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Blázquez-Pallí N, Torrentó C, Marco-Urrea E, Garriga D, González M, Bosch M. Pilot tests for the optimization of the bioremediation strategy of a multi-layered aquifer at a multi-focus site impacted with chlorinated ethenes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 935:173093. [PMID: 38768723 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
A multi-layered aquifer in an industrial area in the north of the Iberian Peninsula is severely contaminated with the chlorinated ethenes (CEs) tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, cis-1,2-dichloroethylene, and vinyl chloride. Both shallow and deep aquifers are polluted, with two differentiated north and south CEs plumes. Hydrogeochemical and isotopic data (δ13C of CEs) evidenced natural attenuation of CEs. To select the optimal remediation strategy to clean-up the contamination plumes, laboratory treatability studies were performed, which confirmed the intrinsic biodegradation potential of the north and south shallow aquifers to fully dechlorinate CEs to ethene after injection of lactate, but also the combination of lactate and sulfidized mZVI as an alternative treatment for the north deep aquifer. In the lactate-amended microcosms, full dechlorination of CEs was accompanied by an increase in 16S rRNA gene copies of Dehalococcoides and Dehalogenimonas, and the tceA, vcrA and bvcA reductive dehalogenases. Three in situ pilot tests were implemented, which consisted in injections of lactate in the north and south shallow aquifers, and injections of lactate and sulfidized mZVI in the north deep aquifer. The hydrogeochemical, isotopic and molecular analyses used to monitor the pilot tests evidenced that results obtained mimicked the laboratory observations, albeit at different dechlorination rates. It is likely that the efficiency of the injections was affected by the amendment distribution. In addition, monitoring of the pilot tests in the shallow aquifers showed the release of CEs due to back diffusion from secondary sources, which limited the use of isotopic data for assessing treatment efficiency. In the pilot test that combined the injection of lactate and sulfidized mZVI, both biotic and abiotic pathways contributed to the production of ethene. This study demonstrates the usefulness of integrating different chemical, isotopic and biomolecular approaches for a more robust selection and implementation of optimal remediation strategies in CEs polluted sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natàlia Blázquez-Pallí
- LITOCLEAN, S.L., Environmental site assessment and remediation, c/ Numància 36, 08029 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Clara Torrentó
- Grup MAiMA, SGR Mineralogia Aplicada, Geoquímica i Hidrogeologia (MAGH), Departament de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Institut de Recerca de l'Aigua (IdRA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Martí Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Serra Húnter Fellowship, Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain
| | - Ernest Marco-Urrea
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Biològica i Ambiental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), c/ de les Sitges s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - David Garriga
- LITOCLEAN, S.L., Environmental site assessment and remediation, c/ Numància 36, 08029 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta González
- LITOCLEAN, S.L., Environmental site assessment and remediation, c/ Numància 36, 08029 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marçal Bosch
- LITOCLEAN, S.L., Environmental site assessment and remediation, c/ Numància 36, 08029 Barcelona, Spain
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Wabnitz C, Chen W, Elsner M, Bakkour R. Quartz Crystal Microbalance as a Holistic Detector for Quantifying Complex Organic Matrices during Liquid Chromatography: 2. Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis. Anal Chem 2024; 96:7436-7443. [PMID: 38700939 PMCID: PMC11099894 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
In carbon-compound-specific isotope analysis (carbon CSIA) of environmental micropollutants, purification of samples is often required to guarantee accurate measurements of a target compound. A companion paper has brought forward an innovative approach to couple a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the online quantification of matrices during a gradient HPLC purification. This work investigates the benefit for isotope analysis of polar micropollutants typically present in environmental samples. Here, we studied the impact of the natural organic matter (NOM) on the isotopic integrity of model analytes and the suitability of the NOM-to-analyte ratio as a proxy for the sample purity. We further investigated limitations and enhancement of HPLC purification using QCM on C18 and C8 phases for single and multiple targets. Strong isotopic shifts of up to 3.3% toward the isotopic signature of NOM were observed for samples with an NOM-to-analyte ratio ≥10. Thanks to QCM, optimization of matrix removal of up to 99.8% of NOM was possible for late-eluting compounds. The efficiency of HPLC purification deteriorated when aiming for simultaneous purification of two or three compounds, leading to up to 2.5% less NOM removal. Our results suggest that one optimized HPLC purification can be achieved through systematic screening of 3 to 5 different gradients, thereby leading to a shift of the boundaries of accurate carbon CSIA by up to 2 orders of magnitude toward lower micropollutant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Wabnitz
- Department of Chemistry, Chair of Analytical
Chemistry and Water Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Chair of Analytical
Chemistry and Water Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Elsner
- Department of Chemistry, Chair of Analytical
Chemistry and Water Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Rani Bakkour
- Department of Chemistry, Chair of Analytical
Chemistry and Water Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
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Ottosen CF, Bjerg PL, Kümmel S, Richnow HH, Middeldorp P, Draborg H, Lemaire GG, Broholm MM. Natural attenuation of sulfonamides and metabolites in contaminated groundwater - Review, advantages and challenges of current documentation techniques. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 254:121416. [PMID: 38489851 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Sulfonamides are applied worldwide as antibiotics. They are emerging contaminants of concern, as their presence in the environment may lead to the spread of antibiotic resistance genes. Sulfonamides are present in groundwater systems, which suggest their persistence under certain conditions, highlighting the importance of understanding natural attenuation processes in groundwater. Biodegradation is an essential process, as degradation of sulfonamides reduces the risk of antibiotic resistance spreading. In this review, natural attenuation, and in particular assessment of biodegradation, is evaluated for sulfonamides in groundwater systems. The current knowledge level on biodegradation is reviewed, and a scientific foundation is built based on sulfonamide degradation processes, pathways, metabolites and toxicity. An overview of bacterial species and related metabolites is provided. The main research effort has focused on aerobic conditions while investigations under anaerobic conditions are lacking. The level of implementation in research is laboratory scale; here we strived to bridge towards field application and assessment, by assessing approaches commonly used in monitored natural attenuation. Methods to document contaminant mass loss are assessed to be applicable for sulfonamides, while the approach is limited by a lack of reference standards for metabolites. Furthermore, additional information is required on relevant metabolites in order to improve risk assessments. Based on the current knowledge on biodegradation, it is suggested to use the presence of substituent-containing metabolites from breakage of the sulfonamide bridge as specific indicators of degradation. Microbial approaches are currently available for assessment of microbial community's capacities, however, more knowledge is required on indigenous bacteria capable of degrading sulfonamides and on the impact of environmental conditions on biodegradation. Compound specific stable isotope analysis shows great potential as an additional in situ method, but further developments are required to analyse for sulfonamides at environmentally relevant levels. Finally, in a monitored natural attenuation scheme it is assessed that approaches are available that can uncover some processes related to the fate of sulfonamides in groundwater systems. Nevertheless, there are still unknowns related to relevant bacteria and metabolites for risk assessment as well as the effect of environmental settings such as redox conditions. Alongside, uncovering the fate of sulfonamides in future research, the applicability of the natural attenuation documentation approaches will advance, and provide a step towards in situ remedial concepts for the frequently detected sulfonamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie F Ottosen
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Bygningstorvet, building 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Poul L Bjerg
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Bygningstorvet, building 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Steffen Kümmel
- Department Technical Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Hans H Richnow
- Department Technical Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | | | | | - Gregory G Lemaire
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Bygningstorvet, building 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mette M Broholm
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Bygningstorvet, building 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Prieto-Espinoza M, Malleret L, Ravier S, Höhener P. A Novel Multi-ion Evaluation Scheme to Determine Stable Chlorine Isotope Ratios ( 37Cl/ 35Cl) of Chlordecone by LC-QTOF. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:2711-2721. [PMID: 37883681 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorinated pesticides are highly persistent organic pollutants having important adverse effects in the environment. To study their fate, compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) may be used to investigate their degradation pathways and mechanisms but is currently limited to 13C isotope ratios. The assessment of 37Cl isotope ratios from mass spectra is complicated by the large number of isotopologues of polychlorinated compounds. For method development, chlordecone (C10Cl10O2H2; hydrate form), an organochlorine insecticide that led to severe contamination of soils and aquatic ecosystems of the French West Indies, was taken as a model analyte. Chlorine isotope analysis of chlordecone hydrate was evaluated using high-resolution liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS), enabling smooth ionization to detect the molecular ion. First, a new evaluation scheme is presented to correct for multiple isotope presence in polychlorinated compounds. The scheme is based on probability calculations of the most frequent isotopologues, distributions by binomial probability functions, and corrections for the presence of nonchlorine heavy isotopes. Second, mobile-phase modifiers, ionization energy (sampling cone tension) and scan time were optimized for accurate chlorine isotope ratios. Chlordecone standard samples were measured up to 10-fold and bracketed with a second chlordecone external standard. δ37Cl values were obtained after conversion to the SMOC scale by a two-point calibration. The robustness of the analysis method and evaluation scheme were tested and gave satisfactory results with standard errors (σm) of ±0.34‰ for precision and ±0.89‰ for long-term accuracy of chlorine isotope ratios of chlordecone hydrate. This work opens perspectives for applications of the C-Cl CSIA approach to investigate the fate of highly toxic and low reactive polychlorinated compounds in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Prieto-Espinoza
- Aix Marseille University - CNRS UMR 7376, Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Marseille, France
| | - Laure Malleret
- Aix Marseille University - CNRS UMR 7376, Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Marseille, France
| | - Sylvain Ravier
- Aix Marseille University - CNRS UMR 7376, Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Höhener
- Aix Marseille University - CNRS UMR 7376, Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Marseille, France
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Wang S, Cheng F, Shao Z, Wu B, Guo S. Effects of thermal desorption on ecotoxicological characteristics of heavy petroleum-contaminated soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159405. [PMID: 36243071 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study comprehensively evaluates the ecotoxicity of high-concentration heavy petroleum (HCHP)-contaminated soil before and after thermal desorption (TD) remediation at different temperatures and times. The results showed that the detoxification of contaminated soil was effectively achieved by extending the remediation duration at 400-600 °C. After treatment at 400 °C for 60 min, the toxicological indicators including bioluminescence EC50 (acute toxicity), seed germination ratio (Gr) and plant biomass of Brassica juncea (subacute toxicity), and diversity of the microbial community (chronic toxicity) reached a maximum. The value of the SOS-Induction Factor (SOSIF), characterizing genotoxicity was below 1.5, indicating that it was non-toxic. Pearson's correlation analysis illustrated that the water-soluble fraction (WSF), ALK1-3 and ARO1-3 of petroleum hydrocarbons were the primary sources of ecotoxicity. Notably, although the total ratio of petroleum removed from the soil reached 87.26 ± 4.38 %-98.69 ± 1.61 % under high-temperature thermal desorption (HTTD, 500-600 °C), the ecotoxicity was not lower than that at 400 °C. The pyrolysis products of petroleum macromolecules and extreme changes in soil properties were the leading causes of soil ecotoxicity following HTTD. The inconsistency between the removal of petroleum pollutants and ecological health risks reveals the significance of soil ecotoxicological assessments for identifying TD remediation endpoints and process optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa Wang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Contaminated Soil Remediation by Bio-physicochemical Synergistic Process, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Fenglian Cheng
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Contaminated Soil Remediation by Bio-physicochemical Synergistic Process, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhiguo Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Contaminated Soil Remediation by Bio-physicochemical Synergistic Process, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shuhai Guo
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Contaminated Soil Remediation by Bio-physicochemical Synergistic Process, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Buchner D, Martin PR, Scheckenbach J, Kümmel S, Gelman F, Haderlein SB. Expanding the calibration range of compound-specific chlorine isotope analysis by the preparation of a 37 Cl-enriched tetrachloroethylene. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9378. [PMID: 35975721 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The recent development of reliable GC/qMS methods for δ37 Cl compound-specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) paves the way for dual carbon-chlorine isotope analysis of chlorinated ethenes and thus allows deeper insights into underlying transformation processes/mechanisms. A two-point calibration is indispensable for the precise and correct conversion of raw data to the international δ37 ClSMOC scale. The currently available calibration standards for tetrachloroethylene (PCE) span only a very narrow range from -2.52‰ (EIL2) to +0.29‰ (EIL1), which is considerably smaller than observed δ37 Cl isotope enrichment in (bio-)transformation studies (up to 12‰). METHODS We describe the preparation and evaluation of a new 37 Cl-enriched PCE standard to avoid bias in δ37 Cl CSIA arising from extrapolation beyond the calibration range. The preparation comprised: (i) partial PCE reduction by zero-valent zinc in a system of PCE, ethanol (initial volume ratio 3/5) and trace amounts of water followed by (ii) liquid-liquid extraction and (iii) a subsequent fractional distillation to purify the 37 Cl-enriched PCE. RESULTS The obtained PCE (PCEenriched ) showed a purity of 98.8% (mole fraction) and a δ37 ClSMOC value of +10.8 ± 0.5‰. The evaluation of an experimental dataset with and without extrapolation showed no significant variation. CONCLUSIONS The new PCE standard (PCEenriched ) expands the calibration range to 13.3‰ (previously 2.8‰) and thus prevents potential bias introduced by extrapolation beyond the calibration range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Buchner
- Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Philipp R Martin
- Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Steffen Kümmel
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
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Hudari MSB, Richnow H, Vogt C, Nijenhuis I. Mini-review: effect of temperature on microbial reductive dehalogenation of chlorinated ethenes: a review. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2022; 98:6638985. [PMID: 35810002 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiac081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature is a key factor affecting microbial activity and ecology. An increase in temperature generally increases rates of microbial processes up to a certain threshold, above which rates decline rapidly. In the subsurface, temperature of groundwater is usually stable and related to the annual average temperature at the surface. However, anthropogenic activities related to the use of the subsurface, e.g. for thermal heat management, foremost heat storage, will affect the temperature of groundwater locally. This mini-review intends to summarize the current knowledge on reductive dehalogenation activities of the chlorinated ethenes, common urban groundwater contaminants, at different temperatures. This includes an overview of activity and dehalogenation extent at different temperatures in laboratory isolates and enrichment cultures, the effect of shifts in temperature in micro- and mesocosm studies as well as observed biotransformation at different natural and induced temperatures at contaminated field sites. Furthermore, we address indirect effects on biotransformation, e.g. changes in fermentation, methanogenesis and sulfate reduction as competing or synergetic microbial processes. Finally, we address the current gaps in knowledge regarding bioremediation of chlorinated ethenes, microbial community shifts and bottlenecks for active combination with thermal energy storage, and necessities for bioaugmentation and/or natural re-populations after exposure to high temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sufian Bin Hudari
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans Richnow
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carsten Vogt
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ivonne Nijenhuis
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Hart S, Bertolo RA, Agostini MS, Feig R, Lojkasek-Lima P, Gouvea JCR, Barreto FS, Aravena R. Hydrogeochemical and isotopic evaluation of VOC commingled plumes in a weathered fractured bedrock aquifer treated with thermal and bioremediation. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2022; 245:103940. [PMID: 34999305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2021.103940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated ethanes and ethenes isotopic analyses in groundwater and hydrogeochemical results from a former industrial area in Sao Paulo (Brazil) were used to confirm the existence and allow further characterization of source areas and their commingled plumes, both before and after thermal and bioremediation treatments. Prior to full scale remediation, a recently identified off-site source area with unknown history and limited access for further intrusive works presented lower δ13C values (-6.5‰ to -1.8‰ for 1,2-DCA) than the downgradient on-site source area (+8.6‰ to +20.0‰). Intermediate δ13C values for 1,2-DCA were identified further downgradient from the sources, within commingled plumes patterns. The isotope and concentration results show the typical degradation patterns associated with biotic reductive dechlorination for chlorinated ethenes and dihaloelimination for 1,2-DCA. Results following remediation treatments show further levels of isotopic enrichment, for chlorinated ethenes and chlorinated ethanes in the tropically weathered and deeper fractured bedrock (gneisses) groundwater. Hydrogeochemical results, isotopic mass balance and Carbon-Chlorine isotope slopes data are coherent with remediation treatment and a complex commingled plume setting. The results of this study confirmed the Temporal Conceptual Model proposed by Hart et al. (2021) and identified the need for further studies to evaluate isotopic dynamics under thermal remediation, including thermal-induced hydrolysis processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- SashaT Hart
- CEPAS Groundwater Research Center, University of Sao Paulo, Rua do Lago, 562, 05508-080 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Reginaldo A Bertolo
- CEPAS Groundwater Research Center, University of Sao Paulo, Rua do Lago, 562, 05508-080 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria S Agostini
- BASF S.A., Av. Brasil, 791, Building E 250, 12521-140 Guaratingueta, SP, Brazil
| | - Roland Feig
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Paulo Lojkasek-Lima
- CEPAS Groundwater Research Center, University of Sao Paulo, Rua do Lago, 562, 05508-080 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José C R Gouvea
- CEPAS Groundwater Research Center, University of Sao Paulo, Rua do Lago, 562, 05508-080 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda S Barreto
- CEPAS Groundwater Research Center, University of Sao Paulo, Rua do Lago, 562, 05508-080 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ramon Aravena
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, N2L 3G1 Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Compound-specific carbon isotope analysis of volatile organic compounds in complex soil extracts using purge and trap concentration coupled to heart-cutting two-dimensional gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1655:462480. [PMID: 34479096 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Compound-specific carbon isotope analysis (CSIA) is a powerful tool to track the origin and fate of organic subsurface contaminants including petroleum and chlorinated hydrocarbons and is typically applied to water samples. However, soil can form a significant contaminant reservoir. In soil samples, it can be challenging to recover sufficient amounts of volatile organic compounds (VOC) to perform CSIA. Soil samples often contain complex contaminant mixtures and gas chromatography combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS) is highly dependent on good chromatographic separation due to the conversion to a single analyte. To extend the applicability of CSIA to complex volatile organic compound mixtures in soil samples, and to recover sufficient amounts of target compounds for carbon CSIA, we compared two soil extraction solvents, tetraglyme (TGDE) and methanol, and developed a heart-cutting two-dimensional GC-GC-C-IRMS method. We used purge & trap concentration of solvent-water mixtures to increase the amount of analyte delivered to the column and thus lower method detection limits. We optimized purge & trap and chromatographic parameters for twelve target compounds, including one suffering from poor purge efficiency. By using a 30 m thick-film non-polar column in the first and a 15 m polar column in the second dimension, we achieved good chromatographic separation for the target compounds in difficult matrices and high accuracy (trueness and precision) for carbon isotopic analysis. Tetraglyme extraction was shown to offer advantages over methanol for purge & trap concentration, leading to lower target compound method detection limits for CSIA of soil samples. The applicability of the developed method was demonstrated for a case study on soil extracts from a former manufacturing facility. Our approach extends the applicability of CSIA to an important matrix that often controls the long-term fate of contaminants in the subsurface.
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10
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Leite ECP, Rodrigues FM, Horimouti TST, Shinzato MC, Nakayama CR, Freitas JGD. Thermally-induced changes in tropical soils properties and potential implications to sequential nature-based solutions. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2021; 241:103808. [PMID: 33866141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2021.103808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Some remediation techniques, such as thermal remediation, can significantly change the soil properties. These changes can be beneficial or detrimental to the sequential application of Nature-based Solutions. This work evaluated the effects of thermal remediation on the properties of two tropical soils (Technosol and Oxisol), and discuss how these changes might impact both biotic and abiotic degradation processes. Bench tests using disturbed samples were performed under oxic and anoxic conditions, whereas 3D physical models were used to simulate the heat distribution along undisturbed samples. The changes in soils texture, density, hydraulic conductivity, iron concentration, mineralogy and microbiota were evaluated. The properties of Oxisol were more affected than those of Technosol due to the higher levels in Fe(III), organic carbon and finer texture. When heated in the range of 120 to 300 °C under oxic and anoxic conditions, the Fe(II) content and the magnetism intensity increased in Oxisol, probably due to the formation of magnetite. Under oxic conditions, the burning of Oxisol organic matter promoted an anoxic atmosphere, favoring the formation of Fe(II). However, the continuous increase of the temperature (>300 °C) lead to the decrease of Fe(II) due to the transformation of magnetite to maghemite, and then to hematite. The heating process also promoted some minerals decomposition and cementation of the clay fraction, increasing the soil texture. Bacterial populations were impacted, but showed ability to recover at 60 °C. However, above 100 °C no culturable cells were recovered and at temperatures above 270 °C soil sterilization occurred. The changes observed, especially in Oxisol samples, indicated that mild heating (between 120 and 240 °C), in turn, can increase the potential for abiotic degradation of some contaminants, such as chlorinated solvents. Therefore, heating conditions up to 240 °C during thermal remediation can be defined as to promote beneficial changes in soil properties, increasing its potential for natural attenuation by abiotic processes even when the microbiota is affected, and improving its sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Caroline Puglia Leite
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Análise Ambiental Integrada, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua São Nicolau, 210 - Diadema, São Paulo 09913-030, Brazil.
| | - Fábio Minzon Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Análise Ambiental Integrada, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua São Nicolau, 210 - Diadema, São Paulo 09913-030, Brazil.
| | - Tatiana Satiko Terada Horimouti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Análise Ambiental Integrada, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua São Nicolau, 210 - Diadema, São Paulo 09913-030, Brazil
| | - Mirian Chieko Shinzato
- Departamento de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua São Nicolau, 210 - Diadema, São Paulo 09913-030, Brazil.
| | - Cristina Rossi Nakayama
- Departamento de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua São Nicolau, 210 - Diadema, São Paulo 09913-030, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Gardenalli de Freitas
- Departamento de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua São Nicolau, 210 - Diadema, São Paulo 09913-030, Brazil.
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11
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Höhener P, Imfeld G. Quantification of Lambda (Λ) in multi-elemental compound-specific isotope analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 267:129232. [PMID: 33338724 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In multi-elemental compound-specific isotope analysis the lambda (Λ) value expresses the isotope shift of one element versus the isotope shift of a second element. In dual-isotope plots, the slope of the regression lines typical reveals the footprint of the underlying isotope effects allowing to distinguish degradation pathways of an organic contaminant molecule in the environment. While different conventions and fitting procedures are used in the literature to determine Λ, it remains unclear how they affect the magnitude of Λ. Here we generate synthetic data for benzene δ2H and δ13C with two enrichment factors εH and εC using the Rayleigh equation to examine how different conventions and linear fitting procedures yield distinct Λ. Fitting an error-free data set in a graph plotting the δ2H versus δ13C overestimates Λ by 0.225%⋅εH/εC, meaning that if εH/εCis larger than 22, Λ is overestimated by more than 5%. The correct fitting of Λ requires a natural logarithmic transformation of δ2H versus δ13C data. Using this transformation, the ordinary linear regression (OLR), the reduced major-axis (RMA) and the York methods find the correct Λ, even for large εH/εC. Fitting a dataset with synthetic data with typical random errors let to the same conclusion and positioned the suitability of each regression method. We conclude that fitting of non-transformed δ values should be discontinued. The validity of most previous Λ values is not compromised, although previously obtained Λ values for large εH/εC could be corrected using our error estimation to improve comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Höhener
- Aix Marseille University - CNRS, UMR 7376, Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Marseille, France.
| | - Gwenaël Imfeld
- Laboratory of Hydrology and Geochemistry of Strasbourg (LHyGeS), Université de Strasbourg, UMR 7517 CNRS/EOST, 1 Rue Blessig, 67084, Strasbourg Cedex, France
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12
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Ottosen CB, Rønde V, McKnight US, Annable MD, Broholm MM, Devlin JF, Bjerg PL. Natural attenuation of a chlorinated ethene plume discharging to a stream: Integrated assessment of hydrogeological, chemical and microbial interactions. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 186:116332. [PMID: 32871289 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Attenuation processes of chlorinated ethenes in complex near-stream systems result in site-specific outcomes of great importance for risk assessment of contaminated sites. Additional interdisciplinary and comprehensive field research is required to enhance process understanding in these systems. In this study, several methods were combined in a multi-scale interdisciplinary in-situ approach to assess and quantify the near-stream attenuation of a chlorinated ethene plume, mainly consisting of cis-dichloroethene (cis-DCE) and vinyl chloride (VC), discharging to a lowland stream (Grindsted stream, Denmark) over a monitoring period of seven years. The approach included: hydrogeological characterisation, reach scale contaminant mass balance analysis, quantification of contaminant mass discharge, streambed fluxes of chlorinated ethenes quantified using Sediment Bed Passive Flux Meters (SBPFMs), assessment of redox conditions, temporal assessment of contaminant concentrations, microbial analysis, and compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA). This study site exhibits a special attenuation behaviour not commonly encountered in field studies: the conversion from an initially limited degradation case (2012-16), despite seemingly optimal conditions, to one presenting notable levels of degradation (2019). Hence, this study site provides a new piece to the puzzle, as sites with different attenuation behaviours are required in order to acquire the full picture of the role groundwater-surface water interfaces have in risk mitigation. In spite of the increased degradation in the near-stream plume core, the contaminant attenuation was still incomplete in the discharging plume. A conceptualization of flow, transport and processes clarified that hydrogeology was the main control on the natural attenuation, as short residence times of 0.5-37 days restricted the time in which dechlorination could occur. This study reveals the importance of: taking an integrated approach to understand the influence of all attenuation processes in groundwater - surface water interactions; considering the scale and domain of interest when determining the main processes; and monitoring sufficiently both spatially and temporally to cover the transient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie B Ottosen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Vinni Rønde
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ursula S McKnight
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Michael D Annable
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, FL, United States
| | - Mette M Broholm
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - John F Devlin
- Department of Geology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Poul L Bjerg
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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13
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Wang X, Xin J, Yuan M, Zhao F. Electron competition and electron selectivity in abiotic, biotic, and coupled systems for dechlorinating chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons in groundwater: A review. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 183:116060. [PMID: 32750534 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) have been frequently detected in aquifers in recent years. Owing to the bioaccumulation and toxicity of CAHs, it is essential to explore high-efficiency technologies for their complete dechlorination in groundwater. At present, the most widely used abiotic and biotic remediation technologies are based on zero-valent iron (ZVI) and functional anaerobic bacteria (FAB), respectively. However, the main obstacles to the full potential of both technologies in the field include their lowered efficiencies and increased economic costs due to the co-existence of a variety of natural electron acceptors in the environment, such as dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate (NO3-), sulfate (SO42-), ferric iron (Fe (III)), bicarbonate (HCO3-), and even water, which compete for electrons with the target contaminants. Therefore, a clear understanding of the mechanisms governing electron competition and electron selectivity is significant for the accurate evaluation of the effectiveness of both technologies under natural hydrochemical conditions. We collected data from both abiotic and biotic CAH-remediation systems, summarized the dechlorination and undesired reactions in groundwater, discussed the characterization methods and general principles of electron competition, and described strategies to improve electron selectivity in both systems. Furthermore, we reviewed the emerging ZVI-FAB coupled system, which integrates abiotic and biotic processes to enhance dechlorination performance and electron utilization efficiency. Lastly, we propose future research needs to quantitatively understand the electron competition in abiotic, biotic, and coupled systems in more detail and to promote improved electron selectivity in groundwater remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wang
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Jia Xin
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Mengjiao Yuan
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Fang Zhao
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
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14
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Thouement HAA, Van Breukelen BM. Virtual experiments to assess opportunities and pitfalls of CSIA in physical-chemical heterogeneous aquifers. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2020; 231:103638. [PMID: 32240881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2020.103638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of chlorinated ethenes (CEs) in low conductivity layers of aquifers reduces pollution plume tailing and accelerates natural attenuation timeframes. The degradation pathways involved are often different from those in the higher conductive layers and might go undetected when only highly conductive layers are targeted in site assessments. Reactive transport model simulations (PHT3D in FloPy) were executed to assess the performance of dual carbon and chlorine compound specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) in degradation pathway identification and quantification in a coupled physical-chemical heterogeneous virtual aquifer. Degradation rate constants were assumed correlated to the hydraulic conductivity: positively for oxidative transformation (higher oxygen availability in coarser sands) and negatively for chemical reduction (higher content of reducing solids in finer sediments). Predicted carbon isotope ratios were highly heterogeneous. They generally increased downgradient of the pollution source but the large variation across depth illustrates that monotonously increasing isotope ratios downgradient, as were associated with the oxidative component, are not necessarily a common situation when degradation is favorable in low conductivity layers. Dual carbon-chlorine CSIA performed well in assessing the occurrence of the spatially separated degradation pathways and the overall degradation, provided appropriate enrichment factors were known and sufficiently different. However, pumping to obtain groundwater samples especially from longer well screens causes a bias towards overestimation of the contribution of oxidative transformation associated with the higher conductive zones. As degradation was less intense in these highly conductive zones under the simulated conditions, overall degradation was underestimated. In contrast, in the usual case of limited CSIA data, dual CSIA plots may rather indicate dominance of chemical reduction, while oxidative transformation could go unnoticed, despite being an equally important degradation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héloïse A A Thouement
- Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, Delft 2628 CN, the Netherlands.
| | - Boris M Van Breukelen
- Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, Delft 2628 CN, the Netherlands
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15
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Zimmermann J, Halloran LJS, Hunkeler D. Tracking chlorinated contaminants in the subsurface using compound-specific chlorine isotope analysis: A review of principles, current challenges and applications. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 244:125476. [PMID: 31830644 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Many chlorinated hydrocarbons have gained notoriety as persistent organic pollutants in the environment. Engineered and natural remediation efforts require a monitoring tool to track the progress of degradation processes. Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) is a robust method to evaluate the origin and fate of contaminants in the environment and does not rely on concentration measurements. While carbon CSIA has established itself in the routine assessment of contaminated sites, studies incorporating chlorine isotopes have only recently become more common. Although some aspects of chlorine isotope analysis are more challenging than carbon isotope analysis, having additional isotopic data yields valuable information for contaminated site management. This review provides an overview of chlorine isotope fractionation of chlorinated contaminants in the subsurface by different processes and presents analytical techniques and unresolved challenges in chlorine isotope analysis. A summary of successful field applications illustrates the potential of using chlorine isotope data. Finally, approaches in modelling chlorine isotope fractionation due to degradation, diffusion, and sorption processes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Zimmermann
- Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Landon J S Halloran
- Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Hunkeler
- Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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16
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Balbarini N, Frederiksen M, Rønde V, Møller I, Sonne AT, McKnight US, Pedersen JK, Binning PJ, Bjerg PL. Assessing the Transport of Pharmaceutical Compounds in a Layered Aquifer Discharging to a Stream. GROUND WATER 2020; 58:208-223. [PMID: 31081137 DOI: 10.1111/gwat.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A groundwater plume containing high concentrations of pharmaceutical compounds, mainly sulfonamides, barbiturates, and ethyl urethane, in addition to chlorinated ethenes and benzene was investigated. The contamination originating from a former pharmaceutical industry discharges into a multilayered aquifer system and a downgradient stream. In this study, geological and hydrogeological data were integrated into a numerical flow model to examine identified trends using statistical approaches, including principal component analysis and hierarchal cluster analysis. A joint interpretation of the groundwater flow paths and contaminant concentrations in the different compartments (i.e., groundwater and hyporheic zone) provided insight on the transport processes of the different contaminant plumes to the stream. The analysis of historical groundwater concentrations of pharmaceutical compounds at the site suggested these compounds are slowly degrading. The pharmaceutical compounds migrate in both a deep semiconfined aquifer, as well as in the shallow unconfined aquifer, and enter the stream along a 2-km stretch. This contrasted with the chlorinated ethenes, which mainly discharge to the stream as a focused plume from the unconfined aquifer. The integrated approach developed here, combining groundwater flow modeling and statistical analyses of the contaminant concentration data collected in groundwater and the hyporheic zone, lead to an improved understanding of the observed distribution of contaminants in the unconfined and semiconfined aquifers, and thus to their discharge to the stream. This approach is particularly relevant for large and long-lasting contaminant sources and plumes, such as abandoned landfills and industrial production sites, where field investigations may be very expensive.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Majken Frederiksen
- DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Vinni Rønde
- DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ingelise Møller
- Department of Groundwater and Quaternary Geology Mapping, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Bygning 1110, C. F. Møllers Allé 8, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne T Sonne
- DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ursula S McKnight
- DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jørn K Pedersen
- Department of Environment and Raw materials, Region of Southern Denmark, Regionshuset, Damhaven 12, 7100 Vejle, Denmark
| | - Philip J Binning
- Office for Study Programmes and Student Affairs, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds Vej, Building 101, Room 1.212, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Poul L Bjerg
- DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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17
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Murray A, Maillard J, Rolle M, Broholm M, Holliger C. Impact of iron- and/or sulfate-reduction on a cis-1,2-dichloroethene and vinyl chloride respiring bacterial consortium: experiments and model-based interpretation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:740-750. [PMID: 32003373 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00544g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Process understanding of microbial communities containing organohalide-respiring bacteria (OHRB) is important for effective bioremediation of chlorinated ethenes. The impact of iron and sulfate reduction on cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cDCE) and vinyl chloride (VC) dechlorination by a consortium containing the OHRB Dehalococcoides spp. was investigated using multiphase batch experiments. The OHRB consortium was found to contain endogenous iron- and sulfate-reducing bacteria (FeRB and SRB). A biogeochemical model was developed and used to quantify the mass transfer, aquatic geochemical, and microbial processes that occurred in the multiphase batch system. It was determined that the added SRB had the most significant impact on contaminant degradation. Addition of the SRB increased maximum specific substrate utilization rates, kmax, of cDCE and VC by 129% and 294%, respectively. The added FeRB had a slight stimulating effect on VC dechlorination when exogenous SRB were absent, but when cultured with the added SRB, FeRB moderated the SRB's stimulating effect. This study demonstrates that subsurface microbial community interactions are more complex than categorical, guild-based competition for resources such as electron donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Murray
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bld 115, 2800 Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark.
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18
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Castillo-Rogez JC, Neveu M, Scully JEC, House CH, Quick LC, Bouquet A, Miller K, Bland M, De Sanctis MC, Ermakov A, Hendrix AR, Prettyman TH, Raymond CA, Russell CT, Sherwood BE, Young E. Ceres: Astrobiological Target and Possible Ocean World. ASTROBIOLOGY 2020; 20:269-291. [PMID: 31904989 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ceres, the most water-rich body in the inner solar system after Earth, has recently been recognized to have astrobiological importance. Chemical and physical measurements obtained by the Dawn mission enabled the quantification of key parameters, which helped to constrain the habitability of the inner solar system's only dwarf planet. The surface chemistry and internal structure of Ceres testify to a protracted history of reactions between liquid water, rock, and likely organic compounds. We review the clues on chemical composition, temperature, and prospects for long-term occurrence of liquid and chemical gradients. Comparisons with giant planet satellites indicate similarities both from a chemical evolution standpoint and in the physical mechanisms driving Ceres' internal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc Neveu
- Sciences and Exploration Directorate, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland
- University of Maryland College Park, Greenbelt, Maryland
| | - Jennifer E C Scully
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Christopher H House
- Department of Geosciences,Penn State Astrobiology Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Lynnae C Quick
- Sciences and Exploration Directorate, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland
| | - Alexis Bouquet
- LAM (Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR 7326, Marseille, France
| | - Kelly Miller
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | | | - Anton Ermakov
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | | | | | - Carol A Raymond
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Christopher T Russell
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Edward Young
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California
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19
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Murray AM, Ottosen CB, Maillard J, Holliger C, Johansen A, Brabæk L, Kristensen IL, Zimmermann J, Hunkeler D, Broholm MM. Chlorinated ethene plume evolution after source thermal remediation: Determination of degradation rates and mechanisms. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2019; 227:103551. [PMID: 31526529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2019.103551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The extent, mechanism(s), and rate of chlorinated ethene degradation in a large tetrachloroethene (PCE) plume were investigated in an extensive sampling campaign. Multiple lines of evidence for this degradation were explored, including compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA), dual C-Cl isotope analysis, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis targeting the genera Dehalococcoides and Dehalogenimonas and the genes vcrA, bvcA, and cerA. A decade prior to this sampling campaign, the plume source was thermally remediated by steam injection. This released dissolved organic carbon (DOC) that stimulated microbial activity and created reduced conditions within the plume. Based on an inclusive analysis of minor and major sampling campaigns since the initial site characterization, it was estimated that reduced conditions peaked 4 years after the remediation event. At the time of this study, 11 years after the remediation event, the redox conditions in the aquifer are returning to their original state. However, the DOC released from the remediated source zone matches levels measured 3 years prior and plume conditions are still suitable for biotic reductive dechlorination. Dehalococcoides spp., Dehalogenimonas spp., and vcrA, bvcA, and cerA reductive dehalogenase genes were detected close to the source, and suggest that complete, biotic PCE degradation occurs here. Further downgradient, qPCR analysis and enriched δ13C values for cis-dichloroethene (cDCE) suggest that cDCE is biodegraded in a sulfate-reducing zone in the plume. In the most downgradient portion of the plume, lower levels of specific degraders supported by dual C-Cl analysis indicate that the biodegradation occurs in combination with abiotic degradation. Additionally, 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing shows that organizational taxonomic units known to contain organohalide-respiring bacteria are relatively abundant throughout the plume. Hydraulic conductivity testing was also conducted, and local degradation rates for PCE and cDCE were determined at various locations throughout the plume. PCE degradation rates from sampling campaigns after the thermal remediation event range from 0.11 to 0.35 yr-1. PCE and cDCE degradation rates from the second to the third sampling campaigns ranged from 0.08 to 0.10 yr-1 and 0.01 to 0.07 yr-1, respectively. This is consistent with cDCE as the dominant daughter product in the majority of the plume and cDCE degradation as the time-limiting step. The extensive temporal and spatial analysis allowed for tracking the evolution of the plume and the lasting impact of the source remediation and illustrates that the multiple lines of evidence approach is essential to elucidate the primary degradation mechanisms in a plume of such size and complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Marie Murray
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark.
| | - Cecilie B Ottosen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Julien Maillard
- Laboratory for Environmental Biotechnology, ENAC-IIE, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christof Holliger
- Laboratory for Environmental Biotechnology, ENAC-IIE, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anders Johansen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Lærke Brabæk
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Inge Lise Kristensen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Jeremy Zimmermann
- Centre for Hydrogeology & Geothermics (CHYN), University of Neuchatel, Rue Emile Argand 11, CH 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Hunkeler
- Centre for Hydrogeology & Geothermics (CHYN), University of Neuchatel, Rue Emile Argand 11, CH 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Mette M Broholm
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
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20
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Antoniou K, Mamais D, Pantazidou M. Reductive dechlorination of trichloroethene under different sulfate-reducing and electron donor conditions. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2019; 226:103519. [PMID: 31302292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2019.103519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The effect of sulfate presence on reductive dechlorination of chlorinated ethenes has been a matter of conflict among the limited reports found in literature. This paper aims to clarify the misconceptions regarding the performance of trichloroethene biotransformation under sulfate reducing conditions by evaluating the effect of different sulfate concentrations on reductive dechlorination and to assess the influence of electron donor dose on dechlorination rate. To this end, batch experiments containing different sulfate and butyrate concentrations were conducted using trichloroethene-dechlorinating and sulfate-reducing parent cultures. Results demonstrated that if sufficient time and electron donor is provided, complete dechlorination can be achieved, even at up to 400 mg/L initial sulfate concentration. However, the rate of dichloroethene and vinyl chloride degradation is reduced as sulfide concentration increases. Moreover, the excess electron donor dose induced a slightly slower dechlorination rate. The findings of this paper present an explanatory framework for the dechlorination of TCE under sulfate reducing conditions and can contribute to the state-of-art bioremediation of contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornilia Antoniou
- Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytechniou 9, Zografou, Athens 157 80, Greece.
| | - Daniel Mamais
- Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytechniou 9, Zografou, Athens 157 80, Greece
| | - Marina Pantazidou
- Department of Geotechnical Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytechniou 9, Zografou, Athens 157 80, Greece
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21
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Ding D, Song X, Wei C, LaChance J. A review on the sustainability of thermal treatment for contaminated soils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 253:449-463. [PMID: 31325890 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable remediation is a goal in the remediation industry. Thermal treatment can remediate contaminated sites quickly and reliably, but its energy-intensive nature and potential to damage soil properties make it seemingly not sustainable. This review evaluates the potential for thermal treatment to become a sustainable remediation technology based on a comprehensive analysis of the scientific literature. The fundamentals, advantages, and limitations of single thermal treatment technologies are summarized. The compatibility and advantages of thermal treatment coupled with thermal, physicochemical, or biological technologies are reviewed. The results suggest that ingeniously designed coupled technologies can improve the availability and removal efficiency of contaminant, suppress the production of toxic byproduct, and reduce the required heating temperature and energy input. The sustainability of thermal treatment is then discussed from the perspectives of energy efficiency and land reuse. Approaches for improving energy efficiency include applying solar energy-based technologies, smoldering-based technologies, and coupled technologies. For land reuse, heating below 250 °C has negligible adverse impacts on most soil properties, and can increase nutrient availability and release dissolved organic carbon to support the growth of microorganisms and plants. Heating above 250 °C can significantly reduce soil organic matter and clay content, which decreases the soil cation exchange capacity and water holding capacity, and consequently damages the soil fertility. Some restoration strategies are also proposed for the recovery of soil quality. In addition, thermally remediated soil is considered to be a good candidate as an engineering medium for construction. This review concludes with an outlook of future research efforts that will further shift thermal treatment toward sustainable remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Ding
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xin Song
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Changlong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
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22
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Weatherill JJ, Krause S, Ullah S, Cassidy NJ, Levy A, Drijfhout FP, Rivett MO. Revealing chlorinated ethene transformation hotspots in a nitrate-impacted hyporheic zone. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 161:222-231. [PMID: 31200219 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hyporheic zones are increasingly thought of as natural bioreactors, capable of transforming and attenuating groundwater pollutants present in diffuse baseflow. An underappreciated scenario in the understanding of contaminant fate in hyporheic zones is the interaction between point-source trichloroethene (TCE) plumes and ubiquitous, non-point source pollutants such as nitrate. This study aims to conceptualise critical biogeochemical gradients in the hyporheic zone which govern the export potential of these redox-sensitive pollutants from carbon-poor, oxic aquifers. Within the TCE plume discharge zone, discrete vertical profiling of the upper 100 cm of sediment pore water chemistry revealed an 80% increase in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and 20-60 cm thick hypoxic zones (<2 mg O2 L-1) within which most reactive transport was observed. A 33% reduction of nitrate concentrations coincided with elevated pore water nitrous oxide concentrations as well as the appearance of manganese and the TCE metabolite cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cDCE). Elevated groundwater nitrate concentrations (>50 mg L-1) create a large stoichiometric demand for bioavailable DOC in discharging groundwater. With the benefit of a high-resolution grid of pore water samplers investigating the shallowest 30 cm of hypoxic groundwater flow paths, we identified DOC-rich hotspots associated with submerged vegetation (Ranunculus spp.), where low-energy metabolic processes such as mineral dissolution/reduction, methanogenesis and ammonification dominate. Using a chlorine index metric, we show that enhanced TCE to cDCE transformation takes place within these biogeochemical hotspots, highlighting their relevance for natural plume attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Weatherill
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Stefan Krause
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Science, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Sami Ullah
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Science, University of Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Amir Levy
- Lattey Group, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, New Zealand
| | | | - Michael O Rivett
- GroundH2O plus Ltd., Quinton, Birmingham, UK; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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23
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Blázquez-Pallí N, Rosell M, Varias J, Bosch M, Soler A, Vicent T, Marco-Urrea E. Multi-method assessment of the intrinsic biodegradation potential of an aquifer contaminated with chlorinated ethenes at an industrial area in Barcelona (Spain). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 244:165-173. [PMID: 30326388 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The bioremediation potential of an aquifer contaminated with tetrachloroethene (PCE) was assessed by combining hydrogeochemical data of the site, microcosm studies, metabolites concentrations, compound specific-stable carbon isotope analysis and the identification of selected reductive dechlorination biomarker genes. The characterization of the site through 10 monitoring wells evidenced that leaked PCE was transformed to TCE and cis-DCE via hydrogenolysis. Carbon isotopic mass balance of chlorinated ethenes pointed to two distinct sources of contamination and discarded relevant alternate degradation pathways in the aquifer. Application of specific-genus primers targeting Dehalococcoides mccartyi species and the vinyl chloride-to-ethene reductive dehalogenase vcrA indicated the presence of autochthonous bacteria capable of the complete dechlorination of PCE. The observed cis-DCE stall was consistent with the aquifer geochemistry (positive redox potentials; presence of dissolved oxygen, nitrate, and sulphate; absence of ferrous iron), which was thermodynamically favourable to dechlorinate highly chlorinated ethenes but required lower redox potentials to evolve beyond cis-DCE to the innocuous end product ethene. Accordingly, the addition of lactate or a mixture of ethanol plus methanol as electron donor sources in parallel field-derived anoxic microcosms accelerated dechlorination of PCE and passed cis-DCE up to ethene, unlike the controls (without amendments, representative of field natural attenuation). Lactate fermentation produced acetate at near-stoichiometric amounts. The array of techniques used in this study provided complementary lines of evidence to suggest that enhanced anaerobic bioremediation using lactate as electron donor source is a feasible strategy to successfully decontaminate this site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natàlia Blázquez-Pallí
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Biològica i Ambiental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), c/ de les Sitges s/n, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Litoclean, S.L., c/ Numància 36, 08029, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica Rosell
- Grup MAiMA, SGR Mineralogia Aplicada, Geoquímica i Geomicrobiologia, Departament de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), c/ Martí Franquès s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Varias
- Litoclean, S.L., c/ Numància 36, 08029, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marçal Bosch
- Litoclean, S.L., c/ Numància 36, 08029, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Soler
- Grup MAiMA, SGR Mineralogia Aplicada, Geoquímica i Geomicrobiologia, Departament de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), c/ Martí Franquès s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Vicent
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Biològica i Ambiental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), c/ de les Sitges s/n, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Ernest Marco-Urrea
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Biològica i Ambiental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), c/ de les Sitges s/n, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
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24
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Rodríguez-Fernández D, Torrentó C, Palau J, Marchesi M, Soler A, Hunkeler D, Domènech C, Rosell M. Unravelling long-term source removal effects and chlorinated methanes natural attenuation processes by C and Cl stable isotopic patterns at a complex field site. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 645:286-296. [PMID: 30029110 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effects of contaminant sources removal in 2005 (i.e. barrels, tank, pit and wastewater pipe sources) on carbon tetrachloride (CT) and chloroform (CF) concentration in groundwater were assessed at several areas of a fractured multi-contaminant aquifer (Òdena, Spain) over a long-term period (2010-2014). Changes in redox conditions, in these chlorinated methanes (CMs) concentration and in their carbon isotopic compositions (δ13C) were monitored in multilevel wells. δ13C values from these wells were compared to those obtained from sources (barrels, tank and pit before their removal, 2002-2005) and to commercial solvents values in literature. Additionally, CMs natural attenuation processes were identified by C-Cl isotope slopes (Λ). Analyses revealed the downstream migration of the pollutant focus and an efficient removal of DNAPLs in the pit source's influence area. However, the removal of the contaminated soil from former tank and wastewater pipe was incomplete as leaching from unsaturated zone was proved, evidencing these areas are still active sources. Nevertheless, significant CMs degradation was detected close to all sources and Λ values pointed to different reactions. For CT in the tank area, Λ value fitted with hydrogenolysis pathway although other possible reduction processes were also uncovered. Near the wastewater pipe area, CT thiolytic reduction combined with hydrogenolysis was derived. The highest CT degradation extent accounted for these areas was 72 ± 11% and 84 ± 6%, respectively. For CF, the Λ value in the pit source's area was consistent with oxidation and/or with transport of CF affected by alkaline hydrolysis from upstream interception trenches. In contrast, isotope data evidenced CF reduction in the tank and wastewater pipe influence areas, although the observed Λ slightly deviates from the reference values, likely due to the continuous leaching of CF degraded in the non-saturated zone by a mechanism different from reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rodríguez-Fernández
- Grup MAiMA, Mineralogia Aplicada, Geoquímica i Geomicrobiologia, Departament de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), C/Martí i Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Clara Torrentó
- Grup MAiMA, Mineralogia Aplicada, Geoquímica i Geomicrobiologia, Departament de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), C/Martí i Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Jordi Palau
- Grup MAiMA, Mineralogia Aplicada, Geoquímica i Geomicrobiologia, Departament de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), C/Martí i Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland; Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Associated Unit: Hydrogeology Group (UPC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Massimo Marchesi
- Grup MAiMA, Mineralogia Aplicada, Geoquímica i Geomicrobiologia, Departament de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), C/Martí i Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Politecnico di Milano, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA), Piazza L. Da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Albert Soler
- Grup MAiMA, Mineralogia Aplicada, Geoquímica i Geomicrobiologia, Departament de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), C/Martí i Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Hunkeler
- Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Domènech
- Grup MAiMA, Mineralogia Aplicada, Geoquímica i Geomicrobiologia, Departament de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), C/Martí i Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica Rosell
- Grup MAiMA, Mineralogia Aplicada, Geoquímica i Geomicrobiologia, Departament de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), C/Martí i Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Dang H, Kanitkar YH, Stedtfeld RD, Hatzinger PB, Hashsham SA, Cupples AM. Abundance of Chlorinated Solvent and 1,4-Dioxane Degrading Microorganisms at Five Chlorinated Solvent Contaminated Sites Determined via Shotgun Sequencing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:13914-13924. [PMID: 30427665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Shotgun sequencing was used for the quantification of taxonomic and functional biomarkers associated with chlorinated solvent bioremediation in 20 groundwater samples (five sites), following bioaugmentation with SDC-9. The analysis determined the abundance of (1) genera associated with chlorinated solvent degradation, (2) reductive dehalogenase (RDases) genes, (3) genes associated with 1,4-dioxane removal, (4) genes associated with aerobic chlorinated solvent degradation, and (5) D. mccartyi genes associated with hydrogen and corrinoid metabolism. The taxonomic analysis revealed numerous genera previously linked to chlorinated solvent degradation, including Dehalococcoides, Desulfitobacterium, and Dehalogenimonas. The functional gene analysis indicated vcrA and tceA from D. mccartyi were the RDases with the highest relative abundance. Reads aligning with both aerobic and anaerobic biomarkers were observed across all sites. Aerobic solvent degradation genes, etnC or etnE, were detected in at least one sample from each site, as were pmoA and mmoX. The most abundant 1,4-dioxane biomarker detected was Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b mmoX. Reads aligning to thmA or Pseudonocardia were not found. The work illustrates the importance of shotgun sequencing to provide a more complete picture of the functional abilities of microbial communities. The approach is advantageous over current methods because an unlimited number of functional genes can be quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Dang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Yogendra H Kanitkar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Robert D Stedtfeld
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Paul B Hatzinger
- APTIM , 17 Princess Road , Lawrenceville , New Jersey 08648 , United States
| | - Syed A Hashsham
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
- Center for Microbial Ecology , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Alison M Cupples
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
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26
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Bakkour R, Bolotin J, Sellergren B, Hofstetter TB. Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis of Polar Organic Micropollutants in Aquatic Environments. Anal Chem 2018; 90:7292-7301. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rani Bakkour
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jakov Bolotin
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Börje Sellergren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Thomas B. Hofstetter
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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27
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Van Breukelen BM, Thouement HAA, Stack PE, Vanderford M, Philp P, Kuder T. Modeling 3D-CSIA data: Carbon, chlorine, and hydrogen isotope fractionation during reductive dechlorination of TCE to ethene. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2017; 204:79-89. [PMID: 28764859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive transport modeling of multi-element, compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) data has great potential to quantify sequential microbial reductive dechlorination (SRD) and alternative pathways such as oxidation, in support of remediation of chlorinated solvents in groundwater. As a key step towards this goal, a model was developed that simulates simultaneous carbon, chlorine, and hydrogen isotope fractionation during SRD of trichloroethene, via cis-1,2-dichloroethene (and trans-DCE as minor pathway), and vinyl chloride to ethene, following Monod kinetics. A simple correction term for individual isotope/isotopologue rates avoided multi-element isotopologue modeling. The model was successfully validated with data from a mixed culture Dehalococcoides microcosm. Simulation of Cl-CSIA required incorporation of secondary kinetic isotope effects (SKIEs). Assuming a limited degree of intramolecular heterogeneity of δ37Cl in TCE decreased the magnitudes of SKIEs required at the non-reacting Cl positions, without compromising the goodness of model fit, whereas a good fit of a model involving intramolecular CCl bond competition required an unlikely degree of intramolecular heterogeneity. Simulation of H-CSIA required SKIEs in H atoms originally present in the reacting compounds, especially for TCE, together with imprints of strongly depleted δ2H during protonation in the products. Scenario modeling illustrates the potential of H-CSIA for source apportionment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris M Van Breukelen
- Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Héloïse A A Thouement
- Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Philip E Stack
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Mindy Vanderford
- HydroGeoLogic, Inc., 4407 Jane St., Bellaire, TX 77401, United States
| | - Paul Philp
- School of Geology and Geophysics, University of Oklahoma, 100 E. Boyd Street, SEC 710, Norman, OK 73019, United States
| | - Tomasz Kuder
- School of Geology and Geophysics, University of Oklahoma, 100 E. Boyd Street, SEC 710, Norman, OK 73019, United States
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28
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Torrentó C, Palau J, Rodríguez-Fernández D, Heckel B, Meyer A, Domènech C, Rosell M, Soler A, Elsner M, Hunkeler D. Carbon and Chlorine Isotope Fractionation Patterns Associated with Different Engineered Chloroform Transformation Reactions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:6174-6184. [PMID: 28482655 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To use compound-specific isotope analysis for confidently assessing organic contaminant attenuation in the environment, isotope fractionation patterns associated with different transformation mechanisms must first be explored in laboratory experiments. To deliver this information for the common groundwater contaminant chloroform (CF), this study investigated for the first time both carbon and chlorine isotope fractionation for three different engineered reactions: oxidative C-H bond cleavage using heat-activated persulfate, transformation under alkaline conditions (pH ∼ 12) and reductive C-Cl bond cleavage by cast zerovalent iron, Fe(0). Carbon and chlorine isotope fractionation values were -8 ± 1‰ and -0.44 ± 0.06‰ for oxidation, -57 ± 5‰ and -4.4 ± 0.4‰ for alkaline hydrolysis (pH 11.84 ± 0.03), and -33 ± 11‰ and -3 ± 1‰ for dechlorination, respectively. Carbon and chlorine apparent kinetic isotope effects (AKIEs) were in general agreement with expected mechanisms (C-H bond cleavage in oxidation by persulfate, C-Cl bond cleavage in Fe(0)-mediated reductive dechlorination and E1CB elimination mechanism during alkaline hydrolysis) where a secondary AKIECl (1.00045 ± 0.00004) was observed for oxidation. The different dual carbon-chlorine (Δδ13C vs Δδ37Cl) isotope patterns for oxidation by thermally activated persulfate and alkaline hydrolysis (17 ± 2 and 13.0 ± 0.8, respectively) vs reductive dechlorination by Fe(0) (8 ± 2) establish a base to identify and quantify these CF degradation mechanisms in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Torrentó
- Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics, Université de Neuchâtel , 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Grup de Mineralogia Aplicada i Geoquímica de Fluids, Departament de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Martí Franques s/n, Universitat de Barcelona (UB) , 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Palau
- Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics, Université de Neuchâtel , 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Grup de Mineralogia Aplicada i Geoquímica de Fluids, Departament de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Martí Franques s/n, Universitat de Barcelona (UB) , 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diana Rodríguez-Fernández
- Grup de Mineralogia Aplicada i Geoquímica de Fluids, Departament de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Martí Franques s/n, Universitat de Barcelona (UB) , 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Benjamin Heckel
- Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München , 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Armin Meyer
- Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München , 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cristina Domènech
- Grup de Mineralogia Aplicada i Geoquímica de Fluids, Departament de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Martí Franques s/n, Universitat de Barcelona (UB) , 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica Rosell
- Grup de Mineralogia Aplicada i Geoquímica de Fluids, Departament de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Martí Franques s/n, Universitat de Barcelona (UB) , 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Soler
- Grup de Mineralogia Aplicada i Geoquímica de Fluids, Departament de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Martí Franques s/n, Universitat de Barcelona (UB) , 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martin Elsner
- Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München , 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich , Marchioninistrasse 17, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Hunkeler
- Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics, Université de Neuchâtel , 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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29
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Heckel B, Rodríguez-Fernández D, Torrentó C, Meyer A, Palau J, Domènech C, Rosell M, Soler A, Hunkeler D, Elsner M. Compound-Specific Chlorine Isotope Analysis of Tetrachloromethane and Trichloromethane by Gas Chromatography-Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry vs Gas Chromatography-Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry: Method Development and Evaluation of Precision and Trueness. Anal Chem 2017; 89:3411-3420. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Heckel
- Institute
of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Diana Rodríguez-Fernández
- Grup
de Mineralogia Aplicada i Geoquímica de Fluids, Departament
de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències
de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), C/Martí i Franquès,
s/n 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Torrentó
- Centre
d’Hydrogéologie et de Géothermie (CHYN), Université de Neuchâtel (UNINE), Rue Emile-Argand 11, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Armin Meyer
- Institute
of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jordi Palau
- Grup
de Mineralogia Aplicada i Geoquímica de Fluids, Departament
de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències
de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), C/Martí i Franquès,
s/n 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre
d’Hydrogéologie et de Géothermie (CHYN), Université de Neuchâtel (UNINE), Rue Emile-Argand 11, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Domènech
- Grup
de Mineralogia Aplicada i Geoquímica de Fluids, Departament
de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències
de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), C/Martí i Franquès,
s/n 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica Rosell
- Grup
de Mineralogia Aplicada i Geoquímica de Fluids, Departament
de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències
de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), C/Martí i Franquès,
s/n 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Soler
- Grup
de Mineralogia Aplicada i Geoquímica de Fluids, Departament
de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències
de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), C/Martí i Franquès,
s/n 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Hunkeler
- Centre
d’Hydrogéologie et de Géothermie (CHYN), Université de Neuchâtel (UNINE), Rue Emile-Argand 11, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Martin Elsner
- Institute
of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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30
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Höhener P. Simulating stable carbon and chlorine isotope ratios in dissolved chlorinated groundwater pollutants with BIOCHLOR-ISO. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2016; 195:52-61. [PMID: 27894785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BIOCHLOR is a well-known simple tool for evaluating the transport of dissolved chlorinated solvents in groundwater, ideal for rapid screening and teaching. This work extends the BIOCHLOR model for the calculation of stable isotope ratios of carbon and chlorine isotopes in chloroethenes. An exact solution for the three-dimensional reactive transport of a chain of degrading compounds including sorption is provided in a spreadsheet and applied for modeling the transport of individual isotopes 12C, 13C, 35Cl, 37Cl from a constant source. The model can consider secondary isotope effects that can occur in the breaking of CCl bonds. The model is correctly reproducing results for δ13C and δ37Cl modeled by a previously published 1-D numerical model without secondary isotope effects, and is also reproducing results from a microcosm experiment with secondary chlorine isotope effects. Two applications of the model using field data from literature are further given and discussed. The new BIOCHLOR-ISO model is distributed as a spreadsheet (MS EXCEL) along with this publication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Höhener
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS UMR 7376, Laboratoire Chimie Environnement, 3 place Victor Hugo, F-13331 Marseille, France.
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