 1-h sessions. Rats received pre-session injections of known MAO inhibitors. The results show that (1) tranylcypromine (TCP), a known MAO inhibitor, increases sensitivity to the primary reinforcing effects of nicotine, shifting the dose-response curve for nicotine to the left, (2) inhibition of MAO-A, but not MAO-B, increases low-dose nicotine self-administration, (3) partial MAO-A inhibition, to the degree observed in chronic cigarette smokers, also increases low-dose nicotine self-administration, and (4) TCP decreases the threshold nicotine dose required for reinforcement enhancement. The results of the present experiments suggest cigarette smoke constituents that inhibit MAO-A, in the range seen in chronic smokers, are likely to increase the primary reinforcing and reinforcement enhancing effects of low doses of nicotine. If the FDA reduces the nicotine content of cigarettes, then variability in constituents that inhibit MAO-A could impact smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy T Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 4120 Sennott Square, 210 S. Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA, Tel: +1 412 624 8525, Fax: +1 412 624 4428, E-mail:
| | - Laura E Rupprecht
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Matthew J Onimus
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sharon E Murphy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Eric C Donny
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alan F Sved
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Yuan JM, Yuan JM, Stepanov I, Murphy SE, Murphy SE, Wang R, Carmella SG, Nelson HH, Nelson HH, Hatsukami D, Hecht SS. Abstract 4347: A randomized phase 2 clinical trial of PEITC on detoxification of tobacco-specific and non-specific carcinogens and toxicants. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-4347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Cigarette smoke contains the tobacco-specific lung carcinogen NNK and other carcinogens and toxicants. 2-Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), a natural product found as a conjugate in cruciferous vegetables, can inhibit the metabolic activation and lung carcinogenicity of NNK in rodents. Intake of a broccoli sprout beverage containing high levels of sulforaphane can increase urinary excretion of benzene and acrolein metaboites. Glutathione S-transferases (GST) catalyze the conjugation of carcinogens and toxicants with glutathione enhancing their urinary excretion, thus functional GST genotypes may modify the effect of PEITC.
Methods. The goal of this randomized phase 2 clinical trial with a crossover was to determine if PEITC inhibits the metabolic activation of NNK and enhances the detoxification of benzene, acrolein and crotonaldehyde. Eighty-two smokers were completed the trial. The smokers smoked cigarettes containing deuterium labeled [pyridine-D4]NNK to allow measurement of metabolic activation. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of two arms: PEITC-placebo, or placebo-PEITC. During the 1-week treatment period, each subject took PEITC (10 mg in 1 ml of olive oil, 4 times per day). There was a 1-week washout period between the PEITC and placebo periods. Three 24h urine samples were collected during each of the 2 treatment periods. The NNK metabolic activation ratio: [pyridine-D4]hydroxy acid/total [pyridine-D4]NNAL, and the mercapturic acids of benzene, acrolein and crotonaldehye in urine were quantified using validated LC-ESI-MS/MS methods. The linear mixed model with random effect was used to examine the PEITC effect.
Results. Overall, PEITC treatment significantly reduced the NNK metabolic activation ratio by 7.7% (P = 0.023), and increased the detoxification metabolites of benzene by 24.6% (P = 0.002) and acrolein by 15.1% (P = 0.005), but had no effect on crotonaldehyde (5.5%, P = 0.148). PEITC had stronger effects in subjects with GST null genotype. PEITC reduced the NNK metabolic activation ratio by 15.6% (P = 0.039),
and increased detoxification metabolites of benzene by 95.4% (P <0.001), acrolein by 32.7% (P = 0.034), and crotonaldehyde by 29.8% (P = 0.006) among the subjects with null genotype of both GSTM1 and GSTT1, but had no effect in those possessing both genes (Pinteraction < 0.05).
Conclusion. The results of this trial demonstrate that PEITC inhibits the metabolic activation of NNK in smokers, and has a stronger effect on the detoxification of environmental carcinogens and toxicants such as benzene, acrolein, and crotonaldehyde. A more pronounced effect of PEITC in subjects lacking both GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes supports the epidemiological findings of stronger protection of dietary isothiocyanates against the development of lung cancer in such individuals. [Grant support: NCI R01CA122244].
Citation Format: Jian-Min Yuan, Jian-Min Yuan, Irina Stepanov, Sharon E. Murphy, Sharon E. Murphy, Renwei Wang, Steven G. Carmella, Heather H. Nelson, Heather H. Nelson, Dorothy Hatsukami, Stephen S. Hecht. A randomized phase 2 clinical trial of PEITC on detoxification of tobacco-specific and non-specific carcinogens and toxicants. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4347.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Min Yuan
- 1University of Pittsburgh - Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- 2University of Pittsburgh - Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Irina Stepanov
- 3University of Minnesota - Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Sharon E. Murphy
- 3University of Minnesota - Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Sharon E. Murphy
- 4University of Minnesota - Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and BioPhysics, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Renwei Wang
- 1University of Pittsburgh - Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | | | | | | | - Stephen S. Hecht
- 3University of Minnesota - Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN
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Yuan JM, Murphy SE, Stepanov I, Wang R, Carmella SG, Nelson HH, Hatsukami D, Hecht SS. 2-Phenethyl Isothiocyanate, Glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 Polymorphisms, and Detoxification of Volatile Organic Carcinogens and Toxicants in Tobacco Smoke. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2016; 9:598-606. [PMID: 27099270 PMCID: PMC4930697 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-16-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke contains relatively large quantities of volatile organic toxicants or carcinogens such as benzene, acrolein, and crotonaldehyde. Among their detoxification products are mercapturic acids formed from glutathione conjugation, catalyzed in part by glutathione S-transferases (GST). A randomized phase II clinical trial with a crossover design was conducted to evaluate the effect of 2-phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), a natural product formed from gluconasturtiin in certain cruciferous vegetables, on the detoxification of benzene, acrolein, and crotonaldehyde in 82 cigarette smokers. Urinary mercapturic acids of benzene, acrolein, and crotonaldehyde at baseline and during treatment were quantified. Overall, oral PEITC supplementation increased the mercapturic acid formed from benzene by 24.6% (P = 0.002) and acrolein by 15.1% (P = 0.005), but had no effect on crotonaldehyde. A remarkably stronger effect was observed among subjects with the null genotype of both GSTM1 and GSTT1: in these individuals, PEITC increased the detoxification metabolite of benzene by 95.4% (P < 0.001), of acrolein by 32.7% (P = 0.034), and of crotonaldehyde by 29.8% (P = 0.006). In contrast, PEITC had no effect on these mercapturic acids in smokers possessing both genes. PEITC had no effect on the urinary oxidative stress biomarker 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α or the inflammation biomarker prostaglandin E2 metabolite. This trial demonstrates an important role of PEITC in detoxification of environmental carcinogens and toxicants which also occur in cigarette smoke. The selective effect of PEITC on detoxification in subjects lacking both GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes supports the epidemiologic findings of stronger protection by dietary isothiocyanates against the development of lung cancer in such individuals. Cancer Prev Res; 9(7); 598-606. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Min Yuan
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - Sharon E Murphy
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and BioPhysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Irina Stepanov
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Renwei Wang
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven G Carmella
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Heather H Nelson
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Dorothy Hatsukami
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Yuan JM, Nelson HH, Butler LM, Carmella SG, Wang R, Kuriger-Laber JK, Adams-Haduch J, Hecht SS, Gao YT, Murphy SE. Genetic determinants of cytochrome P450 2A6 activity and biomarkers of tobacco smoke exposure in relation to risk of lung cancer development in the Shanghai cohort study. Int J Cancer 2016; 138:2161-71. [PMID: 26662855 PMCID: PMC5155585 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) catalyzes nicotine metabolism and contributes to the metabolism of the tobacco-specific lung carcinogen, NNK. Genetic variation in CYP2A6 may affect smoking behavior and contribute to lung cancer risk. A nested case-control study of 325 lung cancer cases and 356 controls was conducted within a prospective cohort of 18,244 Chinese men in Shanghai, China. Quantified were 4 allelic variants of CYP2A6 [*1(+51A), *4, *7, and *9] and urinary total nicotine, total cotinine, total trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (3HC) and total NNAL (an NNK metabolite). Calculated were total nicotine equivalents (TNE), the sum of total nicotine, total cotinine and total 3HC and the total 3HC:total cotinine ratio as a measure of CYP2A6 activity. The nicotine metabolizer status (normal, intermediate, slow and poor) was determined by CYP2A6 genotypes. The smoking-adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of lung cancer for the highest vs lowest quartile of total nicotine, total cotinine, total 3HC, TNE and total NNAL were 3.03 (1.80-5.10), 4.70 (2.61-8.46), 4.26 (2.37-7.68), 4.71 (2.61-8.52), and 3.15 (1.86-5.33) (all Ptrend < 0.001), respectively. Among controls CYP2A6 poor metabolizers had a 78% lower total 3HC:total cotinine ratio and 72% higher total nicotine (Ptrend ≤ 0.002). Poor metabolizers had an odds ratio of 0.64 (95% confidence interval = 0.43-0.97) for lung cancer, which was statistically nonsignificant (odds ratio = 0.74, 95% confidence interval = 0.48-1.15) after adjustment for urinary TNE and smoking intensity and duration. The lower lung cancer risk observed in CYP2A6 poor metabolizers is partially explained by the strong influence of CYP2A6 genetic polymorphisms on nicotine uptake and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Min Yuan
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Heather H. Nelson
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Lesley M. Butler
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven G. Carmella
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Renwei Wang
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Adams-Haduch
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephen S. Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yu-Tang Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sharon E. Murphy
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and BioPhysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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