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Geng H, Mu J, Wen J, Yao W, Liu L, Liu C, Duan J. Factors affecting choroidal circulation parameters in 4-14-year-old Chinese children measured by SS-OCT/OCTA. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2024; 48:104275. [PMID: 39002833 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To measure the choroidal circulatory parameters Han Chinese children aged 4-14 years from Southwest China, and to explore the relationships between these parameters and age, axial length (AL), and choroidal thickness (ChT). METHODS 284 eyes from 142 subjects were included in this cross-sectional study. All participants underwent cycloplegic refraction and IOLMaster500 examination. Swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) was used to measure submacular choroidal thickness, choroidal vascular volume (CVV), choroidal stromal volume (CSV), choroidal vascularity index (CVI), and CVV/CSV ratio. RESULTS In this population, the mean CVV was 2.92 ± 0.55 mm3, CSV was 4.69 ± 0.68 mm3, CVI was 38.22 ± 2.46 %, and CVV/CSV ratio was 62.11 ± 6.44 %. Multivariable regression analyses showed that both CVV and CSV were negatively correlated with AL (both P < 0.001) and positively correlated with ChT (both P < 0.001), while age showed no significant correlation with them (both P > 0.05). However, the correlations between CVI and age were not uniform rectilinear. Among participants aged ≤8 years, CVI showed no correlation with age (P > 0.05), while among those aged >8 years, it was positively correlated with age (P < 0.01). CVV/CSV ratio was positively correlated with ChT and age (both P < 0.01). CONCLUSION After the age of 8, age was positively correlated with CVI. ChT was well correlated with CVI. Longer AL and thinner ChT were associated with reduced CVV and CSV, with CVV decreasing more rapidly than CSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoming Geng
- Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Eye college of Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Ophthalmopathy Prevention & Cure and Visual Function Protection with TCM Laboratory, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingyu Mu
- Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Eye college of Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Ineye Hospital of Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Ophthalmopathy Prevention & Cure and Visual Function Protection with TCM Laboratory, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Retinal Image Technology and Chronic Vascular Disease Prevention & Control and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Juan Wen
- Ineye Hospital of Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Ophthalmopathy Prevention & Cure and Visual Function Protection with TCM Laboratory, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Retinal Image Technology and Chronic Vascular Disease Prevention & Control and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Weili Yao
- Ineye Hospital of Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Luting Liu
- Ineye Hospital of Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chunmeng Liu
- Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Eye college of Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Ineye Hospital of Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Ophthalmopathy Prevention & Cure and Visual Function Protection with TCM Laboratory, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Retinal Image Technology and Chronic Vascular Disease Prevention & Control and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Junguo Duan
- Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Eye college of Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Ineye Hospital of Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Ophthalmopathy Prevention & Cure and Visual Function Protection with TCM Laboratory, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Retinal Image Technology and Chronic Vascular Disease Prevention & Control and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Unlu M, Ozer F, Sener H, Gulmez Sevim D. Vascular changes of the peripapillary choroidal area in the thyroid orbitopathy. Int Ophthalmol 2024; 44:326. [PMID: 38990443 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-024-03111-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the peripapillary choroidal vascular changes in thyroid orbitopathy (TO). METHODS The study included 20 eyes of 10 patients with active TO (aTO), 30 eyes of 15 patients with inactive TO (inaTO) and 30 eyes of 30 healthy subjects. The peripapillary choroidal vascular change was assessed with peripapillary choroidal vascular index (pCVI), peripapillary choroidal luminal area (pLA), peripapillary choroidal stromal area (pSA), peripapillary total choroidal area (pTCA). RESULTS Compared to the control group, there was a reduction in the nasal and temporal areas of pCVI in both the aTO and inaTO groups (aTO vs control: nasal p = 0.001 and temporal p = 0.004; inaTO vs control: nasal p = 0.007 and temporal p < 0.001), while the inferior area was lower only in the inaTO group (p = 0.001). Compared to the other groups, the inaTO group exhibited a decrease pSA (vs aTO: total p = 0.004, inferior p = 0.02 and vs control: total p = 0.01, inferior p = 0.03), pLA (vs aTO: total p = 0.02, inferior p = 0.02, temporal p < 0.001 and vs control: total p = 0.002, inferior p < 0.001, temporal p < 0.001) and pTCA (vs aTO: total p = 0.009, inferior p = 0.01, temporal p < 0.001 and vs control: total p = 0.003, inferior p = 0.001, temporal p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The horizontal area (nasal and temporal area) of the peripapillary choroidal vascular structure may be more sensitive than the vertical area in TO patients. The first affected quadrant of RPC-VD in the active TO may be the inferior quadrant. Structural or vascular choroidal changes may occur during the chronic or post-active phase of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metin Unlu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Division of Oculoplastic, Orbital, and Lacrimal Surgery, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Türkiye
| | - Furkan Ozer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sungurlu State Hospital, Çorum, Türkiye.
| | - Hidayet Sener
- Department of Ophthalmology, Division of Oculoplastic, Orbital, and Lacrimal Surgery, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Türkiye
| | - Duygu Gulmez Sevim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Division of Oculoplastic, Orbital, and Lacrimal Surgery, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Türkiye
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Rafizadeh SM, Momeni A, Rahimi M, Riazi-Esfahani H, Yaseri M, Ghanbari H, Khalili Pour E. Effect of orbital decompression surgery on the choroidal profile in patients with thyroid eye disease. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14948. [PMID: 38942805 PMCID: PMC11213849 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65884-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of orbital wall decompression surgery and reduction of proptosis on the choroidal vascularity index (CVI) and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) in patients with thyroid eye disease (TED). Fifty-one eyes from 38 patients with controlled TED and proptosis were enrolled in this study. The majority of the patients (50.9%) had a clinical activity score (CAS) of zero, and none had a CAS greater than 2. The patients underwent a complete baseline ophthalmologic examination, and their choroidal profile alterations were monitored using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) before and during the three months after surgery. Changes in SFCT, luminance area (LA), total choroidal area (TCA), and the choroidal vascularity index (CVI) were measured as the ratio of LA to TCA in EDI-OCT images. The participants had an average age of 46.47 years, and 22 were female (57.9%). The SFCT of the patients exhibited a significant reduction over the follow-up period, decreasing from 388 ± 103 to 355 ± 95 µm in the first month (p < 0.001) and further decreasing to 342 ± 109 µm by the third month compared to baseline (p < 0.001). The CVI exhibited a drop from 0.685 ± 0.037 at baseline to 0.682 ± 0.035 and 0.675 ± 0.030 at 1 and 3 months post-surgery, respectively. However, these changes were not statistically significant, indicating comparable decreases in both LA and TCA. There was a significant correlation between improved proptosis and reduction in SFCT (p < 0.001) but not with CVI (p = 0.171). In conclusion, during the three months of follow-up following orbital wall decompression, CVI did not change, while SFCT reduced significantly. Additionally, SFCT was significantly correlated with proptosis reduction, whereas CVI was not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohsen Rafizadeh
- Department of Orbital and Oculoplastic Surgery, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Momeni
- Department of Orbital and Oculoplastic Surgery, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Rahimi
- Retina Service, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, South Kargar Street, Qazvin Square, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Riazi-Esfahani
- Retina Service, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, South Kargar Street, Qazvin Square, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Yaseri
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Ghanbari
- Department of Orbital and Oculoplastic Surgery, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elias Khalili Pour
- Retina Service, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, South Kargar Street, Qazvin Square, Tehran, Iran
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Chien L, Go CC, Lahaie Luna GM, Briceño CA. Changes in choroidal thickness and choroidal vascularity index in thyroid eye disease: a systematic review. Orbit 2024; 43:399-407. [PMID: 36437586 DOI: 10.1080/01676830.2022.2146726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the evidence for changes in choroidal thickness and choroidal vascularity index (CVI) in people with thyroid eye disease (TED), stratified by severity, as measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS Systematic review, including quality assessment, of published studies investigating choroidal thickness in TED. Outcomes of interest included CVI, subfoveal choroidal thickness, mean choroidal thickness, and peripheral choroidal thickness in four quadrants (superior, inferior, medial, lateral). RESULTS Nineteen studies were included which contained measurements from 1067 eyes in 798 patients with TED. Most studies found an increased CVI and increased choroidal thickness in patients with TED compared to normal controls, especially in the subfoveal region. In addition, several studies reported an increased thickness in patients with active vs. inactive TED, although the results are equivocal. Finally, many studies reported associations between increased choroidal thickness and worsened clinical measurements of disease activity, such as Clinical Activity Score (CAS). CONCLUSIONS This systematic review provided evidence for an association between increased CVI/choroidal thickness and TED, suggesting a potential for OCT-measured CVI/choroidal thickness as an objective clinical marker. Given heterogeneity, future studies are needed to assess the role of measuring the choroidal changes in diagnosis and management of TED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian Chien
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cammille C Go
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gabriela M Lahaie Luna
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - César A Briceño
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Sun X, Su M, Zhang X, Shen H, Xie Z, Kong W, Zhu D. Correlation between choroidal vascularity and retrobulbar ocular blood flow changes and thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy activity: a cross-sectional study. BMC Ophthalmol 2024; 24:64. [PMID: 38350897 PMCID: PMC10863166 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-024-03308-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the alterations in retrobulbar color Doppler imaging (CDI) parameters and retinal/choroidal optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) parameters and their association with the clinical activity and severity in thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO) patients. METHODS In this study, the retrobulbar flow parameters including resistance index (RI), Pulsatile Index(PI), peak systolic velocity (PSV) and end diastolic velocity (EDV) in posterior ciliary artery (PCA), central retinal artery (CRA) and ophthalmic artery (OA) were determined by CDI. Moreover, the retina and choroidal vascularity including the superficial vessel density (SVD), deep vessel density (DVD), choroidal thickness (ChT) and choroidal vascularity, including total choroidal area (TCA), luminal area (LA), stromal area (SA) and Choroidal Vascularity Index (CVI), were determined by OCTA. All patients grouped as active TAO and inactive TAO based on Clinical activity score (CAS). We picked the severe eye among the subjects and compared all parameters between two groups. We analyzed the correlations among those parameters. RESULTS There was a significant difference in CAS score, proptosis value, ChT, LA, CVI between patients with active TAO and inactive TAO. In the active group, PSV and EDV of PCA were significantly higher than the inactive group. On logistic regression analysis, CAS was closely associated with PSV-PCA. On multiple linear regression, proptosis value was closely associated with ChT, LA, SA and CVI. CONCLUSION Choroidal vascularization and retrobulbar blood flow were concurrently higher in active TAO patients and several variables in choroid circulation was closely related to TAO clinical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghong Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No.321, Zhongshan Road, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Mengru Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No.321, Zhongshan Road, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Xiaowen Zhang
- Department of Endocrine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiyun Shen
- Department of Ultrasonography, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No.321, Zhongshan Road, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Zhenggao Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No.321, Zhongshan Road, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210000, China.
| | - Wentao Kong
- Department of Ultrasonography, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No.321, Zhongshan Road, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210000, China.
| | - Dandan Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No.321, Zhongshan Road, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210000, China.
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Muralidhar A, Singh S, Das S, Mondal K, Kumar B, Agarwal M, Majumdar A. Choroidal thickness in thyroid eye disease and its correlation with disease activity. Indian J Ophthalmol 2024; 72:281-286. [PMID: 38146970 PMCID: PMC10941914 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_848_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT This study adds to the existing body of literature on the role of optical coherence tomography (OCT) parameters in active thyroid eye disease (TED) among the Indian population. PURPOSE Comparison of choroidal vascularity index (CVI) and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) in active and inactive TED. SETTINGS AND DESIGN An observational, cross-sectional analytical study conducted at a tertiary eye care hospital in North India that included patients with active and inactive TED. METHODS Demographic details and clinical evaluation were performed for all TED patients. SFCT was determined with OCT by using the Cirrus linear measurement tool. CVI was calculated using Image J software. The SFCT and CVI measurements were compared between both groups. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED Comparison between active and inactive TED groups was done using Mann-Whitney U test for non-parametric data and Student t test for parametric data. Multivariate regression analysis was performed with SFCT and CVI as dependent variables. RESULTS Sixty-two eyes of 31 patients were included. Thirteen eyes had active TED, and 49 eyes had inactive TED. SFCT was significantly lower in eyes with higher clinical activity score (CAS) and older age. No significant difference was found in CVI between active and inactive TED eyes. CONCLUSION SFCT was lower in eyes with higher CAS and older age. Our findings differ from previous studies, which showed a positive correlation between SFCT and CAS. There was no significant difference in CVI between active and inactive TED eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shalini Singh
- Vitreoretina Services, Dr. Shroff Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sima Das
- Oculoplasty Services, Dr. Shroff Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Kheyali Mondal
- Oculoplasty Services, Dr. Shroff Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Brajesh Kumar
- Vitreoretina Services, Dr. Shroff Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Manisha Agarwal
- Vitreoretina Services, Dr. Shroff Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Atanu Majumdar
- Statistician, Dr. Shroff Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Kowalik-Jagodzińska M, Sobol M, Turno-Kręcicka A. A Comparison of Observational Studies on Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness Measured with OCT according to the Level of Thyroid Eye Disease Activity-Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4720. [PMID: 37510836 PMCID: PMC10380986 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12144720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to systematise subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) measured using optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients with different severities of thyroid eye disease (TED) compared with healthy subjects. The PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases were searched for the following terms: ((Graves' ophthalmopathy) OR (thyroid eye disease) OR (Graves' orbitopathy) OR (thyroid-associated orbitopathy)) AND (choroidal thickness) AND ((optical coherence tomography) OR (OCT)). The pool of papers was narrowed down to articles published until 31 January 2023 (26, 26 and 96 papers, respectively). Twenty-five (25) articles were taken into consideration, which were original papers and included the choroidal thickness measurements among TED patients in their results. Finally, eight papers were included in the comparative analysis of the SFCT parameter in TED patients and a group of healthy controls, and seven papers in the comparative analysis of the same parameter between active and inactive TED patients. The mean value of the difference between the TED group and the healthy group was 38.79 μm, with a confidence interval (CI) from 0.09 to 77.49 μm (p = 0.0495). The mean difference between the active TED group and inactive TED group was 38.02 μm, with a CI from 8.62 to 67.42 μm (p = 0.0113). All the results were statistically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Sobol
- Department of Biophysics Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Anna Turno-Kręcicka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
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Gavrilova NA, Kutrovskaya NY, Salimova KN. Optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography — angiography used in endocrine ophthalmopathy. RUSSIAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2023. [DOI: 10.21516/2072-0076-2023-16-1-145-150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
Abstract
The literature review presents the results of optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography — angiography used for Graves’ orbitopathy. The data on the thickness of the inner layers of the retina, microcirculation in the peripapillary and macular regions, parameters of the choroid, lamina cribrosa and extraocular muscles were analyzed as possible diagnostic criteria of the condition.
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Goel R, Shah S, Sundar G, Arora R, Gupta S, Khullar T. Orbital and ocular perfusion in thyroid eye disease. Surv Ophthalmol 2023; 68:481-506. [PMID: 36681278 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid eye disease (TED) is characterized by enlargement of extraocular muscles, an increase in retrobulbar fat, orbital fibrosis, and fluctuations in plasma thyroid hormone levels in most patients, often associated with raised autoantibody titers. The occurrence of orbital space conflict compromises the orbital perfusion, unchecked progression of which results in irreversible loss of visual acuity and visual fields. The quantitative assessment of orbital perfusion can be done by measurement of blood flow velocities in the superior ophthalmic vein (SOV), ophthalmic artery (OA), central retinal artery (CRA), and posterior ciliary artery by color Doppler imaging. The retinal and choroidal microvasculature is studied by optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography. The orbital and ocular perfusion fluctuates during the course of TED. Orbital congestion is reflected by the reduction or reversal of SOV flow and an increase in subfoveal choroidal thickness. The active phase is characterized by high blood flow velocities of the OA and CRA. The onset of dysthyroid optic neuropathy is associated with reduced arterial perfusion and reduction in parafoveal and peripapillary vascular density. Orbital decompression improves the SOV flow and decreases the resistivity index of CRA. Sequential evaluation of orbital hemodynamic changes can thus supplement the clinical scoring systems for monitoring and planning intervention in TED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Goel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India.
| | - Shalin Shah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Gangadhara Sundar
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, Kent Ridge, Singapore
| | - Ritu Arora
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Swati Gupta
- Department of Radiology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Tamanna Khullar
- Department of Radiology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
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