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Carretta A, Moscardini A, Signore G, Debellis D, Catalano F, Marotta R, Palmieri V, Tedeschi G, Scipioni L, Pozzi D, Caracciolo G, Beltram F, Cardarelli F. The supramolecular processing of liposomal doxorubicin hinders its therapeutic efficacy in cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY. ONCOLOGY 2024; 32:200836. [PMID: 39050990 PMCID: PMC11268116 DOI: 10.1016/j.omton.2024.200836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The successful trajectory of liposome-encapsulated doxorubicin (e.g., Doxil, which has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration) as an anticancer nanodrug in clinical applications is contradicted by in vitro cell viability data that highlight its reduced efficacy in promoting cell death compared with non-encapsulated doxorubicin. No reports to date have provided a mechanistic explanation for this apparently discordant evidence. Taking advantage of doxorubicin intrinsic fluorescence and time-resolved optical microscopy, we analyze the uptake and intracellular processing of liposome-encapsulated doxorubicin (L-DOX) in several in vitro cellular models. Cell entry of L-DOX was found to lead to a rapid (seconds to minutes), energy- and temperature-independent release of crystallized doxorubicin nanorods into the cell cytoplasm, which then disassemble into a pool of fibril-shaped derivatives capable of crossing the cellular membrane while simultaneously releasing active drug monomers. Thus, a steady state is rapidly established in which the continuous supply of crystal nanorods from incoming liposomes is counteracted by a concentration-guided efflux in the extracellular medium of fibril-shaped derivatives and active drug monomers. These results demonstrate that liposome-mediated delivery is constitutively less efficient than isolated drug in establishing favorable conditions for drug retention in the cell. In addition to explaining previous contradictory evidence, present results impose careful rethinking of the synthetic identity of encapsulated anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Carretta
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Laboratorio NEST, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Aldo Moscardini
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Laboratorio NEST, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Signore
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via San Zeno 51, 56123 Pisa, Italy
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Doriana Debellis
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Federico Catalano
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Roberto Marotta
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Valentina Palmieri
- Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi ISC CNR, Via dei Taurini 19, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Tedeschi
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Lorenzo Scipioni
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Pozzi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Caracciolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Beltram
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Laboratorio NEST, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Cardarelli
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Laboratorio NEST, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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2
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Jayaraj S, Jiang W, Mudalige T. An Automated Capillary Electrophoresis Based Method for Drug Release Profiling of Liposomal Doxorubicin. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:1088-1093. [PMID: 38135054 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Liposomal doxorubicin hydrochloride is an antineoplastic agent widely used against human cancers. The data from in vitro drug release test (IVRT) is essential for quality and/or bioequivalence evaluation in drug approval and post-approval regulation of liposomal drug products. However, most of the currently available IVRT methods for liposomal doxorubicin hydrochloride have experimental deficiencies associated with liposomal rupture during the separation process which is needed for selective quantification of released drug from liposomal-bound drug. In addition, many of the methods are time consuming, requiring bulk quantities of liposomal drug product, and lack of automation. We have developed a selective, sensitive, and automated capillary electrophoresis (CE)-based IVRT method, measuring released doxorubicin without additional sampling and separation steps. This method requires a small volume of sample compared to currently available methods. The IVRT release study with liposomal doxorubicin was conducted at different temperatures and pH conditions. It was observed that the release profiles obtained for five formulations including the reference listed drug were similar at pH 6.50 and 47.0 °C. The drug release increased with the increase of media pH and temperature. Complete doxorubicin release (100 %) was obtained in 7 h at pH 6.50 and 47.0 °C, and in less than 3 h at pH 6.50 and 52.0 °C. This CE-based method can be extended for determination of the IVRT profiling of other liposomal drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savithra Jayaraj
- Arkansas Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Science, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Wenlei Jiang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Thilak Mudalige
- Arkansas Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Science, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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3
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Yurtsever F, Jiang W, Mudalige T. An Automated Electroanalytical Method for the Drug Release Profiling of Liposomal Doxorubicin HCl Formulations. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:791-797. [PMID: 38072115 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Liposomes have emerged as a drug delivery system for various chemotherapeutics providing enhanced bioavailability and reduced toxicity. In vitro drug release profiling of liposomal formulations is one of the essential tests for the premarket approval and post market quality control. We developed an automated electroanalytical method for drug release profiling of liposomal doxorubicin formulation. In this electroanalytical method, square wave voltammetry mode was selected to determine the released drug, the only redox-active analyte, by measuring the current at the pulsed potential ranges. Therefore, no separation from liposomal encapsulated doxorubicin is needed. This electroanalytical method provided a continuous drug release measurement for 24 h. The drug release increased as the release media pH and temperature increased. At 37 °C, the drug release increased from 7 % to 40 % when the pH increased from 5.5 to 7.4, In addition, at pH 6.5, as the temperature increased from 37 °C to 52 °C, total drug release increased by more than two-fold. Complete drug release (more than 80 %) was obtained at pH 6.5 and 52 °C in less than 3 h. The brand name and the two generic formulations showed similar drug release profile in all experimental conditions. This method is an alternative to traditional methods which require separation steps such as dialysis or solid phase extraction to quantitate released doxorubicin. This method may be further applied in the in vitro release testing of other liposomal formulations containing redox-active drug substances, e.g., liposomes encapsulating daunorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Yurtsever
- Arkansas Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Wenlei Jiang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
| | - Thilak Mudalige
- Arkansas Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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4
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Pickering AJ, Lamson NG, Marand MH, Hwang W, Straehla JP, Hammond PT. Layer-by-Layer Polymer Functionalization Improves Nanoparticle Penetration and Glioblastoma Targeting in the Brain. ACS NANO 2023; 17:24154-24169. [PMID: 37992211 PMCID: PMC10964212 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is characterized by diffuse infiltration into surrounding healthy brain tissues, which makes it challenging to treat. Complete surgical resection is often impossible, and systemically delivered drugs cannot achieve adequate tumor exposure to prevent local recurrence. Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) offers a method for administering therapeutics directly into brain tumor tissue, but its impact has been limited by rapid clearance and off-target cellular uptake. Nanoparticle (NP) encapsulation presents a promising strategy for extending the retention time of locally delivered therapies while specifically targeting glioblastoma cells. However, the brain's extracellular structure poses challenges for NP distribution due to its narrow, tortuous pores and a harsh ionic environment. In this study, we investigated the impact of NP surface chemistry using layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly to design drug carriers for broad spatial distribution in brain tissue and specific glioblastoma cell targeting. We found that poly-l-glutamate and hyaluronate were effective surface chemistries for targeting glioblastoma cells in vitro. Coadsorbing either polymer with a small fraction of PEGylated polyelectrolytes improved the colloidal stability without sacrificing cancer cell selectivity. Following CED in vivo, gadolinium-functionalized LbL NPs enabled MRI visualization and exhibited a distribution volume up to three times larger than liposomes and doubled the retention half-time up to 13.5 days. Flow cytometric analysis of CED-treated murine orthotopic brain tumors indicated greater cancer cell uptake and reduced healthy cell uptake for LbL NPs compared to nonfunctionalized liposomes. The distinct cellular outcomes for different colayered LbL NPs provide opportunities to tailor this modular delivery system for various therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Pickering
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Nicholas G. Lamson
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Michael H. Marand
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Wei Hwang
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Joelle P. Straehla
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Paula T. Hammond
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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5
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Zhao Z, Fang L, Xiao P, Sun X, Zhou L, Liu X, Wang J, Wang G, Cao H, Zhang P, Jiang Y, Wang D, Li Y. Walking Dead Tumor Cells for Targeted Drug Delivery Against Lung Metastasis of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2205462. [PMID: 35759925 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202205462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lung metastasis is challenging in patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Surgery is always not available due to the dissemination of metastatic foci and most drugs are powerless because of poor retention at metastatic sites. TNBC cells generate an inflamed microenvironment and overexpress adhesive molecules to promote invasion and colonization. Herein, "walking dead" TNBC cells are developed through conjugating anti-PD-1 (programmed death protein 1 inhibitor) and doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded liposomes onto cell corpses for temporal chemo-immunotherapy against lung metastasis. The walking dead TNBC cells maintain plenary tumor antigens to conduct vaccination effects. Anti-PD-1 antibodies are conjugated to cell corpses via reduction-activated linker, and DOX-loaded liposomes are attached by maleimide-thiol coupling. This anchor strategy enables rapid release of anti-PD-1 upon reduction conditions while long-lasting release of DOX at inflamed metastatic sites. The walking dead TNBC cells improve pulmonary accumulation and local retention of drugs, reprogram the lung microenvironment through damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and PD-1 blockade, and prolong overall survival of lung metastatic 4T1 and EMT6-bearing mice. Taking advantage of the walking dead TNBC cells for pulmonary preferred delivery of chemotherapeutics and checkpoint inhibitors, this study suggests an alternative treatment option of chemo-immunotherapy to augment the efficacy against lung metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong, 264000, China
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ping Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiangshi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiaochen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Guanru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Haiqiang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong, 264000, China
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Dangge Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong, 264000, China
| | - Yaping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Shangdong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Shandong, 264000, China
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6
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Zagalo DM, Simões S, Sousa J. Regulatory Science Approach in Pharmaceutical Development of Follow-On Versions of Non-Biological Complex Drug Products. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2687-2713. [PMID: 35901943 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Scientific and technological breakthroughs in the field of Nanotechnology have been a driving force throughout the development and approval of Non-Biological Complex Drugs (NBCDs). However, the fast-growing expansion of NBCDs and the emergence of their follow-on versions have brought with them several scientific, technological, and regulatory challenges. The definition of NBCDs is still not officially recognized by the regulatory authorities, and there is no dedicated regulatory pathway addressing the particular features of NBCDs and their follow-on versions. The lack of clear and consistent regulatory guidance documents in this field, as well as, the inconsistency across different regulatory agencies, impact negatively on the acceptance and enormous potential of these drug products. Patient access to high-quality NBCDs follow-on versions may be compromised by regulatory uncertainty resulting from the use of different regulatory approaches across the globe, as well as within the same class of products. Accordingly, there is a real need to develop a specific regulatory pathway compliant with the complexity of NBCDs and their follow-on versions or, alternatively, make better use of available regulatory pathways. The main goal of the review is to deeply investigate and provide a critical overview of the regulatory landscape of NBCDs and follow-on versions currently adopted by the regulatory authorities. The dissemination of knowledge and discussion in this field can contribute to clarifying regulations, policies, and regulatory approaches to complex generics, thereby filling regulatory and scientific gaps in the establishment of therapeutic equivalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela M Zagalo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Bluepharma - Indústria Farmacêutica, São Martinho do Bispo, 3045-016 Coimbra, Portugal..
| | - Sérgio Simões
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Bluepharma - Indústria Farmacêutica, São Martinho do Bispo, 3045-016 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Sousa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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7
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Ghosh S, Mishra P, Banerjee S, Maiti K, Khopade A, Misra A, Sawant K, Bhowmick S. Exploration of the cardinal formulation parameters influencing the encapsulation and physicochemical properties of co-loaded anticancer dual drug nanoliposomes. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Versatile Encapsulation and Synthesis of Potent Liposomes by Thermal Equilibration. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12030319. [PMID: 35323794 PMCID: PMC8954264 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12030319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The wide-scale use of liposomal delivery systems is challenged by difficulties in obtaining potent liposomal suspensions. Passive and active loading strategies have been proposed to formulate drug encapsulated liposomes but are limited by low efficiencies (passive) or high drug specificities (active). Here, we present an efficient and universal loading strategy for synthesizing therapeutic liposomes. Integrating a thermal equilibration technique with our unique liposome synthesis approach, co-loaded targeting nanovesicles can be engineered in a scalable manner with potencies 200-fold higher than typical passive encapsulation techniques. We demonstrate this capability through simultaneous co-loading of hydrophilic and hydrophobic small molecules and targeted delivery of liposomal Doxorubicin to metastatic breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Molecular dynamic simulations are used to explain interactions between Doxorubicin and liposome membrane during thermal equilibration. By addressing the existing challenges, we have developed an unparalleled approach that will facilitate the formulation of novel theranostic and pharmaceutical strategies.
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9
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Mast MP, Modh H, Champanhac C, Wang JW, Storm G, Krämer J, Mailänder V, Pastorin G, Wacker MG. Nanomedicine at the crossroads - A quick guide for IVIVC. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 179:113829. [PMID: 34174332 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
For many years, nanomedicine is pushing the boundaries of drug delivery. When applying these novel therapeutics, safety considerations are not only a key concern when entering clinical trials but also an important decision point in product development. Standing at the crossroads, nanomedicine may be able to escape the niche markets and achieve wider acceptance by the pharmaceutical industry. While there is a new generation of drug delivery systems, the extracellular vesicles, standing on the starting line, unresolved issues and new challenges emerge from their translation from bench to bedside. Some key features of injectable nanomedicines contribute to the predictability of the pharmacological and toxicological effects. So far, only a few of the physicochemical attributes of nanomedicines can be justified by a direct mathematical relationship between the in vitro and the in vivo responses. To further develop extracellular vesicles as drug carriers, we have to learn from more than 40 years of clinical experience in liposomal delivery and pass on this knowledge to the next generation. Our quick guide discusses relationships between physicochemical characteristics and the in vivo response, commonly referred to as in vitro-in vivo correlation. Further, we highlight the key role of computational methods, lay open current knowledge gaps, and question the established design strategies. Has the recent progress improved the predictability of targeted delivery or do we need another change in perspective?
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10
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Bian J, Girotti J, Fan Y, Levy ES, Zang N, Sethuraman V, Kou P, Zhang K, Gruenhagen J, Lin J. Fast and versatile analysis of liposome encapsulation efficiency by nanoParticle exclusion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1662:462688. [PMID: 34915190 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Liposomes are an attractive drug delivery platform for a wide variety of pharmaceutical molecules. Encapsulation efficiency, which refers to the amount of drug contained inside liposomes compared with the total amount of drug, is a critical quality attribute of liposome products, as the free drug in a liposomal formulation may cause toxicity or undesired biodistribution. The determination of encapsulation efficiency requires the measurement of at least two of the three drug populations: total drug, encapsulated drug and free drug. However, direct measurement of the encapsulated drug and free drug remains a challenging analytical task. Nanoparticle exclusion chromatography (nPEC), an emerging high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique, has shown great potential in separating and quantifying the free drug in liposomal formulations. In this study, nPEC was systematically evaluated for two representative liposomal formulations containing either hydrophilic or hydrophobic small molecule drugs. It is reported for the first time that the insoluble free drug suspended in the aqueous formulation can be directly measured by nPEC. This free drug in the suspension sample was quantified with excellent accuracy and precision. On the other hand, the total drug measurement from dissociated liposomes was confirmed by the benchmark methodology of reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC). The facile quantitation of free and total drug in the liposome formulation enables the fast and accurate determination of the encapsulation efficiency, which can be used to guide the formulation development and characterize the product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Bian
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - James Girotti
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Yuchen Fan
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Levy
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Nanzhi Zang
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Vijay Sethuraman
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ponien Kou
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Kelly Zhang
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jason Gruenhagen
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jessica Lin
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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11
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Pakdaman Goli P, Bikhof Torbati M, Parivar K, Akbarzadeh Khiavi A, Yousefi M. Preparation and evaluation of gemcitabin and cisplatin-entrapped Folate-PEGylated liposomes as targeting co-drug delivery system in cancer therapy. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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12
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Wren S, Collins L, Hughes LP, Jones I. Measuring the rate of in-vitro drug release from polymeric nanoparticles by 19F solution state NMR spectroscopy. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3546-3549. [PMID: 34400184 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We report what we believe is the first use of 19F NMR spectroscopy to directly measure in-vitro release (IVR) from polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs). Using 19F NMR we selectively measured IVR of AZD2811 from PNPs. Due to rapid nuclear relaxation in solid-like environments only AZD2811 in solution is detected, and physical separation from the PNPs isn't required. The NMR approach and ultra-centrifugation/UHPLC were shown to be equivalent. The selectivity of 19F NMR means it is readily applied to complex IVR media such as recombinant human serum albumin (rHSA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Wren
- New Modalities and Parenterals Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK.
| | - Laura Collins
- New Modalities and Parenterals Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Leslie P Hughes
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Ian Jones
- New Modalities and Parenterals Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
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13
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Sawaftah NA, Paul V, Awad N, Husseini GA. Modeling of Anti-cancer Drug Release Kinetics from Liposomes and Micelles: A review. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2021; 20:565-576. [PMID: 34270430 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2021.3097909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nanocarriers, such as liposomes and micelles, were developed to enhance the delivery of therapeutic drugs to malignant tissues. Internal or external stimuli can be applied to achieve spatiotemporal controlled release from these carriers. This will result in enhancing their therapeutic efficacy while reducing toxicity. Mathematical modeling is used to simulate drug release from nanocarriers; this will facilitate and optimize the development and design of desirable nanocarriers in a systematic manner, rather than a trial-and-error approach. This review summarizes nine mathematical models often used to simulate drug release from nanocarriers and reviews studies which employed these models to simulate drug release from conventional as well as temperature-, pH-, and ultrasound-triggered micelles and liposomes.
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14
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Exploring the Interplay between Drug Release and Targeting of Lipid-Like Polymer Nanoparticles Loaded with Doxorubicin. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040831. [PMID: 33562687 PMCID: PMC7915178 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted delivery of doxorubicin still poses a challenge with regards to the quantities reaching the target site as well as the specificity of the uptake. In the present approach, two colloidal nanocarrier systems, NanoCore-6.4 and NanoCore-7.4, loaded with doxorubicin and characterized by different drug release behaviors were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The nanoparticles utilize a specific surface design to modulate the lipid corona by attracting blood-borne apolipoproteins involved in the endogenous transport of chylomicrons across the blood–brain barrier. When applying this strategy, the fine balance between drug release and carrier accumulation is responsible for targeted delivery. Drug release experiments in an aqueous medium resulted in a difference in drug release of approximately 20%, while a 10% difference was found in human serum. This difference affected the partitioning of doxorubicin in human blood and was reflected by the outcome of the pharmacokinetic study in rats. For the fast-releasing formulation NanoCore-6.4, the AUC0→1h was significantly lower (2999.1 ng × h/mL) than the one of NanoCore-7.4 (3589.5 ng × h/mL). A compartmental analysis using the physiologically-based nanocarrier biopharmaceutics model indicated a significant difference in the release behavior and targeting capability. A fraction of approximately 7.310–7.615% of NanoCore-7.4 was available for drug targeting, while for NanoCore-6.4 only 5.740–6.057% of the injected doxorubicin was accumulated. Although the targeting capabilities indicate bioequivalent behavior, they provide evidence for the quality-by-design approach followed in formulation development.
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15
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Ghosh S, Lalani R, Maiti K, Banerjee S, Patel V, Bhowmick S, Misra A. Optimization and efficacy study of synergistic vincristine coloaded liposomal doxorubicin against breast and lung cancer. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2020; 15:2585-2607. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To improve the efficacy of poly-ethylene glycol (PEG)ylated liposomes coloaded with doxorubicin and vincristine against triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: The combinatorial index of the drugs was established using the Chou-Talalay method in MDA-MB-231 and A549 cell lines. The most effective ratio was co-encapsulated in factorial design optimized nanoliposomes which were characterized for similarity to clinical standard and evaluated in vitro and in vivo for therapeutic efficacy. Results & conclusion: The formulation exhibited more than 95% co-encapsulation, a size of 95.74 ± 2.65 nm and zeta potential of -9.17 ± 1.19 mV while having no significant differences in physicochemical and biochemical characteristics as compared with the clinical standard. Efficacy evaluation studies showed significantly improved cytotoxicity and tumor regression compared with liposomal doxorubicin indicating improvement in efficacy against TNBC and NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat - 390001, India
- Formulation Research & Development Department, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Vadodara, Gujarat-390012, India
| | - Rohan Lalani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat - 390001, India
| | - Kuntal Maiti
- Formulation Research & Development Department, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Vadodara, Gujarat-390012, India
| | - Shubhadeep Banerjee
- Formulation Research & Development Department, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Vadodara, Gujarat-390012, India
| | - Vivek Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat - 390001, India
| | - Subhas Bhowmick
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat - 390001, India
- Formulation Research & Development Department, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Vadodara, Gujarat-390012, India
| | - Ambikanandan Misra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat - 390001, India
- Pharmaceutical Research, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS University, VL Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra - 400 056, Maharashtra India
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16
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Petralito S, Paolicelli P, Nardoni M, Tedesco A, Trilli J, Di Muzio L, Cesa S, Casadei MA, Adrover A. Gelation of the internal core of liposomes as a strategy for stabilization and modified drug delivery II. Theoretical analysis and modelling of in-vitro release experiments. Int J Pharm 2020; 585:119471. [PMID: 32479896 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PEG-DMA was incorporated in unilamellar liposomes. PEG-DMA crosslinking by photo-induced radical reaction transforms the liquid aqueous core of the liposome into a hydrogel. The molecular weight of PEG-DMA significantly influences both structural and release properties of these hybrid nanosystems, by affecting both membrane permeability and diffusional properties of the inner core. Release studies of 5-(6) carboxyfluorescein from Conventional Liposomes (CL) and Gel-in-Liposome (GiL) systems were carried out in a vertical Franz Diffusion Cell. A detailed transport model is proposed, aimed at describing the entire drug diffusive pathway from the vesicles' inner core, through the double-layer membrane, into the buffer solution in the donor chamber of the Franz Cell and from there to the receptor chamber, where withdrawals are performed to evaluate the released drug concentration. The model permits to give a quantitative estimate of the diffusional resistances offered by the inner core (liquid or gelled) and by the double-layer membrane for CLs and different GiLs systems. The theoretical analysis of experimental release data strongly supports the basic assumption that, by varying the molecular weight of PEG-DMA, a different arrangement of the polymer within the liposomal structure and a different interaction with the membrane occur. PEG750-DMA decreases the transport resistance of the double layer membrane with respect to CLs, while PEG4000-DMA plays the opposite role. After gelation of the internal core, the diffusional resistance to drug transport inside GiLs becomes controlling, thus significantly slowing down drug release from these systems. Therefore, the combination of PEG-DMA with phospholipid vesicles appears an interesting strategy to develop sustained drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Petralito
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Paolicelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Martina Nardoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Tedesco
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, Materiali e Ambiente, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Jordan Trilli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Di Muzio
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Cesa
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Casadei
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Adrover
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, Materiali e Ambiente, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy
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17
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Al-Attar T, Madihally SV. Recent advances in the combination delivery of drug for leukemia and other cancers. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:213-223. [PMID: 31937127 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1715938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Combination therapy has been explored for its potential to reduce or eliminate multidrug resistance in treating different types of cancer including leukemia. Nutraceutical, small molecular drugs, and small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) are some of the effective drugs. In order to avoid off-site targeting, reduce the dosage required, and increase the half-life of the drug in the circulation system, drug delivery vehicles, such as nanoparticles and microfibers have been explored.Areas covered: This review summarizes various therapies utilized in treating leukemia based on their effectiveness in inducing protein inhibition and/or apoptosis. In particular, treatment effectiveness using combination therapy using various devices is addressed. Recently explored drug delivery methods are reviewed, providing examples and their applications in cancer treatment. The drug listing, delivery systems classifications, along with the general modeling approach in this review, provide, to a full extent, a basis for cancer drug delivery future studies.Expert opinion: The reviewer's opinion tackles the potential of using a multi-delivery system to deliver multiple drugs, providing better control upon drug release and targeting. Both local and systemic delivery are considered and explored for their potential targets. Researchers are advised to pre-consider all aspects associated with their desired delivery method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thikrayat Al-Attar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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18
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Khatib I, Tang P, Ruan J, Cipolla D, Dayton F, Blanchard JD, Chan HK. Formation of ciprofloxacin nanocrystals within liposomes by spray drying for controlled release via inhalation. Int J Pharm 2020; 578:119045. [PMID: 31981702 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to harness spray drying technology as a novel method of producing Ciprofloxacin nanocrystals inside liposomes (CNL) for inhalation delivery. Liposomal ciprofloxacin dispersions were spray dried with sucrose as a lyoprotectant in different mass ratios (0.5:1, 1:1 and 2:1 sucrose to lipids), along with 2% w/w magnesium stearate and 5% w/w isoleucine as aerosolization enhancers. Spray drying conditions were: inlet air temperature 50 °C, outlet air temperature 33-35 °C, atomizer rate 742 L/h and aspirator 35 m3/h. After spray drying, the formation of ciprofloxacin nanocrystals inside the liposomes was confirmed by cryo- transmission electron microscopy. The physiochemical characteristics of the spray dried powder (particle size, morphology, crystallinity, moisture content, drug encapsulation efficiency (EE), in vitro aerosolization performance and drug release) were determined. The EE of the liposomes was found to vary between 44 and 87% w/w as the sucrose content was increased from 25 to 57% w/w. The powders contained partially crystalline particles with a volume median diameter of ~1 µm. The powders had low water content (~2% wt.) and were stable at high relative humidity. Aerosol delivery using the Osmohaler® inhaler at a flow rate of 100 L/min produced an aerosol fine particle fraction (% wt. <5 µm) of 58-64%. The formulation with the highest sucrose content (2:1 w/w sucrose to lipid) demonstrated extended ciprofloxacin release from liposomes (80% released within 7 h) in comparison to the original liquid formulation (80% released within 2 h). In conclusion, a stable and inhalable CNL powder with controlled drug release was successfully prepared by spray drying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isra Khatib
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Patricia Tang
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Juanfang Ruan
- Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Hak-Kim Chan
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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19
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Wang Y, Grainger DW. Lyophilized liposome-based parenteral drug development: Reviewing complex product design strategies and current regulatory environments. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 151-152:56-71. [PMID: 30898571 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Given the successful entry of several liposomal drug products into market, and some with decades of clinical efficacy, liposomal drug delivery systems have proven capabilities to overcome certain limitations of traditional drug delivery, especially for toxic and biologic drugs. This experience has helped promote new liposomal approaches to emerging drug classes and current therapeutic challenges. All approved liposomal dosage forms are parenteral formulations, a pathway demonstrating greatest safety and efficacy to date. Due to the intrinsic instability of aqueous liposomal dispersions, lyophilization is commonly applied as an important solution to improve liposomal drug stability, and facilitate transportation, storage and improve product shelf-life. While lyophilization is a mature pharmaceutical technology, liposome-specific lyophilization platforms must be developed using particular lyophilization experience and strategies. This review provides an overview of liposome formulation-specific lyophilization approaches for parenteral use, excipients used exclusively in liposomal parenteral products, lyophilized liposome formulation design and process development, long-term storage, and current regulatory guidance for liposome drug products. Readers should capture a comprehensive understanding of formulation and process variables and strategies for developing parenterally administered liposomal drugs.
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20
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Torres-Martínez A, Angulo-Pachón CA, Galindo F, Miravet JF. Liposome-Enveloped Molecular Nanogels. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:13375-13381. [PMID: 31549515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Novel hydrogel@liposome particles were prepared by pH-triggered molecular gel formation inside of liposomes loaded with a low-molecular weight gelator derived from l-valine (1). Liposome formation was carried out using l-α-phosphatidylcholine (PC) and cholesterol as components of the lipid bilayer. Molecular hydrogelator 1 and pyranine, a ratiometric fluorescent pH probe, were entrapped in the liposomes at pH 9 and posterior acidification with d-glucono-1,5-lactone to pH 5-6 provoked intraliposomal gel formation. Removal of the lipid bilayer with sodium dodecyl sulfate yielded naked nanogel particles. The systems were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. The hydrogel@liposomes were loaded with doxorubicin, showing a similar release than that observed for liposomes. The hybrid particles described here are the first case of nonpolymeric hydrogel@liposome systems reported. This type of nanocarriers merges the benefits of liposomal vehicles with the inherent stimuli responsiveness and enhanced biocompatibility of hydrogels formed by low-molecular weight molecules, foretelling a potential use in environmentally sensitive drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Torres-Martínez
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica , Universitat Jaume I , Avda. Sos Baynat s/n , 12071 Castelló de la Plana , Spain
| | - César A Angulo-Pachón
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica , Universitat Jaume I , Avda. Sos Baynat s/n , 12071 Castelló de la Plana , Spain
| | - Francisco Galindo
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica , Universitat Jaume I , Avda. Sos Baynat s/n , 12071 Castelló de la Plana , Spain
| | - Juan F Miravet
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica , Universitat Jaume I , Avda. Sos Baynat s/n , 12071 Castelló de la Plana , Spain
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21
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Al-Attar T, Madihally SV. Targeted cancer treatment using a combination of siRNA-liposomes and resveratrol-electrospun fibers in co-cultures. Int J Pharm 2019; 569:118599. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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Xiao Y, Liu Q, Clulow AJ, Li T, Manohar M, Gilbert EP, de Campo L, Hawley A, Boyd BJ. PEGylation and surface functionalization of liposomes containing drug nanocrystals for cell-targeted delivery. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 182:110362. [PMID: 31351271 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Liposomal formulations have important therapeutic applications in anti-cancer treatments but current formulations suffer from serious side effects, high dosage requirements and prolonged treatment. In this study, PEGylated azide-functionalized liposomes containing drug nanocrystals were investigated with the aim of increasing the drug payload and achieving functionalization for targeted delivery. Liposomes were characterized using cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), small and ultra-small angle neutron scattering (SANS/USANS) and small and wide angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS). Cryo-TEM experiments revealed the dimensions of the nanocrystal-loaded liposomes and the change of shape from spherical to elongated after the formation of nanocrystals. Results from SANS/USANS experiments confirmed the asymmetric particle shape. SAXS/WAXS experiments confirmed that the crystalline drug only occurred in freeze-thawed samples and correlated with a new unidentified polymorphic form of ciprofloxacin. Using a small molecule dye, dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO)-cy5, specific conjugation between DBCO groups and surface azide groups on the liposomes was confirmed; this indicates the promise of this system for tumour-targeted delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxin Xiao
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University Parkville Campus, Australia
| | - Qingtao Liu
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University Parkville Campus, Australia
| | - Andrew J Clulow
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Tang Li
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University Parkville Campus, Australia
| | - Madhura Manohar
- National Deuteration Facility (NDF), Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Elliot P Gilbert
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering (ACNS), Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Liliana de Campo
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering (ACNS), Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Adrian Hawley
- Australian Synchrotron, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), 800 Blackburn Rd, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Ben J Boyd
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University Parkville Campus, Australia.
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23
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Nunes SS, Fernandes RS, Cavalcante CH, da Costa César I, Leite EA, Lopes SCA, Ferretti A, Rubello D, Townsend DM, de Oliveira MC, Cardoso VN, de Barros ALB. Influence of PEG coating on the biodistribution and tumor accumulation of pH-sensitive liposomes. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2019; 9:123-130. [PMID: 30187353 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-018-0583-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes are lipid vesicles widely used as nanocarriers in targeted drug delivery systems for therapeutic and/or diagnostic purposes. A strategy to prolong the blood circulation time of the liposomes includes the addition of a hydrophilic polymer polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety onto the surface of the vesicle. Several studies claim that liposome PEGylation by a single chain length or a combination of PEG with different chain lengths may alter the liposomes' pharmacokinetic properties. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of PEG on the biodistribution of pH-sensitive liposomes in a tumor-bearing animal model. Three liposomal formulations (PEGylated or not) were prepared and validated to have a similar mean diameter, monodisperse distribution, and neutral zeta potential. The pharmacokinetic properties of each liposome were evaluated in healthy animals, while the biodistribution and scintigraphic images were evaluated in tumor-bearing mice. High tumor-to-muscle ratios were not statistically different between the PEGylated and non-PEGylated liposomes. While PEGylation is a well-established strategy for increasing the blood circulation of nanostructures, in our study, the use of polymer coating did not result in a better in vivo profile. Further studies must be carried out to confirm the feasibility of the non-PEGylated pH-sensitive liposomes for tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirleide Santos Nunes
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31279-901, Brazil
| | - Renata Salgado Fernandes
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31279-901, Brazil
| | - Carolina Henriques Cavalcante
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31279-901, Brazil
| | - Isabela da Costa César
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31279-901, Brazil
| | - Elaine Amaral Leite
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31279-901, Brazil
| | - Sávia Caldeira Araújo Lopes
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31279-901, Brazil
| | - Alice Ferretti
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Radiology, Neuroradiology, Medical Physics, Clinical Laboratory, Microbiology, Pathology, Trasfusional Medicine, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Via Tre Martiri 140, 45100, Rovigo, Italy
| | - Domenico Rubello
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Radiology, Neuroradiology, Medical Physics, Clinical Laboratory, Microbiology, Pathology, Trasfusional Medicine, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Via Tre Martiri 140, 45100, Rovigo, Italy.
| | - Danyelle M Townsend
- Department of Drug Discovery and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Mônica Cristina de Oliveira
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31279-901, Brazil
| | - Valbert Nascimento Cardoso
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31279-901, Brazil
| | - André Luís Branco de Barros
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31279-901, Brazil. .,Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil.
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24
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Khatib I, Khanal D, Ruan J, Cipolla D, Dayton F, Blanchard JD, Chan HK. Ciprofloxacin nanocrystals liposomal powders for controlled drug release via inhalation. Int J Pharm 2019; 566:641-651. [PMID: 31202900 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of developing inhalable dry powders of liposomal encapsulated ciprofloxacin nanocrystals (LECN) for controlled drug release. Dry powders of LECN were produced by freeze-thaw followed by spray drying. The formulations contained sucrose as a lyoprotectant in different weight ratios (0.75:1, 1:1 and 2:1 sucrose to lipids), along with 2% magnesium stearate and 5% isoleucine as aerosolization enhancers. The powder physical properties (particle size, morphology, crystallinity, moisture content), in vitro aerosolization performance, drug encapsulation efficiency and in vitro drug release were investigated. The spray dried powders were comprised of spherical particles with a median diameter of ∼1 µm, partially crystalline, with a low water content (∼2% mass) and did not undergo recrystallization at high relative humidity. When dispersed by an Osmohaler® inhaler at 100 L/min, the powders showed a high aerosol performance with a fine particle fraction (% wt. <5 µm) of 66-70%. After reconstitution of the powders in saline, ciprofloxacin nanocrystals were confirmed by cryo-electron microscopy. The drug encapsulation efficiency of the reconstituted liposomes was 71-79% compared with the stock liquid formulation. Of the three formulations, the one containing a sucrose to lipids wt. ratio of 2:1 demonstrated a prolonged release of ciprofloxacin from the liposomes. In conclusion, ciprofloxacin nanocrystal liposomal powders were prepared that were suitable for inhalation aerosol delivery and controlled drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isra Khatib
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Dipesh Khanal
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Juanfang Ruan
- Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Hak-Kim Chan
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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25
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Lionberger RA. Innovation for Generic Drugs: Science and Research Under the Generic Drug User Fee Amendments of 2012. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2019; 105:878-885. [PMID: 30648739 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory science is science and research intended to improve decision making in a regulatory framework. Improvements in decision making can be in both accuracy (making better decisions) and in efficiency (making faster decisions). Science and research supported by the Generic Drug User Fee Amendments of 2012 (GDUFA) have focused on two innovative methodologies that work together to enable new approaches to development and review of generic drugs: quantitative models and advanced in vitro product characterization. Quantitative models faithfully represent current scientific understanding. They are tools pharmaceutical scientists and clinical pharmacologists use for making better and faster product development decisions. Advances in the in vitro product comparisons provide the measurements of product differences that are the critical input into the models. This paper outlines four areas where science and research funded by GDUFA support synergistic use of models and characterization at critical decision points during generic drug product development and review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Lionberger
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, US Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
Over the past few decades, liposome drug delivery systems (liposome DDS) have attracted much attention as the most advanced DDS. Efficacy and toxicity profiles of liposomes are based on their characteristic pharmacokinetics, drug release, and disposition after administration. Many attempts have been made to develop these systems especially as liposomal anti-cancer drugs. In the development of liposome DDS, identification of critical quality attributes and establishment of a control strategy to ensure consistent drug product quality are crucial. Among the quality attributes, particle size, drug encapsulation, and drug release from liposomes would affect their in vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Thus these features need to be evaluated with appropriate analytical methods to confirm the quality and performance of the drug products. This article focuses on drug release from liposomes and reviews the effects of physicochemical properties of loaded drugs on release, simulation of drug release from liposomes, and design of a simulated body fluid for drug release assay of drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Yamamoto
- Analytical Research, Pharmaceutical Science & Technology Unit, Medicine Development Center, Eisai Co., Ltd
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27
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Li T, Mudie S, Cipolla D, Rades T, Boyd BJ. Solid State Characterization of Ciprofloxacin Liposome Nanocrystals. Mol Pharm 2018; 16:184-194. [PMID: 30495965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Liposomes have been widely researched as drug delivery systems; however, the solid state form of drug inside the liposome, whether it is in solution or in a solid state, is often not studied. The solid state properties of the drug inside the liposomes are important, as they dictate the drug release behavior when the liposomes come into contact with physiological fluid. Recently, a new approach of making liposomal ciprofloxacin nanocrystals was proposed by the use of an additional freeze-thawing step in the liposomal preparation method. This paper aims to determine the solid state properties of ciprofloxacin inside the liposomes after this additional freeze-thawing cycle using cryo-TEM, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and cross-polarized light microscopy (CPLM). Ciprofloxacin precipitated in the ciprofloxacin hydrate crystal form with a unit cell dimension of 16.7 Å. The nanocrystals also showed a phase transition at 93 °C, which represents dehydration of the hydrate crystals to the anhydrate form of ciprofloxacin, verified by temperature-dependent SAXS measurements. Furthermore, the dependence of the solid state form of the nanocrystals on pH was investigated in situ, and it was shown that the liposomal ciprofloxacin nanocrystals retained their crystalline form at pH 6-10. Understanding the solid state attributes of nanocrystals inside liposomes provides improved understanding of drug dissolution and release as well as opening avenues to new applications where the nanosized crystals can provide a dissolution benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen Mudie
- SAXS/WAXS Beamline , Australian Synchrotron , Clayton , Victoria 3168 , Australia
| | - David Cipolla
- Insmed Inc. , 10 Finderne Avenue , Building 10, Bridgewater , New Jersey 08807-3365 , United States
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen 2100 , Denmark
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28
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Li T, Cipolla D, Rades T, Boyd BJ. Drug nanocrystallisation within liposomes. J Control Release 2018; 288:96-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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29
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Ansar SM, Jiang W, Mudalige T. Direct quantification of unencapsulated doxorubicin in liposomal doxorubicin formulations using capillary electrophoresis. Int J Pharm 2018; 549:109-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Wei X, Shamrakov D, Nudelman S, Peretz-Damari S, Nativ-Roth E, Regev O, Barenholz Y. Cardinal Role of Intraliposome Doxorubicin-Sulfate Nanorod Crystal in Doxil Properties and Performance. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:2508-2517. [PMID: 30023837 PMCID: PMC6044617 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The uniqueness of Doxil can be attributed, to a large extent, to its intraliposomal doxorubicin-sulfate nanorod crystal. We re-examine these nanocrystal features and their mechanism of the formation by studying pegylated liposomal doxorubicins (PLDs) of the same lipid composition, size distribution, and extraliposome medium that were prepared at different ammonium sulfate (AS) concentrations. This study includes a comparison of the thermotropic behavior, morphology, and in vitro ammonia-induced doxorubicin release (relevant to Doxil's in vivo performance) of these PLDs. In this study, we confirm that a transmembrane ammonium gradient is critical for doxorubicin remote loading, and we demonstrate that the intraliposomal concentration of sulfate counteranions and ammonium ions determine to a large extent the physical state and stability of the PLDs' remote loaded doxorubicin. "Fully-developed" intraliposome doxorubicin-sulfate nanorod crystals (as defined by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy imaging) develop only when the ammonium sulfate (AS) concentration used for PLD preparation is ≥150 mM. Less than 10% of PLDs prepared with 100 mM AS show fully developed nanorod crystals. Intraliposomal AS concentration ≥200 mM is required to support the stable nanocrystallization in PLDs. The presence of nanocrystals and their melting enthalpy and phase transition co-operativity strongly affect the ammonia-induced doxorubicin release of PLDs. A quick, biphasic release occurs for PLDs that lack the nanorod crystals or have crystals of poor crystallinity, whereas PLDs prepared with ≥200 mM AS show a monophasic, zero-order slow release. This study also demonstrates that after remote loading, residual intraliposomal ammonium concentration and the transmembrane pH gradient related to it also play an important role in doxorubicin-sulfate intraliposomal crystallization and ammonia-induced doxorubicin release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wei
- Laboratory
of Membrane and Liposome Research, The Hebrew
University-Hadassah Medical School, IMRIC, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
- School
of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Dima Shamrakov
- Ayana
Ltd., Jerusalem Biotechnology
Park, Hadassah Ein Kerem Campus, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Sioma Nudelman
- Ayana
Ltd., Jerusalem Biotechnology
Park, Hadassah Ein Kerem Campus, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Sivan Peretz-Damari
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale
Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University
of the Negev, Be’er
Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Einat Nativ-Roth
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale
Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University
of the Negev, Be’er
Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Oren Regev
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale
Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University
of the Negev, Be’er
Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Yechezkel Barenholz
- Laboratory
of Membrane and Liposome Research, The Hebrew
University-Hadassah Medical School, IMRIC, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
- E-mail: ,
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31
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Simulation of Stimuli-Responsive and Stoichiometrically Controlled Release Rate of Doxorubicin from Liposomes in Tumor Interstitial Fluid. Pharm Res 2018; 35:103. [PMID: 29557075 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2380-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To simulate the stimuli-responsive and stoichiometrically controlled doxorubicin (DOX) release from liposomes in in vivo tumor interstitial fluid (TIF), the effect of ammonia concentration and pH on the DOX release from liposomes in human plasma at 37°C was quantitatively evaluated in vitro and the release rate was calculated as a function of ammonia concentration and pH. METHODS Human plasma samples spiked with DOX-loaded PEGylated liposomes (PLD) or Doxil®, containing ammonia (0.3-50 mM) at different pH values, were incubated at 37°C for 24 h. After incubation, the concentration of encapsulated DOX in the samples was determined by validated solid-phase extraction (SPE)-SPE-high performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Accelerated DOX release (%) from liposomes was observed as the increase of ammonia concentration and pH of the matrix, and the decrease of encapsulated DOX concentration. The release rate was expressed as a function of the ammonia concentration and pH by using Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. CONCLUSIONS The DOX release from PLD in TIF was expressed as a function ammonia concentration and pH at various DOX concentrations. Further, it was found that the DOX release from liposomes in a simulated TIF was more than 15 times higher than in normal plasma.
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32
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Heating treatments affect the thermal behaviour of doxorubicin loaded in PEGylated liposomes. Int J Pharm 2017; 534:81-88. [PMID: 28993166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Doxil® is a stealth marketed PEGylated liposomal formulation, containing the anticancer drug doxorubicin. After loading via a pH gradient, fibrillar supramolecular structures of doxorubicin sulfate originates inside the core of the liposomes. Recently, the crystallinity of doxorubicin sulfate has been confirmed by high-resolution calorimetry. However, no detailed information are available on the nature of doxorubicin sulfate nanocrystals and on the effect of different thermal treatments. Thus, the aim of this work was to characterize the thermal behaviour of Doxil® in comparison to the unloaded liposomes using microcalorimetry, dynamic light scattering and high-resolution ultrasound spectroscopy (HR-US). Different thermal programmes were applied with the aim to highlight the effect of the treatments on the formulation. The used techniques confirmed the ordered state of doxorubicin nanocrystals inside PEGylated liposomes. Particularly, microcalorimetry and HR-US highlighted the changes in the thermal behaviour of the drug under different heating programmes. Doxorubicin nanocrystals were found to be stable after heating up to 80°C, but an irreversible thermal behaviour was observed after a prolonged heating at elevated temperature (2h at 80°C). The non-reversibility could be related to the formation of a different ordered structure and enhanced by the slight leakage of the drug occurring after a prolonged heating.
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33
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Tyner KM, Zheng N, Choi S, Xu X, Zou P, Jiang W, Guo C, Cruz CN. How Has CDER Prepared for the Nano Revolution? A Review of Risk Assessment, Regulatory Research, and Guidance Activities. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:1071-1083. [PMID: 28421428 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Nanotechnology Risk Assessment Working Group in the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) within the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was established to assess the potential impact of nanotechnology on drug products. One of the working group's major initiatives has been to conduct a comprehensive risk management exercise regarding the potential impact of nanomaterial pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients on drug product quality, safety, and efficacy. This exercise concluded that current review practices and regulatory guidance are capable of detecting and managing the potential risks to quality, safety, and efficacy when a drug product incorporates a nanomaterial. However, three risk management areas were identified for continued focus during the review of drug products containing nanomaterials: (1) the understanding of how to perform the characterization of nanomaterial properties and the analytical methods used for this characterization, (2) the adequacy of in vitro tests to evaluate drug product performance for drug products containing nanomaterials, and (3) the understanding of properties arising from nanomaterials that may result in different toxicity and biodistribution profiles for drug products containing nanomaterials. CDER continues to actively track the incorporation of nanomaterials in drug products and the methodologies used to characterize them, in order to continuously improve the readiness of our science- and risk-based review approaches. In parallel to the risk management exercise, CDER has also been supporting regulatory research in the area of nanotechnology, specifically focused on characterization, safety, and equivalence (between reference and new product) considerations. This article provides a comprehensive summary of regulatory and research efforts supported by CDER in the area of drug products containing nanomaterials and other activities supporting the development of this emerging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Tyner
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Nan Zheng
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Stephanie Choi
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Peng Zou
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Wenlei Jiang
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Changning Guo
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Celia N Cruz
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA.
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34
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Son GH, Lee BJ, Cho CW. Mechanisms of drug release from advanced drug formulations such as polymeric-based drug-delivery systems and lipid nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-017-0320-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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35
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High performance liquid chromatography analysis of 100-nm liposomal nanoparticles using polymer-coated, silica monolithic columns with aqueous mobile phase. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1484:34-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.12.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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36
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Zheng N, Sun DD, Zou P, Jiang W. Scientific and Regulatory Considerations for Generic Complex Drug Products Containing Nanomaterials. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:619-631. [PMID: 28116676 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the past few decades, the development of medicine at the nanoscale has been applied to oral and parenteral dosage forms in a wide range of therapeutic areas to enhance drug delivery and reduce toxicity. An obvious response to these benefits is reflected in higher market shares of complex drug products containing nanomaterials than that of conventional formulations containing the same active ingredient. The surging market interest has encouraged the pharmaceutical industry to develop cost-effective generic versions of complex drug products based on nanotechnology when the associated patent and exclusivity on the reference products have expired. Due to their complex nature, nanotechnology-based drugs present unique challenges in determining equivalence standards between generic and innovator products. This manuscript attempts to provide the scientific rationales and regulatory considerations of key equivalence standards (e.g., in vivo studies and in vitro physicochemical characterization) for oral drugs containing nanomaterials, iron-carbohydrate complexes, liposomes, protein-bound drugs, nanotube-forming drugs, and nano emulsions. It also presents active research studies in bridging regulatory and scientific gaps for establishing equivalence of complex products containing nanomaterials. We hope that open communication among industry, academia, and regulatory agencies will accelerate the development and approval processes of generic complex products based on nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zheng
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, Office of Research and Standards, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Dajun D Sun
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, Office of Research and Standards, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Peng Zou
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, Office of Research and Standards, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Wenlei Jiang
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, Office of Research and Standards, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA.
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37
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Fugit KD, Anderson BD. Ion-Pairing Contribution to the Liposomal Transport of Topotecan as Revealed by Mechanistic Modeling. J Pharm Sci 2016; 106:1149-1161. [PMID: 28007561 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Actively loaded liposomal formulations of anticancer agents have been widely explored due to their high drug encapsulation efficiencies and prolonged drug retention. Mathematical models to predict and optimize drug loading and release kinetics from these nanoparticle formulations would be useful in their development and may allow researchers to tune release profiles. Such models must account for the driving forces as influenced by the physicochemical properties of the drug and the microenvironment, and the liposomal barrier properties. This study employed mechanistic modeling to describe the active liposomal loading and release kinetics of the anticancer agent topotecan (TPT). The model incorporates ammonia transport resulting in generation of a pH gradient, TPT dimerization, TPT lactone ring-opening and -closing interconversion kinetics, chloride transport, and transport of TPT-chloride ion-pairs to describe the active loading and release kinetics of TPT in the presence of varying chloride concentrations. Model-based predictions of the kinetics of active loading at varying loading concentrations of TPT and release under dynamic dialysis conditions were in reasonable agreement with experiments. These findings identify key attributes to consider in optimizing and predicting loading and release of liposomal TPT that may also be applicable to liposomal formulations of other weakly basic pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Fugit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Development, Metrics Contract Services, Greenville, NC 27834
| | - Bradley D Anderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536.
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38
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Comparison of Dialysis- and Solvatofluorochromism-Based Methods to Determine Drug Release Rates from Polymer Nanoassemblies. Pharm Res 2016; 34:394-407. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-2070-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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39
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Jain A, Jain SK. IN VITRO RELEASE KINETICS MODEL FITTING OF LIPOSOMES: AN INSIGHT. Chem Phys Lipids 2016; 201:S0009-3084(16)30147-5. [PMID: 27983957 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes are emerging cargoes for bioactive delivery owing to their widely accepted biocompatible and biodegradable nature. It is always a challenge to control the release of payload for effective delivery to the site of interest. Over the couple of decennia, mathematical modeling of release process is a need of time whether the drug remains in the circulation or reaches at the target site. For establishing a better in vitro - in vivo correlation, release kinetics models viz. Peppas, Higuchi, Weibull, Zero Order and First order including mechanistic models like All-or-None, Toroidal, and Biomembrane models etc. are continuously exploited to predict drug release profile. Most of these models rely on the diffusion equations based on the composition of liposomes and conditions of release. Here, we summarized the crucial reports exploring these models and associated interventions to know the underlying physicochemical release phenomenon. Such mathematical model fitting can be a promising approach to deduce release/delivery process to help in designing the safe and efficacious ("Smart") liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Jain
- Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Dr. Hari Singh Gour Central University, Sagar (M.P.), 470 003, India
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Dr. Hari Singh Gour Central University, Sagar (M.P.), 470 003, India.
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40
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Tuning Ciprofloxacin Release Profiles from Liposomally Encapsulated Nanocrystalline Drug. Pharm Res 2016; 33:2748-62. [PMID: 27439506 PMCID: PMC5040743 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-2002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose In order to attenuate the drug release rate, a single freeze-thaw step was previously shown to convert encapsulated drug into a single nanocrystal within each liposome vesicle. The goal of this study was to alter the nanocrystalline character, and thus the drug encapsulation state and release profile, by addition of surfactant prior to freeze-thaw. Methods A liposomal ciprofloxacin (CFI) formulation was modified by the addition of surfactant and frozen. After thawing, these formulations were characterized in terms of drug encapsulation by centrifugation-filtration, liposome structure by cryo-TEM imaging, vesicle size by dynamic light scattering, and in vitro release (IVR) performance. Results The addition of increasing levels of polysorbate 20 (0.05 to 0.4%) or Brij 30 (0.05 to 0.3%) to the CFI preparations followed by subsequent freeze-thaw, resulted in a greater proportion of vesicles without drug nanocrystals and reduced the extent of growth of the nanocrystals thus leading to modified release rates including an increase in the ratio of non-encapsulated to sustained release of drug. Conclusions This study provides another lever to achieve the desired release rate profile from a liposomal formulation by addition of surfactant and subsequent freeze-thaw, and thus may provide a personalized approach to treating patients.
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Soininen SK, Vellonen KS, Heikkinen AT, Auriola S, Ranta VP, Urtti A, Ruponen M. Intracellular PK/PD Relationships of Free and Liposomal Doxorubicin: Quantitative Analyses and PK/PD Modeling. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:1358-65. [PMID: 26950248 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicines are widely studied for intracellular delivery of cancer drugs. However, the relationship between intracellular drug concentrations and drug responses are poorly understood. In this study, cellular and nuclear concentrations of doxorubicin were quantified with LC/MS after cell exposure with free and liposomal doxorubicin (pH-sensitive and pegylated liposomes). Cellular uptake of pegylated liposomes was low (∼3-fold extracellular concentrations) compared with doxorubicin in free form and pH-sensitive liposomes (up to 280-fold extracellular concentrations) in rat glioma (BT4C) and renal clear cell carcinoma (Caki-2) cells. However, after the cell exposure with pegylated liposomes, intracellular doxorubicin was distributed into the nuclear compartment in both cell types. Despite high drug concentrations in the nuclei, Caki-2 cells showed strong resistance toward doxorubicin. A model was successfully built to describe PK/PD relationship between drug concentrations in nucleus and cytotoxic responses in BT4C cells. This model is the first step to link target site concentration of doxorubicin into its effect and can be a useful part of more comprehensive future in vivo PK/PD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi K Soininen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio campus, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kati-Sisko Vellonen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio campus, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Aki T Heikkinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio campus, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Auriola
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio campus, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Veli-Pekka Ranta
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio campus, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio campus, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.,Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 56, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marika Ruponen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio campus, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
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42
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KATO M. Simultaneous Analytical and Purification Methods for Nanoparticles and Small Molecules Using a Silica Monolith. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2016. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.65.703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaru KATO
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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