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Joshi D, Gala RP, Uddin MN, D'Souza MJ. Novel ablative laser mediated transdermal immunization for microparticulate measles vaccine. Int J Pharm 2021; 606:120882. [PMID: 34298102 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
With the need for safe and efficacious vaccines which could be administered via non-invasive procedure, alternatives to traditional injectables vaccines are sought after. The present study aimed to develop the microparticulate formulation of measles vaccine and explore the feasibility of transdermal delivery via ablative laser mediated skin microporation. Transdermal route offers several advantages including painless immunization and ease of administration. We propose to use P.L.E.A.S.E. ablative laser for transdermal immunization of the microparticulate measles vaccine. This laser emits energy at 2940 µm, enabling cold ablation. This creates the micropores of defined size for delivery of vaccines into the skin. We compared the efficacy of transdermal immunization using the particulate formulation of the vaccine to that of traditional subcutaneous immunization using soluble and particulate vaccine. The microparticles were formulated using the biocompatible and biodegradable bovine serum albumin (BSA)-based polymer matrix. These vaccine microparticles were non-cytotoxic to the antigen presenting cells (APCs) and could effectively stimulate the innate immune response, confirmed by release of nitric oxide (NO) from the Griess's assay. The APCs when exposed to vaccine microparticles also showed a significantly higher expression of antigen-presenting molecules, MHC I and MHC II, and their co-stimulatory molecules, CD80 and CD40 as compared to the blank microparticles. The microparticulate measles vaccine was evaluated in vivo in the murine model. We compared the serum IgG and IgM levels in the mice receiving the vaccine subcutaneously and transdermally post-immunization. The results revealed that transdermal immunization with microparticulate vaccine is as efficient as the traditional subcutaneous administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devyani Joshi
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States
| | - Rikhav P Gala
- Fraunhofer USA, Center Mid-Atlantic, Biotechnology Division, Newark, DE 19702, United States
| | - Mohammad N Uddin
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States
| | - Martin J D'Souza
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States.
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2
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Thakur RRS, Adwan S, Tekko I, Soliman K, Donnelly RF. Laser irradiation of ocular tissues to enhance drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2021; 596:120282. [PMID: 33508342 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Scleral and corneal membranes represent substantial barriers against drug delivery to the eye. Conventional hypodermic needles-based intraocular injections are clinically employed to overcome these barriers. This study, for the first time, investigated a non-invasive alternative to intraocular injections by laser irradiation of ocular tissues. The P.L.E.A.S.E.® laser device was applied on excised porcine scleral and corneal tissues, which showed linear relationships between depths of laser-created micropores and laser fluences at range 8.9-444.4 J/cm2. Deeper and wider micropores were observed in scleral relative to corneal tissues. The permeation of rhodamine B and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran were investigated through ocular tissues at different laser parameters (laser fluences 0-44.4 J/cm2 and micropore densities 7.5 and 15%). Both molecules showed enhanced permeation through ocular tissues on laser irradiation. Maximum transscleral permeation of the molecules was attained at laser fluence 8.9 J/cm2 and micropore density 15%. Transcorneal permeation of rhodamine B increased with increasing either laser fluence or micropore density, while that of FITC-dextran was not affected by either parameter. The transscleral water loss increased significantly after laser irradiation then returned to the baseline values within 24 h, indicating healing of the laser-created micropores. Laser irradiation is a promising technique to enhance intraocular delivery of both small and large molecule drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Raj Singh Thakur
- School of Pharmacy, Queens University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, United Kingdom.
| | - Samer Adwan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarqa University, Zarqa 132222, Jordan
| | - Ismaiel Tekko
- School of Pharmacy, Queens University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Karim Soliman
- School of Pharmacy, Queens University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan F Donnelly
- School of Pharmacy, Queens University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
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3
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Del Río-Sancho S, Pan Delgado D, de la Fuente GF, García-Caballero T, Taboada-Suárez A, Csaba N, Bao-Varela C, José Alonso M. Laser-induced transient skin disruption to enhance cutaneous drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 156:165-175. [PMID: 32891732 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of pressure waves (PW) to disrupt the stratum corneum (SC) temporarily is an effective strategy to increase the deposition of drug molecules into the skin. However, given the rather modest outcomes when compared with ablation-assisted drug delivery, its potential has been underestimated. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to examine the impact of Resonant Amplitude Waves (RAWs) on increasing cutaneous delivery. RAW phenomena are triggered by focusing a high-peak-power pulsed laser onto an appropriate transducer structure, under space- and time-controlled resolution. In order to determine the optimal conditions for the generation and use of RAWs, a screening of laser parameters setting and an analysis of different geometries of the impact pattern over diverse materials used as transducers was performed, analyzing the footprint of the RAW waves in an agarose gel. The results obtained were then checked and fine-tuned using human skin samples instead of agarose. Furthermore, ex vivo experiments were carried out to characterize the effect of the RAWs in the cutaneous delivery of diclofenac (DIC) and lidocaine (LID) administered in the form of gels. The application of RAWs resulted in an increased delivery of DIC and LID to the skin, whose intensity was dependent on the composition of the formulation. In fact, the maximum observed for DIC and LID in short-time experiments (39.1 ± 11.1 and 153 ± 16 µg/cm2, respectively) was comparable to those observed using ablation-assisted drug delivery under the same conditions. In conclusion, the combination of RAWs with specific formulation strategies is a feasible alternative for the cutaneous delivery of drug candidates when short onset of action is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Del Río-Sancho
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Av. Barcelona s/n, Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Diego Pan Delgado
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Av. Barcelona s/n, Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Germán F de la Fuente
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón, CSIC - Universidad de Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Tomás García-Caballero
- Department of Morphological Sciences, School of Medicine, University Clinical Hospital, IDIS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Taboada-Suárez
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Noemi Csaba
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Av. Barcelona s/n, Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carmen Bao-Varela
- UA Microóptica & Óptica GRIN (USC-CSIC), Photonics4 life group, Facultade de Física e Facultade de Óptica e Optometría, Universidade Santiago Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María José Alonso
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Av. Barcelona s/n, Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Parhi R, Mandru A. Enhancement of skin permeability with thermal ablation techniques: concept to commercial products. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2020; 11:817-841. [PMID: 32696221 PMCID: PMC7372979 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00823-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, the skin is considered as a protective barrier which acts as a highly impermeable region of the human body. But in recent times, it is recognized as a specialized organ that aids in the delivery of a wide range of drug molecules into the skin (intradermal drug delivery) and across the skin into systemic circulation (transdermal drug delivery, TDD). The bioavailability of a drug administered transdermally can be improved by several penetration enhancement techniques, which are broadly classified into chemical and physical techniques. Application of mentioned techniques together with efforts of various scientific and innovative companies had made TDD a multibillion dollar market and an average of 2.6 new transdermal drugs are being approved each year. Out of various techniques, the thermal ablation techniques involving chemicals, heating elements, lasers, and radiofrequency (RF) are proved to be more effective in terms of delivering the drug across the skin by disrupting the stratum corneum (SC). The reason behind it is that the thermal ablation technique resulted in improved bioavailability, quick treatment and fast recovery of the SC, and more importantly it does not cause any damage to underlying dermis layer. This review article mainly discussed about various thermal ablation techniques with commercial products and patents in each classes, and their safety aspects. This review also briefly presented anatomy of the skin, penetration pathways across the skin, and different generations of TDD. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabinarayan Parhi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Susruta School of Medical and Paramedical Sciences, Assam University (A Central University), Silchar, Assam, 788011, India.
| | - Aishwarya Mandru
- GITAM Institute of Pharmacy, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management (GITAM), Deemed to be University, Gandhi Nagar Campus, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, 530045, India
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del Río-Sancho S, Castro-López V, Alonso MJ. Enhancing cutaneous delivery with laser technology: Almost there, but not yet. J Control Release 2019; 315:150-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Jeon B, Kim T, Lee D, Shin TJ, Oh KW, Park J. Photothermal Polymer Nanocomposites of Tungsten Bronze Nanorods with Enhanced Tensile Elongation at Low Filler Contents. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1740. [PMID: 31652953 PMCID: PMC6918126 DOI: 10.3390/polym11111740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We present polymer nanocomposites of tungsten bronze nanorods (TBNRs) and ethylene propylene diene monomers (EPDM). The combination of these components allows the simultaneous enhancement in the mechanical and photothermal properties of the composites at low filler contents. The as-synthesized TBNRs had lengths and diameters of 14.0 ± 2.4 nm and 2.5 ± 0.5 nm, respectively, and were capped with oleylamine, which has a chemical structure similar to EPDM, making the TBNRs compatible with the bulk EPDM matrix. The TBNRs absorb a wide range of near-infrared light because of the sub-band transitions induced by alkali metal doping. Thus, the nanocomposites of TBNRs in EPDM showed enhanced photothermal properties owing to the light absorption and subsequent heat emission by the TBNRs. Noticeably, the nanocomposite with only 3 wt% TBNRs presented significantly enhanced tensile strain at break, in comparison with those of pristine EPDM, nanocomposites with 1 and 2 wt % TBNRs, and those with tungsten bronze nanoparticles, because of the alignment of the nanorods during tensile elongation. The photothermal and mechanical properties of these nanocomposites make them promising materials for various applications such as in fibers, foams, clothes with cold weather resistance, patches or mask-like films for efficient transdermal delivery upon heat generation, and photoresponsive surfaces for droplet transport by the thermocapillary effect in microfluidic devices and microengines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoungyun Jeon
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Energy Converting Soft Materials, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea.
| | - Taehyung Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Energy Converting Soft Materials, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea.
| | - Dabin Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Energy Converting Soft Materials, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea.
| | - Tae Joo Shin
- UNIST Central Research Facilities & School of Natural Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea.
| | - Kyung Wha Oh
- Department of Fashion Design, College of Art, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea.
| | - Juhyun Park
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Energy Converting Soft Materials, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea.
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Engelke L, Winter G, Engert J. Application of water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol-based film patches on laser microporated skin facilitates intradermal macromolecule and nanoparticle delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 128:119-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Lee WR, Shen SC, Sung CT, Liu PY, Fang JY. Is the Fractional Laser Still Effective in Assisting Cutaneous Macromolecule Delivery in Barrier-Deficient Skin? Psoriasis and Atopic Dermatitis as the Disease Models. Pharm Res 2018; 35:128. [PMID: 29700662 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2413-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Most of the investigations into laser-assisted skin permeation have used the intact skin as the permeation barrier. Whether the laser is effective in improving cutaneous delivery via barrier-defective skin is still unclear. METHODS In this study, ablative (Er:YAG) and non-ablative (Er:glass) lasers were examined for the penetration of peptide and siRNA upon topical application on in vitro skin with a healthy or disrupted barrier. RESULTS An enhanced peptide flux (6.9 fold) was detected after tape stripping of the pig stratum corneum (SC). A further increase of flux to 11.7 fold was obtained after Er:YAG laser irradiation of the SC-stripped skin. However, the application of Er:glass modality did not further raise the flux via the SC-stripped skin. A similar trend was observed in the case of psoriasiform skin. Conversely, the flux was enhanced 3.7 and 2.6 fold after treatment with the Er:YAG and the Er:glass laser on the atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin. The 3-D skin structure captured by confocal microscopy proved the distribution of peptide and siRNA through the microchannels and into the surrounding tissue. CONCLUSIONS The fractional laser was valid for ameliorating macromolecule permeation into barrier-disrupted skin although the enhancement level was lower than that of normal skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woan-Ruoh Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Chuan Shen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Calvin T Sung
- School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Pei-Ying Liu
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Jia-You Fang
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan. .,Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan. .,Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Braun SA, Schrumpf H, Buhren BA, Homey B, Gerber PA. Laser-assisted drug delivery: mode of action and use in daily clinical practice. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2018; 14:480-8. [PMID: 27119468 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Topical application of pharmaceutical agents is a basic principle of dermatological therapy. However, the effective barrier function of the skin significantly impairs the bioavailability of most topical drugs. Fractional ablative lasers represent an innovative strategy to overcome the epidermal barrier in a standardized, contact-free manner. The bioavailability of topical agents can be significantly enhanced using laser-assisted drug delivery (LADD). In recent years, the principle of LADD has become well established for various dermatological indications. Herein, we review the current literature on LADD and present potential future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Holger Schrumpf
- Department of Dermatology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Bernhard Homey
- Department of Dermatology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Arne Gerber
- Department of Dermatology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Szunerits S, Boukherroub R. Heat: A Highly Efficient Skin Enhancer for Transdermal Drug Delivery. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:15. [PMID: 29497609 PMCID: PMC5818408 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in materials science and bionanotechnology have allowed the refinements of current drug delivery systems, expected to facilitate the development of personalized medicine. While dermatological topical pharmaceutical formulations such as foams, creams, lotions, gels, etc., have been proposed for decades, these systems target mainly skin-based diseases. To treat systemic medical conditions as well as localized problems such as joint or muscle concerns, transdermal delivery systems (TDDSs), which use the skin as the main route of drug delivery, are very appealing. Over the years, these systems have shown to offer important advantages over oral as well as intravenous drug delivery routes. Besides being non-invasive and painless, TDDSs are able to deliver drugs with a short-half-life time more easily and are well adapted to eliminate frequent administrations to maintain constant drug delivery. The possibility of self-administration of a predetermined drug dose at defined time intervals makes it also the most convenient personalized point-of-care approach. The transdermal market still remains limited to a narrow range of drugs. While small and lipophilic drugs have been successfully delivered using TDDSs, this approach fails to deliver therapeutic macromolecules due to size-limited transport across the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the epidermis. The low permeability of the stratum corneum to water-soluble drugs as well as macromolecules poses important challenges to transdermal administration. To widen the scope of drugs for transdermal delivery, new procedures to enhance skin permeation to hydrophilic drugs and macromolecules are under development. Next to iontophoresis and microneedle-based concepts, thermal-based approaches have shown great promise to enhance transdermal drug delivery of different therapeutics. In this inaugural article for the section "Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology," the advances in this field and the handful of examples of thermal technologies for local and systemic transdermal drug delivery will be discussed and put into perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Szunerits
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ISEN, Univ. Valenciennes, UMR 8520, IEMN, Lille, France
| | - Rabah Boukherroub
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ISEN, Univ. Valenciennes, UMR 8520, IEMN, Lille, France
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Abstract
Treatment of facial scars is a multispecialty endeavor for optimal patient recovery. One new innovation helping in facial scar treatments are lasers. Fractional laser predictably (tunable) disrupts the barrier of the skin creating deep channels that allow the delivery of drug and cellular materials; this is called laser-assisted drug delivery (LAD). Without exception thus far, LAD has been found to enhance the local uptake of any drug or substance applied to the skin. These zones may be used postoperatively to deliver drugs and other substances to create an enhanced scar therapeutic response to drug or substance applied to the skin.
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Fujimoto T, Ito M, Ito S, Kanazawa H. Fractional laser-assisted percutaneous drug delivery via temperature-responsive liposomes. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2017; 28:679-689. [PMID: 28277004 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2017.1296346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes are used for transdermal delivery of drugs and vaccines. Our objective was to develop temperature-responsive (TR) liposomes to achieve temperature-dependent, controlled release of an encapsulated drug, and use fractional laser irradiation to enhance transdermal permeability of these liposomes. TR-liposomes prepared using a thermosensitive polymer derived from poly-N-isopropylacrylamide, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, egg phosphatidylcholine, and dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine, delivered fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated ovalbumin (OVA-FITC) as a model drug. Effect of temperature on liposome size and drug release rate was estimated at two temperatures. Transdermal permeation through hairless mouse skin, with and without CO2 fractional laser irradiation, and penetration into Yucatan micro-pig skin were investigated using Franz cell and fluorescence microscopy. Dynamic light scattering showed that mean liposome diameter nearly doubled from 190 to 325 nm between 37 and 50 °C. The rate and amount of OVA-FITC released from TR-liposomes were higher at 45 °C that those at 37 °C. Transdermal permeation of OVA-FITC across non-irradiated skin from both TR- and unmodified liposomes was minimal at 37 °C, but increased at 45 °C. Laser irradiation significantly increased transdermal permeation of both liposome groups at both temperatures. Fluorescence microscopy of frozen biopsy specimens showed deeper penetration of FITC from unmodified liposomes compared to that from polymer-modified liposomes. Rhodamine accumulation was not observed with polymer-modified liposomes at either temperature. Temperature-dependent controlled release of an encapsulated drug was achieved using the TR-liposomes. However, TR-liposomes showed lower skin permeability despite higher hydrophobicity. Fractional laser irradiation significantly increased the transdermal permeation. Additional studies are required to control liposome size and optimize transdermal permeation properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Fujimoto
- a Clinic F , Tokyo , Japan.,b Faculty of Pharmacy , Keio University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Masayuki Ito
- c Vitamin C60 Bioresearch Corporation , Tokyo , Japan
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Scheiblhofer S, Strobl A, Hoepflinger V, Thalhamer T, Steiner M, Thalhamer J, Weiss R. Skin vaccination via fractional infrared laser ablation - Optimization of laser-parameters and adjuvantation. Vaccine 2017; 35:1802-1809. [PMID: 28117172 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.11.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methods to deliver an antigen into the skin in a painless, defined, and reproducible manner are essential for transcutaneous immunization (TCI). Here, we employed an ablative fractional infrared laser (P.L.E.A.S.E. Professional) to introduce clinically relevant vaccines into the skin. To elicit the highest possible antibody titers with this system, we optimized different laser parameters, such as fluence and pore number per area, and tested various adjuvants. METHODS BALB/c mice were immunized with Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by laser-microporation. Adjuvants used were alum, CRM197, monophosphoryl lipid A, heat-labile enterotoxin subunit B of E. coli (LT-B), and CpG ODN1826. The influence of different fluences (2.1 to 16.8J/cm2) and pore densities (5-15%) was investigated. Furthermore, immunogenicity of HBsAg and the commercially available conjugate vaccines ActHIB® and Menveo® applied via TCI was compared to standard i.m. injection. Antigen-specific antibody titers were assessed by luminometric ELISA. RESULTS Antibody titers against HBsAg were dependent on pore depth and peaked at a fluence of 8.4J/cm2. Immunogenicity was independent of pore density. Adjuvantation with alum significantly reduced antibody titers after TCI, whereas other adjuvants only induced marginal changes in total IgG titers. LT-B and CpG shifted the polarization of the immune response as indicated by decreased IgG1/IgG2a ratios. HBsAg/LT-B applied via TCI induced similar antibody titers compared to i.m. injection of HBsAg/alum. In contrast to i.m. injection, we observed a dose response from 5 to 20μg after TCI. Both, ActHIB® and Menveo® induced high antibody titers after TCI, which were comparable to i.m. injection. CONCLUSIONS Alum, the most commonly used adjuvant, is contraindicated for transcutaneous vaccination via laser-generated micropores. TCI with optimized laser parameters induces high antibody titers, which cannot be significantly increased by the tested adjuvants. Commercially available vaccines formulated without alum have the potential for successful TCI via laser-generated micropores, without the need for reformulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Scheiblhofer
- University of Salzburg, Department of Molecular Biology, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Anna Strobl
- University of Salzburg, Department of Molecular Biology, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Veronika Hoepflinger
- University of Salzburg, Department of Molecular Biology, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Theresa Thalhamer
- University of Salzburg, Department of Molecular Biology, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Steiner
- Pantec Biosolutions AG, Industriering 21, Ruggell, Liechtenstein
| | - Josef Thalhamer
- University of Salzburg, Department of Molecular Biology, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Richard Weiss
- University of Salzburg, Department of Molecular Biology, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, Salzburg, Austria.
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14
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Zorec B, Škrabelj D, Marinček M, Miklavčič D, Pavšelj N. The effect of pulse duration, power and energy of fractional Er:YAG laser for transdermal delivery of differently sized FITC dextrans. Int J Pharm 2017; 516:204-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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15
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Fujimoto T, Wang J, Baba K, Oki Y, Hiruta Y, Ito M, Ito S, Kanazawa H. Transcutaneous drug delivery by liposomes using fractional laser technology. Lasers Surg Med 2016; 49:525-532. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Fujimoto
- Clinic F; Chiyoda; Tokyo 1020083 Japan
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Keio University; Miato Tokyo 1050011 Japan
| | - Jian Wang
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Keio University; Miato Tokyo 1050011 Japan
| | - Kazuki Baba
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Keio University; Miato Tokyo 1050011 Japan
| | - Yuka Oki
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Keio University; Miato Tokyo 1050011 Japan
| | - Yuki Hiruta
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Keio University; Miato Tokyo 1050011 Japan
| | - Masayuki Ito
- Vitamin C60 Bioresearch Corporation; Cyuou Tokyo 1030028 Japan
| | | | - Hideko Kanazawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Keio University; Miato Tokyo 1050011 Japan
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Tian T, Luo Y, Jiang T, Dong Y, Yu A, Chen H, Gao X, Li Y. Clinical effect of ablative fractional laser-assisted topical anesthesia on human skin: A randomized pilot study. J COSMET LASER THER 2016; 18:409-412. [DOI: 10.1080/14764172.2016.1197404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Skin Pretreatment With Conventional Non-Fractional Ablative Lasers Promote the Transdermal Delivery of Tranexamic Acid. Dermatol Surg 2016; 42:867-74. [PMID: 27286416 DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000000769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laser pretreatment of skin can be used to enable drugs used in dermatology to penetrate the skin to the depth necessary for their effect to take place. OBJECTIVE To compare the permeation of tranexamic acid after conventional non-fractionated ablative Er:YAG and CO2 laser pretreatment in a laser-aided transdermal delivery system. MATERIALS AND METHODS An erbium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Er:YAG) and a CO2 laser were used to pretreat dorsal porcine skin. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine disruption of the skin surface. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to determine the depth of penetration of a reporter molecule (fluorescein isothiocyanate) into the skin. A Franz diffusion assembly was used to examine fluency-related increases in transdermal delivery of transexamic acid. RESULTS Transdermal delivery of tranexamic acid increased as Er:YAG laser fluency increased. Transdermal delivery was higher when CO2 laser pretreatment was used than when Er:YAG laser pretreatment was used, but a "ceiling effect" was present and increasing the wattage did not cause a further increase in delivery. CO2 laser pretreatment also caused more extensive and deeper skin disruption than Er:YAG laser pretreatment. CONCLUSION For conventional, non-fractionated ablative laser pretreatment, the Er:YAG laser would be an optimal choice to enhance transdermal penetration of transexamic acid.
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Braun SA, Schrumpf H, Buhren BA, Homey B, Gerber PA. Laser assisted Drug Delivery: Grundlagen und Praxis. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2016; 14:480-9. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.12963_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Nano-level monitoring of Er(III) by fabrication of coated graphite electrode based on newly synthesized Schiff base as neutral carrier. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 62:9-17. [PMID: 26952392 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Plasticized membranes using N-(-3-((thiazol-2-ylimino)methyl)benzylidene)thiazol-2-amine (S1) and 5-((-3-((5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylimino)methyl)benzylidene)amino)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol (S2) have been prepared and explored as Er (III) selective electrodes. Effect of various plasticizers viz. dibutylphthalate, tri-n-butylphosphate, dioctylphthalate, acetophenone, 1-chloronapthalene, o-nitrophenyloctylether, and anion excluders viz. sodium tetraphenylborate and potassium tetrakis-p-(chlorophenyl)borate was studied in detail and improved performance was observed. Optimum performance was observed for the membrane electrode having a composition of S2: PVC: o-NPOE: KTpClPB in the ratio of 4: 38: 55: 3 (w/w, mg). The performance of the PME based on S2 was compared with CGE. The electrodes exhibit Nernstian slope for Er (III) ion with detection limit 5.4 × 10(-8)mol L(-1) for PME and 6.1 × 10(-9)mol L(-1) for CGE. The response time for PME and CGE was found to be 12s and 9s respectively. The practical utility of the CGE has been demonstrated by its usage as an indicator electrode in potentiometric titration of EDTA with Er (III) solution and determination of fluoride ions in mouthwash solution. The proposed electrode was also applied to the determination of added Er(3+) ion in water and binary mixtures. It is found that the electrode could be able to recover the Er(3+) ion in 96.2-99.5%.
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Fractional Thermolysis by Bipolar Radiofrequency Facilitates Cutaneous Delivery of Peptide and siRNA with Minor Loss of Barrier Function. Pharm Res 2014; 32:1704-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1568-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Lee W, Shen S, Aljuffali IA, Li Y, Fang J. Erbium–Yttrium–Aluminum–Garnet Laser Irradiation Ameliorates Skin Permeation and Follicular Delivery of Antialopecia Drugs. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:3542-3552. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Ramaprasad V, Navarro A, Patel S, Patel V, Nowroozi BN, Taylor ZD, Yong W, Gupta V, Grundfest WS. Effect of laser generated shockwaves 1 on ex-vivo pigskin. Lasers Surg Med 2014; 46:620-7. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Artemio Navarro
- University of California; Los Angeles; Los Angeles California 90095
| | - Shahzad Patel
- University of California; Los Angeles; Los Angeles California 90095
| | - Vikash Patel
- University of California; Los Angeles; Los Angeles California 90095
| | | | - Zach D. Taylor
- University of California; Los Angeles; Los Angeles California 90095
| | - William Yong
- University of California; Los Angeles; Los Angeles California 90095
| | - Vijay Gupta
- University of California; Los Angeles; Los Angeles California 90095
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Chen X, Kositratna G, Zhou C, Manstein D, Wu MX. Micro-fractional epidermal powder delivery for improved skin vaccination. J Control Release 2014; 192:310-6. [PMID: 25135790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Skin vaccination has gained increasing attention in the last two decades due to its improved potency compared to intramuscular vaccination. Yet, the technical difficulty and frequent local reactions hamper its broad application in the clinic. In the current study, micro-fractional epidermal powder delivery (EPD) is developed to facilitate skin vaccination and minimize local adverse effects. EPD is based on ablative fractional laser or microneedle treatment of the skin to generate microchannel (MC) arrays in the epidermis followed by topical application of powder drug/vaccine-coated array patches to deliver drug/vaccine into the skin. The novel EPD delivered more than 80% sulforhodamine b (SRB) and model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) into murine, swine, and human skin within 1h. EPD of OVA induced anti-OVA antibody titer at a level comparable to intradermal (ID) injection and was much more efficient than tape stripping in both delivery efficiency and immune responses. Strikingly, the micro-fractional delivery significantly reduced local side effects of LPS/CpG adjuvant and BCG vaccine, leading to complete skin recovery. In contrast, ID injection induced severe local reactions that persisted for weeks. While reducing local reactogenicity, EPD of OVA/LPS/CpG and BCG vaccine generated a comparable humoral immune response to ID injection. EPD of vaccinia virus encoding OVA induced significantly higher and long-lasting interferon γ-secreting CD8+ T cells than ID injection. In conclusion, EPD represents a promising technology for needle-free, painless skin vaccination with reduced local reactogenicity and at least sustained immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Chen
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Garuna Kositratna
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chang Zhou
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dieter Manstein
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mei X Wu
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Lim H, Jeong K, Kim N, Shin M. Nonablative fractional laser as a tool to facilitate skin penetration of 5-aminolaevulinic acid with minimal skin disruption: a preliminary study. Br J Dermatol 2014; 170:1336-40. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H.K. Lim
- Department of Dermatology; School of Medicine; Kyung Hee University; #1 Hoegi-Dong, Dongdaemun-Ku Seoul 130-702 Korea
| | - K.H. Jeong
- Department of Dermatology; School of Medicine; Kyung Hee University; #1 Hoegi-Dong, Dongdaemun-Ku Seoul 130-702 Korea
| | - N.I. Kim
- Department of Dermatology; School of Medicine; Kyung Hee University; #1 Hoegi-Dong, Dongdaemun-Ku Seoul 130-702 Korea
| | - M.K. Shin
- Department of Dermatology; School of Medicine; Kyung Hee University; #1 Hoegi-Dong, Dongdaemun-Ku Seoul 130-702 Korea
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Azagury A, Khoury L, Enden G, Kost J. Ultrasound mediated transdermal drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 72:127-43. [PMID: 24463344 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery offers an attractive alternative to the conventional drug delivery methods of oral administration and injections. However, the stratum corneum serves as a barrier that limits the penetration of substances to the skin. Application of ultrasound (US) irradiation to the skin increases its permeability (sonophoresis) and enables the delivery of various substances into and through the skin. This review presents the main findings in the field of sonophoresis in transdermal drug delivery as well as transdermal monitoring and the mathematical models associated with this field. Particular attention is paid to the proposed enhancement mechanisms and future trends in the fields of cutaneous vaccination and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aharon Azagury
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Luai Khoury
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Giora Enden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Joseph Kost
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
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Sklar LR, Burnett CT, Waibel JS, Moy RL, Ozog DM. Laser assisted drug delivery: a review of an evolving technology. Lasers Surg Med 2014; 46:249-62. [PMID: 24664987 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topically applied drugs have a relatively low cutaneous bioavailability. OBJECTIVE This article reviews the existing applications of laser assisted drug delivery, a means by which the permeation of topically applied agents can be enhanced into the skin. RESULTS The existing literature suggests that lasers are a safe and effective means of enhancing the delivery of topically applied agents through the skin. The types of lasers most commonly studied in regards to drug delivery are the carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and erbium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Er:YAG) lasers. Both conventional ablative and fractional ablative modalities have been utilized and are summarized herein. LIMITATIONS The majority of the existing studies on laser assisted drug delivery have been performed on animal models and additional human studies are needed. CONCLUSIONS Laser assisted drug delivery is an evolving technology with potentially broad clinical applications. Multiple studies demonstrate that laser pretreatment of the skin can increase the permeability and depth of penetration of topically applied drug molecules for both local cutaneous and systemic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay R Sklar
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, 3013 West Grand Blvd, Suite 800, Detroit, Michigan, 48202
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Lin CH, Aljuffali IA, Fang JY. Lasers as an approach for promoting drug delivery via skin. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:599-614. [PMID: 24490743 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.885501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Using lasers can be an effective drug permeation-enhancement approach for facilitating drug delivery into or across the skin. The controlled disruption and ablation of the stratum corneum (SC), the predominant barrier for drug delivery, is achieved by the use of lasers. The possible mechanisms of laser-assisted drug permeation are the direct ablation of the skin barrier, optical breakdown by a photomechanical wave and a photothermal effect. It has been demonstrated that ablative approaches for enhancing drug transport provide some advantages, including increased bioavailability, fast treatment time, quick recovery of SC integrity and the fact that skin surface contact is not needed. In recent years, the concept of using laser techniques to treat the skin has attracted increasing attention. AREAS COVERED This review describes recent developments in using nonablative and ablative lasers for drug absorption enhancement. This review systematically introduces the concepts and enhancement mechanisms of lasers, highlighting the potential of this technique for greatly increasing drug absorption via the skin. Lasers with different wavelengths and types are employed to increase drug permeation. These include the ruby laser, the erbium:yttrium-gallium-garnet laser, the neodymium-doped yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser and the CO2 laser. Fractional modality is a novel concept for promoting topical/transdermal drug delivery. The laser is useful in enhancing the permeation of a wide variety of permeants, such as small-molecule drugs, macromolecules and nanoparticles. EXPERT OPINION This potential use of the laser affords a new treatment for topical/transdermal application with significant efficacy. Further studies using a large group of humans or patients are needed to confirm and clarify the findings in animal studies. Although the laser fluence or output energy used for enhancing drug absorption is much lower than for treatment of skin disorders and rejuvenation, the safety of using lasers is still an issue. Caution should be used in optimizing the feasible conditions of the lasers in balancing the effectiveness of permeation enhancement and skin damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hung Lin
- Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Center for General Education, Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Abstract
Vaccination via skin often induces stronger immune responses than via muscle. This, in line with potential needle-free, painless delivery, makes skin a very attractive site for immunization. Yet, despite decades of effort, effective skin delivery is still in its infant stage and safe and potent adjuvants for skin vaccination remain largely undefined. We have shown that laser technologies including both fractional and non-fractional lasers can greatly augment vaccine-induced immune response without incurring any significant local and systemic side effects. Laser illumination at specific settings can accelerate the motility of antigen-presenting cells or trigger release of 'danger' signals stimulating the immune system. Moreover, several other groups including the authors explore laser technologies for needle-free transcutaneous vaccine delivery. As these laser-mediated resurfacing technologies are convenient, safe and cost-effective, their new applications in vaccination warrant clinical studies in the very near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Chen
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Boston Street, Edwards 222, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ji Wang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Boston Street, Edwards 222, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Dilip Shah
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Boston Street, Edwards 222, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mei X Wu
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Noninvasive delivery of siRNA and plasmid DNA into skin by fractional ablation: erbium:YAG laser versus CO₂ laser. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 86:315-23. [PMID: 23962771 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate the impacts of fractional erbium (Er):YAG and CO2 lasers on skin permeation of small interfering (si)RNA and plasmid (p)DNA vectors. In vitro skin delivery was determined with a Franz diffusion cell. In vivo absorption was investigated by observing fluorescence and confocal microscopic imaging. Fractional laser-mediated ablation of the skin resulted in significant enhancement of dextran and siRNA penetration. Respective fluxes of dextran (10 kDa) and siRNA, which had similar molecular size, with Er:YAG laser irradiation at 5 J/cm(2) were 56- and 11-fold superior to that of intact skin. The respective permeation extents of dextran and siRNA by the CO2 laser at 4 mJ/400 spots were 42- and 12-fold greater than that of untreated skin. Fluorescence and confocal images showed increased fluorescence intensities and penetration depths of siRNA and pDNA delivery. According to an examination of the follicular permeant amount and fluorescence microscopy, hair follicles were important deposition areas for fractional laser-assisted delivery, with the Er:YAG modality revealing higher follicular siRNA selectivity than the CO2 modality. This is the first report of siRNA and pDNA penetrating the skin with a sufficient amount and depth with the assistance of fractional lasers.
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Gratieri T, Alberti I, Lapteva M, Kalia YN. Next generation intra- and transdermal therapeutic systems: using non- and minimally-invasive technologies to increase drug delivery into and across the skin. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 50:609-22. [PMID: 23567467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The number of drug molecules approved by the regulatory authorities for transdermal administration is relatively modest - less than two dozen. Many other therapies might benefit from the advantages offered by the transdermal route. That they have not already done so is due to the exceptional efficacy of the stratum corneum as a diffusional barrier and its remarkable ability to restrict molecular transport. As a result only extremely potent therapeutics possessing the necessary physicochemical properties can be delivered by passive diffusion across intact skin at pharmacologically relevent rates. This has led to the development of several delivery technologies that might be used to expand the range of medicinal agents that can be administered transdermally with the requisite delivery kinetics. There are essentially two approaches: (i) provide an improved driving force to increase the rate of transport (i.e., act on the molecule) or (ii) modify the properties of the microenvironment through which diffusion must occur (i.e., act on the stratum corneum). The challenge for the latter approach is to compromise the barrier in a reversible and relatively painless manner that minimises irritation, is practical for chronic conditions and has minimal risk of infection. Here, we review some of the physical methods that have been used to either transiently perturb the skin barrier or to provide additional driving forces to facilitate molecular transport with a particular focus on technologies that have either led to marketed products or have at least reached the clinical development stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taís Gratieri
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, s/n, 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil
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Scheiblhofer S, Thalhamer J, Weiss R. Laser microporation of the skin: prospects for painless application of protective and therapeutic vaccines. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 10:761-73. [PMID: 23425032 PMCID: PMC3667678 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.773970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: In contrast to muscle and subcutaneous tissue, the skin is easily accessible and provides unique immunological properties. Increasing knowledge about the complex interplay of skin-associated cell types in the development of cutaneous immune responses has fueled efforts to target the skin for vaccination as well as for immunotherapy. Areas covered: This review provides an overview on skin layers and their resident immunocompetent cell types. Advantages and shortcomings of standard methods and innovative technologies to circumvent the outermost skin barrier are addressed. Studies employing fractional skin ablation by infrared lasers for cutaneous delivery of drugs, as well as high molecular weight molecules such as protein antigens or antibodies, are reviewed, and laserporation is introduced as a versatile transcutaneous vaccination platform. Specific targeting of the epidermis or the dermis by different laser settings, the resulting kinetics of uptake and transport and the immune response types elicited are discussed, and the potential of this transcutaneous delivery platform for allergen-specific immunotherapy is demonstrated. Expert opinion: Needle-free and painless vaccination approaches have the potential to replace standard methods due to their improved safety and optimal patient compliance. The use of fractional laser devices for stepwise ablation of skin layers might be advantageous for both vaccination against microbial pathogens, as well as immunotherapeutic approaches, such as allergen-specific immunotherapy. Thorough investigation of the underlying immunological mechanisms will help to provide the knowledge for a rational design of transcutaneous protective/therapeutic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Scheiblhofer
- University of Salzburg, Department of Molecular Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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34
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Bachhav YG, Heinrich A, Kalia YN. Controlled intra- and transdermal protein delivery using a minimally invasive Erbium:YAG fractional laser ablation technology. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012. [PMID: 23207321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was (i) to investigate the feasibility of using fractional laser ablation to create micropore arrays in order to deliver proteins into and across the skin and (ii) to demonstrate how transport rates could be controlled by variation of poration and formulation conditions. Four proteins with very different structures and properties were investigated - equine heart cytochrome c (Cyt c; 12.4 kDa), recombinant human growth hormone expressed in Escherichia coli (hGH; 22 kDa), urinary follicle stimulating hormone (FSH; 30 kDa) and FITC-labelled bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA; 70 kDa). The transport experiments were performed using a scanning Er:YAG diode pumped laser (P.L.E.A.S.E.®; Precise Laser Epidermal System). The distribution of FITC-BSA in the micropores following P.L.E.A.S.E.® poration was visualised by using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Porcine skin was used for the device parameter and CLSM studies; its validity as a model was confirmed by subsequent comparison with transport of Cyt c and FITC-BSA across P.L.E.A.S.E.® porated human skin. No protein transport (deposition or permeation) was observed across intact skin; however, P.L.E.A.S.E.® poration enabled total delivery after 24h of 48.2±8.9, 8.1±4.2, 0.2±0.1 and 273.3±30.6 μg/cm(2) for Cyt c, hGH, FSH and FITC-BSA, respectively, using 900 pores/135.9 cm(2). Calculation of permeability coefficients showed that there was no linear dependence of transport on molecular weight ((1.6±0.3), (0.1±0.05), (0.08±0.03) and (0.9±0.1)×10(-3) cm/h, for Cyt c, hGH, FSH and FITC-BSA, respectively); indeed, a U-shaped curve was observed. This suggested that molecular weight was not a sufficiently sensitive descriptor and that transport was more likely to be determined by the surface properties of the respective proteins since these would govern interactions with the local microenvironment. Increasing pore density (i.e. the number of micropores per unit area) had a statistically significant effect on the cumulative permeation of both Cyt c (at 100, 150, 300 and 600 pores/cm(2), permeation was 11.2±2.4, 15.3±11.8, 33.8±10.5 and 51.2±15.8 4 μg/cm(2), respectively) and FITC-BSA (at 50, 100, 150 and 300 pores/cm(2), it was 58.5±15.3, 132.6±40.0, 192.7±24.4, 293.3±76.5 μg/cm(2), respectively). Linear relationships were established in both cases. However, only the delivery of FITC-BSA was improved upon increasing fluence (53.3±22.5, 293.3±76.5, 329.6±11.5 and 222.1±29.4 μg/cm(2) at 22.65, 45.3, 90.6 and 135.9 J/cm(2), respectively). The impact of fluence - and hence pore depth - on transport will depend on the relative diffusivities of the protein in the micropore and in the 'bulk' epidermis/dermis. Experiments with Cyt c and FSH confirmed that delivery was dependent upon concentration, and it was shown that therapeutic delivery of the latter was feasible. Cumulative permeation of Cyt c and FITC-BSA was also shown to be statistically equivalent across porcine and human skin. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that laser microporation enabled protein delivery into and across the skin and that this could be modulated via the poration parameters and was also dependent upon the concentration gradient in the pore. However, the role of protein physicochemical properties and their influence on transport rates remains to be elucidated and will be explored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y G Bachhav
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Hsiao CY, Huang CH, Hu S, Ko YS, Sung HC, Chen CC, Huang SY. Fractional Carbon Dioxide Laser Treatment to Enhance Skin Permeation of Ascorbic Acid 2-Glucoside with Minimal Skin Disruption. Dermatol Surg 2012; 38:1284-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2012.02454.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Transdermal delivery of three vitamin C derivatives by Er:YAG and carbon dioxide laser pretreatment. Lasers Med Sci 2012; 28:807-14. [PMID: 22825318 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-012-1151-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of two lasers (Er:YAG and CO2) in enhancing skin permeation of three vitamin C derivatives, L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate sesquimagnesium salt (MAP-1), magnesium L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate (MAP-2), and 2-phospho-L-ascorbic acid trisodium salt (SAP). Dorsal skin of 1-week-old pathogen-free pigs was used for this in vitro study. Changes in permeation in laser-treated skin treated by the lasers were examined by confocal scanning electron microscopy. Transdermal flux of vitamin C derivatives was examined with a Franz diffusion cell. Fluxes of MAP-1, MAP-2, and SAP across Er:YAG laser-treated skin were 15-27-fold, 48-123-fold, and 22-56-fold higher, respectively, than their fluxes across intact skin. The fluxes of MAP-1, MAP-2, and SAP across CO2 laser-treated skin were 28-36-fold, 116-156-fold, and 79-102-fold higher, respectively, than their fluxes across intact skin. Optimal fluency for the Er:YAG laser was 3.8 J/cm(2) for MAP-1 and 5 J/cm(2) for MAP-2 and SAP. Optimal fluency for the CO2 laser was 5 W for all three derivatives. In conclusion, optimal fluency for all derivatives was 5 W for the CO2 laser and 3.8 to 5 J/cm(2) for the Er:YAG laser.
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Weiss R, Hessenberger M, Kitzmüller S, Bach D, Weinberger EE, Krautgartner WD, Hauser-Kronberger C, Malissen B, Boehler C, Kalia YN, Thalhamer J, Scheiblhofer S. Transcutaneous vaccination via laser microporation. J Control Release 2012; 162:391-9. [PMID: 22750193 PMCID: PMC3462999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Driven by constantly increasing knowledge about skin immunology, vaccine delivery via the cutaneous route has recently gained renewed interest. Considering its richness in immunocompetent cells, targeting antigens to the skin is considered to be more effective than intramuscular or subcutaneous injections. However, circumvention of the superficial layer of the skin, the stratum corneum, represents the major challenge for cutaneous immunization. An optimal delivery method has to be effective and reliable, but also highly adaptable to specific demands, should avoid the use of hypodermic needles and the requirement of specially trained healthcare workers. The P.L.E.A.S.E.® (Precise Laser Epidermal System) device employed in this study for creation of aqueous micropores in the skin fulfills these prerequisites by combining the precision of its laser scanning technology with the flexibility to vary the number, density and the depth of the micropores in a user-friendly manner. We investigated the potential of transcutaneous immunization via laser-generated micropores for induction of specific immune responses and compared the outcomes to conventional subcutaneous injection. By targeting different layers of the skin we were able to bias polarization of T cells, which could be modulated by addition of adjuvants. The P.L.E.A.S.E.® device represents a highly effective and versatile platform for transcutaneous vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Weiss
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Sophie Kitzmüller
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Doris Bach
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Wolf D. Krautgartner
- Department of Light & Electron Microscopy, Organismic Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Cornelia Hauser-Kronberger
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, INSERM-CNRS-Aix-Marseille University, Campus de Luminy, Case 906, 13288 Marseille, France
| | | | - Yogeshvar N. Kalia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva & University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Josef Thalhamer
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Corresponding author. Tel.: + 43 662 8044 5737; fax: 43 662 8044 5751.
| | - Sandra Scheiblhofer
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Lee WR, Shen SC, Al-Suwayeh SA, Li YC, Fang JY. Erbium:YAG laser resurfacing increases skin permeability and the risk of excessive absorption of antibiotics and sunscreens: The influence of skin recovery on drug absorption. Toxicol Lett 2012; 211:150-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.03.797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lin CF, Leu YL, Al-Suwayeh SA, Ku MC, Hwang TL, Fang JY. Anti-inflammatory activity and percutaneous absorption of quercetin and its polymethoxylated compound and glycosides: the relationships to chemical structures. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 47:857-64. [PMID: 22609526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The potential of quercetin-related compounds for topical application has not previously been systematically investigated. To better elucidate relationships of the structure and activity with skin permeation, some quercetin compounds were used as permeants, including aglycone, a polymethoxylated compound (quercetin 3,5,7,3',4'-pentamethylether, QM), and seven glycosides. Quercetin and the glycoside with glucopyranuronic acid (Q4) at a dose of 30 μM completely inhibited superoxide anion activated neutrophils. QM also potentially suppressed superoxide by 90%. Both quercetin and QM showed inhibitory activity on elastase release with respective IC(50) values of 6.25 and 15.76 μM. Glycosylation significantly diminished this activity. Both an infinite concentration and saturated solubility in pH 7 buffer were used as permeant doses for the in vitro permeation experiments. The flux or permeability coefficient, which is the indicator for total absorption of dermal delivery due to the use of nude mouse skin, was the greatest for QM, followed by the glycosides and quercetin. QM showed 26× greater flux compared to quercetin. No penetration of quercetin occurred at the dose of saturated solubility. Rutin generally exhibited the highest skin permeation among the glycosides. It was found that the glycoside enantiomers (Q2 and Q3) revealed completely different permeation profiles. The stratum corneum was the principal penetration barrier for quercetin and its glycosides but not QM. Rutin provoked some skin redness and inflammation after a 5-day administration in nude mouse. QM caused no irritation, suggesting that it is a superior candidate for topical delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chwan-Fwu Lin
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Cohen-Avrahami M, Libster D, Aserin A, Garti N. Penetratin-induced transdermal delivery from HII mesophases of sodium diclofenac. J Control Release 2012; 159:419-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Novel methods and devices to enhance transdermal drug delivery: the importance of laser radiation in transdermal drug delivery. Ther Deliv 2012; 3:373-88. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.12.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin permeation-enhancement technology is a rapidly developing field, which could significantly increase the number of drugs suitable for transdermal delivery. In this review, we highlight recent advances in both ‘passive’ and ‘active’ transdermal drug-delivery technologies, as well as in the laser ablation method. This paper concludes with a brief forward-looking perspective discussing what can be expected as laser technology continues to develop in the coming years.
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Chen X, Shah D, Kositratna G, Manstein D, Anderson RR, Wu MX. Facilitation of transcutaneous drug delivery and vaccine immunization by a safe laser technology. J Control Release 2012; 159:43-51. [PMID: 22261281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Full-surface laser ablation has been shown to efficiently disrupt stratum corneum and facilitate transcutaneous drug delivery, but it is frequently associated with skin damage that hampers its clinic use. We show here that a safer ablative fractional laser (AFL) can sufficiently facilitate delivery of not only patch-coated hydrophilic drugs but also protein vaccines. AFL treatment generated an array of self renewable microchannels (MCs) in the skin, providing free paths for drug and vaccine delivery into the dermis while maintaining integrity of the skin by quick healing of the MCs. AFL was superior to tape stripping in transcutaneous drug and vaccine delivery as a much higher amount of sulforhodamine B (SRB), methylene blue (MB) or a model vaccine ovalbumin (OVA) was recovered from AFL-treated skin than tape-stripped skin or control skin after patch application. Following entry into the MCs, the drugs or OVA diffused quickly to the entire dermal tissue via the lateral surface of conical-shaped MCs. In contrast, a majority of the drugs and OVA remained on the skin surface, unable to penetrate into the dermal tissue in untreated control skin or tape stripping-treated skin. Strikingly, OVA delivered through the MCs was efficiently taken up by epidermal Langerhans cells and dermal dendritic cells in the vicinity of the MCs or transported to the draining lymph nodes, leading to a robust immune response, in sharp contrast to a weak, though significant, immune response elicited in tape stripping group or a basal immune response in control groups. These data support strongly that AFL is safe and sufficient for transcutaneous delivery of drugs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Chen
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, 50 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, United States
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Herwadkar A, Banga AK. Peptide and protein transdermal drug delivery. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2012; 9:e71-e174. [PMID: 24064275 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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Ando T, Sato S, Ashida H, Obara M. Propagation characteristics of photomechanical waves and their application to gene delivery into deep tissue. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2012; 38:75-84. [PMID: 22104529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2011.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Targeted gene transfection can be achieved by the use of photomechanical waves (PMWs) generated by irradiating a solid material with high-power nanosecond laser pulses. To examine the treatable tissue depth, we investigated propagation characteristics of PMWs and depth-dependent properties of gene transfection with different laser fluences and spot diameters. Pressure characteristics of PMWs were measured at different propagation distances using tissue phantoms and their propagation was imaged by shadowgraphing. Phantoms with various thicknesses were placed on rat dorsal skin that had been injected with plasmid DNA coding for a reporter gene and three pulses of PMWs were applied from the top of each phantom. Significant gene expression was observed in the skin even under a 15-mm-thick tissue phantom and the depth-dependent relationships between PMW parameters and gene expression level were revealed. The data obtained will be useful for determining appropriate laser parameters for PMW-based gene transfer into deep-located tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Ando
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
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Li H, Nelson CE, Evans BC, Duvall CL. Delivery of intracellular-acting biologics in pro-apoptotic therapies. Curr Pharm Des 2011; 17:293-319. [PMID: 21348831 DOI: 10.2174/138161211795049642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The recent elucidation of molecular regulators of apoptosis and their roles in cellular oncogenesis has motivated the development of biomacromolecular anticancer therapeutics that can activate intracellular apoptotic signaling pathways. Pharmaceutical scientists have employed a variety of classes of biologics toward this goal, including antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, small interfering RNA, proteins, antibodies, and peptides. However, stability in the in vivo environment, tumor-specific biodistribution, cell internalization, and localization to the intracellular microenvironment where the targeted molecule is localized pose significant challenges that limit the ability to directly apply intracellular-acting, pro-apoptotic biologics for therapeutic use. Thus, approaches to improve the pharmaceutical properties of therapeutic biomacromolecules are of great significance and have included chemically modifying the bioactive molecule itself or formulation with auxiliary compounds. Recently, promising advances in delivery of pro-apoptotic biomacromolecular agents have been made using tools such as peptide "stapling", cell penetrating peptides, fusogenic peptides, liposomes, nanoparticles, smart polymers, and synergistic combinations of these components. This review will discuss the molecular mediators of cellular apoptosis, the respective mechanisms by which these mediators are dysregulated in cellular oncogenesis, the history and development of both nucleic-acid and amino-acid based drugs, and techniques to achieve intracellular delivery of these biologics. Finally, recent applications where pro-apoptotic functionality has been achieved through delivery of intracellular-acting biomacromolecular drugs will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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Li N, Peng LH, Chen X, Nakagawa S, Gao JQ. Transcutaneous vaccines: Novel advances in technology and delivery for overcoming the barriers. Vaccine 2011; 29:6179-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2011] [Revised: 06/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Enhancement of transdermal apomorphine delivery with a diester prodrug strategy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011; 78:422-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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49
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Yu J, Kalaria DR, Kalia YN. Erbium:YAG fractional laser ablation for the percutaneous delivery of intact functional therapeutic antibodies. J Control Release 2011; 156:53-9. [PMID: 21803083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The physicochemical properties and stability requirements of therapeutic proteins necessitate their parenteral administration even for local therapy; however, unnecessary systemic exposure increases the risk of avoidable side-effects. The objective of this study was to use fractional laser ablation to enable the delivery of intact, functional therapeutic antibodies into the skin in vitro and in vivo. The laser-assisted delivery of Antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and Basiliximab - FDA-approved therapeutics for the induction of immunosuppression - was investigated. In vitro delivery experiments were performed using dermatomed porcine ear and human abdominal skins; an in vitro/in vivo correlation was shown using C57 BL/10 SCSnJ mice. Antibody transport was quantified by using ELISA methods developed in-house. Results showed that increasing the pore number from 300 to 450 and 900, increased total antibody delivery (sum of amounts permeated and deposited); e.g., for ATG, from 1.18±0.10 to 3.98±0.64 and 4.97±0.83 μg/cm(2), respectively - corresponding to 19.7-, 66.3- and 82.8-fold increases over the control (untreated skin). Increasing laser fluence from 22.65 to 45.3 and 135.9J/cm(2) increased total ATG delivery from 1.70±0.65 to 4.97±0.83 and 8.70±1.55 μg/cm(2), respectively. The Basiliximab results confirmed the findings with ATG. Western blot demonstrated antibody identity and integrity post-delivery; human lymphocyte cytotoxicity assays showed that ATG retained biological activity post-delivery. Immunohistochemical staining was used to visualize ATG distribution in the epidermis. Total ATG delivery across porcine ear and human abdominal skin was statistically equivalent and an excellent in vitro/in vivo correlation was observed in the murine model. Based on published data, the ATG concentrations achieved in the laser-porated human skins were in the therapeutic range for providing local immunosuppression. These results challenge the perceived limitations of transdermal delivery with respect to biopharmaceuticals and suggest that controlled laser microporation provides a less invasive, more patient-friendly "needle-less" alternative to parenteral administration for the local delivery of therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva & University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
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50
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Lee WR, Shen SC, Al-Suwayeh SA, Yang HH, Yuan CY, Fang JY. Laser-assisted topical drug delivery by using a low-fluence fractional laser: imiquimod and macromolecules. J Control Release 2011; 153:240-8. [PMID: 21435360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of a low-fluence fractional erbium:yttrim-aluminum-garnet (Er:YAG) laser, with a wavelength of 2940 nm, for enhancing and controlling the skin permeation of imiquimod and macromolecules such as polypeptides and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled dextran (FD). The in vitro permeation has been determined using a Franz diffusion cell, with porcine skin and nude mouse skin as the barriers. Hyperproliferative and ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated skins were also used as barrier models to mimic the clinical therapeutic conditions. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to examine the in vivo nude mouse skin uptake of peptide, FITC, and FD. Both in vitro and in vivo results indicated an improvement in permeant skin delivery by the laser. The laser fluence and number of passes were found to play important roles in controlling drug transport. Increases of 46- and 127-fold in imiquimod flux were detected using the respective fluences of 2 and 3 J/cm(2) with 4 pulses. An imiquimod concentration of 0.4% from aqueous vehicle with laser treatment was sufficient to approximate the flux from the commercial cream with an imiquimod dose of 5% without laser treatment, indicating a reduction of the drug dose by 125-fold. The enhancement of peptide permeation was size and sequence dependent, with the smaller molecular weight (MW) and more-hydrophilic entities showing greater enhancing effect. Skin permeation of FD with an MW of at least 150 kDa could be achieved with fractional laser irradiation. CLSM images revealed intense green fluorescence from the permeants after exposure of the skin to the laser. The follicular pathway was significant in laser-assisted permeation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woan-Ruoh Lee
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
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