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Stelmaszczyk P, Białkowska K, Wietecha-Posłuszny R. Paper-supported polystyrene membranes for micro-solid phase extraction of date-rape drugs from urine: A sustainable analytical approach. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1316:342874. [PMID: 38969415 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid development of micro-solid phase extraction (μ-SPE) procedures with new sorption materials, in particular, based on using natural materials, is currently reported. The production of these sorbents and the entire extraction procedure should support the implementation of Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) principles. Promising materials are sorbents based on paper, which can be relatively easily modified, among others: by covering it with a polymer membrane. In this work, the practical application of paper-supported polystyrene used in the analysis of urine samples containing selected date-rape drugs (DRD) substances, and evaluation of the entire procedure using GAC metrics is presented. RESULTS The paper-supported polystyrene membranes were successfully fabricated and characterized. The successful polystyrene coating on the paper was confirmed through ATR-FTIR measurements, ensuring even coverage. The μ-SPE procedure using this material facilitated extraction with a throughput of approximately 120 samples per hour in just a few steps. Throughout the research, a mixture of 100 mM acetic acid:methanol:acetonitrile (70:15:15, v/v/v) was selected as an optimal background electrolyte for capillary electrophoresis - mass spectrometry analysis. Validation results of this method demonstrated its suitability, exhibiting good linearity (R2 > 0.95), low limits of detection (3.1-15 ng mL-1), acceptable precision (<15 %), and recovery for all tested analytes. Furthermore, the greenness evaluation conducted with six different metrics: AGREEprep, AGREE, ComplexGAPI, SPMS, hexagonal metric, and WAC indicated the overall eco-friendliness and sustainability of the method, with minor concerns regarding energy consumption. SIGNIFICANCE The use of cellulose paper with polystyrene membranes for μ-SPE provides a versatile and eco-friendly extraction method for detecting DRDs in urine samples. The presented work is an example of the use of GAC metrics in the evaluation of the analytical procedure. The optimized PT-μ-SPE/CE-MS method allows for minimized reagent usage and waste production. Moreover, the method proves to be sustainable and efficient for forensic toxicology analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Stelmaszczyk
- Laboratory for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa St. 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland; Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Białkowska
- Laboratory for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa St. 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Renata Wietecha-Posłuszny
- Laboratory for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa St. 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
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Amiri A, Faridbod F, Zoughi S. Selective and Rapid Optical Detection of Citalopram Using a Fluorescent Probe Based on Carbon Quantum Dots Embedded in Silica Molecularly Imprinted Polymer. J Fluoresc 2024; 34:1171-1181. [PMID: 37493859 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03323-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a citalopram optical nano-sensor was developed. Citalopram is a well-known antidepressant drug that reduces the reuptake of serotonin in neurons as a result, serotonin neurotransmission, the primary response to antidepressant treatments, increases in many parts of the brain. This study introduces a carbon quantum dots (CQDs)-based optical nanosensor for rapid detection of citalopram. This fluorescent nanosensor was made through the polymerization of tetraethyl orthosilicate in the presence of CQDs as the fluorescent materials and citalopram as the template molecule. Following the polymerization, the templated molecules were washed and removed from the structure, and the matrix of the polymer was left with some cavities that resembled citalopram in terms of size and shape. The final structure which is used as a chemical nanosensor, is named carbon quantum dots embedded silica molecularly imprinted polymer (CQDs-SMIP). The materials used in designing nano-sensors were characterized using FTIR, UV/Vis, and fluorescence spectroscopy, as well as high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). CQDs-SMIP showed a strong fluorescence emission at 420 nm in the absence of the template molecule. The fluorescence intensity of the nanosensor decreased in the presence of citalopram. The correlation between the extent of the fluorescence quenching and the concentration of citalopram provided the nano-sensor signal. The nano-sensor was used to measure citalopram in complex matrices such as human plasma and urine samples with remarkable selectivity and sensitivity. The detection limit of 10.3 µg.L-1 over a linear range of 100 to 700 µg.L-1, and RSD of 3.15% was obtained. This nano-sensor was applied to analyze of citalopram in plasma and human urine samples with remarkable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Amiri
- Analytical Chemistry Department, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnoush Faridbod
- Analytical Chemistry Department, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sheida Zoughi
- Analytical Chemistry Department, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Zhang YX, Zhang Y, Bian Y, Liu YJ, Ren A, Zhou Y, Shi D, Feng XS. Benzodiazepines in complex biological matrices: Recent updates on pretreatment and detection methods. J Pharm Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
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Olędzka I, Plenis A, Kowalski P, Bączek T, Roszkowska A. Analytical aspects of sample handling during the quantification of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in clinical applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.117026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
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Kumar S, Darshan S, Baggi TR. Recent Advances in Analytical Techniques for Antidepressants Determination in Complex Biological Matrices: A Review. Int J Toxicol 2023:10915818221150779. [PMID: 36630687 DOI: 10.1177/10915818221150779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Depression is one of the most prevalent but severe of mental disorders, affecting thousands of individuals across the globe. Depression, in its most extreme form, may result in self-harm and an increased likelihood of suicide. Antidepressant drugs are first-line medications to treat mental disorders. Unfortunately, these medications are also prescribed for other in- and off-label conditions, such as deficit/hyperactivity disorders, attention disorders, migraine, smoking cessation, eating disorders, fibromyalgia, pain, and insomnia. This results in an increase in the use of antidepressant medications, leading to clinical and forensic overdose cases that could be either accidental or deliberate. The findings revealed that people who used antidepressants had a 33% greater chance of dying sooner than expected, compared to those who did not take the medications. Analytical techniques for precisely identifying and detecting antidepressants and their metabolic products in a variety of biological matrices are greatly needed to be developed and made available. Hence, this study attempts to discuss various analytical techniques used to identify and determine antidepressants in various biological matrices, which include urine, blood, oral fluid (saliva), and tissues, which are commonly encountered in clinical and forensic science laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachil Kumar
- Department of Life Sciences, 119667CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India
| | - Siddaraj Darshan
- Department of Life Sciences, 119667CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India
| | - Tulsidas R Baggi
- Director (Retd.), Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India, Ramanthapur, Hyderabad, India.,Formerly Academic Coordinator (Forensic Science), University College of Science, 28552Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
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Seyfinejad B, Jouyban A. Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry in pharmaceutical and biomedical analyses. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 221:115059. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Boroujerdi R, Paul R, Abdelkader A. Rapid Detection of Amitriptyline in Dried Blood and Dried Saliva Samples with Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:8257. [PMID: 36365956 PMCID: PMC9657543 DOI: 10.3390/s22218257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
There is growing demand for rapid, nondestructive detection of trace-level bioactive molecules including medicines, toxins, biomolecules, and single cells, in a variety of disciplines. In recent years, surface-enhanced Raman scattering has been increasingly applied for such purposes, and this area of research is rapidly growing. Of particular interest is the detection of such compounds in dried saliva spots (DSS) and dried blood spots (DBS), often in medical scenarios, such as therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and disease diagnosis. Such samples are usually analyzed using hyphenated chromatography techniques, which are costly and time consuming. Here we present for the first time a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy protocol for the detection of the common antidepressant amitriptyline (AMT) on DBS and DSS using a test substrate modified with silver nanoparticles. The validated protocol is rapid and non-destructive, with a detection limit of 95 ppb, and linear range between 100 ppb and 1.75 ppm on the SERS substrate, which covers the therapeutic window of AMT in biological fluids.
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Shahhoseini F, Azizi A, Bottaro CS. Single-use porous polymer thin-film device: A reliable sampler for analysis of drugs in small volumes of biofluids. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1203:339651. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Optimized and Validated DBS/MAE/LC–MS Method for Rapid Determination of Date-Rape Drugs and Cocaine in Human Blood Samples—A New Tool in Forensic Analysis. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8120249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to develop a new method for the determination of selected substances from the date-rape drugs group: ketamine, benzodiazepines and cocaine. The method is based on the dried blood spot method which seems to be a suitable tool in the analysis of tested substances. The extraction process based on microwave-assisted extraction was optimized to enable optimal conditions for the isolation of a wide range of analytes from blood samples collected on DBS cards. The extraction with ethyl acetate with a buffer of pH = 9 carried out at a temperature of 50 °C for 15 min ensured high extraction efficiency of the tested analytes. The optimized method was validated. Limits of detection (LOD = 4.38–21.1 ng/mL) and quantification (LOQ = 14.6–70.4 ng/mL), inter- and intra-day precision (CV = 1.37–13.4% and 3.39–14.8%, respectively), recovery (RE = 93.0–112.4%) and matrix effect (ME = 98.4–101.6%) were determined. The validation results indicate the possibility of using the proposed method in the analysis of real blood samples collected from victims of sexual assault.
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Madej M, Matoga D, Skaźnik K, Porada R, Baś B, Kochana J. A voltammetric sensor based on mixed proton-electron conducting composite including metal-organic framework JUK-2 for determination of citalopram. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:184. [PMID: 33977404 PMCID: PMC8113198 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04835-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A voltammetric sensor has been developed based on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modification with nanocomposite consisting of manganese-based metal-organic framework (JUK-2), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for detection of citalopram (CIT). The composition and morphology of JUK-2-MWCNTs-AuNPs/GCE were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrochemical properties investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) indicated that the fabricated hybrid material exhibits the properties of mixed ion-electron conductor (MIEC). Using staircase voltammetry (SCV), under optimized conditions, the fabricated sensor shows a linear response in three CIT concentration ranges, 0.05-1.0, 1.0-10.0 and 15.0-115.0 μmol L-1, with a detection limit of 0.011 μmol L-1. The JUK-2-MWCNTs-AuNPs/GCE was successfully employed for the determination of CIT in pharmaceutical, environmental waters, and biological samples with satisfactory recoveries (98.6-104.8%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Madej
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Matoga
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Klaudia Skaźnik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Radosław Porada
- Faculty of Materials and Ceramics, Department of Analytical Chemistry, AGH University of Science and Technology, A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland
| | - Bogusław Baś
- Faculty of Materials and Ceramics, Department of Analytical Chemistry, AGH University of Science and Technology, A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jolanta Kochana
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
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Recent (2018-2020) development in capillary electrophoresis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:115-130. [PMID: 33754195 PMCID: PMC7984737 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03290-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Development of new capillary electrophoresis (CE) methodology and instrumentation, as well as application of CE to solve new problems, remains an active research area because of the attractive features of CE compared to other separation techniques. In this review, we focus on the representative works about sample preconcentration, separation media or capillary coating development, detector construction, and multidimensional separation in CE, which are judiciously selected from the papers published in 2018–2020.
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The Double Face of Ketamine-The Possibility of Its Identification in Blood and Beverages. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040813. [PMID: 33557268 PMCID: PMC7915646 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a high-sensitivity methodology for identifying one of the most used drugs—ketamine. Ketamine is used medicinally to treat depression, alcoholism, and heroin addiction. Moreover, ketamine is the main ingredient used in so-called “date-rape” pills (DRP). This study presents a novel methodology for the simultaneous determination of ketamine based on the Dried Blood Spot (DBS) method, in combination with capillary electrophoresis coupled with a mass spectrometer (CE-TOF-MS). Then, 6-mm circles were punched out from DBS collected on Whatman DMPK-C paper and extracted using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). The assay was linear in the range of 25–300 ng/mL. Values of limits of detection (LOD = 6.0 ng/mL) and quantification (LOQ = 19.8 ng/mL) were determined based on the signal to noise ratio. Intra-day precision at each determined concentration level was in the range of 6.1–11.1%, and inter-day between 7.9–13.1%. The obtained precision was under 15.0% (for medium and high concentrations) and lower than 20.0% (for low concentrations), which are in accordance with acceptance criteria. Therefore, the DBS/MAE/CE-TOF-MS method was successfully checked for analysis of ketamine in matrices other than blood, i.e., rose wine and orange juice. Moreover, it is possible to identify ketamine in the presence of flunitrazepam, which is the other most popular ingredient used in DRP. Based on this information, the selectivity of the proposed methodology for identifying ketamine in the presence of other components of rape pills was checked.
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