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Chan KS, Tan LYC, Balasubramaniam S, Shelat VG. Should Empiric Anti-Fungals Be Administered Routinely for All Patients with Perforated Peptic Ulcers? A Critical Review of the Existing Literature. Pathogens 2024; 13:547. [PMID: 39057774 PMCID: PMC11279535 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
A perforated peptic ulcer (PPU) is a surgical emergency with a high mortality rate. PPUs cause secondary peritonitis due to bacterial and fungal peritoneal contamination. Surgery is the main treatment modality and patient's comorbidites impacts perioperative morbidity and surgical outcomes. Even after surgery, resuscitation efforts should continue. While empiric antibiotics are recommended, the role of empiric anti-fungal treatment is unclear due to a lack of scientific evidence. This literature review demonstrated a paucity of studies evaluating the role of empiric anti-fungals in PPUs, and with conflicting results. Studies were heterogeneous in terms of patient demographics and underlying surgical pathology (PPUs vs. any gastrointestinal perforation), type of anti-fungal agent, timing of administration and duration of use. Other considerations include the need to differentiate between fungal colonization vs. invasive fungal infection. Despite positive fungal isolates from fluid culture, it is important for clinical judgement to identify the right group of patients for anti-fungal administration. Biochemistry investigations including new fungal biomarkers may help to guide management. Multidisciplinary discussions may help in decision making for this conundrum. Moving forward, further research may be conducted to select the right group of patients who may benefit from empiric anti-fungal use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Siang Chan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore; (L.Y.C.T.); (V.G.S.)
- Department of General Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore;
| | - Lee Yee Calista Tan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore; (L.Y.C.T.); (V.G.S.)
| | | | - Vishal G. Shelat
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore; (L.Y.C.T.); (V.G.S.)
- Department of General Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore;
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
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Hawes AM, Permpalung N. Diagnosis and Antifungal Prophylaxis for COVID-19 Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121704. [PMID: 36551361 PMCID: PMC9774425 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has redemonstrated the importance of the fungal-after-viral phenomenon, and the question of whether prophylaxis should be used to prevent COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA). A distinct pathophysiology from invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), CAPA has an incidence that ranges from 5% to 30%, with significant mortality. The aim of this work was to describe the current diagnostic landscape of CAPA and review the existing literature on antifungal prophylaxis. A variety of definitions for CAPA have been described in the literature and the performance of the diagnostic tests for CAPA is limited, making diagnosis a challenge. There are only six studies that have investigated antifungal prophylaxis for CAPA. The two studied drugs have been posaconazole, either a liquid formulation via an oral gastric tube or an intravenous formulation, and inhaled amphotericin. While some studies have revealed promising results, they are limited by small sample sizes and bias inherent to retrospective studies. Additionally, as the COVID-19 pandemic changes and we see fewer intubated and critically ill patients, it will be more important to recognize these fungal-after-viral complications among non-critically ill, immunocompromised patients. Randomized controlled trials are needed to better understand the role of antifungal prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armani M. Hawes
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-410-955-5000; Fax: +1-210-892-3847
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“CAPA in Progress”: A New Real-Life Approach for the Management of Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071683. [PMID: 35884988 PMCID: PMC9313341 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) has worsened the prognosis of patients with pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). The lack of specific diagnosis criteria is an obstacle to the timely initiation of appropriate antifungal therapy. Tracheal aspirate (TA) has been employed under special pandemic conditions. Galactomannan (GM) antigens are released during active fungal growth. (2) Methods: We proposed the term “CAPA in progress” (CAPA-IP) for diagnosis at an earlier stage by GM testing on TA in a specific population admitted to ICU presenting with clinical deterioration. A GM threshold ≥0.5 was set as the mycological inclusion criterion. This was followed by a pre-emptive short-course antifungal. (3) Results: We prospectively enrolled 200 ICU patients with COVID-19. Of these, 164 patients (82%) initially required invasive mechanical ventilation and GM was tested in TA in 93 patients. A subset of 19 patients (11.5%) fulfilled the CAPA-IP criteria at a median of 9 days after ICU admittance. The median GM value was 3.25 ± 2.82. CAPA-IP cases showed significantly higher ICU mortality [52.6% (10/19) vs. 34.5% (50/145), p = 0.036], as well as a much longer median ICU stay than those with a normal GM index [27 (7–64) vs. 11 (9–81) days, p = 0.008]. All cases were treated with a pre-emptive systemic antifungal for a median time of 19 (3–39) days. (4) Conclusions: CAPA-IP highlights a new real-life early approach in the field of fungal stewardship in ICU programs.
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Shishido AA, Mathew M, Baddley JW. Overview of COVID-19-Associated Invasive Fungal Infection. CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS 2022; 16:87-97. [PMID: 35846240 PMCID: PMC9274633 DOI: 10.1007/s12281-022-00434-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Invasive fungal infections are a complication of COVID-19 disease. This article reviews literature characterizing invasive fungal infections associated with COVID-19. Recent Findings Multiple invasive fungal infections including aspergillosis, candidiasis, pneumocystosis, other non-Aspergillus molds, and endemic fungi have been reported in patients with COVID-19. Risk factors for COVID-19-associated fungal disease include underlying lung disease, diabetes, steroid or immunomodulator use, leukopenia, and malignancy. COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) and COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM) are the most common fungal infections described. However, there is variability in the reported incidences related to use of differing diagnostic algorithms. Summary Fungal pathogens are important cause of infection in patients with COVID-19, and the diagnostic strategies continue to evolve. Mortality in these patients is increased, and providers should operate with a high index of suspicion. Further studies will be required to elucidate the associations and pathogenesis of these diseases and best management and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira A. Shishido
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Minu Mathew
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - John W. Baddley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
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5
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Boyd S, Sheng Loh K, Lynch J, Alrashed D, Muzzammil S, Marsh H, Masoud M, Bin Ihsan S, Martin-Loeches I. Elevated Rates of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia and COVID-19 Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Critically Ill Patients with SARS-CoV2 Infection in the Second Wave: A Retrospective Chart Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11050632. [PMID: 35625276 PMCID: PMC9138004 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11050632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to multiple risk factors, the rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill COVID-19 patients has been reported in a range of 7.6% to 86%. The rate of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in this cohort has been reported at 4% to 30%. We undertook a retrospective chart review of 276 patients who were admitted to intensive care in a large university hospital. The period studied included patients from 23 February 2014 to 12 May 2021. Four groups were collected: COVID-19 Wave 1, COVID-19 Wave 2, influenza, and community-acquired pneumonia. Clinical characteristics, outcomes, and microbiological cultures were recorded. The incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia in COVID-19 Wave 1, COVID-19 Wave 2, influenza, and community-acquired pneumonia was 5.45%, 27.40%, 16.67%, and 3.41%, respectively (p < 0.001). The rate of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis was 0%, 9.59%, 13.33%, and 6.82%, respectively (p < 0.001). A significantly elevated rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia and invasive pulmonary aspergillosis was noted in the second wave of COVID-19 when compared to the first. This was accompanied by an increase in the mortality rate. Increased steroid use was an independent risk factor for ventilator-associated pneumonia and invasive pulmonary aspergillosis across all four groups. Despite an increased understanding of this disease, no clinical trials have shown any promising therapeutic options at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Boyd
- Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Research Organization (MICRO), St James’s Hospital, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland; (K.S.L.); (J.L.); (D.A.); (S.M.); (H.M.); (M.M.); (S.B.I.); (I.M.-L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kai Sheng Loh
- Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Research Organization (MICRO), St James’s Hospital, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland; (K.S.L.); (J.L.); (D.A.); (S.M.); (H.M.); (M.M.); (S.B.I.); (I.M.-L.)
| | - Jessie Lynch
- Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Research Organization (MICRO), St James’s Hospital, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland; (K.S.L.); (J.L.); (D.A.); (S.M.); (H.M.); (M.M.); (S.B.I.); (I.M.-L.)
| | - Dhari Alrashed
- Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Research Organization (MICRO), St James’s Hospital, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland; (K.S.L.); (J.L.); (D.A.); (S.M.); (H.M.); (M.M.); (S.B.I.); (I.M.-L.)
| | - Saad Muzzammil
- Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Research Organization (MICRO), St James’s Hospital, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland; (K.S.L.); (J.L.); (D.A.); (S.M.); (H.M.); (M.M.); (S.B.I.); (I.M.-L.)
| | - Hannah Marsh
- Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Research Organization (MICRO), St James’s Hospital, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland; (K.S.L.); (J.L.); (D.A.); (S.M.); (H.M.); (M.M.); (S.B.I.); (I.M.-L.)
| | - Mustafa Masoud
- Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Research Organization (MICRO), St James’s Hospital, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland; (K.S.L.); (J.L.); (D.A.); (S.M.); (H.M.); (M.M.); (S.B.I.); (I.M.-L.)
| | - Salman Bin Ihsan
- Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Research Organization (MICRO), St James’s Hospital, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland; (K.S.L.); (J.L.); (D.A.); (S.M.); (H.M.); (M.M.); (S.B.I.); (I.M.-L.)
| | - Ignacio Martin-Loeches
- Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Research Organization (MICRO), St James’s Hospital, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland; (K.S.L.); (J.L.); (D.A.); (S.M.); (H.M.); (M.M.); (S.B.I.); (I.M.-L.)
- Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, DN02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
- Pulmonary Intensive Care Unit, Respiratory Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, CIBERes, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Boyd S, Nseir S, Rodriguez A, Martin-Loeches I. Ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients with COVID-19 infection, a narrative review. ERJ Open Res 2022; 8:00046-2022. [PMID: 35891621 PMCID: PMC9080287 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00046-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID pneumonitis can cause patients to become critically ill. They may require intensive care and mechanical ventilation. Ventilator-associated pneumonia is a concern. This review aims to discuss the topic of ventilator-associated pneumonia in this group. Several reasons have been proposed to explain the elevated rates of VAP in critically ill COVID patients compared to non-COVID patients. Extrinsic factors include understaffing, lack of PPE and use of immunomodulating agents. Intrinsic factors include severe parenchymal damage, immune dysregulation, along with pulmonary vascular endothelial inflammation and thrombosis. The rate of VAP has been reported at 45.4%, with an ICU mortality rate of 42.7%. Multiple challenges to diagnosis exist. Other conditions such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary oedema and atelectasis can present with similar features. Frequent growth of gram-negative bacteria has been shown in multiple studies, with particularly high rates of pseudomonas aeruginosa. The rate of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis has been reported at 4–30%. We would recommend the use of invasive techniques when possible. This will enable de-escalation of antibiotics as soon as possible, decreasing overuse. It is also important to keep other possible causes of ventilator-associated pneumonia in mind, such as COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis, cytomegalovirus, etc. Diagnostic tests such as galactomannan and B-D-glucan should be considered. These patients may face a long treatment course, with risk of re-infection, along with prolonged weaning, which carries its own long-term consequences.
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7
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Giusiano G, Fernández NB, Vitale RG, Alvarez C, Ochiuzzi ME, Santiso G, Cabeza MS, Tracogna F, Farías L, Afeltra J, Noblega LM, Giuliano CV, Garcia-Effron G. Usefulness of Sōna Aspergillus Galactomannan LFA with digital readout as diagnostic and as screening tool of COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis in critically ill patients. Data from a multicenter prospective study performed in Argentina. Med Mycol 2022; 60:6565285. [PMID: 35394043 PMCID: PMC9051581 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myac026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) incidence varies depending on the country. Serum galactomannan quantification is a promising diagnostic tool since samples are easy to obtain with low biosafety issues. A multicenter prospective study was performed to evaluate the CAPA incidence in Argentina and to assess the performance of the lateral flow assay with digital readout (Sōna Aspergillus LFA) as a CAPA diagnostic and screening tool. The correlation between the values obtained with Sōna Aspergillus LFA and Platelia® EIA was evaluated. In total, 578 serum samples were obtained from 185 critically ill COVID patients. CAPA screening was done weekly starting from the first week of ICU stay. Probable CAPA incidence in critically ill patients was 10.27% (19/185 patients when LFA was used as mycological criteria) and 9% (9/100 patients when EIA was used as mycological criteria). We found a very good correlation between the two evaluated galactomannan quantification methods (overall agreement of 92.16% with a Kappa statistic value of 0.721). CAPA diagnosis (>0.5 readouts in LFA) were done during the first week of ICU stay in 94.7% of the probable CAPA patients. The overall mortality was 36.21%. CAPA patients' mortality and length of ICU stay were not statistically different from for COVID (non-CAPA) patients (42.11% vs 33.13% and 29 vs 24 days, respectively). These indicators were lower than in other reports. LFA-IMMY with digital readout is a reliable tool for early diagnosis of CAPA using serum samples in critically ill COVID patients. It has a good agreement with Platelia® EIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Giusiano
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Argentina.,Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Resistencia (Chaco). Argentina
| | - Norma B Fernández
- Laboratorio de Micología, División Infectología, Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín" Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roxana G Vitale
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Argentina.,Unidad de Parasitología, Sector Micología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Christian Alvarez
- División Micología, - Laboratorio de Salud Pública de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | | | - Gabriela Santiso
- Centro de Estudios Micológicos, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Unidad Micología del Hospital de Infecciosas F. J. Muñiz, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matías Sebastián Cabeza
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Argentina.,Laboratorio de Micología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Cátedra de Parasitología y Micología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | | | - Luciana Farías
- Laboratorio de Micología, División Infectología, Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín" Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Javier Afeltra
- Unidad de Parasitología, Sector Micología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana María Noblega
- División Micología, - Laboratorio de Salud Pública de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | | | - Guillermo Garcia-Effron
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Argentina.,Laboratorio de Micología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Cátedra de Parasitología y Micología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
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8
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Borman AM, Fraser M, Patterson Z, McLachlan S, Palmer MD, Mann C, Oliver D, Brown P, Linton CJ, Dzietczyk A, Hedley M, Gough M, Zapata L, North P, Johnson EM. Fungal biomarker testing turn-around-times at the UK National Mycology Reference Laboratory: Setting the record straight. J Infect 2021; 83:e1-e3. [PMID: 34687830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Borman
- UK National Mycology Reference Laboratory, UK Health Security Agency South-West, Bristol BS10 5NB, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology (MRC CMM), University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom.
| | - Mark Fraser
- UK National Mycology Reference Laboratory, UK Health Security Agency South-West, Bristol BS10 5NB, United Kingdom
| | - Zoe Patterson
- UK National Mycology Reference Laboratory, UK Health Security Agency South-West, Bristol BS10 5NB, United Kingdom
| | - Sue McLachlan
- UK National Mycology Reference Laboratory, UK Health Security Agency South-West, Bristol BS10 5NB, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D Palmer
- UK National Mycology Reference Laboratory, UK Health Security Agency South-West, Bristol BS10 5NB, United Kingdom
| | - Ciara Mann
- UK National Mycology Reference Laboratory, UK Health Security Agency South-West, Bristol BS10 5NB, United Kingdom
| | - Debra Oliver
- UK National Mycology Reference Laboratory, UK Health Security Agency South-West, Bristol BS10 5NB, United Kingdom
| | - Phillipa Brown
- UK National Mycology Reference Laboratory, UK Health Security Agency South-West, Bristol BS10 5NB, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Linton
- UK National Mycology Reference Laboratory, UK Health Security Agency South-West, Bristol BS10 5NB, United Kingdom
| | - Agnieszka Dzietczyk
- UK National Mycology Reference Laboratory, UK Health Security Agency South-West, Bristol BS10 5NB, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Hedley
- UK National Mycology Reference Laboratory, UK Health Security Agency South-West, Bristol BS10 5NB, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Gough
- UK National Mycology Reference Laboratory, UK Health Security Agency South-West, Bristol BS10 5NB, United Kingdom
| | - Lydia Zapata
- UK National Mycology Reference Laboratory, UK Health Security Agency South-West, Bristol BS10 5NB, United Kingdom
| | - Paul North
- UK Health Security Agency South-West, Bristol BS10 5NB, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth M Johnson
- UK National Mycology Reference Laboratory, UK Health Security Agency South-West, Bristol BS10 5NB, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology (MRC CMM), University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
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9
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Lessons from an Educational Invasive Fungal Disease Conference on Hospital Antifungal Stewardship Practices across the UK and Ireland. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7100801. [PMID: 34682223 PMCID: PMC8538376 DOI: 10.3390/jof7100801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal disease (IFD) is a growing health burden. High mortality rates, increasing numbers of at-risk hosts, and a limited availability of rapid diagnostics and therapeutic options mean that patients are increasingly exposed to unnecessary antifungals. High rates of prescriptions promote patient exposure to undue toxicity and drive the emergence of resistance. Antifungal stewardship (AFS) aims to guide antifungal usage and reduce unnecessary exposure and antifungal consumption whilst maintaining or improving outcomes. Here, we examine several AFS approaches from hospitals across the UK and Ireland to demonstrate the benefits of AFS practices and support the broader implementation of AFS as both a necessary and achievable strategy. Since the accuracy and turnaround times (TATs) of diagnostic tools can impact treatment decisions, several AFS strategies have included the development and implementation of diagnostic-driven care pathways. AFS informed treatment strategies can help stratify patients on a risk basis ensuring the right patients receive antifungals at the optimal time. Using a multidisciplinary approach is also key due to the complexity of managing and treating patients at risk of IFD. Through knowledge sharing, such as The Gilead Antifungal Information Network (GAIN), we hope to drive practices that improve patient management and support the preservation of antifungals for future use.
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10
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Chong WH, Neu KP. Incidence, diagnosis and outcomes of COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA): a systematic review. J Hosp Infect 2021; 113:115-129. [PMID: 33891985 PMCID: PMC8057923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) is defined as invasive pulmonary aspergillosis occurring in COVID-19 patients. The purpose of this review was to discuss the incidence, characteristics, diagnostic criteria, biomarkers, and outcomes of hospitalized patients diagnosed with CAPA. A literature search was performed through Pubmed and Web of Science databases for articles published up to 20th March 2021. In 1421 COVID-19 patients, the overall CAPA incidence was 13.5% (range 2.5-35.0%). The majority required invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). The time to CAPA diagnosis from illness onset varied between 8.0 and 16.0 days. However, the time to CAPA diagnosis from intensive care unit (ICU) admission and IMV initiation ranged between 4.0-15.0 days and 3.0-8.0 days. The most common diagnostic criteria were the modified AspICU-Dutch/Belgian Mycosis Study Group and IAPA-Verweij et al. A total of 77.6% of patients had positive lower respiratory tract cultures, other fungal biomarkers of bronchoalveolar lavage and serum galactomannan were positive in 45.3% and 18.2% of patients. The CAPA mortality rate was high at 48.4%, despite the widespread use of antifungals. Lengthy hospital and ICU stays ranging between 16.0-37.5 days and 10.5-37.0 days were observed. CAPA patients had prolonged IMV duration of 13.0-20.0 days. The true incidence of CAPA likely remains unknown as the diagnosis is limited by the lack of standardized diagnostic criteria that rely solely on microbiological data with direct or indirect detection of Aspergillus in respiratory specimens, particularly in clinical conditions with a low pretest probability. A well-designed, multi-centre study to determine the optimal diagnostic approach for CAPA is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Chong
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA.
| | - K P Neu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Albany Stratton VA Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA
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11
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Patel D, Dacanay KC, Pashley CH, Gaillard EA. Comparative Analysis of Clinical Parameters and Sputum Biomarkers in Establishing the Relevance of Filamentous Fungi in Cystic Fibrosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:605241. [PMID: 33553007 PMCID: PMC7862329 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.605241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between fungal culture (FC) positivity and airway inflammation in CF is largely unknown. Identifying the clinical significance of filamentous fungi in CF using both clinical parameters and biomarkers may change our antimicrobial therapeutic strategies. Objectives To investigate the clinical characteristics and airway biomarker profile in relation to the detection of filamentous fungi in respiratory samples obtained from CF patients. Methods A prospective cohort study over 24 months, including children and adults with CF. Participants provided sputum and/or bronchoalveolar lavage samples, which underwent processing for bacterial and fungal culture, leukocyte differential cell count and biomarker analysis for neutrophil elastase (NE), interleukin-8 (IL-8), galactomannan and tumor necrosis factor receptor type 2 (TNF-R2). We performed FC using neat sputum plugs, an approach shown to be more sensitive compared to routine laboratory testing. Results Sixty-one patients provided 76 respiratory samples (72 sputum and 4 BAL). Median age was 17 years (range 6 months-59 years). FC positivity was noted in 49% of the cohort. FC positivity was greater during pulmonary exacerbation compared to the stable state (67 versus 50%). Participants aged 5-30 years had a lower FEV1 within the FC positive group. A significant association between FC positivity and non-tuberculosis mycobacterial (NTM) culture was observed on non-parametric testing (p = 0.022) and regression analysis (p = 0.007). Exposure to indoor mold was a predictor for FC positivity (p = 0.047). There was a trend towards increased lung clearance index (LCI), bronchiectasis and intravenous antibiotic use in the FC positive group. There was no significant difference in biomarkers between FC positive and negative patients. Conclusion Aspergillus. fumigatus is the commonest filamentous fungi cultured from CF airways. We found no difference in the airway biomarker profile between FC positive and negative patients. The role of galactomannan and TNFR2 as fungal specific biomarkers in CF remains uncertain. FC positivity is associated with a lower FEV1 in younger patients, a lower LCI, NTM positivity, bronchiectasis, and intravenous antibiotic exposure. Larger trials are needed to determine the role of galactomannan and TNF-R2 as potential fungal biomarkers in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Patel
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.,Paediatric Respiratory Department, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Chester Dacanay
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.,Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Center, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine H Pashley
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.,Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Center, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Erol A Gaillard
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.,Paediatric Respiratory Department, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom.,Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Center, Leicester, United Kingdom
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Machado M, Chamorro de Vega E, Martínez-Jiménez MDC, Rodríguez-González CG, Vena A, Navarro R, Zamora-Cintas MI, Agnelli C, Olmedo M, Galar A, Guinea J, Fernández-Cruz A, Alonso R, Bouza E, Muñoz P, Valerio M. Utility of 1,3 β-d-Glucan Assay for Guidance in Antifungal Stewardship Programs for Oncologic Patients and Solid Organ Transplant Recipients. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:59. [PMID: 33477250 PMCID: PMC7830184 DOI: 10.3390/jof7010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The implementation of 1,3 β-d-glucan (BDG) has been proposed as a diagnostic tool in antifungal stewardship programs (ASPs). We aimed to analyze the influence of serum BDG in an ASP for oncologic patients and solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. We conducted a pre-post study. In the initial period (PRE), the ASP was based on bedside advice, and this was complemented with BDG in the post-period (POST). Performance parameters of the BDG assay were determined. Antifungal (AF) use adequacy was evaluated using a point score. Clinical outcomes and AF costs were also compared before and after the intervention. Overall, 85 patients were included in the PRE-period and 112 in the POST-period. Probable or proven fungal infections were similar in both groups (54.1% vs. 57.1%; p = 0.67). The determination of BDG contributed to improved management in 75 of 112 patients (66.9%). The AF adequacy score improved in the POST-period (mean 7.75 vs. 9.29; p < 0.001). Median days of empiric AF treatment was reduced in the POST-period (9 vs. 5 days, p = 0.04). All-cause mortality (44.7% vs. 34.8%; p = 0.16) was similar in both periods. The cost of AF treatments was reduced in the POST-period with a difference of 779.6 €/patient. Our data suggest that the use of BDG was a cost-effective strategy that contributed to safely improving the results of an ASP for SOT and oncologic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Machado
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (M.d.C.M.-J.); (A.V.); (R.N.); (M.I.Z.-C.); (C.A.); (M.O.); (A.G.); (J.G.); (A.F.-C.); (R.A.); (E.B.); (P.M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.d.V.); (C.G.R.-G.)
- Fundación Mutua Madrileña Research Fellowship, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Chamorro de Vega
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.d.V.); (C.G.R.-G.)
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - María del Carmen Martínez-Jiménez
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (M.d.C.M.-J.); (A.V.); (R.N.); (M.I.Z.-C.); (C.A.); (M.O.); (A.G.); (J.G.); (A.F.-C.); (R.A.); (E.B.); (P.M.)
- Fundación Mutua Madrileña Research Fellowship, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Guadalupe Rodríguez-González
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.d.V.); (C.G.R.-G.)
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Vena
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (M.d.C.M.-J.); (A.V.); (R.N.); (M.I.Z.-C.); (C.A.); (M.O.); (A.G.); (J.G.); (A.F.-C.); (R.A.); (E.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Raquel Navarro
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (M.d.C.M.-J.); (A.V.); (R.N.); (M.I.Z.-C.); (C.A.); (M.O.); (A.G.); (J.G.); (A.F.-C.); (R.A.); (E.B.); (P.M.)
| | - María Isabel Zamora-Cintas
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (M.d.C.M.-J.); (A.V.); (R.N.); (M.I.Z.-C.); (C.A.); (M.O.); (A.G.); (J.G.); (A.F.-C.); (R.A.); (E.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Caroline Agnelli
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (M.d.C.M.-J.); (A.V.); (R.N.); (M.I.Z.-C.); (C.A.); (M.O.); (A.G.); (J.G.); (A.F.-C.); (R.A.); (E.B.); (P.M.)
| | - María Olmedo
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (M.d.C.M.-J.); (A.V.); (R.N.); (M.I.Z.-C.); (C.A.); (M.O.); (A.G.); (J.G.); (A.F.-C.); (R.A.); (E.B.); (P.M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.d.V.); (C.G.R.-G.)
| | - Alicia Galar
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (M.d.C.M.-J.); (A.V.); (R.N.); (M.I.Z.-C.); (C.A.); (M.O.); (A.G.); (J.G.); (A.F.-C.); (R.A.); (E.B.); (P.M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.d.V.); (C.G.R.-G.)
| | - Jesús Guinea
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (M.d.C.M.-J.); (A.V.); (R.N.); (M.I.Z.-C.); (C.A.); (M.O.); (A.G.); (J.G.); (A.F.-C.); (R.A.); (E.B.); (P.M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.d.V.); (C.G.R.-G.)
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, CIBERES (CB06/06/0058), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Fernández-Cruz
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (M.d.C.M.-J.); (A.V.); (R.N.); (M.I.Z.-C.); (C.A.); (M.O.); (A.G.); (J.G.); (A.F.-C.); (R.A.); (E.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Roberto Alonso
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (M.d.C.M.-J.); (A.V.); (R.N.); (M.I.Z.-C.); (C.A.); (M.O.); (A.G.); (J.G.); (A.F.-C.); (R.A.); (E.B.); (P.M.)
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Bouza
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (M.d.C.M.-J.); (A.V.); (R.N.); (M.I.Z.-C.); (C.A.); (M.O.); (A.G.); (J.G.); (A.F.-C.); (R.A.); (E.B.); (P.M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.d.V.); (C.G.R.-G.)
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, CIBERES (CB06/06/0058), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Muñoz
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (M.d.C.M.-J.); (A.V.); (R.N.); (M.I.Z.-C.); (C.A.); (M.O.); (A.G.); (J.G.); (A.F.-C.); (R.A.); (E.B.); (P.M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.d.V.); (C.G.R.-G.)
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, CIBERES (CB06/06/0058), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maricela Valerio
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (M.d.C.M.-J.); (A.V.); (R.N.); (M.I.Z.-C.); (C.A.); (M.O.); (A.G.); (J.G.); (A.F.-C.); (R.A.); (E.B.); (P.M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.d.V.); (C.G.R.-G.)
- Fundación Mutua Madrileña Research Fellowship, 28046 Madrid, Spain
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13
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COVID-19-Associated Invasive Aspergillosis: Data from the UK National Mycology Reference Laboratory. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 59:JCM.02136-20. [PMID: 33087440 PMCID: PMC7771443 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02136-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) was recently reported as a potential infective complication affecting critically ill patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, with incidence rates varying from 8 to 33% depending on the study. However, definitive diagnosis of CAPA is challenging. Standardized diagnostic algorithms and definitions are lacking, clinicians are reticent to perform aerosol-generating bronchoalveolar lavages for galactomannan testing and microscopic and cultural examination, and questions surround the diagnostic sensitivity of different serum biomarkers. COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) was recently reported as a potential infective complication affecting critically ill patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, with incidence rates varying from 8 to 33% depending on the study. However, definitive diagnosis of CAPA is challenging. Standardized diagnostic algorithms and definitions are lacking, clinicians are reticent to perform aerosol-generating bronchoalveolar lavages for galactomannan testing and microscopic and cultural examination, and questions surround the diagnostic sensitivity of different serum biomarkers. Between 11 March and 14 July 2020, the UK National Mycology Reference Laboratory received 1,267 serum and respiratory samples from 719 critically ill UK patients with COVID-19 and suspected pulmonary aspergillosis. The laboratory also received 46 isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus from COVID-19 patients (including three that exhibited environmental triazole resistance). Diagnostic tests performed included 1,000 (1-3)-β-d-glucan and 516 galactomannan tests on serum samples. The results of this extensive testing are presented here. For a subset of 61 patients, respiratory specimens (bronchoalveolar lavage specimens, tracheal aspirates, and sputum samples) in addition to serum samples were submitted and subjected to galactomannan testing, Aspergillus-specific PCR, and microscopy and culture. The incidence of probable/proven and possible CAPA in this subset of patients was approximately 5% and 15%, respectively. Overall, our results highlight the challenges in biomarker-driven diagnosis of CAPA, especially when only limited clinical samples are available for testing, and the importance of a multimodal diagnostic approach involving regular and repeat testing of both serum and respiratory samples.
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14
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Koehler P, Bassetti M, Chakrabarti A, Chen SCA, Colombo AL, Hoenigl M, Klimko N, Lass-Flörl C, Oladele RO, Vinh DC, Zhu LP, Böll B, Brüggemann R, Gangneux JP, Perfect JR, Patterson TF, Persigehl T, Meis JF, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, White PL, Verweij PE, Cornely OA. Defining and managing COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis: the 2020 ECMM/ISHAM consensus criteria for research and clinical guidance. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 21:e149-e162. [PMID: 33333012 PMCID: PMC7833078 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30847-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 536] [Impact Index Per Article: 134.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causes direct damage to the airway epithelium, enabling aspergillus invasion. Reports of COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis have raised concerns about it worsening the disease course of COVID-19 and increasing mortality. Additionally, the first cases of COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis caused by azole-resistant aspergillus have been reported. This article constitutes a consensus statement on defining and managing COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis, prepared by experts and endorsed by medical mycology societies. COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis is proposed to be defined as possible, probable, or proven on the basis of sample validity and thus diagnostic certainty. Recommended first-line therapy is either voriconazole or isavuconazole. If azole resistance is a concern, then liposomal amphotericin B is the drug of choice. Our aim is to provide definitions for clinical research and up-to-date recommendations for clinical management of the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Koehler
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department I of Internal Medicine, European Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Matteo Bassetti
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Policlinico San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Arunaloke Chakrabarti
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sharon C A Chen
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, New South Wales Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Martin Hoenigl
- Clinical and Translational Fungal-Working Group and Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Section of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine and Division of Pulmonology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nikolay Klimko
- Department of Clinical Mycology, Allergology and Immunology, North Western State Medical University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Cornelia Lass-Flörl
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, ECMM, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rita O Oladele
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Donald C Vinh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Li-Ping Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Boris Böll
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department I of Internal Medicine, European Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Roger Brüggemann
- Department of Pharmacy, ECMM, Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Radboudumc Institute of Health Science, ECMM, Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jean-Pierre Gangneux
- Université de Rennes, CHU de Rennes, EHESP, Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et travail, Inserm UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - John R Perfect
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Thomas F Patterson
- University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; University Health, San Antonio, TX, USA; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Thorsten Persigehl
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jacques F Meis
- Department of Medical Microbiology, ECMM, Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Graduate Program, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Luis Ostrosky-Zeichner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - P Lewis White
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, Public Health Wales Microbiology Cardiff, Cardiff, UK
| | - Paul E Verweij
- Department of Medical Microbiology, ECMM, Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Laboratory Surveillance, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Oliver A Cornely
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department I of Internal Medicine, European Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Clinical Trials Centre Cologne, ZKS Köln, Cologne, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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15
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Mohamed A, Rogers TR, Talento AF. COVID-19 Associated Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E115. [PMID: 32707965 PMCID: PMC7559350 DOI: 10.3390/jof6030115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus co-infection in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia, leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome, has recently been reported. To date, 38 cases have been reported, with other cases most likely undiagnosed mainly due to a lack of clinical awareness and diagnostic screening. Importantly, there is currently no agreed case definition of COVID-19 associated invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) that could aid in the early detection of this co-infection. Additionally, with the global emergence of triazole resistance, we emphasize the importance of antifungal susceptibility testing in order to ensure appropriate antifungal therapy. Herein is a review of 38 published CAPA cases, which highlights the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges posed by this novel fungal co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aia Mohamed
- Department of Microbiology, Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital Drogheda, A92 VW28 Co. Louth, Ireland;
| | - Thomas R. Rogers
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, St. James’s Hospital Campus, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Alida Fe Talento
- Department of Microbiology, Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital Drogheda, A92 VW28 Co. Louth, Ireland;
- Department of Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
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White SK, Schmidt RL, Walker BS, Hanson KE. (1→3)-β-D-glucan testing for the detection of invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised or critically ill people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 7:CD009833. [PMID: 32693433 PMCID: PMC7387835 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd009833.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are life-threatening opportunistic infections that occur in immunocompromised or critically ill people. Early detection and treatment of IFIs is essential to reduce morbidity and mortality in these populations. (1→3)-β-D-glucan (BDG) is a component of the fungal cell wall that can be detected in the serum of infected individuals. The serum BDG test is a way to quickly detect these infections and initiate treatment before they become life-threatening. Five different versions of the BDG test are commercially available: Fungitell, Glucatell, Wako, Fungitec-G, and Dynamiker Fungus. OBJECTIVES To compare the diagnostic accuracy of commercially available tests for serum BDG to detect selected invasive fungal infections (IFIs) among immunocompromised or critically ill people. SEARCH METHODS We searched MEDLINE (via Ovid) and Embase (via Ovid) up to 26 June 2019. We used SCOPUS to perform a forward and backward citation search of relevant articles. We placed no restriction on language or study design. SELECTION CRITERIA We included all references published on or after 1995, which is when the first commercial BDG assays became available. We considered published, peer-reviewed studies on the diagnostic test accuracy of BDG for diagnosis of fungal infections in immunocompromised people or people in intensive care that used the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) criteria or equivalent as a reference standard. We considered all study designs (case-control, prospective consecutive cohort, and retrospective cohort studies). We excluded case studies and studies with fewer than ten participants. We also excluded animal and laboratory studies. We excluded meeting abstracts because they provided insufficient information. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We followed the standard procedures outlined in the Cochrane Handbook for Diagnostic Test Accuracy Reviews. Two review authors independently screened studies, extracted data, and performed a quality assessment for each study. For each study, we created a 2 × 2 matrix and calculated sensitivity and specificity, as well as a 95% confidence interval (CI). We evaluated the quality of included studies using the Quality Assessment of Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy-Revised (QUADAS-2). We were unable to perform a meta-analysis due to considerable variation between studies, with the exception of Candida, so we have provided descriptive statistics such as receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) and forest plots by test brand to show variation in study results. MAIN RESULTS We included in the review 49 studies with a total of 6244 participants. About half of these studies (24/49; 49%) were conducted with people who had cancer or hematologic malignancies. Most studies (36/49; 73%) focused on the Fungitell BDG test. This was followed by Glucatell (5 studies; 10%), Wako (3 studies; 6%), Fungitec-G (3 studies; 6%), and Dynamiker (2 studies; 4%). About three-quarters of studies (79%) utilized either a prospective or a retrospective consecutive study design; the remainder used a case-control design. Based on the manufacturer's recommended cut-off levels for the Fungitell test, sensitivity ranged from 27% to 100%, and specificity from 0% to 100%. For the Glucatell assay, sensitivity ranged from 50% to 92%, and specificity ranged from 41% to 94%. Limited studies have used the Dynamiker, Wako, and Fungitec-G assays, but individual sensitivities and specificities ranged from 50% to 88%, and from 60% to 100%, respectively. Results show considerable differences between studies, even by manufacturer, which prevented a formal meta-analysis. Most studies (32/49; 65%) had no reported high risk of bias in any of the QUADAS-2 domains. The QUADAS-2 domains that had higher risk of bias included participant selection and flow and timing. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We noted considerable heterogeneity between studies, and these differences precluded a formal meta-analysis. Because of wide variation in the results, it is not possible to estimate the diagnostic accuracy of the BDG test in specific settings. Future studies estimating the accuracy of BDG tests should be linked to the way the test is used in clinical practice and should clearly describe the sampling protocol and the relationship of time of testing to time of diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra K White
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Robert L Schmidt
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | - Kimberly E Hanson
- Director, Transplant Infectious Diseases and Immunocompromised Host Service, Section Head, Clinical Microbiology, Director, Medical Microbiology Fellowship Program, University of Utah and ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Bassetti M, Vena A, Pincino R, Briano F, Giacobbe DR. Role of Antifungal Therapy in Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11908-020-00731-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Meijer EFJ, Dofferhoff ASM, Hoiting O, Buil JB, Meis JF. Azole-Resistant COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis in an Immunocompetent Host: A Case Report. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E79. [PMID: 32517166 PMCID: PMC7344504 DOI: 10.3390/jof6020079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) is a recently described disease entity affecting patients with severe pulmonary abnormalities treated in intensive care units. Delays in diagnosis contribute to a delayed start of antifungal therapy. In addition, the emergence of resistance to triazole antifungal agents puts emphasis on early surveillance for azole-resistant Aspergillus species. We present a patient with putative CAPA due to Aspergillus fumigatus with identification of a triazole-resistant isolate during therapy. We underline the challenges faced in the management of these cases, the importance of early diagnosis and need for surveillance given the emergence of triazole resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eelco F. J. Meijer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.M.); (J.B.B.)
- Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital (CWZ), 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Anton S. M. Dofferhoff
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital (CWZ), 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital (CWZ), 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar Hoiting
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital (CWZ), 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Jochem B. Buil
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.M.); (J.B.B.)
- Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques F. Meis
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.M.); (J.B.B.)
- Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital (CWZ), 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Graduate Program, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81531-970, PR, Brazil
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19
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Delayed Diagnosis of a Diffuse Invasive Gastrointestinal Aspergillosis in an Immunocompetent Patient. Case Rep Crit Care 2020; 2020:3601423. [PMID: 32547793 PMCID: PMC7271229 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3601423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive aspergillosis represents a clinical picture frequently associated with host's immunosuppression which usually involves a high morbidity and mortality. In general, the most frequent fungal entry is the lungs with secondary hematogenous dissemination, but there are other hypotheses like a gastrointestinal portal of entry. There are some rare publications of cases with invasive aspergillosis in immunocompetent patients. We present the case of an immunocompetent patient without any risk factors except for age, ICU stay, and surgical intervention, who developed a septic shock by invasive gastrointestinal aspergillosis as primary infection. Due to the unusualness of the case, despite all the measures taken, the results were obtained postmortem. We want to emphasize the need not to underestimate the possibility for an invasive aspergillosis in an immunocompetent patient. Not only pulmonary but also gastrointestinal aspergillosis should be taken into account in the differential diagnosis to avoid a delay of treatment.
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20
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Hare D, Coates C, Kelly M, Cottrell E, Connolly E, Muldoon EG, O' Connell B, Rogers TR, Talento AF. Antifungal stewardship in critical care: Implementing a diagnostics-driven care pathway in the management of invasive candidiasis. Infect Prev Pract 2020; 2:100047. [PMID: 34368697 PMCID: PMC8336030 DOI: 10.1016/j.infpip.2020.100047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Invasive candidiasis (IC) is the most common invasive fungal disease in patients admitted to critical care and is associated with high mortality rates. Diagnosis can be delayed by the poor sensitivity of culture-based methods, leading to unnecessary use of empirical antifungal therapy (EAFT). The fungal biomarker (1–3)-β-d-glucan (BDG) has been shown to aid in the diagnosis of IC in critical care and has been incorporated into antifungal stewardship (AFS) programmes. Aim To describe our experience using a diagnostics-driven AFS programme incorporating the fungal biomarker BDG, analyse its impact on antifungal therapy (AFT), and gain an improved understanding of the epidemiology of IC in our critical care unit (CrCU). Methods An AFS care pathway incorporating BDG was introduced in the CrCU in St James's Hospital, Dublin. Following an educational programme, compliance with the pathway was prospectively audited between December 1st, 2017 and July 31st, 2018. Results and Conclusion One hundred and nine AFT episodes were included, of which 95 (87%) had a BDG sent. Of those with BDG results available at the time of decision-making, 38 (63%) were managed in accordance with the care pathway. In compliant episodes without IC, median EAFT duration was 5.5 days [IQR 4–7] and no increase in mortality or subsequent IC was observed. Although adopting a diagnostics-driven approach was found to be useful in the cohort of patients with BDG results available, the use of once-weekly BDG testing did not result in an observed reduction in the consumption of anidulafungin, highlighting an important limitation of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hare
- Department of Microbiology, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C Coates
- Department of Microbiology, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Kelly
- Pharmacy Department, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - E Cottrell
- Pharmacy Department, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - E Connolly
- Department of Critical Care and Anaesthesia, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - E G Muldoon
- Department of Infectious Disease, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Eccles St, Dublin, Ireland
| | - B O' Connell
- Department of Microbiology, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - T R Rogers
- Department of Microbiology, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - A F Talento
- Department of Microbiology, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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21
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Ramírez P, Garnacho-Montero J. [Invasive aspergillosis in critically ill patients]. Rev Iberoam Micol 2019; 35:210-216. [PMID: 30554674 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Critically ill patients without severe immunosuppression make up a population in which invasive aspergillosis (IA) has been identified as an emergent pathology. Chronic treatment with corticosteroids, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and liver cirrhosis are repeatedly identified risk factors. However, due to the non-specificity of the symptoms and signs in the critical patient, and the relative low diagnostic capacity of the complementary tests, the diagnosis of the IA is a challenge for the specialist in critical care medicine. The application of diagnostic algorithms adapted to critical patients, in whom activation will depend on the isolation of Aspergillus in a respiratory specimen, is the most efficient diagnostic methodology in this population. Among the diagnostic approaches, the determination of galactomannan in bronchoalveolar fluid is the most useful diagnostic test. Once the suspicion is established, treatment should be started as soon as possible. Voriconazole, amphotericin B, and isavuconazole are the most effective treatments. Although voriconazole and amphotericin B are the drugs with the most scientific evidence, they are related with adverse effects and pharmacokinetic difficulties. Therefore, isavuconazole, which has shown high efficacy and safety in other populations, is a potential alternative of great interest for critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ramírez
- Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, España.
| | - José Garnacho-Montero
- Unidad Clínica de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Macarena, Sevilla, España
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Prognostic Potential of the Panfungal Marker (1 → 3)-β-d-Glucan in Invasive Mycoses Patients. Mycopathologia 2018; 184:147-150. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-018-0282-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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