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Kim JH, Yu J, Kim JY, Park YJ, Bae S, Kang KK, Jung YJ. Phenotypic characterization of pre-harvest sprouting resistance mutants generated by the CRISPR/Cas9-geminiviral replicon system in rice. BMB Rep 2024; 57:79-85. [PMID: 38303561 PMCID: PMC10910094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Pre-harvest sprouting is a critical phenomenon involving germination of seeds in the mother plant before harvest under relative humid conditions and reduced dormancy. In this paper, we generated HDR mutant lines with one region SNP (C/T) and an insertion of 6 bp (GGT/GGTGGCGGC) in OsERF1 genes for pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) resistance using CRISPR/Cas9 and a geminiviral replicon system. The incidence of HDR was 2.6% in transformed calli. T1 seeds were harvested from 12 HDR-induced calli and named ERF1-hdr line. Molecular stability, key agronomic properties, physiological properties, and biochemical properties of target genes in the ERF1-hdr line were investigated for three years. The ERF1-hdr line showed significantly enhanced seed dormancy and pre-harvest sprouting resistance. qRT-PCR analysis suggested that enhanced ABA signaling resulted in a stronger phenotype of PHS resistance. These results indicate that efficient HDR can be achieved through SNP/InDel replacement using a single and modular configuration applicable to different rice targets and other crops. This work demonstrates the potential to replace all genes with elite alleles within one generation and greatly expands our ability to improve agriculturally important traits. [BMB Reports 2024; 57(2): 79-85].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hee Kim
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea
| | - Jihyeon Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea
| | - Yong Jin Park
- Department of Plant Resources, College of Industrial Sciences, Kongju National University, Yesan 32439, Korea
| | - Sangsu Bae
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Kwon Kyoo Kang
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea
| | - Yu Jin Jung
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea
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Liu S, Li L, Wang W, Xia G, Liu S. TaSRO1 interacts with TaVP1 to modulate seed dormancy and pre-harvest sprouting resistance in wheat. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:36-53. [PMID: 38108123 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Dormancy is an adaptive trait which prevents seeds from germinating under unfavorable environmental conditions. Seeds with weak dormancy undergo pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) which decreases grain yield and quality. Understanding the genetic mechanisms that regulate seed dormancy and resistance to PHS is crucial for ensuring global food security. In this study, we illustrated the function and molecular mechanism of TaSRO1 in the regulation of seed dormancy and PHS resistance by suppressing TaVP1. The tasro1 mutants exhibited strong seed dormancy and enhanced resistance to PHS, whereas the mutants of tavp1 displayed weak dormancy. Genetic evidence has shown that TaVP1 is epistatic to TaSRO1. Biochemical evidence has shown that TaSRO1 interacts with TaVP1 and represses the transcriptional activation of the PHS resistance genes TaPHS1 and TaSdr. Furthermore, TaSRO1 undermines the synergistic activation of TaVP1 and TaABI5 in PHS resistance genes. Finally, we highlight the great potential of tasro1 alleles for breeding elite wheat cultivars that are resistant to PHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shupeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Wenlong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Guangmin Xia
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Shuwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
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Qu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Fan S, Qi Y, Wang F, Wang M, Feng M, Liu X, Ren H. Advance Research on the Pre-Harvest Sprouting Trait in Vegetable Crop Seeds. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17171. [PMID: 38138999 PMCID: PMC10742742 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS), the germination of seeds on the plant prior to harvest, poses significant challenges to agriculture. It not only reduces seed and grain yield, but also impairs the commodity quality of the fruit, ultimately affecting the success of the subsequent crop cycle. A deeper understanding of PHS is essential for guiding future breeding strategies, mitigating its impact on seed production rates and the commercial quality of fruits. PHS is a complex phenomenon influenced by genetic, physiological, and environmental factors. Many of these factors exert their influence on PHS through the intricate regulation of plant hormones responsible for seed germination. While numerous genes related to PHS have been identified in food crops, the study of PHS in vegetable crops is still in its early stages. This review delves into the regulatory elements, functional genes, and recent research developments related to PHS in vegetable crops. Meanwhile, this paper presents a novel understanding of PHS, aiming to serve as a reference for the study of this trait in vegetable crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Qu
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yaqi Zhang
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhongren Zhang
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shanshan Fan
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yu Qi
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mingqi Wang
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Min Feng
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xingwang Liu
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Sanya Institute, China Agricultural University, Sanya 572019, China
| | - Huazhong Ren
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Sanya Institute, China Agricultural University, Sanya 572019, China
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Ma X, Feng L, Tao A, Zenda T, He Y, Zhang D, Duan H, Tao Y. Identification and validation of seed dormancy loci and candidate genes and construction of regulatory networks by WGCNA in maize introgression lines. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:259. [PMID: 38038768 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04495-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Seventeen PHS-QTLs and candidate genes were obtained, including eleven major loci, three under multiple environments and two with co-localization by the other mapping methods; The functions of three candidate genes were validated using mutants; nine target proteins and five networks were filtered by joint analysis of GWAS and WGCNA. Seed dormancy (SD) and pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) affect yield, as well as grain and hybrid quality in seed production. Therefore, identification of genetic and regulatory pathways underlying PHS and SD is key to gene function analysis, allelic variation mining and genetic improvement. In this study, 78,360 SNPs by SLAF-seq of 230 maize chromosome segment introgression lines (ILs), PHS under five environments were used to conduct GWAS (genome wide association study) (a threshold of 1/n), and seventeen unreported PHS QTLs were obtained, including eleven QTLs with PVE > 10% and three QTLs under multiple environments. Two QTL loci were co-located between the other two genetic mapping methods. Using differential gene expression analyses at two stages of grain development, gene functional analysis of Arabidopsis mutants, and gene functional analysis in the QTL region, seventeen PHS QTL-linked candidate genes were identified, and their five molecular regulatory networks constructed. Based on the Arabidopsis T-DNA mutations, three candidate genes were shown to regulate for SD and PHS. Meanwhile, using RNA-seq of grain development, the weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) was performed, deducing five regulatory pathways and target genes that regulate PHS and SD. Based on the conjoint analysis of GWAS and WGCNA, four pathways, nine target proteins and target genes were revealed, most of which regulate cell wall metabolism, cell proliferation and seed dehydration tolerance. This has important theoretical and practical significance for elucidating the genetic basis of maize PHS and SD, as well as mining of genetic resources and genetic improvement of traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of the Education Ministry, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Liqing Feng
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of the Education Ministry, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Anyan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of the Education Ministry, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Tinashe Zenda
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of the Education Ministry, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Yuan He
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of the Education Ministry, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Daxiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of the Education Ministry, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Huijun Duan
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of the Education Ministry, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China.
| | - Yongsheng Tao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of the Education Ministry, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China.
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Chang C, Zhang H, Lu J, Si H, Ma C. Genetic Improvement of Wheat with Pre-Harvest Sprouting Resistance in China. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14040837. [PMID: 37107595 PMCID: PMC10137347 DOI: 10.3390/genes14040837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) refers to the germination of seeds directly on the spike due to rainy weather before harvest, which often results in yield reduction, quality deterioration, and seed value loss. In this study, we reviewed the research progress in the quantitative trait loci (QTL) detection and gene excavation related to PHS resistance in wheat. Simultaneously, the identification and creation of germplasm resources and the breeding of wheat with PHS resistance were expounded in this study. Furthermore, we also discussed the prospect of molecular breeding during genetic improvement of PHS-resistant wheat.
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Wang Y, Zhang J, Sun M, He C, Yu K, Zhao B, Li R, Li J, Yang Z, Wang X, Duan H, Fu J, Liu S, Zhang X, Zheng J. Multi-Omics Analyses Reveal Systemic Insights into Maize Vivipary. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2437. [PMID: 34834800 PMCID: PMC8618366 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Maize vivipary, precocious seed germination on the ear, affects yield and seed quality. The application of multi-omics approaches, such as transcriptomics or metabolomics, to classic vivipary mutants can potentially reveal the underlying mechanism. Seven maize vivipary mutants were selected for transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. A suite of transporters and transcription factors were found to be upregulated in all mutants, indicating that their functions are required during seed germination. Moreover, vivipary mutants exhibited a uniform expression pattern of genes related to abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis, gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis, and ABA core signaling. NCED4 (Zm00001d007876), which is involved in ABA biosynthesis, was markedly downregulated and GA3ox (Zm00001d039634) was upregulated in all vivipary mutants, indicating antagonism between these two phytohormones. The ABA core signaling components (PYL-ABI1-SnRK2-ABI3) were affected in most of the mutants, but the expression of these genes was not significantly different between the vp8 mutant and wild-type seeds. Metabolomics analysis integrated with co-expression network analysis identified unique metabolites, their corresponding pathways, and the gene networks affected by each individual mutation. Collectively, our multi-omics analyses characterized the transcriptional and metabolic landscape during vivipary, providing a valuable resource for improving seed quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiru Wang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.W.); (M.S.); (R.L.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (J.F.)
| | - Junli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China; (J.Z.); (K.Y.); (B.Z.); (X.W.); (H.D.)
| | - Minghao Sun
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.W.); (M.S.); (R.L.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (J.F.)
| | - Cheng He
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (C.H.); (S.L.)
| | - Ke Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China; (J.Z.); (K.Y.); (B.Z.); (X.W.); (H.D.)
| | - Bing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China; (J.Z.); (K.Y.); (B.Z.); (X.W.); (H.D.)
| | - Rui Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.W.); (M.S.); (R.L.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (J.F.)
| | - Jian Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.W.); (M.S.); (R.L.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (J.F.)
| | - Zongying Yang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.W.); (M.S.); (R.L.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (J.F.)
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China; (J.Z.); (K.Y.); (B.Z.); (X.W.); (H.D.)
| | - Haiyang Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China; (J.Z.); (K.Y.); (B.Z.); (X.W.); (H.D.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Junjie Fu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.W.); (M.S.); (R.L.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (J.F.)
| | - Sanzhen Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (C.H.); (S.L.)
| | - Xuebin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China; (J.Z.); (K.Y.); (B.Z.); (X.W.); (H.D.)
| | - Jun Zheng
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.W.); (M.S.); (R.L.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (J.F.)
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Tuan PA, Kumar R, Rehal PK, Toora PK, Ayele BT. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Abscisic Acid/Gibberellin Balance in the Control of Seed Dormancy and Germination in Cereals. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:668. [PMID: 29875780 PMCID: PMC5974119 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Seed dormancy is an adaptive trait that does not allow the germination of an intact viable seed under favorable environmental conditions. Non-dormant seeds or seeds with low level of dormancy can germinate readily under optimal environmental conditions, and such a trait leads to preharvest sprouting, germination of seeds on the mother plant prior to harvest, which significantly reduces the yield and quality of cereal crops. High level of dormancy, on the other hand, may lead to non-uniform germination and seedling establishment. Therefore, intermediate dormancy is considered to be a desirable trait as it prevents the problems of sprouting and allows uniformity of postharvest germination of seeds. Induction, maintenance, and release of seed dormancy are complex physiological processes that are influenced by a wide range of endogenous and environmental factors. Plant hormones, mainly abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA), are the major endogenous factors that act antagonistically in the control of seed dormancy and germination; ABA positively regulates the induction and maintenance of dormancy, while GA enhances germination. Significant progress has been made in recent years in the elucidation of molecular mechanisms regulating ABA/GA balance and thereby dormancy and germination in cereal seeds, and this review summarizes the current state of knowledge on the topic.
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Lee GA, Jeon YA, Lee HS, Hyun DY, Lee JR, Lee MC, Lee SY, Ma KH, Koh HJ. New Genetic Loci Associated with Preharvest Sprouting and Its Evaluation Based on the Model Equation in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1393. [PMID: 28848592 PMCID: PMC5550670 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Preharvest sprouting (PHS) in rice panicles is an important quantitative trait that causes both yield losses and the deterioration of grain quality under unpredictable moisture conditions at the ripening stage. However, the molecular mechanism underlying PHS has not yet been elucidated. Here, we explored the genetic loci associated with PHS in rice and formulated a model regression equation for rapid screening for use in breeding programs. After re-sequencing 21 representative accessions for PHS and performing enrichment analysis, we found that approximately 20,000 SNPs revealed distinct allelic distributions between PHS resistant and susceptible accessions. Of these, 39 candidate SNP loci were selected, including previously reported QTLs. We analyzed the genotypes of 144 rice accessions to determine the association between PHS and the 39 candidate SNP loci, 10 of which were identified as significantly affecting PHS based on allele type. Based on the allele types of the SNP loci, we constructed a regression equation for evaluating PHS, accounting for an R2 value of 0.401 in japonica rice. We validated this equation using additional accessions, which exhibited a significant R2 value of 0.430 between the predicted values and actual measurements. The newly detected SNP loci and the model equation could facilitate marker-assisted selection to predict PHS in rice germplasm and breeding lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi-An Lee
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural SciencesJeonju, South Korea
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Ah Jeon
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural SciencesJeonju, South Korea
| | - Ho-Sun Lee
- International Technology Cooperation CenterJeonju, South Korea
| | - Do Yoon Hyun
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural SciencesJeonju, South Korea
| | - Jung-Ro Lee
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural SciencesJeonju, South Korea
| | - Myung-Chul Lee
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural SciencesJeonju, South Korea
| | - Sok-Young Lee
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural SciencesJeonju, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Ho Ma
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural SciencesJeonju, South Korea
| | - Hee-Jong Koh
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Hee-Jong Koh,
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Shu K, Meng YJ, Shuai HW, Liu WG, Du JB, Liu J, Yang WY. Dormancy and germination: How does the crop seed decide? PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2015; 17:1104-12. [PMID: 26095078 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Whether seeds germinate or maintain dormancy is decided upon through very intricate physiological processes. Correct timing of these processes is most important for the plants life cycle. If moist conditions are encountered, a low dormancy level causes pre-harvest sprouting in various crop species, such as wheat, corn and rice, this decreases crop yield and negatively impacts downstream industrial processing. In contrast, a deep level of seed dormancy prevents normal germination even under favourable conditions, resulting in a low emergence rate during agricultural production. Therefore, an optimal seed dormancy level is valuable for modern mechanised agricultural systems. Over the past several years, numerous studies have demonstrated that diverse endogenous and environmental factors regulate the balance between dormancy and germination, such as light, temperature, water status and bacteria in soil, and phytohormones such as ABA (abscisic acid) and GA (gibberellic acid). In this updated review, we highlight recent advances regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying regulation of seed dormancy and germination processes, including the external environmental and internal hormonal cues, and primarily focusing on the staple crop species. Furthermore, future challenges and research directions for developing a full understanding of crop seed dormancy and germination are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China of Ministry of Agriculture, and Department of Biotechnology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y J Meng
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China of Ministry of Agriculture, and Department of Biotechnology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - H W Shuai
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China of Ministry of Agriculture, and Department of Biotechnology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - W G Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China of Ministry of Agriculture, and Department of Biotechnology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - J B Du
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China of Ministry of Agriculture, and Department of Biotechnology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - J Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China of Ministry of Agriculture, and Department of Biotechnology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - W Y Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China of Ministry of Agriculture, and Department of Biotechnology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Mares DJ, Mrva K. Wheat grain preharvest sprouting and late maturity alpha-amylase. PLANTA 2014; 240:1167-78. [PMID: 25257145 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Preharvest sprouting (PHS) and late maturity α-amylase (LMA) are the two major causes of unacceptably high levels of α-amylase in ripe wheat grain. High α-amylase activity in harvested grain results in substantially lower prices for wheat growers and at least in the case of PHS, is associated with adverse effects on the quality of a range of end-products and loss of viability during storage. The high levels of α-amylase are reflected in low falling number, the internationally accepted measure for grain receival and trade. Given the significant losses that can occur, elimination of these defects remains a major focus for wheat breeding programs in many parts of the world. In addition, the genetic, biochemical and molecular mechanisms involved in the control of PHS and LMA as well as the interactions with environmental factors have attracted a sustained research interest. PHS and LMA are independent, genetically controlled traits that are strongly influenced by the environment, where the effects of particular environmental factors vary substantially depending on the stage of grain development and ripening. This review is a summary and an assessment of results of recent research on these important grain quality defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl J Mares
- School of Agriculture Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia,
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