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Beh CY, Prajnamitra RP, Chen LL, Hsieh PCH. Advances in Biomimetic Nanoparticles for Targeted Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26165052. [PMID: 34443638 PMCID: PMC8401254 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomimetic nanoparticles have recently emerged as a novel drug delivery platform to improve drug biocompatibility and specificity at the desired disease site, especially the tumour microenvironment. Conventional nanoparticles often encounter rapid clearance by the immune system and have poor drug-targeting effects. The rapid development of nanotechnology provides an opportunity to integrate different types of biomaterials onto the surface of nanoparticles, which enables them to mimic the natural biological features and functions of the cells. This mimicry strategy favours the escape of biomimetic nanoparticles from clearance by the immune system and reduces potential toxic side effects. Despite the rapid development in this field, not much has progressed to the clinical stage. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop biomimetic-based nanomedicine to produce a highly specific and effective drug delivery system, especially for malignant tumours, which can be used for clinical purposes. Here, the recent developments for various types of biomimetic nanoparticles are discussed, along with their applications for cancer imaging and treatments.
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Tsukuda S, Watashi K. Hepatitis B virus biology and life cycle. Antiviral Res 2020; 182:104925. [PMID: 32866519 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) specifically infects hepatocytes and causes severe liver diseases. The HBV life cycle is unique in that the genomic DNA (relaxed-circular partially double-stranded DNA: rcDNA) is converted to a molecular template DNA (covalently closed circular DNA: cccDNA) to amplify a viral RNA intermediate, which is then reverse-transcribed back to viral DNA. The highly stable characteristics of cccDNA result in chronic infection and a poor rate of cure. This complex life cycle of HBV offers a variety of targets to develop antiviral agents. We provide here an update on the current knowledge of HBV biology and its life cycle, which may help to identify new antiviral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senko Tsukuda
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan; Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; MIRAI, JST, Saitama, Japan.
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Koizumi K, Nakamura H, Iijima M, Matsuzaki T, Somiya M, Kumasawa K, Kimura T, Kuroda S. In vivo uterine local gene delivery system using TAT-displaying bionanocapsules. J Gene Med 2019; 21:e3140. [PMID: 31697013 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The uterus is an organ that is directly accessible via the transvaginal route, whereas the drug delivery system and the gene delivery system (GDS) for the uterus are very limited, even in animal models. In the present study, we optimized a bionanocapsule (BNC) comprising a hepatitis B virus envelope L-protein particle, for which a structurally similar particle has been used as an immunogen of a conventional HB vaccine worldwide for more than 30 years, as a local uterine GDS using a mouse model. METHODS To display various antibodies for re-targeting to different cells other than hepatic cells, the pre-S1 region of BNC was replaced with a tandem form of the protein A-derived immunoglobulin G Fc-interacting region (Z domain, ZZ-BNC). To induce strong cell adhesion after local administration into the uterine cavity, ZZ-BNC was modified with a transactivator of transcription (TAT) peptide. RESULTS Gene transfer using TAT-modified ZZ-BNC is approximately 5000- or 18-fold more efficient than the introduction of the same dose of naked DNAs or the use of the cationic liposomes, respectively. TAT-modified ZZ-BNC was rapidly eliminated from the uterus and had no effect on the pregnancy rate, litter size or fetal growth. CONCLUSIONS TAT-modified ZZ-BNC could be a useful GDS for uterine endometrial therapy via local uterine injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Koizumi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hitomi Nakamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masumi Iijima
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Biosciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Biomolecular Science and Reaction, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsuzaki
- Department of Biomolecular Science and Reaction, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaharu Somiya
- Department of Biomolecular Science and Reaction, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiichi Kumasawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kimura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shun'ichi Kuroda
- Department of Biomolecular Science and Reaction, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Liu Q, Somiya M, Iijima M, Tatematsu K, Kuroda S. A hepatitis B virus-derived human hepatic cell-specific heparin-binding peptide: identification and application to a drug delivery system. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:322-335. [PMID: 30474653 DOI: 10.1039/c8bm01134f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are naturally evolved nanocarriers that can evade host immune systems, attach specifically to the surfaces of target cells, enter the cells through endocytosis, escape from endosomes efficiently, and then transfer their genomes to host cells. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a ∼42 nm enveloped DNA virus that can specifically infect human hepatic cells. To utilize the HBV-derived early infection machinery in synthetic nanocarriers, the human hepatic cell-binding site (i.e., the sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP)-binding site, with myristoylated pre-S1(2-47)) and the low pH-dependent fusogenic domain (pre-S1(9-24)) are indispensable for targeting and endosomal escape, respectively. However, cell-surface NTCP has recently been shown not to be involved in the initial attachment of HBV. In this study, we identified a novel heparin-binding site (pre-S1(30-42)) in the N-terminal half of the pre-S1 region, which presumably interacts with cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) and plays a pivotal role in the initial attachment of HBV to human hepatic cells. The evolutionarily conserved amino acid residues Asp-31, Trp-32, and Asp-33 are indispensable for the heparin-binding activity. Liposomes (LPs) displaying the peptide were endocytosed by human hepatic cells in a cell-surface heparin-dependent manner and delivered doxorubicin to human hepatic cells more efficiently than myristoylated pre-S1(2-47)-displaying LPs. These results demonstrated that the pre-S1(30-42) peptide is the most promising HBV-derived targeting peptide for synthetic nanocarriers, and that this peptide exhibits high specificity for human hepatic cells and efficiently induces endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushi Liu
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.
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Matsuo H, Somiya M, Iijima M, Arakawa T, Kuroda S. CD11c-specific bio-nanocapsule enhances vaccine immunogenicity by targeting immune cells. J Nanobiotechnology 2018; 16:59. [PMID: 30077180 PMCID: PMC6076409 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-018-0386-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various nanocarriers have been used to deliver subunit vaccines specifically to dendritic cells (DCs) for the improvement of immunogenicity. However, due to their insufficient DC priming ability, these vaccines could not elicit effective innate immunity. We have recently developed a DC-targeting bio-nanocapsule (BNC) by displaying anti-CD11c IgGs via protein A-derived IgG Fc-binding Z domain on the hepatitis B virus envelope L protein particles (α-DC-ZZ-BNC). RESULTS After the chemical modification with antigens (Ags), the α-DC-ZZ-BNC-Ag complex could deliver Ags to DCs efficiently, leading to effective DC maturation and efficient endosomal escape of Ags, followed by Ag-specific T cell responses and IgG productions. Moreover, the α-DC-ZZ-BNC modified with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) envelope-derived D3 Ags could confer protection against 50-fold lethal dose of JEV injection on mice. CONCLUSION The α-DC-ZZ-BNC-Ag platform was shown to induce humoral and cellular immunities effectively without any adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Matsuo
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Masaharu Somiya
- Department of Biomolecular Science and Reaction, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Mihogaoka 8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047 Japan
| | - Masumi Iijima
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
- Department of Biomolecular Science and Reaction, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Mihogaoka 8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047 Japan
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, 156-8502 Japan
| | - Takeshi Arakawa
- COMB, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213 Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215 Japan
| | - Shun’ichi Kuroda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
- Department of Biomolecular Science and Reaction, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Mihogaoka 8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047 Japan
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Li H, Tatematsu K, Somiya M, Iijima M, Kuroda S. Development of a macrophage-targeting and phagocytosis-inducing bio-nanocapsule-based nanocarrier for drug delivery. Acta Biomater 2018; 73:412-423. [PMID: 29673839 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage hyperfunction or dysfunction is tightly associated with various diseases, such as osteoporosis, inflammatory disorder, and cancers. However, nearly all conventional drug delivery system (DDS) nanocarriers utilize endocytosis for entering target cells; thus, the development of macrophage-targeting and phagocytosis-inducing DDS nanocarriers for treating these diseases is required. In this study, we developed a hepatitis B virus (HBV) envelope L particle (i.e., bio-nanocapsule (BNC)) outwardly displaying a tandem form of protein G-derived IgG Fc-binding domain and protein L-derived IgG Fab-binding domain (GL-BNC). When conjugated with the macrophage-targeting ligand, mouse IgG2a (mIgG2a), the GL-BNC itself, and the liposome-fused GL-BNC (i.e., GL-virosome) spontaneously initiated aggregation by bridging between the Fc-binding domain and Fab-binding domain with mIgG2a. The aggregates were efficiently taken up by macrophages, whereas this was inhibited by latrunculin B, a phagocytosis-specific inhibitor. The mIgG2a-GL-virosome containing doxorubicin exhibited higher cytotoxicity toward macrophages than conventional liposomes and other BNC-based virosomes. Thus, GL-BNCs and GL-virosomes may constitute promising macrophage-targeting and phagocytosis-inducing DDS nanocarriers. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE We have developed a novel macrophage-targeting and phagocytosis-inducing bio-nanocapsule (BNC)-based nanocarrier named GL-BNC, which comprises a hepatitis B virus envelope L particle outwardly displaying protein G-derived IgG Fc- and protein L-derived IgG Fab-binding domains in tandem. The GL-BNC alone or liposome-fused form (GL-virosomes) could spontaneously aggregate when conjugated with macrophage-targeting IgGs, inducing phagocytosis by the interaction between IgG Fc of aggregates and FcγR on phagocytes. Thereby these aggregates were efficiently taken up by macrophages. GL-virosomes containing doxorubicin exhibited higher cytotoxicity towards macrophages than ZZ-virosomes and liposomes. Our results suggested that GL-BNCs and GL-virosomes would serve as promising drug delivery system nanocarriers for targeting delivery to macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
| | - Kenji Tatematsu
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
| | - Masaharu Somiya
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
| | - Masumi Iijima
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
| | - Shun'ichi Kuroda
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan.
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Yuba E, Sakaguchi N, Kanda Y, Miyazaki M, Koiwai K. pH-Responsive Micelle-Based Cytoplasmic Delivery System for Induction of Cellular Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2017; 5:vaccines5040041. [PMID: 29113042 PMCID: PMC5748608 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines5040041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Cytoplasmic delivery of antigens is crucial for the induction of cellular immunity, which is an important immune response for the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. To date, fusogenic protein-incorporated liposomes and pH-responsive polymer-modified liposomes have been used to achieve cytoplasmic delivery of antigen via membrane rupture or fusion with endosomes. However, a more versatile cytoplasmic delivery system is desired for practical use. For this study, we developed pH-responsive micelles composed of dilauroyl phosphatidylcholine (DLPC) and deoxycholic acid and investigated their cytoplasmic delivery performance and immunity-inducing capability. (2) Methods: Interaction of micelles with fluorescence dye-loaded liposomes, intracellular distribution of micelles, and antigenic proteins were observed. Finally, antigen-specific cellular immune response was evaluated in vivo using ELIspot assay. (3) Results: Micelles induced leakage of contents from liposomes via lipid mixing at low pH. Micelles were taken up by dendritic cells mainly via macropinocytosis and delivered ovalbumin (OVA) into the cytosol. After intradermal injection of micelles and OVA, OVA-specific cellular immunity was induced in the spleen. (4) Conclusions: pH-responsive micelles composed of DLPC and deoxycholic acid are promising as enhancers of cytosol delivery of antigens and the induction capability of cellular immunity for the treatment of cancer immunotherapy and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Yuba
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 5998531, Japan.
| | | | - Yuhei Kanda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 5998531, Japan.
| | - Maiko Miyazaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 5998531, Japan.
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Somiya M, Liu Q, Kuroda S. Current Progress of Virus-mimicking Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery. Nanotheranostics 2017; 1:415-429. [PMID: 29188175 PMCID: PMC5704007 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.21723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomedicines often involve the use of nanocarriers as a delivery system for drugs or genes for maximizing the therapeutic effect and/or minimizing the adverse effect. From drug administration to therapeutic activity, nanocarriers must evade the host's immune system, specifically and efficiently target and enter the cell, and release their payload into the cell cytoplasm by endosomal escape. These processes constitute the early infection stage of viruses. Viruses are a powerful natural nanomaterial for the efficient delivery of genetic information by sophisticated mechanisms. Over the past two decades, many virus-inspired nanocarriers have been generated to permit successful drug and gene delivery. In this review, we summarize the early infection machineries of viruses, of which the part has so far been utilized for delivery systems. Furthermore, we describe basics and applications of the bio-nanocapsule, which is a hepatitis B virus-mimicking nanoparticle harboring nearly all activities involved in the early infection machineries (i.e., stealth activity, targeting activity, cell entry activity, endosomal escaping activity).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shun'ichi Kuroda
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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Liu Q, Somiya M, Kuroda S. Elucidation of the early infection machinery of hepatitis B virus by using bio-nanocapsule. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:8489-8496. [PMID: 27784961 PMCID: PMC5064030 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i38.8489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, hepatitis B virus (HBV), upon attaching to human hepatocytes, is considered to interact first with heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) via an antigenic loop of HBV envelope S protein. Then, it is promptly transferred to the sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) via the myristoylated N-terminal sequence of pre-S1 region (from Gly-2 to Gly-48, HBV genotype D), and it finally enters the cell by endocytosis. However, it is not clear how HSPG passes HBV to NTCP and how NTCP contributes to the cellular entry of HBV. Owing to the poor availability and the difficulty of manipulations, including fluorophore encapsulation, it has been nearly impossible to perform biochemical and cytochemical analyses using a substantial amount of HBV. A bio-nanocapsule (BNC), which is a hollow nanoparticle consisting of HBV envelope L protein, was efficiently synthesized in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Since BNC could encapsulate payloads (drugs, genes, proteins) and specifically enter human hepatic cells utilizing HBV-derived infection machinery, it could be used as a model of HBV infection to elucidate the early infection machinery. Recently, it was demonstrated that the N-terminal sequence of pre-S1 region (from Asn-9 to Gly-24) possesses low pH-dependent fusogenic activity, which might play a crucial role in the endosomal escape of BNC payloads and in the uncoating process of HBV. In this minireview, we describe a model in which each domain of the HBV L protein contributes to attachment onto human hepatic cells through HSPG, initiation of endocytosis, interaction with NTCP in endosomes, and consequent provocation of membrane fusion followed by endosomal escape.
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Somiya M, Liu Q, Yoshimoto N, Iijima M, Tatematsu K, Nakai T, Okajima T, Kuroki K, Ueda K, Kuroda S. Cellular uptake of hepatitis B virus envelope L particles is independent of sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide, but dependent on heparan sulfate proteoglycan. Virology 2016; 497:23-32. [PMID: 27420796 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) was recently discovered as a hepatitis B virus (HBV) receptor, however, the detailed mechanism of HBV entry is not yet fully understood. We investigated the cellular entry pathway of HBV using recombinant HBV surface antigen L protein particles (bio-nanocapsules, BNCs). After the modification of L protein in BNCs with myristoyl group, myristoylated BNCs (Myr-BNCs) were found to bind to NTCP in vitro, and inhibit in vitro HBV infection competitively, suggesting that Myr-BNCs share NTCP-dependent infection machinery with HBV. Nevertheless, the cellular entry rates of Myr-BNCs and plasma-derived HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) particles were the same as those of BNCs in NTCP-overexpressing HepG2 cells. Moreover, the cellular entry of these particles was mainly driven by heparan sulfate proteoglycan-mediated endocytosis regardless of NTCP expression. Taken together, cell-surface NTCP may not be involved in the cellular uptake of HBV, while presumably intracellular NTCP plays a critical role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Somiya
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka 567-0047, Japan; Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Qiushi Liu
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka 567-0047, Japan; Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Nobuo Yoshimoto
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Masumi Iijima
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Kenji Tatematsu
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Tadashi Nakai
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Toshihide Okajima
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kuroki
- Central Research Resource Branch, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Keiji Ueda
- Division of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shun'ichi Kuroda
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka 567-0047, Japan; Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
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Mutational analysis of hepatitis B virus pre-S1 (9-24) fusogenic peptide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 474:406-412. [PMID: 27120459 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.04.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A hollow nanoparticle known as a bio-nanocapsule (BNC) consisting of hepatitis B virus (HBV) envelope L protein and liposome (LP) can encapsulate drugs and genes and thereby deliver them in vitro and in vivo to human hepatic tissues, specifically by utilizing the HBV-derived infection machinery. Recently, we identified a low pH-dependent fusogenic domain at the N-terminal part of the pre-S1 region of the HBV L protein (amino acid residues 9 to 24; NPLGFFPDHQLDPAFG), which shows membrane destabilizing activity (i.e., membrane fusion, membrane disruption, and payload release) upon interaction with target LPs. In this study, instead of BNC and HBV, we generated LPs displaying a mutated form of the pre-S1 (9-24) peptide, and performed a membrane disruption assay using target LPs containing pyranine (fluorophore) and p-xylene-bis (N-pyridinium bromide) (DPX) as a quencher. The membrane disruption activity was found to correlate with the hydrophobicity of the whole structure, while the peptide retained a random-coil structure even under low pH condition. One large hydrophobic cluster (I) and one small hydrophobic cluster (II) residing in the peptide would be connected by the protonation of residues D16 and D20, and thereby exhibit strong membrane disruption activity in a low pH-dependent manner. Furthermore, the introduction of a positively charged residue enhanced the activity significantly, suggesting that a sole positively charged residue (H17) may be important for the interaction with target LPs by electrostatic interaction. Collectively, these results suggest that the pre-S1 (9-24) peptide may be involved in the endosomal escape of the BNC's payloads, as well as in the HBV uncoating process.
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Tatematsu K, Iijima M, Yoshimoto N, Nakai T, Okajima T, Kuroda S. Bio-nanocapsules displaying various immunoglobulins as an active targeting-based drug delivery system. Acta Biomater 2016; 35:238-47. [PMID: 26876802 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The bio-nanocapsule (BNC) is an approximately 30-nm particle comprising the hepatitis B virus (HBV) envelope L protein and a lipid bilayer. The L protein harbors the HBV-derived infection machinery; therefore, BNC can encapsulate payloads such as drugs, nucleic acids, and proteins and deliver them into human hepatocytes specifically in vitro and in vivo. To diversify the possible functions of BNC, we generated ZZ-BNC by replacing the domain indispensable for the human hepatotrophic property of BNC (N-terminal region of L protein) with the tandem form of the IgG Fc-binding Z domain of Staphylococcus aureus protein A. Thus, the ZZ-BNC is an active targeting-based drug delivery system (DDS) nanocarrier that depends on the specificity of the IgGs displayed. However, the Z domain limits the animal species and subtypes of IgGs that can be displayed on ZZ-BNC. In this study, we introduced into BNC an Ig κ light chain-binding B1 domain of Finegoldia magna protein L (protein-L B1 domain) and an Ig Fc-binding C2 domain of Streptococcus species protein G (protein-G C2 domain) to produce LG-BNC. The LL-BNC was constructed in a similar way using a tandem form of the protein-L B1 domain. Both LG-BNC and LL-BNC could display rat IgGs, mouse IgG1, human IgG3, and human IgM, all of which not binding to ZZ-BNC, and accumulate in target cells in an antibody specificity-dependent manner. Thus, these BNCs could display a broad spectrum of Igs, significantly improving the prospects for BNCs as active targeting-based DDS nanocarriers. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE We previously reported that ZZ-BNC, bio-nanocapsule deploying the IgG-binding Z domain of protein A, could display cell-specific antibody in an oriented immobilization manner, and act as an active targeting-based DDS nanocarrier. Since the Z domain can only bind to limited types of Igs, we generated BNCs deploying other Ig-binding domains: LL-BNC harboring the tandem form of Ig-binding domain of protein L, and LG-BNC harboring the Ig binding domains of protein L and protein G sequentially. Both BNCs could display a broader spectrum of Igs than does the ZZ-BNC. When these BNCs displayed anti-CD11c IgG or anti-EGFR IgG, both of which cannot bind to Z domain, they could bind to and then enter their respective target cells.
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Somiya M, Kuroda S. Development of a virus-mimicking nanocarrier for drug delivery systems: The bio-nanocapsule. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 95:77-89. [PMID: 26482188 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
As drug delivery systems, nanocarriers should be capable of executing the following functions: evasion of the host immune system, targeting to the diseased site, entering cells, escaping from endosomes, and releasing payloads into the cytoplasm. Since viruses perform some or all of these functions, they are considered naturally occurring nanocarriers. To achieve biomimicry of the hepatitis B virus (HBV), we generated the "bio-nanocapsule" (BNC)-which deploys the human hepatocyte-targeting domain, fusogenic domain, and polymerized-albumin receptor domain of HBV envelope L protein on its surface-by overexpressing the L protein in yeast cells. BNCs are capable of delivering various payloads to the cytoplasm of human hepatic cells specifically in vivo, which is achieved via formation of complexes with various materials (e.g., drugs, nucleic acids, and proteins) by electroporation, fusion with liposomes, or chemical modification. In this review, we describe BNC-related technology, discuss retargeting strategies for BNCs, and outline other virus-inspired nanocarriers.
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Liu Q, Jung J, Somiya M, Iijima M, Yoshimoto N, Niimi T, Maturana AD, Shin SH, Jeong SY, Choi EK, Kuroda S. Virosomes of hepatitis B virus envelope L proteins containing doxorubicin: synergistic enhancement of human liver-specific antitumor growth activity by radiotherapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:4159-72. [PMID: 26203243 PMCID: PMC4487236 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s84295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bionanocapsules (BNCs) are hollow nanoparticles consisting of hepatitis B virus (HBV) envelope L proteins and have been shown to deliver drugs and genes specifically to human hepatic tissues by utilizing HBV-derived infection machinery. The complex of BNCs with liposomes (LPs), the BNC-LP complexes (a LP surrounded by BNCs in a rugged spherical form), could also become active targeting nanocarriers by the BNC function. In this study, under acidic conditions and high temperature, BNCs were found to fully fuse with LPs (smooth-surfaced spherical form), deploying L proteins with a membrane topology similar to that of BNCs (ie, virosomes displaying L proteins). Doxorubicin (DOX) was efficiently encapsulated via the remote loading method at 14.2%±1.0% of total lipid weight (mean ± SD, n=3), with a capsule size of 118.2±4.7 nm and a ζ-potential of -51.1±1.0 mV (mean ± SD, n=5). When mammalian cells were exposed to the virosomes, the virosomes showed strong cytotoxicity in human hepatic cells (target cells of BNCs), but not in human colon cancer cells (nontarget cells of BNCs), whereas LPs containing DOX and DOXOVES (structurally stabilized PEGylated LPs containing DOX) did not show strong cytotoxicity in either cell type. Furthermore, the virosomes preferentially delivered DOX to the nuclei of human hepatic cells. Xenograft mice harboring either target or nontarget cell-derived tumors were injected twice intravenously with the virosomes containing DOX at a low dose (2.3 mg/kg as DOX, 5 days interval). The growth of target cell-derived tumors was retarded effectively and specifically. Next, the combination of high dose (10.0 mg/kg as DOX, once) with tumor-specific radiotherapy (3 Gy, once after 2 hours) exhibited the most effective antitumor growth activity in mice harboring target cell-derived tumors. These results demonstrated that the HBV-based virosomes containing DOX could be an effective antitumor nanomedicine specific to human hepatic tissues, especially in combination with radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushi Liu
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Joohee Jung
- Institute for Innovative Cancer Research, ASAN Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Masaharu Somiya
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masumi Iijima
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nobuo Yoshimoto
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Niimi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Andrés D Maturana
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Seol Hwa Shin
- Institute for Innovative Cancer Research, ASAN Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, ASAN Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Yun Jeong
- Institute for Innovative Cancer Research, ASAN Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, ASAN Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Choi
- Institute for Innovative Cancer Research, ASAN Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiation Oncology, ASAN Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Development and Commercialization of Anti-Cancer Therapeutics, ASAN Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shun’ichi Kuroda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Japan
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Intracellular trafficking of bio-nanocapsule-liposome complex: Identification of fusogenic activity in the pre-S1 region of hepatitis B virus surface antigen L protein. J Control Release 2015; 212:10-8. [PMID: 26074149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bio-nanocapsules (BNCs) are a hollow nanoparticle consisting of about 100-nm liposome (LP) embedding about 110 molecules of hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg) L protein as a transmembrane protein. Owing to the human hepatocyte-recognizing domains on the N-terminal region (pre-S1 region), BNCs have recently been shown to attach and enter into human hepatic cells using the early infection mechanism of HBV. Since BNCs could form a complex with an LP containing various drugs and genes, BNC-LP complexes have been used as a human hepatic cell-specific drug and gene-delivery system in vitro and in vivo. However, the role of BNCs in cell entry and intracellular trafficking of payloads in BNC-LP complexes has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we demonstrate that low pH-dependent fusogenic activity resides in the N-terminal part of pre-S1 region (NPLGFFPDHQLDPAFG), of which the first FF residues are essential for the activity, and which facilitates membrane fusion between LPs in vitro. Moreover, BNC-LP complexes can bind human hepatic cells specifically, enter into the cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis, and release their payloads mostly into the cytoplasm. Taken together, the BNC portion of BNC-LP complexes can induce membrane fusion between LPs and endosomal membranes under low pH conditions, and thereby facilitate the endosomal escape of payloads. Furthermore, the fusogenic domain of the pre-S1 region of HBsAg L protein may play a pivotal role in the intracellular trafficking of not only BNC-LP complexes but also of HBV.
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Zhang E, Fu A. A new strategy for specific imaging of neural cells based on peptide-conjugated gold nanoclusters. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:2115-24. [PMID: 25834429 PMCID: PMC4370942 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s78554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the significant progress in molecular imaging technologies that has been made in recent years, the specific detection of neural cells still remains challenging. Here, we suggest the use of gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) modified with a brain-targeting peptide as a potential imaging candidate for detecting neural cells in vitro and in mice. AuNCs of less than 10 nm (dynamic light scattering analysis) were first prepared using the "green" synthetic approach, and then a targeting peptide, rabies virus glycoprotein derived peptide (RDP), was conjugated to the AuNCs for improving the efficiency and specificity of neural cell penetration. The conjugate's mechanism of cellular attachment and entry into neural cells was suggested to be receptor-mediated endocytosis through clathrin-coated pits. Also, noninvasive imaging analysis and animal studies indicated that the RDP-modified nanoclusters could concentrate in the brain and locate in neural cells. This study suggests the feasibility of using targeting peptide-modified nanoclusters for noninvasive imaging brain cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enqi Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ailing Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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Shen L, Zhou J, Wang Y, Kang N, Ke X, Bi S, Ren L. Efficient encapsulation of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles into genetically engineered hepatitis B core virus-like particles through a specific interaction for potential bioapplications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:1190-1196. [PMID: 25155647 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201401952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly of viral coating proteins encapsulating functional nanoparticles provides a new class of biomaterials with robust chemical and physical properties for potential applications in functional imaging, and therapeutic or diagnostic agent delivery. Herein, a straightforward method is demonstrated for efficient encapsidation of magnetic nanoparticles into the engineered virus-like particle (VLP) through the affinity of histidine tags for the nickel- nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) chelate. Monodispersed, uniformly sized, magnetic core-containing VLPs are obtained at high efficiency (>85%) and used as the cellular T2 contrast agents for MR imaging applications thanks to their biocompatibility, higher cellular uptake, as well as higher r2 values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Shen
- Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P.R. China
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Zhang Q, Zhang X, Chen T, Wang X, Fu Y, Jin Y, Sun X, Gong T, Zhang Z. A safe and efficient hepatocyte-selective carrier system based on myristoylated preS1/21-47 domain of hepatitis B virus. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:9298-9310. [PMID: 25945919 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr04730c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A safe and efficient liver targeted PEGylated liposome (PEG-Lip) based on N-terminal myristoylated preS1/21-47 (preS1/21-47(myr)) of hepatitis B virus was successfully developed. The study aimed to elucidate the cellular uptake mechanism of preS1/21-47(myr) modified PEG-Lip (preS1/21-47(myr)-PEG-Lip) in hepatogenic cells and the distribution behavior of preS1/21-47(myr)-PEG-Lip in Vr:CD1 (ICR) mice. The cellular uptake results showed that preS1/21-47(myr)-PEG-Lip was effectively taken up by hepatogenic cells (including primary hepatocytes and liver tumor cells) through a receptor-mediated endocytosis pathway compared with non-hepatogenic cells. After systemic administration to H22 hepatoma-bearing mice, preS1/21-47(myr)-PEG-Lip showed significant liver-specific delivery and an increase in the distribution of preS1/21-47(myr)-PEG-Lip in hepatic tumor. Furthermore, the antitumor effect of preS1/21-47(myr)-PEG-Lip loaded with paclitaxel (PTX) was remarkably stronger than that of PTX injection and PTX loaded liposomes (including common liposomes and PEG-Lip). In safety evaluation, no acute systemic toxicity and immunotoxicity were observed after intravenous injection of preS1/21-47(myr)-PEG-Lip. No liver toxicity was observed despite the dramatic increase of preS1/21-47(myr)-PEG-Lip in liver. Taken together, preS1/21-47(myr)-PEG-Lip represents a promising carrier system for targeted liver disease therapy and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Hepatitis B virus preS1-derived lipopeptide functionalized liposomes for targeting of hepatic cells. Biomaterials 2014; 35:6130-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Matsuo H, Yoshimoto N, Iijima M, Niimi T, Jung J, Jeong SY, Choi EK, Sewaki T, Arakawa T, Kuroda S. Engineered hepatitis B virus surface antigen L protein particles for in vivo active targeting of splenic dendritic cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:3341-50. [PMID: 22848163 PMCID: PMC3405891 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s32813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are key regulators of adaptive T-cell responses. By capturing exogenous antigens and presenting antigen-derived peptides via major histocompatibility complex molecules to naïve T cells, DCs induce antigen-specific immune responses in vivo. In order to induce effective host immune responses, active delivery of exogenous antigens to DCs is considered important for future vaccine development. We recently generated bionanocapsules (BNCs) consisting of hepatitis B virus surface antigens that mediate stringent in vivo cell targeting and efficient endosomal escape, and after the fusion with liposomes (LP) containing therapeutic materials, the BNC-LP complexes deliver them to human liver-derived tissues in vivo. BNCs were further modified to present the immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc-interacting domain (Z domain) derived from Staphylococcus aureus protein A in tandem. When mixed with IgGs, modified BNCs (ZZ-BNCs) displayed the IgG Fv regions outwardly for efficient binding to antigens in an oriented-immobilization manner. Due to the affinity of the displayed IgGs, the IgG-ZZ-BNC complexes accumulated in specific cells and tissues in vitro and in vivo. After mixing ZZ-BNCs with antibodies against DCs, we used immunocytochemistry to examine which antibodies delivered ZZ-BNCs to mouse splenic DCs following intravenous injection of the ZZ-BNCs. ZZ-BNCs displaying anti-CD11c monoclonal antibodies (α-CD11c-ZZ-BNCs) were found to accumulate with approximately 62% of splenic DCs, and reside within some of them. After the fusion with liposomes containing antigens, the α-CD11c-ZZ-BNCs could elicit the respective antibodies more efficiently than other nontargeting control vaccines, suggesting that this DC-specific nanocarrier is promising for future vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Matsuo
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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