1
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Diaz J, Pellois JP. Deciphering variations in the endocytic uptake of a cell-penetrating peptide: the crucial role of cell culture protocols. Cytotechnology 2023; 75:473-490. [PMID: 37841959 PMCID: PMC10575844 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-023-00591-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Delivery tools, including cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), are often inefficient due to a combination of poor endocytosis and endosomal escape. Aspects that impact the delivery of CPPs are typically characterized using tissue culture models. One problem of using cell culture is that cell culture protocols have the potential to contribute to endosomal uptake and endosomal release of CPPs. Hence, a systematic study to identify which aspects of cell culturing techniques impact the endocytic uptake of a typical CPP, the TMR-TAT peptide (peptide sequence derived from HIV1-TAT with the N-terminus labeled with tetramethylrhodamine), was conducted. Aspects of cell culturing protocols previously found to generally modulate endocytosis, such as cell density, washing steps, and cell aging, did not affect TMR-TAT endocytosis. In contrast, cell dissociation methods, media, temperature, serum starvation, and media composition all contributed to changes in uptake. To establish a range of endocytosis achievable by different cell culture protocols, TMR-TAT uptake was compared among protocols. These protocols led to changes in uptake of more than 13-fold, indicating that differences in cell culturing techniques have a cumulative effect on CPP uptake. Taken together this study highlights how different protocols can influence the amount of endocytic uptake of TMR-TAT. Additionally, parameters that can be exploited to improve CPP accumulation in endosomes were identified. The protocols identified herein have the potential to be paired with other delivery enhancing strategies to improve overall delivery efficiency of CPPs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10616-023-00591-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Diaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, Room 430, 300 Olsen Blvd, College Station, TX 77843-2128 USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Pellois
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, Room 430, 300 Olsen Blvd, College Station, TX 77843-2128 USA
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
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2
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Ali LMA, Gary-Bobo M. Photochemical Internalization of siRNA for Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153597. [PMID: 35892854 PMCID: PMC9331967 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The objective of this review is to focus on the different nanovectors capable of transporting genetic material such as small-interfering RNA (siRNA) in order to block the expression of genes responsible for the development of cancer. Usually, these nanovectors are internalized by cancer cells via the endo-lysosomal pathway. To increase the lysosomal cargo escape, excitation using a lamp or a laser, can be applied to induce a more efficient leakage of siRNA to the cytoplasm, which is the site of action of the siRNA to block the translation of RNA into proteins. This is the mechanism of photochemical internalization. Abstract In the race to design ever more effective therapy with ever more focused and controlled actions, nanomedicine and phototherapy seem to be two allies of choice. Indeed, the use of nanovectors making it possible to transport and protect genetic material is becoming increasingly important. In addition, the use of a method allowing the release of genetic material in a controlled way in space and time is also a strategy increasingly studied thanks to the use of lasers. In parallel, the use of interfering RNA and, more particularly, of small-interfering RNA (siRNA) has demonstrated significant potential for gene therapy. In this review, we focused on the design of the different nanovectors capable of transporting siRNAs and releasing them so that they can turn off the expression of deregulated genes in cancers through controlled photoexcitation with high precision. This mechanism, called photochemical internalization (PCI), corresponds to the lysosomal leakage of the cargo (siRNA in this case) after destabilization of the lysosomal membrane under light excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamiaa Mohamed Ahmed Ali
- IBMM, University Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34093 Montpellier, France;
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
- Correspondence:
| | - Magali Gary-Bobo
- IBMM, University Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34093 Montpellier, France;
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3
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Saji VS. Recent Updates on Supramolecular-Based Drug Delivery - Macrocycles and Supramolecular Gels. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202200053. [PMID: 35510981 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecules-based drug delivery has attracted significant recent research attention as it could enhance drug solubility, retention time, targeting, and stimuli responsiveness. Among the different supramolecules and assemblies, the macrocycles and the supramolecular hydrogels are the two important categories investigated to a greater extent. Here, we provide the most recent advancements in these categories. Under macrocycles, reports on drug delivery by cyclodextrins, cucurbiturils, calixarenes/pillararenes, crown ethers and porphyrins are detailed. The second category discusses the supramolecular hydrogels of macrocycles/polymers and low molecular weight gelators. The updated information provided could be helpful to advance R & D in this vital area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswanathan S Saji
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Pathak P, Zarandi MA, Zhou X, Jayawickramarajah J. Synthesis and Applications of Porphyrin-Biomacromolecule Conjugates. Front Chem 2021; 9:764137. [PMID: 34820357 PMCID: PMC8606752 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.764137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
With potential applications in materials and especially in light-responsive biomedicine that targets cancer tissue selectively, much research has focused on developing covalent conjugation techniques to tether porphyrinoid units to various biomacromolecules. This review details the key synthetic approaches that have been employed in the recent decades to conjugate porphyrinoids with oligonucleotides and peptides/proteins. In addition, we provide succinct discussions on the subsequent applications of such hybrid systems and also give a brief overview of the rapidly progressing field of porphyrin-antibody conjugates. Since nucleic acid and peptide systems vary in structure, connectivity, functional group availability and placement, as well as stability and solubility, tailored synthetic approaches are needed for conjugating to each of these biomacromolecule types. In terms of tethering to ONs, porphyrins are typically attached by employing bioorthogonal chemistry (e.g., using phosphoramidites) that drive solid-phase ON synthesis or by conducting post-synthesis modifications and subsequent reactions (such as amide couplings, hydrazide-carbonyl reactions, and click chemistry). In contrast, peptides and proteins are typically conjugated to porphyrinoids using their native functional groups, especially the thiol and amine side chains. However, bioorthogonal reactions (e.g., Staudinger ligations, and copper or strain promoted alkyne-azide cycloadditions) that utilize de novo introduced functional groups onto peptides/proteins have seen vigorous development, especially for site-specific peptide-porphyrin tethering. While the ON-porphyrin conjugates have largely been explored for programmed nanostructure self-assembly and artificial light-harvesting applications, there are some reports of ON-porphyrin systems targeting clinically translational applications (e.g., antimicrobial biomaterials and site-specific nucleic acid cleavage). Conjugates of porphyrins with proteinaceous moieties, on the other hand, have been predominantly used for therapeutic and diagnostic applications (especially in photodynamic therapy, photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy, and photothermal therapy). The advancement of the field of porphyrinoid-bioconjugation chemistry from basic academic research to more clinically targeted applications require continuous fine-tuning in terms of synthetic strategies and hence there will continue to be much exciting work on porphyrinoid-biomacromolecule conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Pathak
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | | | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Janarthanan Jayawickramarajah
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
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5
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Lee HM, Ren J, Tran KM, Jeon BM, Park WU, Kim H, Lee KE, Oh Y, Choi M, Kim DS, Na D. Identification of efficient prokaryotic cell-penetrating peptides with applications in bacterial biotechnology. Commun Biol 2021; 4:205. [PMID: 33589718 PMCID: PMC7884711 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01726-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In bacterial biotechnology, instead of producing functional proteins from plasmids, it is often necessary to deliver functional proteins directly into live cells for genetic manipulation or physiological modification. We constructed a library of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) capable of delivering protein cargo into bacteria and developed an efficient delivery method for CPP-conjugated proteins. We screened the library for highly efficient CPPs with no significant cytotoxicity in Escherichia coli and developed a model for predicting the penetration efficiency of a query peptide, enabling the design of new and efficient CPPs. As a proof-of-concept, we used the CPPs for plasmid curing in E. coli and marker gene excision in Methylomonas sp. DH-1. In summary, we demonstrated the utility of CPPs in bacterial engineering. The use of CPPs would facilitate bacterial biotechnology such as genetic engineering, synthetic biology, metabolic engineering, and physiology studies. Lee et al. construct a cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) library and identify CPPs that can penetrate bacterial cells with minimum or no impact on cell viability. For the identified top CPP candidates, their abilities to deliver macromolecules such as I-SceI and Cre recombinase proteins to bacteria are evaluated as proof-of-concept studies for potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyang-Mi Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kha Mong Tran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Min Jeon
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ung Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjoo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Eun Lee
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuna Oh
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungback Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Sung Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dokyun Na
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Soe TH, Watanabe K, Ohtsuki T. Photoinduced Endosomal Escape Mechanism: A View from Photochemical Internalization Mediated by CPP-Photosensitizer Conjugates. Molecules 2020; 26:E36. [PMID: 33374732 PMCID: PMC7793540 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosomal escape in cell-penetrating peptide (CPP)-based drug/macromolecule delivery systems is frequently insufficient. The CPP-fused molecules tend to remain trapped inside endosomes and end up being degraded rather than delivered into the cytosol. One of the methods for endosomal escape of CPP-fused molecules is photochemical internalization (PCI), which is based on the use of light and a photosensitizer and relies on photoinduced endosomal membrane destabilization to release the cargo molecule. Currently, it remains unclear how this delivery strategy behaves after photostimulation. Recent findings, including our studies using CPP-cargo-photosensitizer conjugates, have shed light on the photoinduced endosomal escape mechanism. In this review, we discuss the structural design of CPP-photosensitizer and CPP-cargo-photosensitizer conjugates, and the PCI mechanism underlying their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tet Htut Soe
- Department of Biotechnology, Mandalay Technological University, Patheingyi, Mandalay 05072, Myanmar;
| | - Kazunori Watanabe
- Department of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan;
| | - Takashi Ohtsuki
- Department of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan;
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7
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Miyoshi Y, Kadono M, Okazaki S, Nishimura A, Kitamatsu M, Watanabe K, Ohtsuki T. Endosomal Escape of Peptide-Photosensitizer Conjugates Is Affected by Amino Acid Sequences near the Photosensitizer. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:916-922. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Miyoshi
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Maho Kadono
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Shigetoshi Okazaki
- Preeminent Medical Photonics Education and Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Ayano Nishimura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Mizuki Kitamatsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Kazunori Watanabe
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Department of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohtsuki
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Department of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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8
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Soe TH, Nanjo T, Watanabe K, Ohtsuki T. Relation of Photochemical Internalization to Heat, pH and Ca 2+ Ions. Photochem Photobiol 2019; 95:1395-1402. [PMID: 31359440 DOI: 10.1111/php.13146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The inefficient endosomal escape of drugs or macromolecules is a major obstacle to achieving successful delivery to therapeutic targets. An efficient approach to circumvent this barrier is photochemical internalization (PCI), which uses light and photosensitizers for endosomal escape of the delivered macromolecules. The PCI mechanism is related to photogenerated singlet oxygen, but the mechanism is still unclear. In this study, we examined the relation of PCI to heat, pH and Ca2+ ions using cell penetrating peptide (CPP)-cargo-photosensitizer (Alexa546 or Alexa633) conjugates. A cell temperature changing experiment demonstrated that heat (thermal mechanism) does not significantly contribute to the photoinduced endosomal escape. Inhibition of V-ATPase proton pump activity and endosomal pH upregulation indicated that PCI-mediated endosomal escape needs endosomal acidification prior to photoirradiation. Imaging of the CPP-cargo-photosensitizer and Ca2+ ions during photostimulation showed that intracellular calcium increase is not the cause of the endosomal escape of the complex. The increment is mainly due to Ca2+ influx. These findings show the importance of extra- and intracellular milieu conditions in the PCI mechanism and enrich our understanding of PCI-related changes in cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tet Htut Soe
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Nanjo
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazunori Watanabe
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.,Department of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohtsuki
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.,Department of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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9
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Adigbli DK, Pye H, Seebaluck J, Loizidou M, MacRobert AJ. The intracellular redox environment modulates the cytotoxic efficacy of single and combination chemotherapy in breast cancer cells using photochemical internalisation. RSC Adv 2019; 9:25861-25874. [PMID: 35530074 PMCID: PMC9070005 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04430b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The redox environment modulates photochemical internalization of an entrapped cytotoxic agent. Administration of light depicted by jagged arrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derick K. Adigbli
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science
- University College London
- London
- UK
| | - Hayley Pye
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science
- University College London
- London
- UK
| | - Jason Seebaluck
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science
- University College London
- London
- UK
| | - Marilena Loizidou
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science
- University College London
- London
- UK
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10
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Yaghini E, Dondi R, Edler KJ, Loizidou M, MacRobert AJ, Eggleston IM. Codelivery of a cytotoxin and photosensitiser via a liposomal nanocarrier: a novel strategy for light-triggered cytosolic release. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:20366-20376. [PMID: 30376028 PMCID: PMC6251340 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr04048f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Endosomal entrapment is a key issue for the intracellular delivery of many nano-sized biotherapeutics to their cytosolic or nuclear targets. Photochemical internalisation (PCI) is a novel light-based solution that can be used to trigger the endosomal escape of a range of bioactive agents into the cytosol leading to improved efficacy in pre-clinical and clinical studies. PCI typically depends upon the endolysosomal colocalisation of the bioactive agent with a suitable photosensitiser that is administered separately. In this study we demonstrate that both these components may be combined for codelivery via a novel multifunctional liposomal nanocarrier, with a corresponding increase in the biological efficacy of the encapsulated agent. As proof of concept, we show here that the cytotoxicity of the 30 kDa protein toxin, saporin, in MC28 fibrosarcoma cells is significantly enhanced when delivered via a cell penetrating peptide (CPP)-modified liposome, with the CPP additionally functionalised with a photosensitiser that is targeted to endolysosomal membranes. This innovation opens the way for the efficient delivery of a range of biotherapeutics by the PCI approach, incorporating a clinically proven liposome delivery platform and using bioorthogonal ligation chemistries to append photosensitisers and peptides of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Yaghini
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science
, University College London
,
Royal Free Campus
, Rowland Hill Street
, London NW3 2PE
, UK
.
;
| | - Ruggero Dondi
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
, University of Bath
,
Bath BA2 7AY
, UK
.
| | - Karen J. Edler
- Department of Chemistry
, University of Bath
,
Bath BA2 7AY
, UK
| | - Marilena Loizidou
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science
, University College London
,
Royal Free Campus
, Rowland Hill Street
, London NW3 2PE
, UK
.
;
| | - Alexander J. MacRobert
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science
, University College London
,
Royal Free Campus
, Rowland Hill Street
, London NW3 2PE
, UK
.
;
| | - Ian M. Eggleston
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
, University of Bath
,
Bath BA2 7AY
, UK
.
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11
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Hadi LM, Yaghini E, Stamati K, Loizidou M, MacRobert AJ. Therapeutic enhancement of a cytotoxic agent using photochemical internalisation in 3D compressed collagen constructs of ovarian cancer. Acta Biomater 2018; 81:80-92. [PMID: 30267880 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical internalisation (PCI) is a method for enhancing delivery of drugs to their intracellular target sites of action. In this study we investigated the efficacy of PCI using a porphyrin photosensitiser and a cytotoxic agent on spheroid and non-spheroid compressed collagen 3D constructs of ovarian cancer versus conventional 2D culture. The therapeutic responses of two human carcinoma cell lines (SKOV3 and HEY) were compared using a range of assays including optical imaging. The treatment was shown to be effective in non-spheroid constructs of both cell lines causing a significant and synergistic reduction in cell viability measured at 48 or 96 h post-illumination. In the larger spheroid constructs, PCI was still effective but required higher saporin and photosensitiser doses. Moreover, in contrast to the 2D and non-spheroid experiments, where comparable efficacy was found for the two cell lines, HEY spheroid constructs were found to be more susceptible to PCI and a lower dose of saporin could be used. PCI treatment was observed to induce death principally by apoptosis in the 3D constructs compared to the mostly necrotic cell death caused by PDT. At low oxygen levels (1%) both PDT and PCI were significantly less effective in the constructs. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Assessment of new drugs or delivery systems for cancer therapy prior to conducting in vivo studies often relies on the use of conventional 2D cell culture, however 3D cancer constructs can provide more physiologically relevant information owing to their 3D architecture and the presence of an extracellular matrix. This study investigates the efficacy of Photochemical Internalisation mediated drug delivery in 3D constructs. In 3D cultures, both oxygen and drug delivery to the cells are limited by diffusion through the extracellular matrix unlike 2D models, and in our model we have used compressed collagen constructs where the density of collagen mimics physiological values. These 3D constructs are therefore well suited to studying drug delivery using PCI. Our study highlights the potential of these constructs for identifying differences in therapeutic response to PCI of two ovarian carcinoma lines.
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12
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Gobbo
- Department of Chemical SciencesUniversity of PadovaPadova35131 Italy
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry of CNR, Padova UnitPadova35131 Italy
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13
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Arisaka A, Mogaki R, Okuro K, Aida T. Caged Molecular Glues as Photoactivatable Tags for Nuclear Translocation of Guests in Living Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:2687-2692. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b13614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akio Arisaka
- Department
of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Rina Mogaki
- Department
of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kou Okuro
- Department
of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takuzo Aida
- Department
of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Riken Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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14
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Yaghini E, Dondi R, Tewari KM, Loizidou M, Eggleston IM, MacRobert AJ. Endolysosomal targeting of a clinical chlorin photosensitiser for light-triggered delivery of nano-sized medicines. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6059. [PMID: 28729656 PMCID: PMC5519633 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06109-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A major problem with many promising nano-sized biotherapeutics including macromolecules is that owing to their size they are subject to cellular uptake via endocytosis, and become entrapped and then degraded within endolysosomes, which can significantly impair their therapeutic efficacy. Photochemical internalisation (PCI) is a technique for inducing cytosolic release of the entrapped agents that harnesses sub-lethal photodynamic therapy (PDT) using a photosensitiser that localises in endolysosomal membranes. Using light to trigger reactive oxygen species-mediated rupture of the photosensitised endolysosomal membranes, the spatio-temporal selectivity of PCI then enables cytosolic release of the agents at the selected time after administration so that they can reach their intracellular targets. However, conventional photosensitisers used clinically for PDT are ineffective for photochemical internalisation owing to their sub-optimal intracellular localisation. In this work we demonstrate that such a photosensitiser, chlorin e6, can be repurposed for PCI by conjugating the chlorin to a cell penetrating peptide, using bioorthogonal ligation chemistry. The peptide conjugation enables targeting of endosomal membranes so that light-triggered cytosolic release of an entrapped nano-sized cytotoxin can be achieved with consequent improvement in cytotoxicity. The photoproperties of the chlorin moiety are also conserved, with comparable singlet oxygen quantum yields found to the free chlorin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Yaghini
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PE, UK.
| | - Ruggero Dondi
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Kunal M Tewari
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Marilena Loizidou
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PE, UK
| | - Ian M Eggleston
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Alexander J MacRobert
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PE, UK.
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15
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Wang TY, Libardo MDJ, Angeles-Boza AM, Pellois JP. Membrane Oxidation in Cell Delivery and Cell Killing Applications. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:1170-1182. [PMID: 28355059 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell delivery or cell killing processes often involve the crossing or disruption of cellular membranes. We review how, by modifying the composition and properties of membranes, membrane oxidation can be exploited to enhance the delivery of macromolecular cargoes into live human cells. We also describe how membrane oxidation can be utilized to achieve efficient killing of bacteria by antimicrobial peptides. Finally, we present recent evidence highlighting how membrane oxidation is intimately engaged in natural biological processes such as antigen delivery in dendritic cells and in the killing of bacteria by antimicrobial peptides. Overall, the insights that have been recently gained in this area should facilitate the development of more effective delivery technologies and antimicrobial therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - M. Daben J. Libardo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Alfredo M. Angeles-Boza
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Jean-Philippe Pellois
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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16
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Martinez de Pinillos Bayona A, Woodhams JH, Pye H, Hamoudi RA, Moore CM, MacRobert AJ. Efficacy of photochemical internalisation using disulfonated chlorin and porphyrin photosensitisers: An in vitro study in 2D and 3D prostate cancer models. Cancer Lett 2017; 393:68-75. [PMID: 28223166 PMCID: PMC5360193 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study shows the therapeutic outcome of Photochemical Internalisation (PCI) in prostate cancer in vitro surpasses that of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) and could improve prostate PDT in the clinic, whilst avoiding chemotherapeutics side effects. In addition, the study assesses the potential of PCI with two different photosensitisers (TPCS2a and TPPS2a) in prostate cancer cells (human PC3 and rat MatLyLu) using standard 2D monolayer culture and 3D biomimetic model. Photosensitisers were used alone for photodynamic therapy (PDT) or with the cytotoxin saporin (PCI). TPPS2a and TPCS2a were shown to be located in discrete cytoplasmic vesicles before light treatment and redistribute into the cytosol upon light excitation. PC3 cells exhibit a higher uptake than MatLyLu cells for both photosensitisers. In the 2D model, PCI resulted in greater cell death than PDT alone in both cell lines. In 3D model, morphological changes were also observed. Saporin-based toxicity was negligible in PC3 cells, but pronounced in MatLyLu cells (IC50 = 18 nM). In conclusion, the study showed that tumour features such as tumour cell growth rate or interaction with drugs determine therapeutic conditions for optimal photochemical treatment in metastatic prostate cancer. The efficacy of PCI surpasses that of PDT in vitro. PCI could improve prostate cancer treatment and minimise side effects. 3D model observations confirm findings in previous 2D PCI investigations. Tumour features (i.e. doubling rate, interaction with drugs) will determine conditions for optimal photochemical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josephine H Woodhams
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley Pye
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rifat A Hamoudi
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Caroline M Moore
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, University College London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J MacRobert
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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17
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Dondi R, Yaghini E, Tewari KM, Wang L, Giuntini F, Loizidou M, MacRobert AJ, Eggleston IM. Flexible synthesis of cationic peptide-porphyrin derivatives for light-triggered drug delivery and photodynamic therapy. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:11488-11501. [PMID: 27886311 PMCID: PMC5166568 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02135b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Efficient syntheses of cell-penetrating peptide-porphyrin conjugates are described using a variety of bioconjugation chemistries. This provides a flexible means to convert essentially hydrophobic tetrapyrolle photosensitisers into amphiphilic derivatives which are well-suited for use in light-triggered drug delivery by photochemical internalisation (PCI) and targeted photodynamic therapy (PDT).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dondi
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - E Yaghini
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - K M Tewari
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - L Wang
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK. and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - F Giuntini
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - M Loizidou
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - A J MacRobert
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - I M Eggleston
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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18
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Moret F, Gobbo M, Reddi E. Conjugation of photosensitisers to antimicrobial peptides increases the efficiency of photodynamic therapy in cancer cells. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 14:1238-50. [PMID: 26014915 DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00038f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Some antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have the ability to penetrate and kill not only pathogenic microorganisms but also cancer cells, while they are less active toward normal eukaryotic cells. Here we have investigated the potential of three AMPs, namely apidaecin 1b (Api), magainin 2 (Mag) and buforin II (Buf), as carriers of drugs for cancer cells by using the hydrophobic photosensitiser 5-(4-carboxyphenyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin (cTPP) as the drug model, conjugated to the N-terminus of the peptides. Flow cytometry measurements demonstrated that conjugation of cTPP increased its rate and efficiency of uptake in A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells in the order Mag > Buf > Api. In vitro photodynamic therapy (PDT) experiments showed that the increased uptake of the conjugated cTPP determined 100% cell killing at concentrations in the nanomolar range while micromolar concentrations were required for the same killing effect with unconjugated cTPP. Serum proteins interacted with cTPP conjugated to Buf and Api and slightly interfered with the cellular uptake of these conjugates but not with that of Mag. The data suggest electrostatic interactions of the conjugates with sialic acid and ganglioside rich domains, as lipid rafts of the plasma membrane, followed by cell internalization via non-caveolar dynamin-dependent endocytosis as indicated by the effects of inhibitors of specific endocytic pathways. Our study demonstrated that the three AMPs investigated, Mag in particular, have the ability to carry a hydrophobic cargo inside cancer cells and may therefore represent useful carriers of anticancer drugs, especially those with a poor capacity to penetrate inside the target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Moret
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padova, Italy.
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19
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Ohtsuki T, Miki S, Kobayashi S, Haraguchi T, Nakata E, Hirakawa K, Sumita K, Watanabe K, Okazaki S. The molecular mechanism of photochemical internalization of cell penetrating peptide-cargo-photosensitizer conjugates. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18577. [PMID: 26686907 PMCID: PMC4685267 DOI: 10.1038/srep18577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In many drug delivery strategies, an inefficient transfer of macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids to the cytosol often occurs because of their endosomal entrapment. One of the methods to overcome this problem is photochemical internalization, which is achieved using a photosensitizer and light to facilitate the endosomal escape of the macromolecule. In this study, we examined the molecular mechanism of photochemical internalization of cell penetrating peptide-cargo (macromolecule)-photosensitizer conjugates. We measured the photophysical properties of eight dyes (photosensitizer candidates) and determined the respective endosomal escape efficiencies using these dyes. Correlation plots between these factors indicated that the photogenerated 1O2 molecules from photosensitizers were highly related to the endosomal escape efficiencies. The contribution of 1O2 was confirmed using 1O2 quenchers. In addition, time-lapse fluorescence imaging showed that the photoinduced endosomal escape occurred at a few seconds to a few minutes after irradiation (much longer than 1O2 lifetime), and that the pH increased in the endosome prior to the endosomal escape of the macromolecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ohtsuki
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Shunya Miki
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Shouhei Kobayashi
- Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, NICT, 588-2 Iwaoka, Iwaoka-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2492, Japan
| | - Tokuko Haraguchi
- Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, NICT, 588-2 Iwaoka, Iwaoka-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2492, Japan
| | - Eiji Nakata
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Gokasho,Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Hirakawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Shizuoka University, Johoku 3-5-1, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
| | - Kensuke Sumita
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kazunori Watanabe
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Shigetoshi Okazaki
- Department of Medical Spectroscopy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
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20
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Peptide-mediated delivery: an overview of pathways for efficient internalization. Ther Deliv 2015; 5:1203-22. [PMID: 25491671 DOI: 10.4155/tde.14.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor cellular delivery and low bioavailability of novel potent therapeutic molecules continue to remain the bottleneck of modern cancer and gene therapy. Cell-penetrating peptides have provided immense opportunities for the intracellular delivery of bioactive cargos and have led to the first exciting successes in experimental therapy of muscular dystrophies. This review focuses on the mechanisms by which cell-penetrating peptides gain access to the cell interior and deliver cargos. Recent advances in augmenting delivery efficacy and facilitation of endosomal escape of cargo are presented, and the cell-penetrating peptide-mediated delivery of two of the most popular classes of cargo molecules, oligonucleotides and proteins, is analyzed. The arsenal of tools for oligonucleotide delivery has dramatically expanded in the last decade enabling harnessing of cell-surface receptors for targeted delivery.
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21
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Martinez de Pinillos Bayona A, Moore CM, Loizidou M, MacRobert AJ, Woodhams JH. Enhancing the efficacy of cytotoxic agents for cancer therapy using photochemical internalisation. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:1049-57. [PMID: 25758607 PMCID: PMC4973841 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical internalisation (PCI) is a technique for improving cellular delivery of certain bioactive agents which are prone to sequestration within endolysosomes. There is a wide range of agents suitable for PCI‐based delivery including toxins, oligonucleotides, genes and immunoconjugates which demonstrates the versatility of this technique. The basic mechanism of PCI involves triggering release of the agent from endolysosomes within the target cells using a photosensitiser which is selectively retained with the endolysosomal membranes. Excitation of the photosensitiser by visible light leads to disruption of the membranes via photooxidative damage thereby releasing the agent into the cytosol. This treatment enables the drugs to reach their intended subcellular target more efficiently and improves their efficacy. In this review we summarise the applications of this technique with the main emphasis placed on cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline M Moore
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marilena Loizidou
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J MacRobert
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Josephine H Woodhams
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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22
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Ryan AA, Ebrahim MM, Petitdemange R, Vaz GM, Paszko E, Sergeeva NN, Senge MO. Lead structures for applications in photodynamic therapy. 5. Synthesis and biological evaluation of water soluble phosphorus(V) 5,10,15,20-tetraalkylporphyrins for PDT. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2014; 11:510-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Muthukrishnan N, Donovan S, Pellois JP. The photolytic activity of poly-arginine cell penetrating peptides conjugated to carboxy-tetramethylrhodamine is modulated by arginine residue content and fluorophore conjugation site. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:1034-42. [PMID: 24815901 DOI: 10.1111/php.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Upon light irradiation, Fluorophore-cell-penetrating peptide (Fl-CPP) conjugates can disrupt the integrity of biological membranes. This activity can in turn be used to photoinduce the disruption of endocytic organelles and promote the delivery of entrapped macromolecules such as proteins or RNAs into live cells. Recent mechanistic studies have shown that ROS production by the fluorophore and a latent lytic ability of CPPs act in synergy to elicit photolysis. However, how the structure of fluorophore-CPP conjugates impacts this synergistic activity remains unclear. Herein, using red blood cells (RBCs) as a model of biological membranes, we show that the number of arginine residues in a CPP as well as the position of fluorophore with respect to the CPP dramatically affect the photolytic activity of a fluorophore-CPP conjugate. These factors should therefore be considered for the development of effective photoinducible delivery agents.
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24
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Zhang J, Shin MC, Yang VC. Magnetic targeting of novel heparinized iron oxide nanoparticles evaluated in a 9L-glioma mouse model. Pharm Res 2014; 31:579-92. [PMID: 24065589 PMCID: PMC3943844 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1182-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A novel PEGylated and heparinized magnetic iron oxide nano-platform (DNPH) was synthesized for simultaneous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and tumor targeting. METHODS Starch-coated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles ("D") were crosslinked, aminated (DN) and then simultaneously PEGylated and heparinized with different feed ratios of PEG and heparin (DNPH1-4). DNPH products were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). The magentic targeting of DNPH3, with appropriate amounts of conjugated PEG and heparin, in a mouse 9L-glioma subcutaneous tumor model was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/electron spin resonance (ESR). RESULTS DNPH3 showed long circulating properties in vivo (half-life >8 h, more than 60-fold longer than that of parent D) and low reticuloendothelial system (RES) recognition in liver and spleen. Protamine, a model cationic protein, was efficiently loaded onto DNPH3 with a maximum loading content of 26.4 μg/mg Fe. Magnetic capture of DNPH3 in tumor site with optimized conditions (I.D. of 12 mg/kg, targeting time of 45 min) was up to 29.42 μg Fe/g tissue (12.26% I.D./g tissue). CONCLUSION DNPH3 showed the potential to be used as a platform for cationic proteins for simultaneous tumor targeting and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnosis, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Meong Cheol Shin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnosis, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Victor C. Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnosis, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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25
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Yaghini E, Giuntini F, Eggleston IM, Suhling K, Seifalian AM, MacRobert AJ. Fluorescence lifetime imaging and FRET-induced intracellular redistribution of Tat-conjugated quantum dot nanoparticles through interaction with a phthalocyanine photosensitiser. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:782-792. [PMID: 24031023 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201301459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of Tat-conjugated PEGylated CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QD) with the amphiphilic disulfonated aluminium phthalocyanine photosensitiser is investigated in aqueous solution and in a human breast cancer cell line. In aqueous solution, the QDs and phthalocyanine form stable nanocomposites. Using steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence measurements combined with singlet oxygen detection, efficient Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is observed with the QDs acting as donors, and the phthalocyanine photosensitiser, which mediates production of singlet oxygen, as acceptors. In cells, the Tat-conjugated QDs localise in lysosomes and the QD fluorescence lifetimes are close to values observed in aqueous solution. Strong FRET-induced quenching of the QD lifetime is observed in cells incubated with the nanocomposites using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). Using excitation of the QDs at wavelengths where phthalocyanine absorption is negligible, FRET-induced release of QDs from endo/lysosomes is confirmed using confocal imaging and FLIM, which is attributed to photooxidative damage to the endo/lysosomal membranes mediated by the phthalocyanine acceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Yaghini
- National Medical Laser Centre, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science and UCL Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
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26
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Räägel H, Hein M, Kriiska A, Säälik P, Florén A, Langel Ü, Pooga M. Cell-penetrating peptide secures an efficient endosomal escape of an intact cargo upon a brief photo-induction. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:4825-39. [PMID: 23852439 PMCID: PMC11113630 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1416-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have provided a novel, efficient, and non-invasive mode of transport for various (bioactive) cargos into cells. Despite the ever-growing number of successful implications of the CPP-mediated delivery, issues concerning their intracellular trafficking, significant targeting to degradative organelles, and limited endosomal escape are still hindering their widespread use. To overcome these obstacles, we have utilized a potent photo-induction technique with a fluorescently labeled protein cargo attached to an efficient CPP, TP10. In this study we have determined some key requirements behind this induced escape (e.g., dependence on peptide-to-cargo ratio, time and cargo), and have semi-quantitatively assessed the characteristics of the endosomes that become leaky upon this treatment. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the photo-released cargo remains intact and functional. Altogether, we can conclude that the photo-induced endosomes are specific large complexes-condensed non-acidic vesicles, where the released cargo remains in its native intact form. The latter was confirmed with tubulin as the cargo, which upon photo-induction was incorporated into microtubules. Because of this, we propose that combining the CPP-mediated delivery with photo-activation technique could provide a simple method for overcoming major limitations faced today and serve as a basis for enhanced delivery efficiency and a subsequent elevated cellular response of different bioactive cargo molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helin Räägel
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 23 Riia Street, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Margot Hein
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 23 Riia Street, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Asko Kriiska
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 23 Riia Street, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pille Säälik
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 23 Riia Street, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anders Florén
- The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Department of Neurochemistry and Neurotoxicology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ülo Langel
- The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Department of Neurochemistry and Neurotoxicology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Margus Pooga
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 23 Riia Street, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
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27
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Canaparo R, Varchi G, Ballestri M, Foglietta F, Sotgiu G, Guerrini A, Francovich A, Civera P, Frairia R, Serpe L. Polymeric nanoparticles enhance the sonodynamic activity of meso-tetrakis (4-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin in an in vitro neuroblastoma model. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:4247-63. [PMID: 24232189 PMCID: PMC3826853 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s51070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Sonodynamic therapy is a developing noninvasive modality for cancer treatment, based on the selective activation of a sonosensitizer agent by acoustic cavitation. The activated sonosensitizer agent might generate reactive oxygen species leading to cancer cell death. We investigated the potential poly-methyl methacrylate core-shell nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with meso-tetrakis (4-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin (TPPS) have to function as an innovative sonosensitizing system, ie, TPPS-NPs. Methods Shockwaves (SWs) generated by a piezoelectric device were used to induce acoustic cavitation. The cytotoxic effect of the sonodynamic treatment with TPPS-NPs and SWs was investigated on the human neuroblastoma cell line, SH-SY5Y. Cells were exposed for 12 hours to TPPS-NPs (100 μg/mL) and then to SWs (0.43 mJ/mm2 for 500 impulses, 4 impulses/second). Treatment with SWs, TPPS, and NPs alone or in combination was carried out as control. Results There was a statistically significant decrease in SH-SY5Y cell proliferation after the sonodynamic treatment with TPPS-NPs and SWs. Indeed, there was a significant increase in necrotic (16.91% ± 3.89%) and apoptotic (27.45% ± 3.03%) cells at 48 hours. Moreover, a 15-fold increase in reactive oxygen species production for cells exposed to TPPS-NPs and SWs was observed at 1 hour compared with untreated cells. A statistically significant enhanced mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid) expression of NRF2 (P<0.001) and a significant downregulation of TIGAR (P<0.05) and MAP3K5 (P<0.05) genes was observed in cells exposed to TPPS-NPs and SWs at 24 hours, along with a statistically significant release of cytochrome c (P<0.01) at 48 hours. Lastly, the sonosensitizing system was also investigated in an in vitro three-dimensional model, and the sonodynamic treatment significantly decreased the neuroblastoma spheroid growth. Conclusion The sonosensitizing properties of TPPS were significantly enhanced once loaded onto NPs, thus enhancing the sonodynamic treatment’s efficacy in an in vitro neuroblastoma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Canaparo
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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Meerovich I, Muthukrishnan N, Johnson GA, Erazo-Oliveras A, Pellois JP. Photodamage of lipid bilayers by irradiation of a fluorescently labeled cell-penetrating peptide. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:507-15. [PMID: 24135456 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluorescently labeled cell-penetrating peptides can translocate into cells by endocytosis and upon light irradiation, lyse the endocytic vesicles. This photo-inducible endosomolytic activity of Fl-CPPs can be used to efficiently deliver macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids and other small organic molecules into the cytosol of live cells. The requirement of a light trigger to induce photolysis provides a more spatial and temporal control to the intracellular delivery process. METHODS In this report, we examine the molecular level mechanisms by which cell-penetrating peptides such as TAT when labeled with small organic fluorophore molecules acquire a photo-induced lytic activity using a simplified model of lipid vesicles. RESULTS The peptide TAT labeled with 5(6)-carboxytetramethylrhodamine binds to negatively charged phospholipids, thereby bringing the fluorophore in close proximity to the membrane of liposomes. Upon light irradiation, the excited fluorophore produces reactive oxygen species at the lipid bilayer and oxidation of the membrane is achieved. In addition, the fluorescent peptide causes aggregation of photo-oxidized lipids, an activity that requires the presence of arginine residues in the peptide sequence. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the cell-penetrating peptide plays a dual role. On one hand, TAT targets a conjugated fluorophore to membranes. On the other hand, TAT participates directly in the destabilization of photosensitized membranes. Peptide and fluorophore therefore appear to act in synergy to destroy membranes efficiently. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Understanding the mechanism behind Fl-CPP mediated membrane photodamage will help to design optimally photo-endosomolytic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Meerovich
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
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Zhang J, Shin MC, David AE, Zhou J, Lee K, He H, Yang VC. Long-circulating heparin-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles for potential application as a protein drug delivery platform. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:3892-902. [PMID: 24024964 PMCID: PMC3812800 DOI: 10.1021/mp400360q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Starch-coated, PEGylated, and heparin-functionalized iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (DNPH) were successfully synthesized and characterized in detail. The PEGylation (20 kDa) process resulted in an average coating of 430 PEG molecules per nanoparticle. After that, heparin conjugation was carried out to attain the final DNPH platform with 35.4 μg of heparin/mg of Fe. Commercially acquired heparin-coated magnetic nanoparticles were also PEGylated (HP) and characterized for comparison. Protamine was selected as a model protein to demonstrate the strong binding affinity and high loading content of DNPH for therapeutically relevant cationic proteins. DNPH showed a maximum loading of 22.9 μg of protamine/mg of Fe. In the pharmacokinetic study, DNPH displayed a long-circulating half-life of 9.37 h, 37.5-fold longer than that (0.15 h) of HP. This improved plasma stability enabled extended exposure of DNPH to the tumor lesions, as was visually confirmed in a flank 9L-glioma mouse model using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Quantitative analysis of the Fe content in excised tumor lesions further demonstrated the superior tumor targeting ability of DNPH, with up to 31.36 μg of Fe/g of tissue (13.07% injected dose (I.D.)/g of tissue) and 7.5-fold improvement over that (4.27 μg of Fe/g of tissue; 1.78% I.D./g of tissue) of HP. Overall, this study shed light on the potential of DNPH to be used as a protein drug delivery platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnosis, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Meong Cheol Shin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnosis, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Allan E. David
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Samuel Ginn College of Engineering, Auburn University, 222 Ross Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - Kyuri Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Huining He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnosis, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Victor C. Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnosis, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
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Zhang P, Cheetham AG, Lin YA, Cui H. Self-assembled Tat nanofibers as effective drug carrier and transporter. ACS NANO 2013; 7:5965-77. [PMID: 23758167 PMCID: PMC3799919 DOI: 10.1021/nn401667z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been extensively explored as molecular vectors through covalent linkage to anticancer drugs to improve the drug's water solubility and to help overcome multidrug resistance. We report here the use of the Tat CPP as a molecular building unit to construct well-defined supramolecular nanofibers that can be utilized as a nanoscale vector to encapsulate the hydrophobic drug paclitaxel (PTX) (loading efficiency: 89.7 ± 5.0%) with a high loading capacity (6.8 ± 0.4%). Notably, our TEM imaging results reveal that nanofibers containing a higher PTX content tend to be more flexible than those with a lower PTX content. Fluorescence and confocal microscopy imaging show that the Tat nanofibers can effectively transport encapsulated molecules into the cells through an adsorptive-mediated endocytosis pathway. Cytotoxicity experiments and flow cytometry measurements demonstrate that PTX loaded in the nanofibers exerts its cytotoxicity against cancer cells by arresting the cells at the G2/M phase, the same working mechanism as free PTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Institute for NanoBio Technology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States
| | - Andrew G. Cheetham
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Institute for NanoBio Technology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States
| | - Yi-an Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Institute for NanoBio Technology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States
| | - Honggang Cui
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Institute for NanoBio Technology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States
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Gramlich PA, Remington MP, Amin J, Betenbaugh MJ, Fishman PS. Tat-tetanus toxin fragment C: a novel protein delivery vector and its use with photochemical internalization. J Drug Target 2013; 21:662-74. [PMID: 23697582 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2013.796954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Protein delivery vectors can be grouped into two classes, those with specific membrane receptors undergoing conventional endocytosis and cell penetrating peptides (CPP) that have the capacity to cross cell or endosomal membranes. For both forms of vectors, translocation across a membrane is usually an inefficient process. In the current study, a novel vector combining the widely used CPP, Tat and the non-toxic neuronal binding domain of tetanus toxin (fragment C or TTC) was assessed for its capacity to deliver GFP as a test cargo protein to human neural progenitor cells (NPCs). These two functional membrane interacting domains dramatically enhanced internalization of the conjugated cargo protein. Tat-TTC-GFP was found to be bound or internalized at least 83-fold more than Tat-GFP and 33-fold more than TTC-GFP in NPCs by direct fluorimetry, and showed enhanced internalization by quantitative microscopy of 18 - and 14-fold, respectively. This preferential internalization was observed to be specific to neuronal cell types. Photochemical internalization (PCI) was utilized to facilitate escape of the endosome-sequestered proteins. The combined use of the Tat-TTC delivery vector with PCI led to both enhancement of neural cell type specific delivery to an endosomal target, followed by the option of efficient release to the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Gramlich
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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Zhang P, Cheetham AG, Lock LL, Cui H. Cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of drug-peptide conjugates regulated by conjugation site. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:604-13. [PMID: 23514455 DOI: 10.1021/bc300585h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Conjugation of anticancer drugs to hydrophilic peptides such as Tat is a widely adopted strategy to improve the drug's solubility, cellular uptake, and potency against cancerous cells. Here we report that attachment of an anticancer drug doxorubicin to the N- or C-terminal of the Tat peptide can have a significant impact on their cellular uptake and cytotoxicity against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant cancer cells. We observed higher cellular uptake by both cell lines for C-terminal conjugate relative to the N-terminal analogue. Our results reveal that the C-terminal conjugate partially overcame the multidrug resistance of cervical cancer cells, while the N-terminal conjugate showed no significant improvement in cytotoxicity when compared with free doxorubicin. We also found that both N- and C-conjugates offer a mechanism to circumvent drug efflux associated with multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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Wang JTW, Berg K, Høgset A, Bown SG, MacRobert AJ. Photophysical and photobiological properties of a sulfonated chlorin photosensitiser TPCS2afor photochemical internalisation (PCI). Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 12:519-26. [DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25328c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Mellert K, Lamla M, Scheffzek K, Wittig R, Kaufmann D. Enhancing endosomal escape of transduced proteins by photochemical internalisation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52473. [PMID: 23285056 PMCID: PMC3528648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced internalisation of functional proteins into cultured cells has become an important aspect in a rising number of in vitro and in vivo assays. The endo-lysosomal entrapment of the transduced proteins remains the major problem in all transduction protocols. In this study we compared the efficiency, cytotoxicity and protein targeting of different commercially available transduction reagents by transducing a well-studied fluorescently labelled protein (Atto488-bovine serum albumin) into cultured human sarcoma cells. The amount of internalised protein and toxicity differed between the different reagents, but the percentage of transduced cells was consistently high. Furthermore, in all protocols the signals of the transduced Atto488-BSA were predominantly punctual consistent with an endosomal localisation. To overcome the endosomal entrapment, the transduction protocols were combined with a photochemical internalisation (PCI) treatment. Using this combination revealed that an endosomal disruption is highly effective in cell penetrating peptide (CPP) mediated transduction, whereas lipid-mediated transductions lead to a lower signal spreading throughout the cytosol. No change in the signal distribution could be achieved in treatments using non-lipid polymers as a transduction reagent. Therefore, the combination of protein transduction protocols based on CPPs with the endosomolytic treatment PCI can facilitate protein transduction experiments in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Mellert
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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Erazo-Oliveras A, Muthukrishnan N, Baker R, Wang TY, Pellois JP. Improving the endosomal escape of cell-penetrating peptides and their cargos: strategies and challenges. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2012; 5:1177-1209. [PMID: 24223492 PMCID: PMC3816665 DOI: 10.3390/ph5111177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) can deliver cell-impermeable therapeutic cargos into cells. In particular, CPP-cargo conjugates tend to accumulate inside cells by endocytosis. However, they often remain trapped inside endocytic organelles and fail to reach the cytosolic space of cells efficiently. In this review, the evidence for CPP-mediated endosomal escape is discussed. In addition, several strategies that have been utilized to enhance the endosomal escape of CPP-cargos are described. The recent development of branched systems that display multiple copies of a CPP is presented. The use of viral or synthetic peptides that can disrupt the endosomal membrane upon activation by the low pH of endosomes is also discussed. Finally, we survey how CPPs labeled with chromophores can be used in combination with light to stimulate endosomal lysis. The mechanisms and challenges associated with these intracellular delivery methodologies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Philippe Pellois
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-979-845-0101; Fax: +1-979-862-4718
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Photochemical internalisation: the journey from basic scientific concept to the threshold of clinical application. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2012; 12:434-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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