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Baronas P, Elholm JL, Moth-Poulsen K. Efficient degassing and ppm-level oxygen monitoring flow chemistry system. REACT CHEM ENG 2023; 8:2052-2059. [PMID: 37496729 PMCID: PMC10366651 DOI: 10.1039/d3re00109a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Low oxygen levels are critical for a long range of chemical transformations carried out in both flow and batch chemistry. Here, we present an inline continuous flow degassing system based on a gas-permeable membrane inside a vacuum chamber for achieving and monitoring ppm-level oxygen concentrations in solutions. The oxygen presence was monitored with a molecular oxygen probe and a continuously running UV-vis spectrometer. An automated setup for discovering optimal reaction conditions for minimal oxygen presence was devised. The parameters tested were: flow rate, vacuum pressure, solvent back-pressure, tube material, tube length and solvent oxygen solubility. The inline degassing system was proven to be effective in removing up to 99.9% of ambient oxygen from solvents at a flow rate of 300 μl min-1 and 4 mbar vacuum pressure inside the degassing chamber. Reaching lower oxygen concentrations was limited by gas permeation in the tubing following the degassing unit, which could be addressed by purging large volume flow reactors with an inert gas after degassing or by using tubing with lower gas permeability, such as stainless steel tubing. Among all factors, oxygen solubility in solvents was found to play a significant role in achieving efficient degassing of solvents. The data presented here can be used to choose optimal experimental parameters for oxygen-sensitive reactions in flow chemistry reaction setups. The data were also fitted to an analytically derived model from simple differential equations in physical context of the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulius Baronas
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - Jacob Lynge Elholm
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA Pg. Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
- Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering SE-412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE Eduard Maristany 10-14 08019 Barcelona Spain https://www.moth-poulsen.com
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O'Brien M, Moraru R. An Automated Computer-Vision "Bubble-Counting" Technique to Characterise CO 2 Dissolution into an Acetonitrile Flow Stream in a Teflon AF-2400 Tube-in-Tube Flow Device. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202200167. [PMID: 35997644 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A Teflon AF-2400 based tube-in-tube device was used to generate flow streams of CO2 in acetonitrile and a computer-vision based 'bubble counting' technique was used to estimate the amount of CO2 that had passed into solution whilst in the tube-in-tube device by quantifying the amount of CO2 that left solution (forming separate gas-phase segments) downstream of the back-pressure regulator. For both CO2 pressures used, there appeared to be a minimum residence time below which no CO2 was observed to leave solution. This was assumed to be due to residual CO2 below (or close to) the saturation concentration at atmospheric pressure and, by taking this into account, we were able to fit curves corresponding to simple gradient-driven diffusion and which closely matched previously obtained colorimetric titration data for the same system. The estimated value for the residual concentration of CO2 (0.37 M) is higher than, but in reasonable general correspondence with, saturation concentrations previously reported for CO2 in acetonitrile (0.27 M).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew O'Brien
- The Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Keele, Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme, ST5 5BG, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Ruxandra Moraru
- The Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Keele, Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme, ST5 5BG, Staffordshire, UK
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Neyt NC, van der Westhuizen CJ, Panayides JL, Riley DL. Design and testing of an ozonolysis reactor module with on-the-fly ozone degassing under flow conditions. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00554e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Ozonolysis is an attractive, efficient, and green means of introducing oxygen containing functionalities using only oxygen and electricity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C. Neyt
- Department of Chemistry, Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
- Pharmaceutical Technologies, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Future Production: Chemicals, Meiring Naudé Road, Pretoria, South Africa, 0184
| | - C. Johan van der Westhuizen
- Department of Chemistry, Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
- Pharmaceutical Technologies, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Future Production: Chemicals, Meiring Naudé Road, Pretoria, South Africa, 0184
| | - Jenny-Lee Panayides
- Pharmaceutical Technologies, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Future Production: Chemicals, Meiring Naudé Road, Pretoria, South Africa, 0184
| | - Darren L. Riley
- Department of Chemistry, Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
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4
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Enhancement of gas-liquid mass transfer in curved membrane contactors with the generation of dean vortices. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Han S, Kashfipour MA, Ramezani M, Abolhasani M. Accelerating gas-liquid chemical reactions in flow. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:10593-10606. [PMID: 32785297 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03511d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, continuous flow reactors have emerged as a powerful tool for accelerated fundamental and applied studies of gas-liquid reactions, offering facile gas delivery and process intensification. In particular, unique features of highly gas-permeable tubular membranes in flow reactors (i.e., tube-in-tube flow reactor configuration) have been exploited as (i) an efficient analytic tool for gas-liquid solubility and diffusivity measurements and (ii) reliable gas delivery/generation strategy, providing versatile adaptability for a wide range of gas-liquid processes. The tube-in-tube flow reactors have been successfully adopted for rapid exploration of a wide range of gas-liquid reactions (e.g., amination, carboxylation, carbonylation, hydrogenation, ethylenation, oxygenation) using gaseous species both as the reactant and the product, safely handling toxic and flammable gases or unstable intermediate compounds. In this highlight, we present an overview of recent developments in the utilization of such intensified flow reactors within modular flow chemistry platforms for different gas-liquid processes involving carbon dioxide, oxygen, and other gases. We provide a detailed step-by-step guideline for robust assembly and safe operation of tube-in-tube flow reactors. We also discuss the current challenges and potential future directions for further development and utilization of tubular membrane-based flow reactors for gas-liquid processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyong Han
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Zhou C, Xie B, Li S, Zhang J. Rapid measurement of gas diffusivity in liquids using a tube‐in‐tube reactor with an unsteady‐state strategy. AIChE J 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caijin Zhou
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing China
| | - Bingqi Xie
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing China
| | - Shaowei Li
- The Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University Beijing China
| | - Jisong Zhang
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing China
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Lan M, Zhao Z, Zeng Q, Zhou C, Zhang J. Rapid Measurement of Gas Solubility in Ionic Liquids with a Simple Tube-in-Tube Reactor. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minle Lan
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhijun Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, 102617, China
| | - Qingqiulin Zeng
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Caijin Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jisong Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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8
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Zhang J, Teixeira AR, Zhang H, Jensen KF. Flow Toolkit for Measuring Gas Diffusivity in Liquids. Anal Chem 2019; 91:4004-4009. [PMID: 30781945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Precise knowledge of gas diffusivity in liquids is critical for describing complex multiphase reaction systems. Here we present a high-throughput flow concept to measure gas diffusivity in liquids. This strategy takes advantage of the tube-in-tube reactor design whereby semipermeable Teflon AF-2400 tubes facilitate fast mass transfer between gas and liquid without directly contacting the two fluids. Coupled pseudosteady-state flux balances over the gas and liquid describe the gas dissolution rate and corresponding diffusivity with the aid of a single gas flow meter and a continuously ramped liquid flow rate. This in situ method demonstrates excellent accuracy in diffusion coefficient measurements, with less than 5% deviation from established techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisong Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China.,Department of Chemical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Andrew R Teixeira
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering , Worcester Polytechnic Institute , 100 Institute Road , Worcester , Massachusetts 01609 , United States
| | - Haomiao Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Klavs F Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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9
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New intelligent photometric titration system and its method for constructing chemical oxygen demand based on micro-flow injection. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dimitriou E, Jones RH, Pritchard RG, Miller GJ, O'Brien M. Gas-liquid flow hydrogenation of nitroarenes: Efficient access to a pharmaceutically relevant pyrrolobenzo[1,4]diazepine scaffold. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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