1
|
Ii T, Chambers JK, Nakashima K, Goto-Koshino Y, Uchida K. Application of automated machine learning for histological evaluation of feline endoscopic samples. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:160-167. [PMID: 38104975 PMCID: PMC10898981 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiating intestinal T-cell lymphoma from chronic enteropathy (CE) in endoscopic samples is often challenging. In the present study, automated machine learning systems were developed to distinguish between the two diseases, predict clonality, and detect prognostic factors of intestinal lymphoma in cats. Four models were created for four experimental conditions: experiment 1 to distinguish between intestinal T-cell lymphoma and CE; experiment 2 to distinguish large cell lymphoma, small cell lymphoma, and CE; experiment 3 to distinguish granzyme B+ lymphoma, granzyme B- lymphoma, and CE; and experiment 4 to distinguish between T-cell receptor (TCR) clonal population and TCR polyclonal population. After each experiment, a pathologist reviewed the test images and scored for lymphocytic infiltration, epitheliotropism, and epithelial injury. The models of experiments 1-4 achieved area under the receiver operating characteristic curve scores of 0.943 (precision, 87.59%; recall, 87.59%), 0.962 (precision, 86.30%; recall, 86.30%), 0.904 (precision, 82.86%; recall, 80%), and 0.904 (precision, 81.25%; recall, 81.25%), respectively. The images predicted as intestinal T-cell lymphoma showed significant infiltration of lymphocytes and epitheliotropism than CE. These models can provide evaluation tools to assist pathologists with differentiating between intestinal T-cell lymphoma and CE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhito Ii
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - James K Chambers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ko Nakashima
- Japan Small Animal Medical Center (JSAMC), Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuko Goto-Koshino
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Riggers DS, Xenoulis PG, Karra DA, Enderle LL, Köller G, Böttcher D, Steiner JM, Heilmann RM. Fecal Calprotectin Concentrations in Cats with Chronic Enteropathies. Vet Sci 2023; 10:419. [PMID: 37505825 PMCID: PMC10385529 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis of feline chronic inflammatory enteropathies (CIE) and the differentiation from small cell intestinal lymphoma (SCL) can be challenging. Intestinally expressed calprotectin (S100A8/A9 protein complex) appears to be part of the complex pathogenesis of feline chronic enteropathies (FCE). Fecal calprotectin is a non-invasive biomarker for intestinal inflammation in humans and dogs but has not yet been evaluated in cats. We hypothesized that fecal calprotectin (fCal) concentrations are increased in FCE, correlate with clinical and/or histologic disease severity, and distinguish cases of CIE from SCL. This case-control study included fecal samples and patient data from cats with CIE (n = 34), SCL (n = 17), other gastrointestinal (GI) diseases (n = 16), and cats with no clinical signs of GI disease (n = 32). fCal concentrations were measured using the immunoturbidimetric fCal turbo assay (Bühlmann Laboratories). Compared to healthy cats, fCal concentrations were significantly increased in CIE, SCL, and other diseases (all p < 0.0001), but were not different between these three groups (all p > 0.05), or between cats with extra-GI diseases and healthy controls. These findings suggest that fCal may have utility as a clinical biomarker for FCE but not for intestinal disease differentiation. It further supports the role of calprotectin in the pathogenesis of the spectrum of FCE, which includes CIE and SCL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denise S Riggers
- Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Panagiotis G Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon 224, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Dimitra A Karra
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon 224, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Lena L Enderle
- Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gabor Köller
- Department for Large Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Denny Böttcher
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joerg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - Romy M Heilmann
- Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Marsilio S, Freiche V, Johnson E, Leo C, Langerak AW, Peters I, Ackermann MR. ACVIM consensus statement guidelines on diagnosing and distinguishing low-grade neoplastic from inflammatory lymphocytic chronic enteropathies in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:794-816. [PMID: 37130034 PMCID: PMC10229359 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphoplasmacytic enteritis (LPE) and low-grade intestinal T cell lymphoma (LGITL) are common diseases in older cats, but their diagnosis and differentiation remain challenging. OBJECTIVES To summarize the current literature on etiopathogenesis and diagnosis of LPE and LGITL in cats and provide guidance on the differentiation between LPE and LGITL in cats. To provide statements established using evidence-based approaches or where such evidence is lacking, statements based on consensus of experts in the field. ANIMALS None. METHODS A panel of 6 experts in the field (2 internists, 1 radiologist, 1 anatomic pathologist, 1 clonality expert, 1 oncologist) with the support of a human medical immunologist, was formed to assess and summarize evidence in the peer-reviewed literature and complement it with consensus recommendations. RESULTS Despite increasing interest on the topic for clinicians and pathologists, few prospective studies were available, and interpretation of the pertinent literature often was challenging because of the heterogeneity of the cases. Most recommendations by the panel were supported by a moderate or low level of evidence. Several understudied areas were identified, including cellular markers using immunohistochemistry, genomics, and transcriptomic studies. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE To date, no single diagnostic criterion or known biomarker reliably differentiates inflammatory lesions from neoplastic lymphoproliferations in the intestinal tract of cats and a diagnosis currently is established by integrating all available clinical and diagnostic data. Histopathology remains the mainstay to better differentiate LPE from LGITL in cats with chronic enteropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sina Marsilio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and EpidemiologyUC Davis School of Veterinary MedicineDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Valerie Freiche
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'AlfortCHUVA, Unité de Médecine InterneMaisons‐AlfortFrance
| | - Eric Johnson
- Department of Surgical & Radiological SciencesUC Davis School of Veterinary MedicineDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Chiara Leo
- Anicura Istituto Veterinario NovaraNovaraItaly
| | | | | | - Mark R. Ackermann
- Oregon Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Oregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
- Present address:
US Department of AgricultureNational Animal Disease CenterAmesIowaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Au Yeung S, Giaretta P, Morningstar T, Masuda E, Questa M, Fereidouni F, Levenson RM, Marsilio S. Utility of fluorescence imitating brightfield imaging microscopy for the diagnosis of feline chronic enteropathy. Vet Pathol 2023; 60:52-59. [PMID: 36286074 PMCID: PMC9827481 DOI: 10.1177/03009858221131363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence imitating brightfield imaging (FIBI) is a novel microscopy method that allows for real-time, nondestructive, slide-free tissue imaging of fresh, formalin-fixed, or paraffin-embedded tissue. The nondestructive nature of the technology permits tissue preservation for downstream analyses. The objective of this observational study was to assess the utility of FIBI compared with conventional hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained histology slides in feline gastrointestinal histopathology. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded full-thickness small intestinal tissue specimens from 50 cases of feline chronic enteropathy were evaluated. The ability of FIBI to evaluate predetermined morphological features (epithelium, villi, crypts, lacteals, fibrosis, submucosa, and muscularis propria) and inflammatory cells was assessed on a 3-point scale (0 = FIBI cannot identify the feature; 1 = FIBI can identify the feature; 2 = FIBI can identify the feature with more certainty than H&E). H&E and FIBI images were also scored according to World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) Gastrointestinal Standardization Group guidelines. FIBI identified morphological features with similar or, in some cases, higher confidence compared with H&E images. The identification of inflammatory cells was less consistent. FIBI and H&E images showed an overall poor agreement with regard to the assigned WSAVA scores. While FIBI showed an equal or better ability to identify morphological features in intestinal biopsies, its ability to identify inflammatory cells is currently inferior compared with H&E-based imaging. Future studies on the utility of FIBI as a diagnostic tool for noninflammatory histopathologic lesions are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula Giaretta
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais,
Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Questa
- UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine,
Davis, CA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Riggers DS, Gurtner C, Protschka M, Böttcher D, von Bomhard W, Alber G, Winter K, Steiner JM, Heilmann RM. Intestinal S100/Calgranulin Expression in Cats with Chronic Inflammatory Enteropathy and Intestinal Lymphoma. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162044. [PMID: 36009635 PMCID: PMC9404432 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Intestinal diseases in cats are complicated diseases in which intestinal inflammation is difficult to distinguish from lymphoma, which is a neoplasm. In this study, the expression of the proteins S100A8/A9 and S100A12 (also called calgranulins) in the intestine is investigated in both diseases and for potential correlations with microscopically visible changes in the intestine or the clinical severity of the disease. Only small differences were seen between healthy and diseased animals, and there were no differences between cats with intestinal inflammation and lymphoma. However, several correlations of cells staining positive for calgranulins and inflammatory changes at the microscopic level and clinical disease severity were shown. This indicates that calgranulins play a role in both gastrointestinal lymphoma and inflammation and would support the recent theory that these two diseases might not be separate disease entities but instead are related. Further insights into the role of the calgranulins in these feline diseases will lead to a better understanding of the disease pathogenesis and, thus, potentially novel diagnostics and treatment avenues. Abstract Diagnosing chronic inflammatory enteropathies (CIE) in cats and differentiation from intestinal lymphoma (IL) using currently available diagnostics is challenging. Intestinally expressed S100/calgranulins, measured in fecal samples, appear to be useful non-invasive biomarkers for canine CIE but have not been evaluated in cats. We hypothesized S100/calgranulins to play a role in the pathogenesis of feline chronic enteropathies (FCE) and to correlate with clinical and/or histologic disease severity. This retrospective case-control study included patient data and gastrointestinal (GI) tissues from 16 cats with CIE, 8 cats with IL, and 16 controls with no clinical signs of GI disease. GI tissue biopsies were immunohistochemically stained using polyclonal α-S100A8/A9 and α-S100A12 antibodies. S100A8/A9+ and S100A12+ cells were detected in all GI segments, with few significant differences between CIE, IL, and controls and no difference between diseased groups. Segmental inflammatory lesions were moderately to strongly correlated with increased S100/calgranulin-positive cell counts. Clinical disease severity correlated with S100A12+ cell counts in cats with IL (ρ = 0.69, p = 0.042) and more severe diarrhea with colonic lamina propria S100A12+ cells with CIE (ρ = 0.78, p = 0.021) and duodenal S100A8/A9+ cells with IL (ρ = 0.71, p = 0.032). These findings suggest a role of the S100/calgranulins in the pathogenesis of the spectrum of FCE, including CIE and IL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denise S. Riggers
- Small Animals Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Corinne Gurtner
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martina Protschka
- Institute of Immunology/Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Denny Böttcher
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Gottfried Alber
- Institute of Immunology/Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karsten Winter
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joerg M. Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Romy M. Heilmann
- Small Animals Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mason S, Pittaway C. Feline lymphoma: diagnosis, staging and clinical presentations. IN PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/inpr.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
7
|
Freiche V, Paulin MV, Cordonnier N, Huet H, Turba M, Macintyre E, Molina T, Hermine O, Couronné L, Bruneau J. Histopathologic, phenotypic, and molecular criteria to discriminate low-grade intestinal T-cell lymphoma in cats from lymphoplasmacytic enteritis. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2673-2684. [PMID: 34374109 PMCID: PMC8692189 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differentiation of low-grade intestinal T-cell lymphoma (LGITL) from lymphoplasmacytic enteritis (LPE) in cats is a diagnostic challenge for pathologists. OBJECTIVE Characterize histologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular features of LGITL and LPE. ANIMALS Forty-four client-owned cats, 22 diagnosed with LGITL and 22 with LPE. METHODS Prospective, cohort study. Clinical suspicion of LGITL or LPE was based on persistent gastrointestinal signs, unresponsive to empirical treatments. All cats underwent a standardized diagnostic evaluation, including biopsy (preferentially full-thickness), and were diagnosed with LGITL or LPE after review of clinical, laboratory, sonographic, histologic, immunohistochemical, and clonality results. RESULTS A monomorphic lymphocytic population (22/22, 100%) and in-depth mucosal infiltration (15/22, 68%) were hallmarks of LGITL. Epithelial patterns (nests and plaques) were significantly more frequent in LGITL (11/22, 50%) than in LPE (1/22, 5%) cases (P = .001). A CD3+ lymphocytic apical-to-basal gradient was observed in 9/22 (41%) of LGITL vs 1/22 (5%) of LPE cases (P = .004). Most LPE cases (17/18, 94%) featured marked fibrosis in the superficial part of the lamina propria. The Ki-67 20%- and 30%-thresholds discriminated between LGITL and LPE within both the epithelium (specificity >95%) and lamina propria (specificity >95%), respectively. All LGITL cases were CD3+ pSTAT3- and pSTAT5+. T-cell receptor gamma chain gene rearrangements indicated monoclonality in 86% of LGITL cases. Surprisingly, 70% of LPE cases featured monoclonality (40%) or monoclonality on a polyclonal background (30%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE We identified new histologic, immunohistochemical, and clonality criteria to distinguish LGITL from LPE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Freiche
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'AlfortCHUVA, Unité de Médecine InterneMaisons‐Alfort F‐94700France
| | - Mathieu V. Paulin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesWestern College of Veterinary Medicine, University of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSKCanada
| | - Nathalie Cordonnier
- Pathology DepartmentEcole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BiopôleMaisons‐Alfort F‐94700France
| | - Hélène Huet
- Pathology DepartmentEcole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BiopôleMaisons‐Alfort F‐94700France
| | | | - Elizabeth Macintyre
- Laboratory of Onco‐Hematology, Hôpital Necker‐Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de ParisUniversity of ParisParisFrance
- INSERM U1151, Necker‐Enfants Malades InstituteUniversity of ParisParisFrance
- Centre National Expert des Lymphomes Associés à la Maladie CœliaqueUniversity of ParisParisFrance
| | - Thierry‐Jo Molina
- Centre National Expert des Lymphomes Associés à la Maladie CœliaqueUniversity of ParisParisFrance
- Pathology Department, Hôpital Necker‐Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP)University of ParisParisFrance
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutical Implications, INSERM U1163Imagine Institute, University of ParisParisFrance
| | - Olivier Hermine
- Centre National Expert des Lymphomes Associés à la Maladie CœliaqueUniversity of ParisParisFrance
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutical Implications, INSERM U1163Imagine Institute, University of ParisParisFrance
- Hematology Department, Hôpital Necker‐Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP)University of ParisParisFrance
| | - Lucile Couronné
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutical Implications, INSERM U1163Imagine Institute, University of ParisParisFrance
- Cytogenetics Department, Hôpital Necker‐Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP)University of ParisParisFrance
| | - Julie Bruneau
- Centre National Expert des Lymphomes Associés à la Maladie CœliaqueUniversity of ParisParisFrance
- Pathology Department, Hôpital Necker‐Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP)University of ParisParisFrance
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutical Implications, INSERM U1163Imagine Institute, University of ParisParisFrance
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Freiche V, Fages J, Paulin MV, Bruneau J, Couronné L, German AJ, Penninck D, Hermine O. Clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic findings differentiating low-grade intestinal T-cell lymphoma from lymphoplasmacytic enteritis in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2685-2696. [PMID: 34687072 PMCID: PMC8692195 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Low‐grade intestinal T‐cell lymphoma (LGITL) is the most common intestinal neoplasm in cats. Differentiating LGITL from lymphoplasmacytic enteritis (LPE) is challenging because clinical signs, laboratory results, diagnostic imaging findings, histology, immunohistochemistry, and clonality features may overlap. Objectives To evaluate possible discriminatory clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic features to differentiate LGITL from LPE. Animals Twenty‐two cats diagnosed with LGITL and 22 cats with LPE based upon histology, immunohistochemistry, and lymphoid clonality. Methods Prospective, cohort study. Cats presented with clinical signs consistent with LGITL or LPE were enrolled prospectively. All data contributing to the diagnostic evaluation was recorded. Results A 3‐variable model (P < .001) consisting of male sex (P = .01), duration of clinical signs (P = .01), and polyphagia (P = .03) and a 2‐variable model (P < .001) including a rounded jejunal lymph node (P < .001) and ultrasonographic abdominal effusion (P = .04) were both helpful to differentiate LGITL from LPE. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Most clinical signs and laboratory results are similar between cats diagnosed with LGITL and LPE. However, male sex, a longer duration of clinical signs and polyphagia might help clinicians distinguish LGITL from LPE. On ultrasonography, a rounded jejunal lymph node, and the presence of (albeit small volume) abdominal effusion tended to be more prevalent in cats with LGITL. However, a definitive diagnosis requires comprehensive histopathologic and phenotypic assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Freiche
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, CHUVA, Unité de Médecine Interne, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Mathieu Victor Paulin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine-University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Julie Bruneau
- Pathology Department, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutical Implications, INSERM U1163, Imagine Institute, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Lucile Couronné
- Cytogenetics Department, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutical Implications, INSERM U1163, Imagine Institute, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Alexander J German
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom
| | - Dominique Penninck
- Diagnostic Imaging Section, Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Olivier Hermine
- Hematology Department, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP); Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutical Implications, INSERM U1163, Imagine Institute, University of Paris, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ewald N, Rödler F, Heilmann RM. [Chronic enteropathies in cats - diagnostic and therapeutic approach]. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2021; 49:363-376. [PMID: 34670312 DOI: 10.1055/a-1584-9705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic enteropathies are characterized by persistent or recurrent gastrointestinal signs including vomiting, diarrhoea, weight loss, anorexia and lethargy for a minimum duration of 3 weeks. Diagnosis is by excluding other disease processes and includes faecal examinations, blood screenings (e. g., thyroidal, pancreatic, liver dysfunctions, investigation for infectious diseases, vitamin B12 status), diagnostic imaging, histopathological evaluation using biopsies from several different gastrointestinal segments and the response to therapeutic trials. Chronic inflammatory enteropathies are classified as food-responsive enteropathy (FRE), antibiotic-responsive enteropathy (ARE), immunosuppressant-responsive or, similarly -refractory enteropathy (IRE). Small-cell (low-grade) alimentary lymphoma (LGAL), a crucial differential diagnosis, is predominantly seen in older cats. The feline chronic enteropathy activity index (FCEAI), a clinical scoring system, was established to objectively assess the severity of clinical illness and to evaluate the response to treatment. In general, the prognosis depends on the underlying aetiology. Cats diagnosed with FRE typically have a good long-term prognosis with adequate dietary management. The response to treatment varies in cats with IRE, with same cats experiencing frequent relapses of clinical signs and still others being non-responsive to treatment. Prognosis for LGAL, with adequate treatment, is usually fair to good (median survival time 510-704 days).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Ewald
- Kleintierzentrum am Schmelzbach, Fachpraxis für Kleintiermedizin
| | - Frauke Rödler
- Klinik für Kleintiere, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig
| | - Romy M Heilmann
- Klinik für Kleintiere, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sorrell S. Diagnosing and treating chronic vomiting in cats. IN PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/inpr.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
11
|
Marsilio S. Differentiating Inflammatory Bowel Disease from Alimentary Lymphoma in Cats: Does It Matter? Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2021; 51:93-109. [PMID: 33187624 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of feline inflammatory bowel disease and intestinal small cell lymphoma can be challenging, and some clinicians argue that it is unnecessary because prognosis and treatment are similar. Differentiation of feline inflammatory bowel disease and intestinal small cell lymphoma can be challenging and some clinicians argue that it is unnecessary since prognosis and treatment are similar. Altough the body of research on this topic has increased over time, we still know little about etiopathogenesis, progression, alternative treatment modalities and prognosis of the different forms of FCE. While differentiating IBD from SCL might not alter a single patients' disease course, further research efforts are required to alter the disease course for our feline patient population as a whole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sina Marsilio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Tupper Hall, 1275 Med Science Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Marsilio S. Feline chronic enteropathy. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 62:409-419. [PMID: 33821508 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Feline chronic enteropathy is a common disorder, especially in the senior cat population, with rising incidence over the past decade. Feline chronic enteropathy is considered an umbrella term comprising different diseases including food-responsive enteropathy, idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease and alimentary small cell lymphoma. However, differentiation between those diseases is often difficult in practice. This review will discuss the clinical approach to cats with chronic enteropathy, state-of-the-art diagnostic tests and pitfalls thereof as well as current therapeutic approaches. Although, much of the etiopathogenesis is still unknown, increased research efforts in this field have brought new insights into diagnostic and therapeutic options for these cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Marsilio
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chow B, Hill SL, Richter KP, Marsilio S, Ackermann MR, Lidbury JA, Suchodolski JS, Cocker S, Steiner JM. Comprehensive comparison of upper and lower endoscopic small intestinal biopsy in cats with chronic enteropathy. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 35:190-198. [PMID: 33345405 PMCID: PMC7848359 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Integrating immunohistochemistry (IHC) and clonality testing with histopathology may improve the ability to differentiate inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and alimentary small cell lymphoma (LSA) in cats. Hypothesis/Objectives To evaluate the utility of histopathology, IHC, and clonality testing to differentiate between IBD and LSA and agreement of diagnostic results for endoscopic biopsy (EB) samples from the upper (USI) and lower small intestine (LSI). Animals Fifty‐seven cats with IBD or LSA. Methods All cases were categorized as definitive IBD (DefIBD), possible LSA (PossLSA), probable LSA (ProbLSA), or definitive LSA (DefLSA) based on histopathology alone. Results from IHC and clonality testing were integrated. Results Based on histopathology alone, 24/57 (42.1%), 15/57 (26.3%), and 18/57 (31.6%) cats were diagnosed with DefIBD, PossLSA or ProbLSA, and DefLSA, respectively. After integrating IHC and clonality testing, 11/24 cases (45.8%) and 15/15 cases (100%) previously categorized as DefIBD and PossLSA or ProbLSA, respectively, were reclassified as LSA. A final diagnosis of IBD and LSA was reported in 13/57 (22.8%) and 44/57 (77.2%) cats, respectively. Agreement between USI and LSI samples was moderate based on histopathology alone (κ = 0.66) and after integrating IHC and clonality testing (κ = 0.70). However, only 1/44 (2.3%) of the LSA cases was diagnosed based on LSI biopsy alone. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Integrating IHC and clonality testing increased the number of cases diagnosed with LSA, but the consequence for patient outcome is unclear. There was moderate agreement between USI and LSI samples. Samples from the LSI rarely changed the diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Betty Chow
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital by Ethos Veterinary Health, San Diego, California, USA.,VCA Animal Specialty & Emergency Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Steve L Hill
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital by Ethos Veterinary Health, San Diego, California, USA.,Flagstaff Veterinary Internal Medicine Consulting, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Keith P Richter
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital by Ethos Veterinary Health, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Sina Marsilio
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA.,Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Mark R Ackermann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Oregon Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Jonathan A Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Sarah Cocker
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital by Ethos Veterinary Health, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Endoscopic Biopsies and Histopathological Findings in Diagnosing Chronic Gastrointestinal Disorders in Dogs and Cats. Vet Med Int 2020; 2020:8827538. [PMID: 33133490 PMCID: PMC7568807 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8827538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, endoscopic examination is a diagnostic tool gaining popularity in the management of gastrointestinal disorders in dogs and cats. Direct accessibility of the lumen of gastrointestinal tract combined with the mucosal biopsy provides a great diagnostic potential. Using endoscopy and endoscopically guided biopsy, one can conduct both macro- and microscopic assessment of lesions and perform many specialist adjunct examinations. Histopathological examination of mucosal biopsy specimens collected from the stomach and intestines allows us to distinguish between types of inflammations and to diagnose ulcerative, polypoid, and cancerous lesions.
Collapse
|
15
|
Clinical and Pathological Data of 17 Non-Epithelial Pancreatic Tumors in Cats. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7020055. [PMID: 32349235 PMCID: PMC7356899 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors of mesenchymal origin are rarely reported in the pancreas. Therefore, this study characterized 17 feline non-epithelial pancreatic tumors, including clinical data, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. Seventeen feline pancreatic tissue samples were investigated histopathologically and immunohistochemically. Selected pancreatic and inflammatory serum parameters, e.g., feline pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (fPLI), 1,2-o-dilauryl-rac-glycero-3-glutaric acid-(6'-methylresorufin) ester (DGGR) lipase and serum amyloid A (SAA), were recorded, when available. The neoplasms were characterized as round (n = 13) or spindle (n = 4) cell tumors. Round cell tumors included 12 lymphomas and one mast cell tumor in ectopic splenic tissue within the pancreas. Lymphomas were of T-cell (n = 9) or B-cell (n = 3) origin. These cats showed leukocytosis (3/3) and increased fPLI (5/5), DGGR lipase (3/5) and SAA (4/5) values. Spindle cell tumors included two hemangiosarcomas, one pleomorphic sarcoma and one fibrosarcoma. The cat with pleomorphic sarcoma showed increased SAA value. Overall survival time was two weeks to seven months. These are the first descriptions of a pancreatic pleomorphic sarcoma and a mast cell tumor in accessory spleens within feline pancreas. Although rare, pancreatic tumors should be considered in cats presenting with clinical signs and clinical pathology changes of pancreatitis. Only histopathology can certainly distinguish solitary pancreatitis from a neoplasm with inflammation.
Collapse
|
16
|
Rout ED, Burnett RC, Yoshimoto JA, Avery PR, Avery AC. Assessment of immunoglobulin heavy chain, immunoglobulin light chain, and T-cell receptor clonality testing in the diagnosis of feline lymphoid neoplasia. Vet Clin Pathol 2019; 48 Suppl 1:45-58. [PMID: 31478220 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differentiation between neoplastic and reactive lymphocytic proliferations can be challenging in cats. PCR for antigen receptor rearrangements (PARR) testing is a useful diagnostic tool to assess clonality of a lymphoid population. Previous feline PARR studies evaluated clonality of complete immunoglobulin heavy chain V-D-J (IGH-VDJ) and T-cell receptor gamma (TRG) gene rearrangements. OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of feline PARR primers targeting complete IGH-VDJ and TRG rearrangements, as well as incomplete IGH-DJ, kappa deleting element (Kde), and immunoglobulin lambda light chain (IGL) gene rearrangements in defined feline neoplasms and nonneoplastic controls. METHODS Fluorescently labeled PCR primers were designed to amplify complete IGH-VDJ, incomplete IGH-DJ, Kde, IGL, and TRG gene rearrangements in two multiplexed PCR reactions, and PCR products were analyzed by fragment analysis. Fresh tissue samples from 12 flow cytometrically confirmed B-cell lymphomas, 26 cytologically confirmed gastric and renal lymphomas of presumed B-cell origin, 30 flow cytometrically confirmed T-cell leukemias, and 11 negative control cats were tested. RESULTS Using four immunoglobulin primer sets (IGH-VDJ, IGH-DJ, Kde, and IGL), clonal immunoglobulin rearrangements were detected in 87% (33/38) of the presumed B-cell neoplasms. The IGH-VDJ reaction alone only detected clonality in 50% (19/38) of these cases. TRG rearrangements were clonal in 97% (29/30) of the T-cell leukemia cases. All negative control samples had polyclonal immunoglobulin and TRG rearrangements. CONCLUSIONS The PARR assay developed in this study is useful for assessing clonality in feline lymphoid neoplasms. Clonality assessment of incomplete IGH-DJ, Kde, and IGL rearrangements helped identify clonal B-cell neoplasms not detected with complete IGH-VDJ PARR alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily D Rout
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Robert C Burnett
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Janna A Yoshimoto
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Paul R Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Anne C Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Marsilio S, Ackermann MR, Lidbury JA, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Results of histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular clonality testing of small intestinal biopsy specimens from clinically healthy client-owned cats. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:551-558. [PMID: 30820999 PMCID: PMC6430868 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular clonality testing are metrics frequently used to diagnose chronic enteropathy (CE) in cats. However, normal values for these metrics have been based mainly on samples from cats that were relatively young, specific pathogen‐free, or both. Objectives To describe results of histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and clonality testing of endoscopically‐derived biopsy specimens of the upper small intestinal tract from a cohort of clinically healthy client‐owned cats. Animals Twenty clinically healthy client‐owned cats ≥3 years of age. Methods Tissue specimens were collected from the stomach and duodenum and evaluated single blinded by a board‐certified pathologist. In addition, samples were evaluated by routine immunohistochemistry and clonality testing. Cats were followed after the procedure for signs of CE. Results Integrated results from histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and clonality testing were interpreted as consistent with small cell lymphoma (SCL; n = 12), emerging SCL (n = 1), lymphocytic enteritis (n = 6), and pseudoclonality (n = 1). On follow‐up, 3 cats eventually developed clinical signs of CE, of which 2 were euthanized 295 and 654 days post‐endoscopy. The remaining 17 cats did not show clinical signs of CE after a median of 709 days (range, 219‐869 days). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Intestinal biopsy specimens from clinically healthy client‐owned cats commonly had abnormal findings on histopathology, immunohistochemistry, clonality testing, or some combination of these without apparent clinical relevance. Current diagnostic metrics for diagnosing CE in cats may need modification to be applicable to the general population of cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sina Marsilio
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Mark R Ackermann
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.,Oregon Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Jonathan A Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Paulin MV, Couronné L, Beguin J, Le Poder S, Delverdier M, Semin MO, Bruneau J, Cerf-Bensussan N, Malamut G, Cellier C, Benchekroun G, Tiret L, German AJ, Hermine O, Freiche V. Feline low-grade alimentary lymphoma: an emerging entity and a potential animal model for human disease. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:306. [PMID: 30305106 PMCID: PMC6180644 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1635-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-grade alimentary lymphoma (LGAL) is characterised by the infiltration of neoplastic T-lymphocytes, typically in the small intestine. The incidence of LGAL has increased over the last ten years and it is now the most frequent digestive neoplasia in cats and comprises 60 to 75% of gastrointestinal lymphoma cases. Given that LGAL shares common clinical, paraclinical and ultrasonographic features with inflammatory bowel diseases, establishing a diagnosis is challenging. A review was designed to summarise current knowledge of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of feline LGAL. Electronic searches of PubMed and Science Direct were carried out without date or language restrictions. RESULTS A total of 176 peer-reviewed documents were identified and most of which were published in the last twenty years. 130 studies were found from the veterinary literature and 46 from the human medicine literature. Heterogeneity of study designs and outcome measures made meta-analysis inappropriate. The pathophysiology of feline LGAL still needs to be elucidated, not least the putative roles of infectious agents, environmental factors as well as genetic events. The most common therapeutic strategy is combination treatment with prednisolone and chlorambucil, and prolonged remission can often be achieved. Developments in immunohistochemical analysis and clonality testing have improved the confidence of clinicians in obtaining a correct diagnosis between LGAL and IBD. The condition shares similarities with some diseases in humans, especially human indolent T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. CONCLUSIONS The pathophysiology of feline LGAL still needs to be elucidated and prospective studies as well as standardisation of therapeutic strategies are needed. A combination of conventional histopathology and immunohistochemistry remains the current gold-standard test, but clinicians should be cautious about reclassifying cats previously diagnosed with IBD to lymphoma on the basis of clonality testing. Importantly, feline LGAL could be considered to be a potential animal model for indolent digestive T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder, a rare condition in human medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu V Paulin
- Université Paris-Est, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Lucile Couronné
- Hematology Department, Hôpital Universitaire Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR 1163, CNRS ERL 8254, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Jérémy Beguin
- Internal Medicine Department, Université Paris-Est, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sophie Le Poder
- UMR 1161 Virologie, INRA-ENVA-ANSES, Université Paris-Est, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Maxence Delverdier
- Anatomical Pathology Department, Université de Toulouse, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Odile Semin
- Anatomical Pathology Department, Université de Toulouse, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Julie Bruneau
- Pathology Department, Hôpital Universitaire Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,INSERM 1163, Institut Imagine, Site Hôpital Universitaire Necker - Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Nadine Cerf-Bensussan
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,UMR 1163, Laboratory of Intestinal Immunity, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Georgia Malamut
- Gastroenterology Department, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Cellier
- Gastroenterology Department, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Ghita Benchekroun
- Internal Medicine Department, Université Paris-Est, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Laurent Tiret
- Inserm U955-E10 BNMS, IMRB, Université Paris-Est, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94000, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Alexander J German
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Olivier Hermine
- Hematology Department, Hôpital Universitaire Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR 1163, CNRS ERL 8254, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Freiche
- Internal Medicine Department, Université Paris-Est, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wolfesberger B, Fuchs-Baumgartinger A, Greß V, Hammer S, Gradner G, Knödl K, Tichy A, Rütgen B, Beham-Schmid C. World Health Organisation Classification of Lymphoid Tumours in Veterinary and Human Medicine: a Comparative Evaluation of Gastrointestinal Lymphomas in 61 Cats. J Comp Pathol 2018; 159:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
20
|
Balan M, Hope A, Cassidy J, McCullough M, O'Brien PJ. Marked paraneoplastic basophilia accompanying eosinophilia in a cat with alimentary T-cell lymphoma. JFMS Open Rep 2017; 3:2055116917730180. [PMID: 28975036 PMCID: PMC5613847 DOI: 10.1177/2055116917730180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 5-year-old male neutered domestic shorthair cat was referred with a history of persistent pyrexia, pica, soft faeces, inappetence, intermittent vomiting, mild-to-moderate granulocytosis and mild hypercalcaemia. No significant improvement was noted after antibiotic and corticosteroid treatment, except that the hypercalcaemia resolved. Physical examination, including thoracic auscultation, and abdominal and peripheral lymph node palpation, were unremarkable. On admission, haematology revealed moderate leukocytosis (36.8 × 109/l) with moderate-to-marked eosinophilia (21.3 × 109/l) and marked basophilia (4.04 × 109/l), the latter identified microscopically. Lymphocytes were markedly decreased (0.37 × 109/l). Blood smear examination revealed 58% eosinophils, 28% neutrophils, 11% basophils, 2% monocytes, 1% lymphocytes and marked, diffuse platelet clumping. Biochemistry abnormalities indicated mild pancreatitis, dehydration and anorexia with mildly increased pancreatic lipase, mild hypernatraemia (157 mmol/l), a moderate decrease in urea (3.1 mmol/l) and a slight decrease in phosphate (1.32 mmol/l). Ultrasound and radiographic imaging revealed enlargement of the mesenteric lymph nodes. Fine-needle aspiration, a Tru-cut biopsy and immunohistochemistry were performed. Cytological examination revealed ~65–75% lymphocytes (~80% were larger than a neutrophil), ~25–35% eosinophils and occasional basophils. Lymphocytes had single, small (<1/3 red blood cells), prominent nucleoli and increased pale, mildly vacuolated cytoplasm. On histopathology, cells were monomorphic, large, with prominent nucleoli, and mild, multifocal, staining for T-cell marker CD3. Smaller cells were strongly CD3-positive. Cells were negative for B-cell marker CD45R. Relevance and novel information This is the most severe case of paraneoplastic basophilia reported with feline alimentary T-cell lymphoma with accompanying eosinophilia and lymph node infiltration. Feline basophil prevalence is reported for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Balan
- Veterinary Pathobiology Section, University College Dublin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aimee Hope
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Section, University College Dublin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joseph Cassidy
- Veterinary Pathobiology Section, University College Dublin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Maureen McCullough
- Veterinary Pathobiology Section, University College Dublin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Peter J O'Brien
- Veterinary Pathobiology Section, University College Dublin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wolfesberger B, Skor O, Hammer SE, Flickinger I, Kleiter M, Rütgen BC, Schwendenwein I, Tichy A, Hittmair KM, Degasperi B, Fuchs-Baumgartinger A. Does categorisation of lymphoma subtypes according to the World Health Organization classification predict clinical outcome in cats? J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:897-906. [PMID: 27578201 PMCID: PMC11104118 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x16666119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Objectives The purpose of this study was to specify lymphoma subtypes according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification in a group of cats and to investigate their potential prognostic value. Methods Records of cats from the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna suffering from lymphoma were reviewed in this retrospective study. To diagnose various subtypes specified in the WHO classification, histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations, as well as clonality assays in some cases, were performed. Results Of the 30 cats included in this study and classified according to the WHO guidelines, peripheral T-cell lymphoma was the most prevalent lymphoma subtype (37% of cases; n = 11), followed by diffuse large B-cell (23%; n = 7), intestinal T-cell (10%; n = 3), T-cell-rich B-cell (10%; n = 3), large granular lymphocytic (7%; n = 2), anaplastic large T-cell (7%; n = 2), B-cell small lymphocytic (3%; n = 1) and T-cell angiotropic lymphoma (3%; n = 1). The median survival time (MST) was 5.4 months (range 6 days to 2.2 years), with two cats still alive after 1.7 and 2.0 years, respectively. Treating cats prior to chemotherapy with glucocorticoids did not worsen their prognosis. Adding to chemotherapy, radiotherapy or surgery did not improve the clinical outcome. We observed that patients with intestinal T-cell lymphoma lived significantly longer (MST 1.7 years) than those with a diffuse large B-cell (MST 4.5 months) or peripheral T-cell lymphoma (MST 6.1 months). Cats with T-cell-rich B-cell lymphoma survived significantly longer (MST 1.2 years) than those with a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Conclusions and relevance A detailed diagnosis of feline lymphoma can be obtained by allocating different subtypes according to the WHO classification. From the eight detected lymphoma subtypes, two, intestinal T-cell lymphoma and T-cell-rich B-cell lymphoma, showed promising survival times in cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birgitt Wolfesberger
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ondrej Skor
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine E Hammer
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene Flickinger
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Miriam Kleiter
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara C Rütgen
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilse Schwendenwein
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Tichy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina M Hittmair
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigitte Degasperi
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hoehne SN, McDonough SP, Rishniw M, Simpson KW. Identification of Mucosa-Invading and Intravascular Bacteria in Feline Small Intestinal Lymphoma. Vet Pathol 2016; 54:234-241. [PMID: 27627983 DOI: 10.1177/0300985816664792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Persistent bacterial infections of the gastrointestinal mucosa are causally linked to gastric carcinoma and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma in people and laboratory animals. We examined the relationship of mucosa-associated bacteria to alimentary lymphoma in cats. Intestinal biopsies from 50 cats with alimentary lymphoma (small cell, n = 33; large cell, n = 17) and 38 controls without lymphoma (normal to minimal change on histopathology, n = 18; lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis, n = 20) were evaluated. The number and spatial distribution of bacteria (ie, in luminal cellular debris, villus-associated mucus, adherent to epithelium, mucosal invasion, intravascular, or serosal) were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization with the eubacterial probe EUB-338. Mucosa-invasive bacteria were more frequently observed in cats with large cell lymphoma (82%, P ≤ .001) than in cats with small cell lymphoma (18%), normal to minimal change on histopathology, and lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis (3%). Intravascular bacteria were observed solely in large cell lymphoma (29%), and serosal colonization was more common in cats with large cell lymphoma (57%) than with small cell lymphoma (11%, P ≤ .01), normal to minimal change (8%, P ≤ .01), and lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis (6%, P ≤ .001). The high frequency of invasive bacteria within blood vessels and serosa of cats with large cell lymphoma may account for the sepsis-related complications associated with large cell lymphoma and inform clinical management. Further studies are required to determine the role of intramucosal bacteria in the etiopathogenesis of feline alimentary lymphoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S N Hoehne
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,2 William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - S P McDonough
- 3 Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - M Rishniw
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - K W Simpson
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Felisberto R, Matos J, Alves M, Cabeçadas J, Henriques J. Evaluation of Pax5 expression and comparison with BLA.36 and CD79αcy in feline non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:1257-1268. [PMID: 27549353 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Paired box gene 5 (Pax5) is a widely used B-cell marker for human and canine non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (nHL); however, in the literature there is only one case report using Pax5 in a cat B-cell lymphoma. The purposes of this study were to investigate the expression and detection of B-cell specific activator protein (BSAP) using a monoclonal anti-Pax5 antibody in feline nHL (FnHL) tissue samples to evaluate its diagnostic relevance as a B-cell marker. A total of 45 FnHL samples in 45 cats were evaluated. B-cell lymphoma was the most common immunophenotype (51.1%) for all the samples and T-cell the most common immunophenotype (64.3%) for the gastrointestinal (GI) form. Pax5 stained 82.6% of all B-cell lymphomas and no expression was found in any of the T-cell lymphomas. Anti-Pax5 antibody staining in FnHL is similar to that reported in human and canine counterparts and may offer an excellent B-cell marker in cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Felisberto
- Hospital Veterinário Berna, Onevet Group, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J Matos
- Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa, Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M Alves
- Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies (CBIOS) / Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J Cabeçadas
- Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa, Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J Henriques
- Hospital Veterinário Berna, Onevet Group, Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Maximizing the diagnostic utility of endoscopic biopsy in dogs and cats with gastrointestinal disease. Vet J 2016; 214:50-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
25
|
Mitsui I, Jackson LP, Couëtil LL, Lin TL, Ramos-Vara JA. Hypertrichosis in a Horse with Alimentary T-Cell Lymphoma and Pituitary Involvement. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 19:128-32. [PMID: 17459849 DOI: 10.1177/104063870701900125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A 13-year-old Quarterhorse mare had a 6-month history of diarrhea, progressive weight loss, and lethargy. At presentation the mare was hirsute, had hyperhidrosis, and abnormal fat distribution in addition to severe diarrhea. A presumptive clinical diagnosis of protein-losing enteropathy and pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction was made. T-cell lymphoma was diagnosed in a rectal biopsy specimen. The owner elected to euthanize the mare because of poor prognosis and the severity of the disease. At necropsy, the mare had hypertrichosis and the pituitary gland was diffusely enlarged. Histologically, neoplastic lymphocytes infiltrated the gastrointestinal mucosa, mesenteric lymph nodes, and the pituitary gland. In addition, there was hyperplasia of the pituitary gland pars intermedia. Pituitary adenoma was not present. Hypertrichosis in this case could have been triggered by a combination of adenomatous hyperplasia of pars intermedia and lymphoma resulting in disruption of the hypothalamic dopaminergic tone or disruption of the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ikki Mitsui
- Purdue University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, 406 South University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Rydzewski L, Scheffold S, Hecht W, Burkhardt E, Kerner K, Klymiuk MC, Deinzer R, Reinacher M, Henrich M. Identification of a novel feline large granular lymphoma cell line (S87) as non-MHC-restricted cytotoxic T-cell line and assessment of its genetic instability. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 177:24-34. [PMID: 27436441 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Feline large granular lymphocyte lymphomas are rare but very aggressive tumors with a poor prognosis. In this study, a cell line from an abdominal effusion of a cat with large granular lymphoma was characterized. Immunophenotype staining was positive for CD3 and CD45R, and negative for CD4, CD8, CD56, CD79α, BLA.36 and NK1. A TCR γ gene rearrangement was detectable by PARR. Neither FeLV antigen nor exogenous FeLV provirus could be detected. A chromosomal instability associated with a centrosome hyperamplification could also be determined. The cell line is able to lyse target cells without antigen presentation or interaction with antigen presenting cells. Therefore, these cells were classified as genetically instable non-MHC-restricted cytotoxic T cells with large granular lymphocyte morphology.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cat Diseases/genetics
- Cat Diseases/immunology
- Cats/genetics
- Cats/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Female
- Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Genes, p53
- Genomic Instability
- Immunophenotyping
- Leukemia Virus, Feline/isolation & purification
- Lymphoma/genetics
- Lymphoma/immunology
- Lymphoma/veterinary
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/ultrastructure
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Rydzewski
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig Universtity Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 96, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Svenja Scheffold
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig Universtity Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 96, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Werner Hecht
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig Universtity Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 96, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Eberhard Burkhardt
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig Universtity Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 96, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Katharina Kerner
- Institute of Infectious Disease of Animals, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 85-89, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Michele C Klymiuk
- Veterinary Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology Justus-Liebig Universtity Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 106, 35392 Giessen,Germany
| | - Renate Deinzer
- Institute for Medical Psychology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 36, Giessen, Germany
| | - Manfred Reinacher
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig Universtity Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 96, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Manfred Henrich
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig Universtity Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 96, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Watson MK, Cazzini P, Mayer J, Gottdenker N, Reavill D, Parry N, Fox JG, Sakamoto K. Histology and immunohistochemistry of severe inflammatory bowel disease versus lymphoma in the ferret (Mustela putorius furo). J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 28:198-206. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638716641156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a common disorder of ferrets ( Mustela putorius furo) that may progress to lymphoma. Although routine histology is used to distinguish between these diseases, misclassifications may occur. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is commonly used to distinguish between IBD and lymphoma in small animals. The objective of our study was to determine the agreement in the diagnosis reached solely using hematoxylin and eosin (HE)-stained, full-thickness sections versus using a combination of HE and IHC. Enteric sections from 44 ferrets previously diagnosed with IBD or intestinal lymphoma and 3 control ferrets were analyzed by pathologists with expertise in ferrets. A pathologist blinded to the original diagnosis assessed the same HE-stained sections. Analysis was then repeated using HE sections in parallel with sections stained using antibodies against CD3 and CD79a. No significant difference was found between the original HE diagnosis and the HE diagnosis reached by the blinded pathologist ( p = 0.91) or between the blinded pathologist’s HE versus HE with IHC diagnosis ( p = 0.16). In the 2 cases where disagreement was present, IHC was pivotal in reaching a final diagnosis. There was no significant age ( p = 0.29) difference between diagnoses; however, significantly more male ferrets were affected with IBD than females ( p = 0.004). Immunophenotype of the lymphoma was not correlated with predilection for location in the intestinal wall ( p = 0.44). Results suggest that although IHC is not necessary to distinguish IBD from intestinal lymphoma in ferrets, it can be useful a definitive diagnosis in cases of severe IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan K. Watson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL (Watson)
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (Cazzini)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Sakamoto, Gottdenker, Mayer)
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA (Fox, Parry)
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, West Sacramento, CA (Reavill)
| | - Paola Cazzini
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL (Watson)
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (Cazzini)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Sakamoto, Gottdenker, Mayer)
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA (Fox, Parry)
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, West Sacramento, CA (Reavill)
| | - Joerg Mayer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL (Watson)
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (Cazzini)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Sakamoto, Gottdenker, Mayer)
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA (Fox, Parry)
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, West Sacramento, CA (Reavill)
| | - Nicole Gottdenker
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL (Watson)
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (Cazzini)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Sakamoto, Gottdenker, Mayer)
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA (Fox, Parry)
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, West Sacramento, CA (Reavill)
| | - Drury Reavill
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL (Watson)
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (Cazzini)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Sakamoto, Gottdenker, Mayer)
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA (Fox, Parry)
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, West Sacramento, CA (Reavill)
| | - Nicola Parry
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL (Watson)
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (Cazzini)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Sakamoto, Gottdenker, Mayer)
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA (Fox, Parry)
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, West Sacramento, CA (Reavill)
| | - James G. Fox
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL (Watson)
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (Cazzini)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Sakamoto, Gottdenker, Mayer)
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA (Fox, Parry)
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, West Sacramento, CA (Reavill)
| | - Kaori Sakamoto
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL (Watson)
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (Cazzini)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Sakamoto, Gottdenker, Mayer)
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA (Fox, Parry)
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, West Sacramento, CA (Reavill)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Pope KV, Tun AE, McNeill CJ, Brown DC, Krick EL. Outcome and toxicity assessment of feline small cell lymphoma: 56 cases (2000-2010). Vet Med Sci 2015; 1:51-62. [PMID: 29067174 PMCID: PMC5645816 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline small cell lymphoma is associated with greater response to treatment and survival when compared to large cell lymphoma. Treatment‐associated toxicity, response to rescue chemotherapy and prognostic factors are largely unknown. This retrospective study was performed to identify treatment‐associated toxicity, response to rescue chemotherapy and treatment outcome for cats diagnosed with small cell lymphoma of various anatomic locations. Medical records from 56 cats were evaluated. All cats were treated with glucocorticoid and chlorambucil with discontinuation of treatment recommended at 1 year if complete clinical response was documented. Chemotherapy toxicity was uncommon (33.9%) and generally mild. Grade III or IV hepatotoxicity was documented in 10.7% of patients. Overall response rate was 85.7% with glucocorticoid and chlorambucil. Median progression‐free survival was 1078 days. Overall response rate for rescue chemotherapy was 59%. Reintroduction of prednisone and chlorambucil was associated with significantly longer survival than prednisone and lomustine (>1500 vs. 492 days, P = 0.01). Median overall survival times for cats with lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract was not significantly different from those with extra‐intestinal disease locations (1148 vs. 1375 days, P = 0.23). Median overall survival was 1317 days. Toxicity, other than hepatotoxicity was mild. Rescue chemotherapy with re‐introduction of glucocorticoids and chlorambucil was most successful. Discontinuation of glucocorticoid and chlorambucil with subsequent reintroduction as rescue chemotherapy appears to be just as effective as continued administration in cats. Feline small cell lymphoma is associated with greater response to treatment and survival when compared with large cell lymphoma, however, treatment‐related toxicity and response to rescue chemotherapy are less well established. Fifty‐six cases were retrospectively evaluated and provided information regarding treatment‐related outcomes, hepatotoxicity associated with chlorambucil chemotherapy and favourable response rates with reintroduction of first‐line chemotherapy agents at the time of disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kendra V Pope
- Department of Clinical StudiesSchool of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Alex E Tun
- Department of Clinical StudiesSchool of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | | | - Dorothy C Brown
- Department of Clinical StudiesSchool of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Erika L Krick
- Department of Clinical StudiesSchool of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Cytogenomics of Feline Cancers: Advances and Opportunities. Vet Sci 2015; 2:246-258. [PMID: 29061944 PMCID: PMC5644630 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci2030246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Relative to the dog, integration of the cat into the “One Health” concept has been more restricted, particularly in the field of molecular oncology. Beyond the continual need to enhance the sophistication of feline healthcare per se, the unique spectrum of naturally-occurring cancers in the cat offers tremendous opportunities for comparative and translational advances that may have mutual benefit for human and veterinary medicine. The study of feline cancers additionally may generate new insight into underexplored aspects of tumor biology that are less accessible in other species, such as the relationship between chronic inflammation and neoplasia, and the role of viruses in malignant transformation. Several factors that have hindered molecular studies of feline cancers have now been surmounted, with the most fundamental step forward coming from the development of a high-quality reference genome sequence assembly for the cat. This article reviews landmark studies that have led to our current appreciation of feline genome architecture, and outlines techniques used in cancer cytogenomics, from conventional karyotyping analysis through to the development of genomic microarrays and beyond. A summary of progress in the identification and characterization of chromosomal aberrations in feline cancers is provided using examples from studies of injection-site sarcomas, lymphomas and mammary tumors.
Collapse
|
30
|
Mangelsdorf S, Teske E, v Bomhard W, Stockhaus C. Cytology of endoscopically obtained biopsies for the diagnosis of chronic intestinal diseases in cats. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2015; 43:15-20, 22. [PMID: 25599379 DOI: 10.15654/tpk-140241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the diagnostic value of cytology of endoscopically obtained biopsies in cats presented for chronic gastrointestinal complaints with emphasis on the diagnosis of low-grade alimentary lymphoma (LGAL). MATERIALS AND METHODS Data of endoscopically obtained duodenal biopsies from 137 cats were evaluated retrospectively. Cytology was performed using the squash smear technique with subsequent Diff Quick® staining. Pathological findings were categorized according to type and grade of the inflammatory infiltrate. Moreover, reports were reviewed with regard to diagnosis of LGAL. Histopathology reports were analysed correspondingly and compared to cytology results. Histopathological samples were further evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) if a diagnosis of LGAL had been expressed. RESULTS Squash smear preparation of intestinal biopsies was adequate for cytological examination in >97% of cases. Using histopathology as gold standard, with cytology, a sensitivity and specificity for detection of a pathologic process in feline intestinal biopsies of 68.1% and 70.6% were calculated, respectively. Regarding the detection of lymphoplasmacytic (LPE) and eosinophilic enteritis a statistically significant correlation with histopathology (p<0.05) was observed. With regard to grade of the inflammatory infiltrate, a weak correlation was calculated (r=0.482). Of 21 cats diagnosed or suspected with LGAL by cytology, IHC confirmed nine cases whereas 11 cases were reclassified as LPE. None of the confirmed LGAL had been missed with histopathology. A sensitivity of 60.0% and specificity of 90.6% for cytological detection of feline LGAL was obtained. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The sensitivity of cytology to diagnose LGAL is low and it has no additional significance to histological biopsies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Mangelsdorf
- Dr. Susanne Mangelsdorf, Small Animal Clinic Haar, Keferloher Straße 25, 85540 Haar, Germany,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Distinguishing Intestinal Lymphoma From Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Canine Duodenal Endoscopic Biopsy Samples. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:668-75. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985814559398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and intestinal lymphoma are intestinal disorders in dogs, both causing similar chronic digestive signs, although with a different prognosis and different treatment requirements. Differentiation between these 2 conditions is based on histopathologic evaluation of intestinal biopsies. However, an accurate diagnosis is often difficult based on histology alone, especially when only endoscopic biopsies are available to differentiate IBD from enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL) type 2, a small cell lymphoma. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of histopathology; immunohistochemistry (IHC) for CD3, CD20, and Ki-67; and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for antigen receptor rearrangement (T-cell clonality) in the differential diagnosis of severe IBD vs intestinal lymphoma. Endoscopic biopsies from 32 dogs with severe IBD or intestinal lymphoma were evaluated. The original diagnosis was based on microscopic examination of hematoxylin and eosin (HE)–stained sections alone followed by a second evaluation using morphology in association with IHC for CD3 and CD20 and a third evaluation using PCR for clonality. Our results show that, in contrast to feline intestinal lymphomas, 6 of 8 canine small intestinal lymphomas were EATL type 1 (large cell) lymphomas. EATL type 2 was uncommon. Regardless, in dogs, intraepithelial lymphocytes were not an important diagnostic feature to differentiate IBD from EATL as confirmed by PCR. EATL type 1 had a significantly higher Ki-67 index than did EATL type 2 or IBD cases. Based on the results of this study, a stepwise diagnostic approach using histology as the first step, followed by immunophenotyping and determining the Ki67 index and finally PCR for clonality, improves the accuracy of distinguishing intestinal lymphoma from IBD in dogs.
Collapse
|
32
|
Guzera M, Cian F, Leo C, Winnicka A, Archer J. The use of flow cytometry for immunophenotyping lymphoproliferative disorders in cats: a retrospective study of 19 cases. Vet Comp Oncol 2014; 14 Suppl 1:40-51. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Guzera
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Warsaw University of Life Sciences; Warsaw Poland
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - F. Cian
- Animal Health Trust; Newmarket UK
| | - C. Leo
- Oncology Service, Royal Veterinary College; University of London; London UK
| | - A. Winnicka
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Warsaw University of Life Sciences; Warsaw Poland
| | - J. Archer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Daniaux LA, Laurenson MP, Marks SL, Moore PF, Taylor SL, Chen RX, Zwingenberger AL. Ultrasonographic thickening of the muscularis propria in feline small intestinal small cell T-cell lymphoma and inflammatory bowel disease. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 16:89-98. [PMID: 23900499 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13498596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal lymphoma is the most common form of lymphoma in the cat. More recently, an ultrasonographic pattern associated with feline small cell T-cell gastrointestinal lymphoma has been recognized as a diffuse thickening of the muscularis propria of the small intestine. This pattern is also described with feline inflammatory bowel disease. To evaluate the similarities between the diseases, we quantified the thickness of the muscularis propria layer in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum of 14 cats affected by small cell T-cell lymphoma and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and 19 healthy cats. We found a significantly increased thickness of the muscularis propria in cats with lymphoma and IBD compared with healthy cats. The mean thickness of the muscularis propria in cats with lymphoma or IBD was twice the thickness of that of healthy cats, and was the major contributor to significant overall bowel wall thickening in the duodenum and jejunum. A muscularis to submucosa ratio >1 is indicative of an abnormal bowel segment. Colic lymph nodes in cats with lymphoma were increased in size compared with healthy cats. In cats with gastrointestinal lymphoma and histologic transmural infiltration of the small intestines, colic or jejunal lymph nodes were rounded, increased in size and hypoechoic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lise A Daniaux
- 1William R Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Batchelor DJ, Devauchelle P, Elliott J, Elwood CM, Freiche V, Gualtieri M, Hall EJ, Den Hertog E, Neiger R, Peeters D, Roura X, Savary-Bataille K, German AJ. Mechanisms, causes, investigation and management of vomiting disorders in cats: a literature review. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15:237-65. [PMID: 23403690 PMCID: PMC10816764 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x12473466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vomiting is a common presenting complaint in feline practice. This article differs from previous reviews in that it is an evidence-based review of the mechanisms, causes, investigation and management of vomiting in the domestic cat. Published evidence was reviewed, and then used to make recommendations for clinical assessment, diagnosis, antiemetic drug treatment, dietary management and monitoring of cats presenting with vomiting. The strength of the evidence on which recommendations are made (and areas where evidence is lacking for cats) has been highlighted throughout.
Collapse
|
35
|
Histopathology. CANINE AND FELINE GASTROENTEROLOGY 2013. [PMCID: PMC7152035 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3661-6.00029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
36
|
Swanson CM, Smedley RC, Saavedra PV, Kiupel M, Kitchell BE. Expression of the Bcl-2 apoptotic marker in cats diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease and gastrointestinal lymphoma. J Feline Med Surg 2012; 14:741-5. [PMID: 22710860 PMCID: PMC11104108 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x12451404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Immunolabeling for the critical lymphocyte survival factor, Bcl-2, of intestinal biopsies from cats with histologic evidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or gastrointestinal (GI) lymphoma was evaluated to determine if expression differed significantly between these two disease processes. Immunolabeling for Bcl-2 was performed on small intestinal endoscopic or full thickness biopsy sections from 55 cats. Diagnosis of IBD, T-cell lymphoma or B-cell lymphoma was established previously. The percentage of infiltrating lymphocytes that were positively labeled for Bcl-2 was subjectively determined for each case. Eight cats were diagnosed with IBD and 47 cats with lymphoma. A significantly higher percentage of cells were positively immunolabeled for Bcl-2 in cats with GI lymphoma [median (range); 90 (5-95)%] compared with cats with IBD [60 (15-95)%] (P = 0.029). However, the overall degree of positive immunolabeling in both groups tended to be high. This over-expression of Bcl-2 may prove useful as a therapeutic target for IBD and GI lymphoma in cats.
Collapse
|
37
|
|
38
|
Nagata K, Lamb M, Goldschmidt MH, Duda L, Walton RM. The usefulness of immunohistochemistry to differentiate between nasal carcinoma and lymphoma in cats: 140 cases (1986-2000). Vet Comp Oncol 2012; 12:52-7. [PMID: 22520498 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2012.00330.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A retrospective evaluation of 232 feline nasal biopsies initially diagnosed as either carcinoma or lymphoma was performed by two pathologists. One or both pathologists disagreed with the original diagnosis in 15 cases (7%), 14 of which had original diagnoses of carcinoma. Out of the 232 cases, 140, including the disputed ones, were subjected to immunohistochemical staining with epithelial and lymphoid markers. Immunohistochemical staining of the 15 disputed cases showed that the original diagnoses were incorrect in 67% (10/15), unverified in 13% (2/15) and correct in 20% (3/15). Among the consensual diagnoses, immunohistochemistry revealed that 3% (4/125) of diagnoses were unverified because they did not stain for any of the markers evaluated. This report demonstrates the importance of immunohistochemistry in establishing a correct histologic diagnosis for nasal neoplasms in cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Nagata
- Pittsburgh Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15237, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Barrs VR, Beatty JA. Feline alimentary lymphoma: 1. Classification, risk factors, clinical signs and non-invasive diagnostics. J Feline Med Surg 2012; 14:182-90. [PMID: 22370860 PMCID: PMC10822432 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x12439265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Alimentary lymphoma (AL) occurs commonly in cats and exists as distinct subtypes that differ in their clinical course, response to treatment and prognosis. Accurate diagnosis is important to guide appropriate treatment. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Differentiation of low-grade alimentary lymphoma from lymphoplasmacytic enteritis can be challenging, especially where endoscopic intestinal biopsies, which sample only the mucosa and submucosa, are used. The major differentials for intermediate- and high-grade alimentary lymphoma are other neoplastic and non-neoplastic intestinal mass lesions. The diagnosis of large granular lymphocyte lymphoma requires vigilance as it may be missed with routine diagnostics. PATIENT GROUP AL affects predominantly middle- to old-aged domestic crossbred cats (median age 10-13 years). EVIDENCE BASE The evidence supporting this review is grade II, III and IV, derived from prospective studies, retrospective case series, reviews, extrapolation from other species, pathophysiological justification and the combined clinical experience of those working in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa R Barrs
- Valentine Charlton Cat Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Barrs VR, Beatty JA. Feline alimentary lymphoma: 2. Further diagnostics, therapy and prognosis. J Feline Med Surg 2012; 14:191-201. [PMID: 22370861 PMCID: PMC10822435 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x12439266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Accurate diagnosis of the distinct subtypes of alimentary lymphoma (AL) that occur in cats is important as there are major differences between them in clinical presentation, treatment and prognosis. Unlike intermediate- and high-grade alimentary lymphoma (I/HGAL) and large granular lymphocyte lymphoma (LGLL), which can often be diagnosed by aspiration cytology, full-thickness intestinal biopsies are usually required for the diagnosis of low-grade alimentary lymphoma (LGAL). CLINICAL CHALLENGES LGAL is an increasingly recognised clinical problem and it can be challenging to differentiate from inflammatory disease. Where there is ambiguity on histology, further diagnostics (immunophenotyping and clonality analysis) may be required. The diagnosis of LGLL requires an index of suspicion as it may be missed with routine diagnostics. While cats with LGAL typically achieve durable remissions with oral prednisolone and chlorambucil, I/HGAL runs a more aggressive clinical course and requires multi-agent chemotherapeutic protocols. Information on the treatment of LGLL is limited and this form of AL has the poorest prognosis. Preliminary studies suggest that abdominal irradiation may potentially be of benefit in cats with AL and further investigations are warranted. EVIDENCE BASE The evidence supporting this review is derived from grade II, III and IV prospective studies, retrospective case series, reviews, extrapolation from other species, pathophysiological justification and the combined clinical experience of those working in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa R Barrs
- Valentine Charlton Cat Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Morrison WB. Inflammation and cancer: a comparative view. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 26:18-31. [PMID: 22151229 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00836.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rudolph Virchow first speculated on a relationship between inflammation and cancer more than 150 years ago. Subsequently, chronic inflammation and associated reactive free radical overload and some types of bacterial, viral, and parasite infections that cause inflammation were recognized as important risk factors for cancer development and account for one in four of all human cancers worldwide. Even viruses that do not directly cause inflammation can cause cancer when they act in conjunction with proinflammatory cofactors or when they initiate or promote cancer via the same signaling pathways utilized in inflammation. Whatever its origin, inflammation in the tumor microenvironment has many cancer-promoting effects and aids in the proliferation and survival of malignant cells and promotes angiogenesis and metastasis. Mediators of inflammation such as cytokines, free radicals, prostaglandins, and growth factors can induce DNA damage in tumor suppressor genes and post-translational modifications of proteins involved in essential cellular processes including apoptosis, DNA repair, and cell cycle checkpoints that can lead to initiation and progression of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wallace B Morrison
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Evaluation of 53 Cases of Feline Lymphoplasmacytic Enteritis and Low-Grade Alimentary Lymphoma. J Comp Pathol 2011; 145:187-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
43
|
Smith AL, Wilson AP, Hardie RJ, Krick EL, Schmiedt CW. Perioperative complications after full-thickness gastrointestinal surgery in cats with alimentary lymphoma. Vet Surg 2011; 40:849-52. [PMID: 21770986 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2011.00863.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine perioperative risk factors for complications that occur before hospital discharge after gastrointestinal (GI) surgery in cats with alimentary lymphosarcoma (LSA). STUDY DESIGN Case series. ANIMALS Cats (n=70) with a histopathologically confirmed diagnosis of alimentary LSA that had full-thickness GI surgery. METHODS Medical record data (February 1996-March 2009) from 3 academic referral centers were reviewed. Retrieved data included signalment, preoperative clinical signs and laboratory findings, perioperative medications administered, type and location of GI surgery performed and outcome until hospital discharge. RESULTS In 38 surgeries, intestinal resection and anastomosis was performed. Gastrotomy and/or enterotomy was performed in 53 surgeries. A preoperative serum albumin concentration <2.5 g/dL was recorded for 11 cases. There was no clinical evidence of postoperative leakage from any biopsy or anastomosis site. Postoperative complications that occurred before hospital discharge included: anorexia or decreased appetite (n=8), hyperthermia (3), pancreatitis (1) and constipation (1). CONCLUSIONS Cats with alimentary LSA do not appear to be at high risk of postoperative dehiscence after full-thickness GI surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Smith
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Gastrointestinal lymphomas were identified in 120 cats between 1995 and 2006. Lymphomas were classified according to the World Health Organization (WHO) scheme. Cats with mucosal T-cell lymphoma ( n = 84) predominated and had a median survival of 29 months. Mucosal T-cell lymphoma matched WHO enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma (EATCL) type II. Epitheliotropic T-cell infiltrates were present in 62% of cats and occurred as clusters or diffuse infiltrates of small to intermediate-sized T cells in villous and/or crypt epithelium. Similar lymphocytes infiltrated the lamina propria in distinctive patterns. Cats with transmural T-cell lymphoma ( n = 19) had a median survival of 1.5 months. Transmural T-cell lymphoma matched WHO EATCL type I. Epitheliotropic T-cell infiltrates were present in 58% of cats. Large lymphocytes ( n = 11), mostly with cytoplasmic granules (LGL–granzyme B+) ( n = 9) predominated. Transmural extension across the muscularis propria characterized the lesion. Both mucosal and transmural T-cell lymphomas were largely confined to the small intestine, and molecular clonality analysis revealed clonal or oligoclonal rearrangements of T-cell receptor-γ in 90% of cats. Cats with B-cell lymphoma ( n = 19) had a median survival of 3.5 months. B-cell lymphomas occurred as transmural lesions in stomach, jejunum, and ileo–cecal–colic junction. The majority were diffuse, large B-cell lymphomas of centroblastic type. In conclusion, T-cell lymphomas characterized by distinctive mucosal architecture, CD3 expression, and clonal expansion predominated in the feline gastrointestinal tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P. F. Moore
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - A. Rodriguez-Bertos
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - P. H. Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Mochizuki H, Takahashi M, Nishigaki K, Ide T, Goto-Koshino Y, Watanabe S, Sato H, Sato M, Kotera Y, Fujino Y, Ohno K, Uchida K, Tsujimoto H. Establishment of a novel feline leukemia virus (FeLV)-negative B-cell cell line from a cat with B-cell lymphoma. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 140:307-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
46
|
|
47
|
Weiss A, Klopfleisch R, Gruber A. T-Cell Receptor γ Chain Variable and Joining Region Genes of Subgroup 1 are Clonally Rearranged in Feline B- and T-Cell Lymphoma. J Comp Pathol 2011; 144:123-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
48
|
Kiupel M, Smedley RC, Pfent C, Xie Y, Xue Y, Wise AG, DeVaul JM, Maes RK. Diagnostic algorithm to differentiate lymphoma from inflammation in feline small intestinal biopsy samples. Vet Pathol 2010; 48:212-22. [PMID: 21149848 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810389479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Differentiating between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and small intestinal lymphoma in cats is often difficult, especially when only endoscopic biopsy specimens are available for evaluation. However, a correct diagnosis is imperative for proper treatment and prognosis. A retrospective study was performed using surgical and endoscopic intestinal biopsy specimens from 63 cats with a history of chronic diarrhea or vomiting or weight loss. A diagnosis of lymphoma or inflammation was based on microscopic examination of hematoxylin and eosin (HE)-stained sections alone, HE-stained sections plus results of immunohistochemical labeling (IHC) for CD3e and CD79a, and HE staining, immunophenotyping, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results for B and/or T cell clonality. In addition, various histomorphologic parameters were evaluated for significant differences between lymphoma and IBD using Fisher's exact test. The sensitivity and specificity of each parameter in the diagnosis of lymphoma were also determined. Results of Bayesian statistical analysis demonstrated that combining histologic evaluation of small intestinal biopsy specimens with immunophenotyping and analysis of clonality of lymphoid infiltrates results in more accurate differentiation of neoplastic versus inflammatory lymphocytes. Important histologic features that differentiated intestinal lymphoma from IBD included lymphoid infiltration of the intestinal wall beyond the mucosa, epitheliotropism (especially intraepithelial nests and plaques), heterogeneity, and nuclear size of lymphocytes. Based on the results of this study, a stepwise diagnostic algorithm that first uses histologic assessment, followed by immunophenotyping and then PCR to determine clonality of the lymphocytes, was developed to more accurately differentiate between intestinal lymphoma and IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Kiupel
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, Lansing, MI 48910, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Zwingenberger AL, Marks SL, Baker TW, Moore PF. Ultrasonographic Evaluation of the Muscularis Propria in Cats with Diffuse Small Intestinal Lymphoma or Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24:289-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0457.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
|
50
|
Washabau R, Day M, Willard M, Hall E, Jergens A, Mansell J, Minami T, Bilzer T. Endoscopic, Biopsy, and Histopathologic Guidelines for the Evaluation of Gastrointestinal Inflammation in Companion Animals. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24:10-26. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0443.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
|