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Calixto-Vega LC, Martínez-Aranzales JR. Gastroscopic characterisation and prevalence of gastric ulcer syndrome in working mules in Colombia. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:449-455. [PMID: 37559426 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The existing literature does not contain information about the prevalence of gastric ulcers in mules, and on the potential associations between the presence of ulcers and work load, work type, diet, sex, age and body condition score (BCS). OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with mule gastric ulcer syndrome (MGUS) and evaluate its distribution in both mule squamous gastric disease (MSGD) and mule glandular gastric disease (MGGD) mucosa in a population of mules in Colombia. STUDY DESIGN Observational, cross-sectional. METHODS A total of 97 clinically healthy mules of different ages and locations in the province of Antioquia (Colombia) were included in this study. The mules were involved in agricultural activities (i.e., riding, pack and ranch mules) at the time of the study. The animals underwent gastroscopic evaluation, and ulcer scores from 0 to 4 were assigned based on severity, with scores ≥2 indicating clinical relevance. The presence or absence of ulcer in the squamous and/or glandular region of the stomach was recorded. Data related to work type, work load and diet, as well as sex, age and BCS were recorded for each mule. Pearson's chi-square test was used to determine the association between the outcomes and explanatory variables of the study (p ≤ 0.05). The results of the risk estimations were presented as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS The frequency of MGUS in the study population was 42%. Most of the lesions were located in the squamous region of the stomach (27%), mainly in the margo plicatus, and 20% were located in the glandular region, mainly in the fundus and pyloric antrum. Six animals showed lesions in both squamous and glandular regions. Work load was the only variable associated with the presence of MGUS (OR: 1.98; 95% CI: 0.49-0.96) and MSGD (OR: 1.78; 95% CI: 0.36-0.67). Nevertheless, the findings did not provide any significant risk assessment result, nor did they reveal any significant interactions among the other variables. MAIN LIMITATIONS This study used convenience sampling from a limited geographic region, and multivariate analysis was not performed, one of the exclusion criteria was the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which means that the effect of these drugs can no longer be evaluated. CONCLUSIONS MGUS occurs in mules subjected to agricultural work, the risk factors associated with EGUS do not appear to be significant in mules and other equids subjected to the same conditions, in this region. Further research is needed to define the differential dynamics of MGUS in comparison with the findings in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lady C Calixto-Vega
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Programa de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de La Salle, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - José R Martínez-Aranzales
- Line of Research in Equine Medicine and Surgery (LIMCE), Centauro Research Group, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Paraschou G, Xue C, Egan R, Bolfa P. Multicentric lymphoma in a donkey with intestinal and bone marrow involvement. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:57. [PMID: 38360691 PMCID: PMC10868081 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03903-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphoma is a common neoplasm in horses but is reported much less commonly in donkeys. In this case report, we describe the macroscopic, microscopic and immunohistochemical features of a multicentric lymphoma with intestinal and bone marrow involvement. CASE PRESENTATION A geriatric female donkey with history of chronic lameness was found dead. Post-mortem examination revealed advanced emaciation, periodontal disease, left front foot laminitis and multiple, soft, white to yellow tan intestinal transmural masses, up to 12 cm in diameter. Cytology suggested a round cell intestinal neoplasm. The femur of the left hint limb was double the size of the normal contralateral, with suspected neoplastic infiltration and replacement of bone marrow and bone. Histologically we diagnosed a lymphoma in the intestine and left femur. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells showed CD3 immunolabelling, supporting a diagnosis of a multicentric T-cell lymphoma. CONCLUSIONS To the authors' knowledge, this is the first time multicentric lymphoma is diagnosed in donkeys. Further studies of the genetic background, clinical, laboratory, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical, as well as the pathogenesis of lymphoma, is needed to better understand the uniquely low frequency of this neoplasm in donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Paraschou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts And Nevis.
| | - Cynthia Xue
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts And Nevis
| | - Rebecca Egan
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Pompei Bolfa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts And Nevis
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Xue C, Davis J, Berghaus LJ, Hanafi A, Vaughn SA, Hart KA. Pharmacokinetic properties of pergolide mesylate following single and multiple-dose administration in donkeys (Equus asinus). Equine Vet J 2023; 55:1078-1085. [PMID: 36572900 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Donkeys with clinical signs of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction are treated with oral pergolide mesylate despite the lack of species-specific pharmacokinetic data. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of intragastric and oral pergolide mesylate in healthy donkeys (Equus asinus). STUDY DESIGN Pharmacokinetic study. METHODS Six healthy donkeys were administered pergolide mesylate (Prascend®) at 2 μg/kg bodyweight (bwt) intragastrically once, then once daily per os (PO) for 5 days. Blood samples were collected at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 45 min and 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h after the single intragastric dose, once daily immediately before the PO dose, and then again at the above times after Day 5 of once daily oral dosing. Plasma pergolide concentration was quantified via ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Pergolide concentration versus time data after the first and last doses were analysed based on noncompartmental pharmacokinetics using commercial software. Paired t-tests were used to compare single and multiple doses (p < 0.05). In a follow-up study, a single oral dose was then administered to two donkeys followed by concurrent blood sampling from the jugular and cephalic veins to evaluate the effect of route of administration on pergolide pharmacokinetics. RESULTS Cmax , Tmax AUC, and t½λz differed significantly (p ≤ 0.03) after single and multiple doses, with significantly lower Cmax (0.16 ± 0.16 ng/ml) and t½λz (9.74 ± 1.35 h) after intragastric dosing on Day 1 than after 5 days of oral dosing (3.74 ± 2.26 ng/ml and 16.35 ± 5.21 h, respectively). Pergolide plasma concentrations were higher in jugular vein samples compared to cephalic vein samples after a single oral dose. MAIN LIMITATIONS Small sample size; varied administration routes. CONCLUSIONS Pergolide mesylate (dosed at 2 μg/kg bwt) is bioavailable in donkeys after intragastric and PO administration. Differences in pharmacokinetics were noted after multiple doses, related to different routes of administration and sublingual absorption of pergolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Xue
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jennifer Davis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Londa J Berghaus
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Amanda Hanafi
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Sarah A Vaughn
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Kelsey A Hart
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Electrocardiographic and Echocardiographic Parameters in Pega Breed Donkeys: A Descriptive Study. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050861. [PMID: 36899718 PMCID: PMC10000045 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic parameters in Pega donkeys are scarce in the literature; hence, this study was performed to describe the echocardiographic and electrocardiographic measurements in Pega breed donkeys. The objectives of this study were to describe and illustrate the clinical, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic parameters in Pega donkeys used for reproduction. Fifty Pega breed donkeys were evaluated, with an average age of 3.4 years and with 20 males and 30 females. In each animal, the electrocardiographic examination at rest was performed using the TEB® computerized system, and the echocardiographic examination was performed using an ultrasound device with a Doppler function multifrequency sectorial transducer in 2D mode (Sonosite® M turbo). Standardizing the electrocardiographic and echocardiographic parameters for the Pega breed donkey can contribute to future assessments regarding possible changes that excessive effort can promote in these parameters to a management engrossed on animal welfare.
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Kamran K, Akbar A, Naseem M, Samad A, Samiullah, Achakzai JK, Rehman ZU, Sohail Sajid M, Ali A. Participatory appraisal for healthcare and welfare management strategies of donkeys (Equus ascinus) in Balochistan, Pakistan. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1005079. [PMID: 36118345 PMCID: PMC9478909 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1005079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of the significant importance of the donkeys (Equus ascinus) as draft animal in resource-poor countries like Pakistan, they are equines not receiving the appropriate care. They face challenges including injuries, diseases, lack of basic environment and mismanagement by their owners. The present study aims to provide a brief update on the current status of management of healthcare and the welfare of domestic donkeys using participatory epidemiological tools. These tools can help to provide better strategies for improving their productivity and inclusion in human society. This study was mainly focused only on donkeys and horses, mules and ponies were excluded from the study. We carried out a systematic review of the relevant available published literature and shortlisted 50 articles reporting on the different health related characteristics of donkeys. A comprehensive questionnaire was completed by 191 donkey owners, including nine farriers (all men, average age = 38.24 ± 12.43) over a time span from October 2021 to March 2022. Multivariate Odds Ratios (MORs) and 95% confidence intervals were used to assess the predictions of health management and welfare measures for the surveyed donkeys. The most common observed medical problems in donkey health were hyperlipaemia (28.06%), lameness (16.33%) and dental (20.41%) problems. One-third (34.31%) of the donkeys were underweight. The dull donkey with poor appetite needs a clinical emergency owing to a high risk of developing hyperlipemia, which may be life-threatening. These findings are quite useful for the improvement of healthcare management and the welfare of donkeys.
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Humphreys S, Kass PH, Magdesian KG, Goodrich E, Berryhill E. Seasonal variation of endogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone concentrations in healthy non-geriatric donkeys in Northern California. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:981920. [PMID: 36032308 PMCID: PMC9412165 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.981920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is often used to diagnose pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) in horses. The hormone naturally increases in the fall in horses, and donkeys have been found to have higher ACTH concentrations than horses. However, circannual variation of ACTH has not been assessed in donkeys. The objective of the study was to establish seasonal variation of basal plasma ACTH concentrations over the course of a year in clinically healthy, non-geriatric donkeys. It was hypothesized that donkey ACTH concentrations would be higher than those reported in horses without PPID in all seasons, and that, similarly to horses, ACTH concentrations would further increase in the fall months. Twenty-six healthy adult donkeys (10 standards, 16 miniatures), a median (range) of 6 (2–13) years of age, were included. Donkeys were housed at a single location. Serial plasma samples were obtained monthly for 12 months. Plasma ACTH concentrations were determined by immunoassay. Data are presented as median (range), with a P-value < 0.05 considered significant. ACTH concentrations were lowest in the winter and spring [12.8 (5.0–73.6) pg/ml and 12.5 (2.8–62.6) pg/ml, respectively], with an increase in the summer [53.2 (29.7–305.0) pg/ml], and peak in the fall [77.1 (12.4–319.0) pg/ml]. ACTH concentrations were highest in the month of September [122.0 (41.7–319.0) pg/ml]. Donkey ACTH concentrations were higher than equine reference ranges from May through November but showed similar circannual variation with dramatic increases in the fall months. Species-specific reference ranges are necessary for accurate interpretation of endocrinopathy screenings in donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Humphreys
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Philip H. Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - K. Gary Magdesian
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Erin Goodrich
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Emily Berryhill
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Emily Berryhill
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Retrospective analysis of post-mortem findings in Thoroughbreds aged from birth to 18 months presented to a UK pathology laboratory. Vet J 2022; 281:105813. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Xue C, Cavanaugh SM. Echocardiographic findings of a donkey (Equus asinus) jenny with suspected mitral valve dysplasia. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 111:103871. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.103871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Menzies-Gow NJ, Wakeel F, Little H, Buil J, Rickards K. Cross-sectional study to identify the prevalence of and factors associated with laminitis in UK donkeys. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:757-765. [PMID: 34478179 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laminitis causes lameness in donkeys, but its prevalence and factors associated with disease remain uncertain. OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of and identify factors associated with laminitis in donkeys. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cross-sectional study. METHODS All donkeys at the Donkey Sanctuary, UK, October 2015 to March 2019 were included. For animals that had laminitis during this period, age, sex, weight, body condition score, and the onset date and type of each episode (first or recurrent, acute or chronic) were recorded. Additionally, management data, foot lesion score, endocrine data, other medical conditions, occurrence of foot trimming, surgical procedures, diagnostic imaging, behavioural modification therapy or movement between farms within the month prior were noted. Controls were animals that did not experience laminitis during this period and similar data were recorded. Multivariable logistic regression modelling assessed the differences between the control group and laminitis outcome groups (first, all laminitis, acute and chronic episodes). RESULTS Altogether, 707 animals were included; 364 were control animals; 343 had a first episode of laminitis during the study period, of which 200/343 had no further episodes and 143/343 had recurrent episodes resulting in a total of 512 laminitis episodes and the period prevalence was 48.5% over 42 months. Overall, 180/512 (35%) laminitis episodes were acute and 332/512 (65%) were chronic. Compared with control animals, the laminitic outcome groups were significantly (P < .05) more likely to be younger (first episode), less likely to get extra feed (all four groups) or have an additional medical problem (first episode), and less likely to have undergone dental work, movement, imaging (all four groups) or surgery (first; all laminitis, chronic episodes) in the month preceding the episode. MAIN LIMITATIONS These results may not be applicable to the wider donkey population. CONCLUSIONS Laminitis commonly affects donkeys, but factors associated with donkey laminitis differ from those reported in horses.
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Abstract
Equine obesity is common, reducing quality of life and requiring dietary energy restriction. Equine obesity is identified using subjective body condition scoring. Considerations are given for life stage and health status when managing obese equines. Every effort should be made to maximize feeding duration, and minimize time spent without feed while meeting all essential nutrient requirements. Limiting total daily dry matter intake to 2% of current bodyweight per day of a low caloric, forage-based diet may result in adequate body weight loss. Weight loss and weight management plans should be monitored for success and potential gastrointestinal, metabolic, and/or behavioral complications.
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Vitale V, Bonelli F, Briganti A, Sgorbini M. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytological findings in healthy Amiata donkeys. Open Vet J 2021; 11:160-164. [PMID: 33898298 PMCID: PMC8057225 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v11i1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The approach to respiratory diseases in donkeys is similar to that for horses; nevertheless, Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and tracheal wash cytology in this species have been described only a few times in the literature. Aim: To describe BALF cytological findings in a cohort of 24 healthy Amiata donkeys. Methods: Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was carried out via standing sedation with a large animal where the BAL catheter passed blindly through the nasal passage into the trachea. Results: The total nucleated cell count of the BALF was found similar to that already described in healthy horses and donkeys. No differences in the differential count were observed according to age and sex. A decreased macrophage percentage and an increased eosinophil percentage were observed in our donkey population when compared to the existing reference range for horses. Conclusion: The reference intervals for BAL cytology in donkeys may be significantly different for those referred for horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Vitale
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
| | - Francesca Bonelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Veterinary Teaching Hospital "Mario Modenato", Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa Italy
| | - Angela Briganti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Veterinary Teaching Hospital "Mario Modenato", Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa Italy
| | - Micaela Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Veterinary Teaching Hospital "Mario Modenato", Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa Italy
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Abuowarda M, Amer M, Shamaa A, Shehab G, Abdallah A, Hassan M. A preliminary study of endoscopic diagnosis of gastric ulcer in Egyptian donkeys (Equus asinus) parasitised by Gasterophilus intestinalis (Diptera: Oestridae). BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.2320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) is a communal broad problem in equines but in donkeys, the disease is a subclinical disorder which leads to economic losses. Gasterophilus intestinalis larvae are the most predominant parasitic infestation in donkeys. The present study was planned to facilitate the early and efficient diagnosis of gastric ulceration in donkeys through gastroscopic examination. The study was conducted on 120 adult Egyptian donkeys (Equus asinus) from both sexes after a one-month acclimatisation period. Gastroscopic examination was used to evaluate the presence of gastric lesions. In the majority of infested donkeys, G. intestinalis larvae were in the non-glandular part of the stomach. The prevalence of Gastrophilus larvae in animals reached 96.66%. The infestation percentage among jennets (97.5%) was slightly higher than that among jacks (96.25%). After morphological identification of the 3rd instar of larvae, all donkeys were found to be infested by G. intestinalis larvae. The histopathological examination of the affected stomach revealed severe necrosis of the gastric mucosa. Gastroscopic examination is the main diagnostic tool for examination of gastric lesions in the donkeys, so it is necessary as a routine diagnostic tool in donkeys’ examinations.
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Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction and Metabolic Syndrome in Donkeys. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122335. [PMID: 33302557 PMCID: PMC7763272 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Donkeys are one of the six species of the equid family. Even though they may look similar to horses, there are optical, behavioral, and physiological differences between the two species. The most important endocrine diseases in horses (equine metabolic syndrome and pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction: PPID) also exist in donkeys. The key symptoms of asinine metabolic syndrome (AMS), similar to horses, are obesity, insulin dysregulation, and laminitis. It can be diagnosed with either basal glucose and insulin concentration or dynamic tests. The intravenous glucose tolerance test and the combined glucose insulin tolerance test were evaluated for donkeys. The therapy of AMS is aimed at weight and exercise management. Donkeys suffering from PPID are often laminitic. Other authors have reported on hypertrichosis as a cardinal sign. Donkey-specific differences in shedding compared to horses have to be considered. The PPID can be diagnosed with donkey-specific reference values or dynamic testing. The dexamethasone suppression test, the thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) test, and the combined dexamethasone suppression/TRH test were evaluated for donkeys. Abstract Appropriate medical care for donkeys is challenging despite being important working animals in non-industrialized countries and pets in first world countries. Although the same principles of diagnosis and therapy as in horses are commonly applied, there are differences in reference values and physiologic reaction to dynamic tests. However, donkeys seem to suffer from typical equine diseases, such as metabolic syndrome and pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID). Asinine metabolic syndrome (AMS) comprises obesity, insulin dysregulation, and laminitis. The principles of diagnosis are similar to horses. Donkey-specific reference ranges for insulin and glucose have been evaluated previously. Examinations regarding dynamic testing revealed differences in the intravenous glucose tolerance test and the combined insulin tolerance test compared to horses. The therapy of AMS is based mainly on weight loss and exercise. There are conflicting data regarding the incidence of PPID in donkeys. Laminitis and hypertrichosis were described as the main clinical signs. Species-specific and seasonal reference ranges were defined to diagnose PPID in donkeys. Furthermore, the dexamethasone suppression test, the thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) test and the combined dexamethasone suppression/TRH test were evaluated. Pergolide is commonly recommended for treatment.
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Nocera I, Aliboni B, Puccinelli C, Pietrini G, Sgorbini M, Citi S, Ricardi G. Radiographic parameters of the digit in a cohort population of Amiata donkeys. Open Vet J 2020; 10:354-362. [PMID: 33614429 PMCID: PMC7830172 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v10i4.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The most common musculoskeletal conditions reported in donkeys are related to the foot. Radiographic examinations are clinically important in the diagnosis of foot abnormalities and are commonly used. However, few studies have been conducted to establish the normal radiographic appearance of a donkey’s foot. Aim: To determine the radiographic features of the front digit in healthy Amiata donkeys. Methods: Radiographic examinations were performed on 56 forefeet of 28 Amiata donkeys. Three radiographic views of each front foot were taken: lateromedial, dorsopalmar and dorso-65°proximal/palmarodistal oblique. Seventeen angular and linear radiographic parameters and the crena solearis were evaluated in all forefeet, and 18 morphometric parameters were evaluated in 16 out of 56 forefeet. Statistical analysis was carried out on all the measures assessed. Results: The radiographic appearance of the forefoot was ascertained, and data were reported as median ± standard error, minimum and maximum values. No statistical differences were obtained between the right and left forefeet. Conclusion: The normal baseline parameters of the forefeet of Amiata donkeys were recorded and described and compared with other donkey breeds and horses. The findings highlighted that the donkey breed affects the radiographic parameters of the digit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Nocera
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital "Mario Modenato", Via Livornese snc, San Piero A Grado PI, Italy
| | - Benedetta Aliboni
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital "Mario Modenato", Via Livornese snc, San Piero A Grado PI, Italy
| | - Caterina Puccinelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital "Mario Modenato", Via Livornese snc, San Piero A Grado PI, Italy
| | | | - Micaela Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital "Mario Modenato", Via Livornese snc, San Piero A Grado PI, Italy
| | - Simonetta Citi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital "Mario Modenato", Via Livornese snc, San Piero A Grado PI, Italy
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Fernandez EB, De Blas Giral I, Thiemann AK, Vázquez Bringas FJ. Demography, preventative healthcare and reason for relinquishment of donkeys to an equine charity in the UK (2013-2015). Equine Vet J 2020; 53:324-330. [PMID: 32542888 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the UK, there are thousands of donkeys being cared for by charities; however, little is known about the reasons for relinquishment or their previous health status, with even less information available in published literature. Such information could help to identify factors contributing to poor equine welfare and guide the development of appropriate educational resources. OBJECTIVES To describe the characteristics of the relinquished donkeys and to better understand the current preventative healthcare status of donkeys relinquished into The Donkey Sanctuary. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional observational survey. METHODS A total of 596 donkeys were admitted during a 30-month period. Each had a health check at arrival; and previous management information was provided by the owner. Data were retrieved from The Donkey Sanctuary database, inputted into a specific Microsoft Access 2016 database then exported for analysis in IBM SPSS 19.0 for Windows® . Mules and ponies were excluded from the study. RESULTS Many donkeys arrived without a valid passport (32.3%) or microchip (49.7%). Only 23.2% were fully protected against influenza and tetanus and 21.0% of the donkeys had no previous anthelmintic treatment history. Geriatric donkeys often suffered from moderate to severe dental disease in need of advanced treatment, and 43.9% had received no dental treatment within the last year. Overall 26.3% of donkeys were classed as overweight and 8.6% were obese. The median time since the last hoof trim was 10 weeks. MAIN LIMITATION The health status of the studied donkeys may have been affected by the reasons for relinquishment, and associations require further investigation. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the need for improving preventative healthcare in donkeys to ensure better welfare within the population.
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Hoffman JM, Valencak TG. A short life on the farm: aging and longevity in agricultural, large-bodied mammals. GeroScience 2020; 42:909-922. [PMID: 32361879 PMCID: PMC7286991 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00190-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As average human lifespans increase across the globe, companion animals, specifically dogs and cats, are also living longer with more age-related morbidities. However, a similar trend is not seen in mammalian livestock species. Cows, pigs, goats, and sheep, as well as more niche mammalian species raised across the world, have been primarily raised for their economic benefit to humans and are culled from the population once their production declines. To this end, we lack clear knowledge about the age-related morbidities and causes of death that afflict livestock animals due to natural aging, as well as detailed age-specific survival rates. Here, we review the current state of the field of agricultural mammal aging, as well as provide specific questions and directions that may provide novel resources for veterinarians and aging biologists. By raising awareness of the overall quality of life and ongoing health of individual livestock animals, we can potentially increase production into older life stages, leading to decreased costs to farmers and improved welfare for the animals themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Hoffman
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd.,CH464, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
| | - Teresa G. Valencak
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 People’s Republic of China
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Kay G, McNeil P, Knottenbelt D, Tligui N. Locally invasive melanoma in the internal laminae of the hoof of a bay mule. EQUINE VET EDUC 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Kay
- American Fondouk Fez Morocco
| | - P. McNeil
- Department of Veterinary Pathology University of GlasgowGlasgow UK
| | - D. Knottenbelt
- School of Veterinary Medicine Weipers Centre Equine Hospital University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - N. Tligui
- Department of Veterinary Pathology Institut Agricole et Veterinaire Hassan11 Rabat Morocco
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Goodrich EL, Behling-Kelly E. Clinical Pathology of Donkeys and Mules. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2019; 35:433-455. [PMID: 31672198 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the stoic nature of donkeys and their hybrids, it is important to consider the significance of diagnostic testing modalities that can provide objective health status information beyond the basic physical examination findings. However, clinical pathology assays are also fraught with significant limitations because the results for donkeys, mules, and hinnies can be difficult to interpret, and transference of data from the horse is not always applicable. This article presents considerations for sample collection, storage, analysis, and interpretation strategies for clinical pathology testing of donkeys and their hybrids based on the limited information available in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Goodrich
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, A1-212 AHDC, 240 Farrier Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Erica Behling-Kelly
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, S1-062 Schurman Hall, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Abstract
This article provides a review of hoof anatomy and care in donkeys and mules. Hoof disease is a major cause of poor welfare and mortality globally. Problems associated with hoof disease are discussed in the context of behavior, diet, treatment, and prevention. The most common conditions encountered are discussed, including laminitis, the overgrown unbalanced hoof, white line disease, flexural deformities, and other significant issues. Differences between donkey and horse hoof anatomy are described.
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Abstract
The domestic donkey is a unique equid species with specific nutritional requirements. This article examines the importance of feeding strategies that mimic the donkey's natural environment using poor nutritional quality fibers and access to browsing materials. The relationship between nutrition and health is examined and practical approaches to the healthy and sick donkey are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith A Burden
- Research Department, The Donkey Sanctuary, Slade House Farm, Sidmouth, Devon EX10 0NU, UK.
| | - Nicola Bell
- Research Department, The Donkey Sanctuary, Slade House Farm, Sidmouth, Devon EX10 0NU, UK
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Mejia‐Pereira S, Perez‐Ecija A, Buchanan BR, Toribio RE, Mendoza FJ. Evaluation of dynamic testing for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction diagnosis in donkeys. Equine Vet J 2018; 51:481-488. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Perez‐Ecija
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery University of Cordoba, Campus Rabanales Cordoba Spain
| | | | - R. E. Toribio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA
| | - F. J. Mendoza
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery University of Cordoba, Campus Rabanales Cordoba Spain
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22
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Thiemann A, Fernandez EB, Rickards K, Harrison A. Assessing quality of life and welfare of donkeys in the UK. IN PRACTICE 2018. [DOI: 10.1136/inp.k2584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Mendoza FJ, Toribio RE, Perez-Ecija A. Donkey Internal Medicine—Part I: Metabolic, Endocrine, and Alimentary Tract Disturbances. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [PMCID: PMC7111315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic and endocrine disturbances are common in donkeys. This species has an inherent ability to thrive with limited and poor-quality roughage. Donkeys are extremely efficient in energy storage and mobilization, which predisposes to hyperlipemia, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of dyslipidemias is higher in donkeys than other equids, which is more evident under stressful conditions. Diagnosis of endocrine and metabolic disorders in donkeys should be based on species-specific information considering that differences in a multitude of variables compared with horses have been demonstrated. Protocols to assess endocrine disorders (e.g., pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, metabolic syndrome, and thyroid illness) are unavailable, and extrapolation from horse data can be misleading. Treatment guidelines for these conditions in donkeys are currently not reported. On the other hand, the typical stoic and hardy behavior of donkeys can hinder prompt diagnosis of gastrointestinal problems, specifically colic, which is commonly caused by dental issues in this species. Moreover, subclinical gastric ulcer syndrome appears to be a common pathology in this species, especially in working donkeys. Donkeys are different to horses. Numerous physiological and clinic-pathologic idiosyncrasies are reported in horses. Data published for horses should not be extrapolated for donkeys. Specific reference ranges, doses, and protocols have to be used for donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Mendoza
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugia Animal, Universidad de Cordoba, Campus Rabanales, Cordoba, Spain
- Corresponding author at: Dr Francisco J. Mendoza, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Ramiro E. Toribio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Alejandro Perez-Ecija
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugia Animal, Universidad de Cordoba, Campus Rabanales, Cordoba, Spain
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Mendoza FJ, Toribio RE, Perez-Ecija A. Donkey Internal Medicine—Part II: Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Neurologic, Urinary, Ophthalmic, Dermatology, and Musculoskeletal Disorders. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [PMCID: PMC7125788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are scarcely reported in donkeys, probably linked to their limited athletic attitude and low frequency of poor performance-related examinations. Reports on treatments for cardiovascular pathologies are anecdotal in donkeys. Respiratory tract anatomy shows important differences between horses and donkeys. Donkeys and mules can act as reservoirs spreading many viral, bacterial, and parasitic infectious respiratory diseases. Mosquito and tick-borne encephalitis have been reported in these species in the later years, and even donkeys are being used as sentinels in some areas to detect these emerging diseases. Management and treatment of lithiases can be transferable from horses; however, the same assumption must still be demonstrated for acute and chronic renal diseases. Ocular pathologies are similar to horses, with corneal ulcers frequently observed. Lameness is a common problem in donkeys, with laminitis as the most reported cause followed by pedal abscess. Donkeys are different to horses. Numerous physiological and clinicopathologic idiosyncrasies are reported in horses. Data published for horses should not be extrapolated for donkeys. Specific reference ranges, doses, and protocols have to be used for donkeys.
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Sgorbini M, Bonelli F, Papini R, Busechian S, Briganti A, Laus F, Faillace V, Zappulla F, Rizk A, Rueca F. Equine gastric ulcer syndrome in adult donkeys: Investigation on prevalence, anatomical distribution, and severity. EQUINE VET EDUC 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences; Veterinary Teaching Hospital “Mario Modenato”; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | - F. Bonelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences; Veterinary Teaching Hospital “Mario Modenato”; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | - R. Papini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | - S. Busechian
- Department of Clinical Sciences; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | - A. Briganti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences; Veterinary Teaching Hospital “Mario Modenato”; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | - F. Laus
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine; University of Camerino; Matelica Macerata Italy
| | - V. Faillace
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine; University of Camerino; Matelica Macerata Italy
| | - F. Zappulla
- Department of Clinical Sciences; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | - A. Rizk
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Mansoura University; Mansoura Egypt
| | - F. Rueca
- Department of Clinical Sciences; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Decloedt
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke 9820 Belgium
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Roberts SL, Dukes-McEwan J. Assessment of cardiovascular disease in the donkey: clinical, echocardiographic and pathological observations. Vet Rec 2016; 179:384. [PMID: 27534982 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. L. Roberts
- SLR Cardiology Referrals; Plumpton Farm, Pecket Well Hebden Bridge West Yorkshire HX7 8QU UK
| | - J. Dukes-McEwan
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool; Chester High Road Neston Cheshire CH64 7TE UK
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Davis CR, Valentine BA, Gordon E, McDonough SP, Schaffer PA, Allen AL, Pesavento P. Neoplasia in 125 donkeys (Equus asinus): literature review and a survey of five veterinary schools in the United States and Canada. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 28:662-670. [PMID: 27698162 DOI: 10.1177/1040638716665659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A diagnosis of neoplasia was noted in 125 of 357 donkeys (35%) in our review of medical records from 5 veterinary schools in the United States and Canada. Equine sarcoid was the most common tumor in our study, accounting for 72% of all tumors and 82% of cutaneous tumors. Soft-tissue sarcomas were the second most common skin tumors. All other types of neoplasia were rare. Important differences in the occurrence of neoplasia in donkeys compared to horses included the rarity or absence of squamous cell carcinoma in any organ system and gray horse melanoma. Lymphosarcoma, the most common malignant tumor in horses, appears to be very rare in donkeys. We report several tumors in donkeys including melanocytoma, peripheral nerve sheath tumor, and gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Our data demonstrate commonalities as well as differences in neoplastic diseases of donkeys and horses. Understanding differences in carcinogenesis among these 2 closely related species can inform researchers pursuing pathogenic mechanisms of equine disease and inform veterinary diagnosticians regarding tumor prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrine R Davis
- Private pathology practice, Maupin, OR (Davis)College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Valentine, Gordon)College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (McDonough)Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Schaffer)Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (Allen)Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Pesavento)
| | - Beth A Valentine
- Private pathology practice, Maupin, OR (Davis)College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Valentine, Gordon)College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (McDonough)Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Schaffer)Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (Allen)Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Pesavento)
| | - Emma Gordon
- Private pathology practice, Maupin, OR (Davis)College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Valentine, Gordon)College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (McDonough)Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Schaffer)Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (Allen)Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Pesavento)
| | - Sean P McDonough
- Private pathology practice, Maupin, OR (Davis)College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Valentine, Gordon)College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (McDonough)Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Schaffer)Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (Allen)Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Pesavento)
| | - Paula A Schaffer
- Private pathology practice, Maupin, OR (Davis)College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Valentine, Gordon)College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (McDonough)Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Schaffer)Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (Allen)Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Pesavento)
| | - Andrew L Allen
- Private pathology practice, Maupin, OR (Davis)College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Valentine, Gordon)College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (McDonough)Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Schaffer)Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (Allen)Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Pesavento)
| | - Patricia Pesavento
- Private pathology practice, Maupin, OR (Davis)College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Valentine, Gordon)College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (McDonough)Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Schaffer)Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (Allen)Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Pesavento)
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Roberts SL, Dukes-McEwan J. Echocardiographic reference ranges for sedentary donkeys in the UK. Vet Rec 2016; 179:332. [PMID: 27539939 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. L. Roberts
- SLR Cardiology Referrals, Plumpton Farm; Pecket Well Hebden Bridge West Yorkshire HX7 8QU UK
| | - J. Dukes-McEwan
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool; Chester High Road Neston Cheshire CH64 7TE UK
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Williams K, Roman J. Studying human respiratory disease in animals--role of induced and naturally occurring models. J Pathol 2016; 238:220-32. [PMID: 26467890 DOI: 10.1002/path.4658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory disorders like asthma, emphysema, and pulmonary fibrosis affect millions of Americans and many more worldwide. Despite advancements in medical research that have led to improved understanding of the pathophysiology of these conditions and sometimes to new therapeutic interventions, these disorders are for the most part chronic and progressive; current interventions are not curative and do not halt disease progression. A major obstacle to further advancements relates to the absence of animal models that exactly resemble the human condition, which delays the elucidation of relevant mechanisms of action, the unveiling of biomarkers of disease progression, and identification of new targets for intervention in patients. There are currently many induced animal models of human respiratory disease available for study, and even though they mimic features of human disease, discoveries in these models have not always translated into safe and effective treatments in humans. A major obstacle relates to the genetic, anatomical, and functional variations amongst species, which represents the major challenge to overcome when searching for appropriate models of respiratory disease. Nevertheless, rodents, in particular mice, have become the most common species used for experimentation, due to their relatively low cost, size, and adequate understanding of murine genetics, among other advantages. Less well known is the fact that domestic animals also suffer from respiratory illnesses similar to those found in humans. Asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, and pulmonary fibrosis are among the many disorders occurring naturally in dogs, cats, and horses, among other species. These models might better resemble the human condition and are emphasized here, but further investigations are needed to determine their relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Williams
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Jesse Roman
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology & Toxicology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center and Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Grint NJ, Murrell JC, Whay HR. Investigating the opinions of donkey owners and veterinary surgeons towards pain and analgesia in donkeys. EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. J. Grint
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Bristol; Langford UK
| | - J. C. Murrell
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Bristol; Langford UK
| | - H. R. Whay
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Bristol; Langford UK
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Al-Mokaddem AK, Ahmed KA, Doghaim RE. Pathology of gastric lesions in donkeys: A preliminary study. Equine Vet J 2014; 47:684-8. [PMID: 25138464 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Donkeys (Equus africanus asinus) are important working animals, particularly in countries where the majority of the population lives below the poverty line. Gastric ulceration has been shown to be common in British donkeys but donkeys from other parts of the world have not been as extensively researched. OBJECTIVES This study was performed as a preliminary overview of the severity and distribution of gastric lesions in mature donkeys and to document which parasites were present. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive study of pathological findings. METHODS Stomachs of 35 mature draught donkeys were examined grossly and histopathology samples taken from 5 regions of the gastric mucosa. RESULTS Gross examination revealed hyperaemia, oedema, erosions and ulcers in addition to parasitic lesions. Histopathological examination revealed hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, vacuolar degeneration of stratified squamous cells, gastritis, erosions, ulcerations, scarring, hyperactivity of mucus glands, periglandular fibroplasia and parasitic granulomes with infestation by Gasterophilus spp. larvae, Habronema spp. and Draschia megastoma. CONCLUSIONS In donkeys, ulceration of the nonglandular regions of the stomach is more prominent than the glandular regions and parasitic infestations were frequent.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Al-Mokaddem
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - K A Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - R E Doghaim
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Miele A, Dhaliwal K, Du Toit N, Murchison JT, Dhaliwal C, Brooks H, Smith SH, Hirani N, Schwarz T, Haslett C, Wallace WA, McGorum BC. Chronic Pleuropulmonary Fibrosis and Elastosis of Aged Donkeys. Chest 2014; 145:1325-1332. [DOI: 10.1378/chest.13-1306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Matthews JB, Burden FA. Common helminth infections of donkeys and their control in temperate regions. EQUINE VET EDUC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. B. Matthews
- Disease Control; Moredun Research Institute; The Donkey Sanctuary; Edinburgh; Sidmouth; Devon; UK
| | - F. A. Burden
- Disease Control; Moredun Research Institute; The Donkey Sanctuary; Edinburgh; Sidmouth; Devon; UK
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Araujo JM, Araújo JVD, Braga FR, Tavela ADO, Ferreira SR, Soares FEDF, Carvalho GR. Control of Strongyloides westeri by nematophagous fungi after passage through the gastrointestinal tract of donkeys. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2012; 21:157-60. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612012000200016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Strongyloides westeri is the most prevalent nematode among equines aged up to four months and causes gastrointestinal disorders. The objective of this study was to observe the control of infective S. westeri larvae (L3) by the nematophagous fungi Duddingtonia flagrans (AC001) and Monacrosporium thaumasium (NF34) after passage through the gastrointestinal tract of female donkeys. Twelve dewormed female donkeys that were kept in stables were used. Two treatment groups each comprising four animals received orally 100 g of pellets made of sodium alginate matrix containing a mycelial mass of either D. flagrans (AC001) or M. thaumasium (NF34). The control group consisted of four animals that received pellets without fungus. Feces samples were then collected from the animal groups at different times (after 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours). These feces were placed in Petri dishes containing 2% water-agar medium and 1000 L3 of S. westeri. AC001 and NF34 isolates showed the ability to destroy the L3, after gastrointestinal transit, thus demonstrating their viability and predatory activity.
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Factors associated with mortality of geriatric horses in the United Kingdom. Prev Vet Med 2011; 101:204-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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