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Chen X, Wang W, Wang Y, Lai S, Yang J, Cowling BJ, Horby PW, Uyeki TM, Yu H. Serological evidence of human infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med 2020; 18:377. [PMID: 33261599 PMCID: PMC7709391 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01836-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus poses a global public health threat given severe and fatal zoonotic infections since 1997 and ongoing A(H5N1) virus circulation among poultry in several countries. A comprehensive assessment of the seroprevalence of A(H5N1) virus antibodies remains a gap and limits understanding of the true risk of A(H5N1) virus infection. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of published serosurveys to assess the risk of subclinical and clinically mild A(H5N1) virus infections. We assessed A(H5N1) virus antibody titers and changes in titers among populations with variable exposures to different A(H5N1) viruses. RESULTS Across studies using the World Health Organization-recommended seropositive definition, the point estimates of the seroprevalence of A(H5N1) virus-specific antibodies were higher in poultry-exposed populations (range 0-0.6%) and persons exposed to both human A(H5N1) cases and infected birds (range 0.4-1.8%) than in close contacts of A(H5N1) cases or the general population (none to very low frequencies). Seroprevalence was higher in persons exposed to A(H5N1) clade 0 virus (1.9%, range 0.7-3.2%) than in participants exposed to other clades of A(H5N1) virus (range 0-0.5%) (p < 0.05). Seroprevalence was higher in poultry-exposed populations (range 0-1.9%) if such studies utilized antigenically similar A(H5N1) virus antigens in assays to A(H5N1) viruses circulating among poultry. CONCLUSIONS These low seroprevalences suggest that subclinical and clinically mild human A(H5N1) virus infections are uncommon. Standardized serological survey and laboratory methods are needed to fully understand the extent and risk of human A(H5N1) virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Chen
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shengjie Lai
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
- WorldPop, School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Juan Yang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Benjamin J Cowling
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Peter W Horby
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Timothy M Uyeki
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Hongjie Yu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Qi Y, Ni HB, Chen X, Li S. Seroprevalence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) virus infection among humans in mainland China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1861-1871. [PMID: 32259345 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although the effective transmission of the H5N1 virus from humans to humans has yet to be further observed, humans are at increased risk of a pandemic caused by H5N1. In order to fully evaluate the seroprevalence and risk factor of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infection among in mainland China, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis. In this review, we searched literature on the seroprevalence of H5N1 infection among humans in mainland China from 1 January 1997 to 20 October 2018 in English and Chinese databases, including PubMed, Google scholar, Cochrane library, Clinical Trial, VIP, CNKI and WanFang database. We made a selection according to the title and the abstract of paper, and then, we excluded duplicated literature, and data incomplete literature according to the exclusion criteria we formulated. Finally, we extracted how many humans have H5N1 infection from the obtained studies to establish the seroprevalence of H5N1 infection among humans in mainland China. A total of 56 studies (including data of 35,159 humans) were compliant with our criteria. In China, the overall seroprevalence of H5N1 infection among humans was 2.45% (862/35,159), while the seroprevalence of H5N1 infection among humans from central China was 7.32% (213/2,911), higher than those in other regions of China. The seroprevalence of H5N1 infection was associated with test method, sampling time and demographic characteristics of humans. However, there was no significant difference in the effect of gender on the seroprevalence of H5N1 among humans in China. The purpose of this review was to better understand the real infection rate of H5N1 virus among humans and evaluate the potential risk factors for the zoonotic spread of H5N1 virus to humans. Sufficient epidemiological data are important to explore and understand the prevalent status of AIVs throughout the country and to disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Qi
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal nutritional regulation and health, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | - Hong-Bo Ni
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuelong Chen
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal nutritional regulation and health, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | - Shenghe Li
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal nutritional regulation and health, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
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Xiong C, Su Z, Liu Z, Liu Q, Zhao L, Gao Z, Chen Q, Deng F, Chen J. Serological study of antibodies to influenza A viruses among general population in Wuhan city China. J Clin Virol 2014; 61:178-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Li LH, Yu Z, Chen WS, Liu SL, Lu Y, Zhang YJ, Chen EF, Lin JF. Evidence for H5 avian influenza infection in Zhejiang province, China, 2010-2012: a cross-sectional study. J Thorac Dis 2014; 5:790-6. [PMID: 24409357 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.12.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first outbreak of H5N1 highly-pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus associated with several human deaths occurred in 1997 in Hong-Kong, China. While H5N1 virus infection in poultry workers has been studied in some detail, little is known about the environmental risk factors of the H5 avian influenza virus infection in China. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed to evaluate the environmental load of H5 viruses in poultry-contaminated environments and to explore potential risk factors associated with infection in poultry workers between October 2010 and March 2012. Serum and environmental samples were collected in Zhejiang province, China. The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay was used to analyze human sera for antibodies against H5N1 virus [A/Hubei/1/2010 (H5N1) and A/Anhui/1/2005 (H5N1)]. All participants were interviewed with a standardized questionnaire to collect information on exposure to poultry. H5 Avian influenza virus in the environmental samples was detected by real time RT-PCR. RESULTS One hundred and five of 3,453 environmental samples (3.0%) tested positive for H5 avian influenza virus. Fifty-five of 1,169 subjects (4.7%) tested seropositive for anti-H5N1 antibodies. A statistically significant difference in H5 virus detection rate was found among the different environments sampled (<0.001), with the highest showed in live bird markets (68.6%). Detection rate varied according to the source of samples, sewage (9.5%), drinking water (19.0%), feces (19.0%), cage surface (25.7%), and slaughtering chopping boards (15.2%), respectively. Direct or close contact with poultry (OR =5.20, 95% CI, 1.53-17.74) and breeding numerous poultry (OR =3.77, 95% CI, 1.72-8.73) were significantly associated with seroprevalence of antibodies to avian influenza virus A (H5N1). CONCLUSIONS The number of birds bred more than 1,000 and direct or close contact with poultry in the workplace or the environment would be a potential risk of H5N1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Hong Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Zhao Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Wen-Sen Chen
- First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - She-Lan Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Ye Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Yan-Jun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - En-Fu Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Jun-Fen Lin
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
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Zhou P, Zhu W, Gu H, Fu X, Wang L, Zheng Y, He S, Ke C, Wang H, Yuan Z, Ning Z, Qi W, Li S, Zhang G. Avian influenza H9N2 seroprevalence among swine farm residents in China. J Med Virol 2014; 86:597-600. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou China
| | - Wanjun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou China
| | - Honglang Gu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou China
| | - Xinliang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou China
| | - Lifang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou China
| | - Yun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou China
| | - Shuyi He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou China
| | - Changwen Ke
- Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Guangzhou Guangdong Province China
| | - Heng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou China
| | - Ziguo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou China
| | - Zhangyong Ning
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou China
| | - Wenbao Qi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou China
| | - Shoujun Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou China
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Su S, Chen J, Cao Z, Lai A, Gu H, Ke C, Wu J, Li Y, Qi W, Zhang G. Detection of antibodies against Avian influenza virus subtypes H7 and H9 among veterinarians in Guangdong province, China. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:4272-4. [PMID: 24048542 PMCID: PMC3838049 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01812-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jidang Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenpeng Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Alexander Lai
- Inoculant DNA Vaccines (HK) Limited Company, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Honglang Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Changwen Ke
- Guangdong Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Wu
- Guangdong Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yugu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbao Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Yin X, Yin X, Rao B, Xie C, Zhang P, Qi X, Wei P, Liu H. Antibodies against avian-like A (H1N1) swine influenza virus among swine farm residents in eastern China. J Med Virol 2013; 86:592-6. [PMID: 24497077 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In 2007, the avian-like H1N1 virus (A/swine/Zhejiang/1/07) was first isolated in pigs in China. Recently, it was reported that a 3-year-old boy was infected with avian-like A (H1N1) swine influenza virus (SIV) in Jiangsu Province, China. To investigate the prevalence of avian-like A (H1N1) SIV infection among swine farm residents in eastern China, an active influenza surveillance program was conducted on swine farms in this region from May 21, 2010 through April 22, 2012. A total of 1,162 participants were enrolled, including 1,136 persons from 48 pig farms, as well as 26 pig farm veterinarians. A total of 10.7% and 7.8% swine farm residents were positive for antibodies against avian-like A (H1N1) SIV by HI and NT assay, respectively, using 40 as the cut-off antibody titer. Meanwhile, all the serum samples collected from a control of healthy city residents were negative against avian-like A (H1N1) SIV. As the difference in numbers of antibody positive samples between the swine farm residents and health city residents controls was statistically significant (P = 0.002), these data suggest that occupational exposure to pigs may increase swine farm residents' and veterinarians' risk of avian-like A (H1N1) SIV infection in eastern China. This study provides the first data on avian-like A (H1N1) SIV infections in humans in China; the potential for avian-like A (H1N1) SIV entering the human population should also be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuchen Yin
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Municipal Key Laboratory of Agri-genetics and Breedings, Shanghai, China
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Cao N, Zhu W, Chen Y, Tan L, Zhou P, Cao Z, Ke C, Li Y, Wu J, Qi W, Jiao P, Zhang G. Avian influenza A (H5N1) virus antibodies in pigs and residents of swine farms, southern China. J Clin Virol 2013; 58:647-51. [PMID: 24231290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since 1997, the H5 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulating in China have become an international concern. Clade 2.3.2 of H5N1 AIVs is genetically distinct from the viruses isolated before 2007 and antigenically different from the vaccine strains widely used in China. Swine farms in rural China are thought to play an important role in AIVs ecology. OBJECTIVES A seroepidemiological study was undertaken among swine farm residents and pigs to understand the prevalence of antibodies against H5N1 AIVs in southern China. STUDY DESIGN During the period March 24, 2008 to December 25, 2012,serum samples were collected from 1606 swine farm residents on 40 swine farms in southern China. A total of 1980 pigs' serum samples were collected in the same swine farms where swine workers' serum samples were collected from March 2009 to March 2013. For a control group, 104 serum samples were collected from healthy city residents in Nanchang. All the serum samples were collected to perform hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and (neutralization) NT assays to investigate the prevalence of H5N1 AIV infections in southern China. RESULTS Sixteen human samples were positive by HI assay and 10 of these were also positive by NT assay against H5N1. No serum samples from human control and pigs were HI positive for H5N1 AIV. DISCUSSION Our results demonstrate minimal transmission H5N1 AIV from birds to pigs in the swine farms studied and the risk of poultry-to-human and poultry-to-pig transmission for at least clades 2.3.2 seemed very low. This study provides the first data regarding antibodies against H5N1 AIV in humans and pigs on swine farms in China. The findings of this study can serve as a baseline for additional serologic studies to assess transmission of H5N1 viruses between avian species, pigs and swine workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention of the Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Yuan Z, Zhu W, Chen Y, Zhou P, Cao Z, Xie J, Zhang C, Ke C, Qi W, Su S, Zhang G. Serological surveillance of H5 and H9 avian influenza A viral infections among pigs in Southern China. Microb Pathog 2013; 64:39-42. [PMID: 23973737 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pigs are susceptible to both human and avian influenza viruses (AIV). Moreover, they are suspected of being the intermediate hosts or mixing vessels of pandemic influenza viruses. Researchers suspect that the influenza viruses are able to undergo reassortment or to adapt to various mammalian hosts while they incubate in pigs. For the present report, we conducted a serological surveillance of pigs in southern China from 2008 to 2012 to establish the prevalence of antibodies against H5N1 and H9N2 AIV. A total of one hundred pig farms from the Guangdong, Zhejiang, Fujian, and Yunnan Provinces were sampled, yielding a total of 3960 serum specimens. The haemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests revealed no evidence of H5 infection when the Clade 2.3.2 virus was used as the antigen, but a 4.6% positive rate of H9 infection was observed when using the Beijing/1/94-like virus as the antigen. The positive sera for H9 infection were further verified with neutralization tests, which confirmed a 3.7% rate of positive sera of H9 infection. In summary, the results imply that the swine populations in southern China had not been affected greatly by the H5N1 avian influenza virus. Nevertheless, these swine H9N2 influenza viruses might pose a threat to human health, and so researchers should continue to carry out swine influenza virus surveillance in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxia Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, College of Life Sciences, China
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Epidemiological, clinical and viral characteristics of fatal cases of human avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in Zhejiang Province, China. J Infect 2013; 67:595-605. [PMID: 23958687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high mortality of avian influenza H7N9 in humans is a cause of great concern in China. METHODS We compared epidemiological, clinical and viral features of H7N9 influenza of 10 fatal cases and 30 survivors. RESULTS Increasing age (p = 0.021), smoking (p = 0.04), underlying medical background (p = 0.05) and chronic drug use (p = 0.042) had a strong relationship with death due to H7N9 infection. Serological inflammatory markers were higher in fatal cases compared to survivors. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (100%), respiratory failure (100%), co-infection with bacteria (60%), shock (50%) and congestive heart failure (50%) were the most common complications observed in fatal cases. The median time from onset of symptoms to antiviral therapy was 4.6 and 7.4 days in those who survived and those who died, respectively (p = 0.04). Viral HA, NA and MP nucleotide sequences of isolates from both study groups exhibited high molecular genetic homology. CONCLUSIONS Age along with a history of smoking, chronic lung disease, immuno-suppressive disorders, chronic drug use and delayed Oseltamivir treatment are risk factors which might contribute to fatal outcome in human H7N9 infection.
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