1
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Valencia Deray KG, Taylor MG, Blessing MM, Bocchini CE, Schallert EK, Ruderfer D, Srivaths PR, Malatesta Muncher R. Necrotizing enterovirus myositis in a pediatric renal transplant recipient. Pediatr Transplant 2022; 26:e14275. [PMID: 35340121 DOI: 10.1111/petr.14275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteroviruses can cause severe infections, including viral myocarditis, meningitis, acute flaccid myelitis, and viral myositis. METHODS/RESULTS We report a 3-year-old female renal transplant recipient who presented to a tertiary care hospital with elevated serum liver aminotransferases and subsequently developed proximal muscle pain, weakness, and respiratory distress during the first week of hospitalization. Imaging of the lower extremities revealed diffuse myositis of the proximal thigh and pelvic muscles. A muscle biopsy was obtained and revealed necrotizing myositis with immunostaining positive for enterovirus, consistent with a diagnosis of enterovirus necrotizing myositis. She had complete resolution of symptoms with steroids, intravenous immune globulin, reduced tacrolimus dose, and physical therapy. CONCLUSIONS Enterovirus myositis should be included in the differential diagnosis for necrotizing myositis following renal transplantation in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen G Valencia Deray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Margaret G Taylor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Melissa M Blessing
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Claire E Bocchini
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Erica K Schallert
- Edward B. Singleton Department of Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel Ruderfer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Poyyapakkam R Srivaths
- Renal Section, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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2
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Raupov RK, Nikititina TN, Pilkington C, Kostik MM. An unusual case of enterovirus infection with polymyositis and severe necrotizing retinovasculitis in a 10-year-old boy. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 61:e97-e99. [PMID: 34730824 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rinat K Raupov
- Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.,Leningrad Regional Children's Hospital, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation.,Saint Petersburg State Health Care Establishment the City Hospital # 40 of the Resort District, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | | | | | - Mikhail M Kostik
- Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.,Almazov National Research Medical Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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3
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Geravandi S, Richardson S, Pugliese A, Maedler K. Localization of enteroviral RNA within the pancreas in donors with T1D and T1D-associated autoantibodies. CELL REPORTS MEDICINE 2021; 2:100371. [PMID: 34467248 PMCID: PMC8385321 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviral infections have been associated with autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes (T1D), but reliable methods to ascertain localization of single infected cells in the pancreas were missing. Using a single-molecule-based fluorescent in situ hybridization (smFISH) method, we detected increased virus infection in pancreases from organ donors with T1D and with disease-associated autoantibodies (AAb+). Although virus-positive β cells are found at higher frequency in T1D pancreases, compared to control donors, but are scarce, most virus-positive cells are scattered in the exocrine pancreas. Augmented CD45+ lymphocytes in T1D pancreases show virus positivity or localization in close proximity to virus-positive cells. Many more infected cells were also found in spleens from T1D donors. The overall increased proportion of virus-positive cells in the pancreas of AAb+ and T1D organ donors suggests that enteroviruses are associated with immune cell infiltration, autoimmunity, and β cell destruction in both preclinical and diagnosed T1D. Enterovirus-infected cells are significantly increased in AAb+ and T1D pancreases Most of the virus-positive cells are scattered within the exocrine pancreas Virus-positive β cells are rare but more in T1D compared to control donors Also elevated in T1D donors, there is more infection in spleens than in pancreases
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Geravandi
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,JDRF nPOD-Virus Group
| | - Sarah Richardson
- Islet Biology Group (IBEx), Exeter Centre of Excellence in Diabetes (EXCEED), University of Exeter College of Medicine and Health, Exeter, UK.,JDRF nPOD-Virus Group
| | - Alberto Pugliese
- Diabetes Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.,JDRF nPOD-Virus Group
| | - Kathrin Maedler
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,JDRF nPOD-Virus Group
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4
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Salmikangas S, Laiho JE, Kalander K, Laajala M, Honkimaa A, Shanina I, Oikarinen S, Horwitz MS, Hyöty H, Marjomäki V. Detection of Viral -RNA and +RNA Strands in Enterovirus-Infected Cells and Tissues. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8121928. [PMID: 33291747 PMCID: PMC7761939 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current methods to study the distribution and dynamics of viral RNA molecules inside infected cells are not ideal, as electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry can only detect mature virions, and quantitative real-time PCR does not reveal localized distribution of RNAs. We demonstrated here the branched DNA in situ hybridization (bDNA ISH) technology to study both the amount and location of the emerging -RNA and +RNA during acute and persistent enterovirus infections. According to our results, the replication of the viral RNA started 2-3 h after infection and the translation shortly after at 3-4 h post-infection. The replication hotspots with newly emerging -RNA were located quite centrally in the cell, while the +RNA production and most likely virion assembly took place in the periphery of the cell. We also discovered that the pace of replication of -RNA and +RNA strands was almost identical, and -RNA was absent during antiviral treatments. ViewRNA ISH with our custom probes also showed a good signal during acute and persistent enterovirus infections in cell and mouse models. Considering these results, along with the established bDNA FISH protocol modified by us, the effects of antiviral drugs and the emergence of enterovirus RNAs in general can be studied more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Salmikangas
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Survontie 9C, FI-40500 Jyväskylä, Finland; (S.S.); (K.K.); (M.L.)
| | - Jutta E. Laiho
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland; (J.E.L.); (A.H.); (S.O.); (H.H.)
| | - Kerttu Kalander
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Survontie 9C, FI-40500 Jyväskylä, Finland; (S.S.); (K.K.); (M.L.)
| | - Mira Laajala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Survontie 9C, FI-40500 Jyväskylä, Finland; (S.S.); (K.K.); (M.L.)
| | - Anni Honkimaa
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland; (J.E.L.); (A.H.); (S.O.); (H.H.)
| | - Iryna Shanina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada; (I.S.); (M.S.H.)
| | - Sami Oikarinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland; (J.E.L.); (A.H.); (S.O.); (H.H.)
| | - Marc S. Horwitz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada; (I.S.); (M.S.H.)
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland; (J.E.L.); (A.H.); (S.O.); (H.H.)
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Survontie 9C, FI-40500 Jyväskylä, Finland; (S.S.); (K.K.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-405634422
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5
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Oikarinen M, Bertolet L, Toniolo A, Oikarinen S, Laiho JE, Pugliese A, Lloyd RE, Hyöty H. Differential Detection of Encapsidated versus Unencapsidated Enterovirus RNA in Samples Containing Pancreatic Enzymes-Relevance for Diabetes Studies. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070747. [PMID: 32664501 PMCID: PMC7411921 DOI: 10.3390/v12070747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Using immunohistochemistry, enterovirus capsid proteins were demonstrated in pancreatic islets of patients with type 1 diabetes. Virus proteins are mainly located in beta cells, supporting the hypothesis that enterovirus infections may contribute to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. In samples of pancreatic tissue, enterovirus RNA was also detected, but in extremely small quantities and in a smaller proportion of cases compared to the enteroviral protein. Difficulties in detecting viral RNA could be due to the very small number of infected cells, the possible activity of PCR inhibitors, and the presence—during persistent infection—of the viral genome in unencapsidated forms. The aim of this study was twofold: (a) to examine if enzymes or other compounds in pancreatic tissue could affect the molecular detection of encapsidated vs. unencapsidated enterovirus forms, and (b) to compare the sensitivity of RT-PCR methods used in different laboratories. Dilutions of encapsidated and unencapsidated virus were spiked into human pancreas homogenate and analyzed by RT-PCR. Incubation of pancreatic homogenate on wet ice for 20 h did not influence the detection of encapsidated virus. In contrast, a 15-min incubation on wet ice dramatically reduced detection of unencapsidated forms of virus. PCR inhibitors could not be found in pancreatic extract. The results show that components in the pancreas homogenate may selectively affect the detection of unencapsidated forms of enterovirus. This may lead to difficulties in diagnosing persisting enterovirus infection in the pancreas of patients with type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarit Oikarinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (S.O.); (J.E.L.); (H.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-50-3186338
| | - Lori Bertolet
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (L.B.); (R.E.L.)
| | - Antonio Toniolo
- Global Virus Network, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy;
| | - Sami Oikarinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (S.O.); (J.E.L.); (H.H.)
| | - Jutta E. Laiho
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (S.O.); (J.E.L.); (H.H.)
| | - Alberto Pugliese
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Richard E. Lloyd
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (L.B.); (R.E.L.)
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (S.O.); (J.E.L.); (H.H.)
- Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, 33520 Tampere, Finland
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6
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Enteroviruses and T1D: Is It the Virus, the Genes or Both which Cause T1D. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8071017. [PMID: 32650582 PMCID: PMC7409303 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8071017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that results from the selective destruction of insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreas. Up to now, the mechanisms triggering the initiation and progression of the disease are, in their complexity, not fully understood and imply the disruption of several tolerance networks. Viral infection is one of the environmental factors triggering diabetes, which is initially based on the observation that the disease’s incidence follows a periodic pattern within the population. Moreover, the strong correlation of genetic susceptibility is a prerequisite for enteroviral infection associated islet autoimmunity. Epidemiological data and clinical findings indicate enteroviral infections, mainly of the coxsackie B virus family, as potential pathogenic mechanisms to trigger the autoimmune reaction towards β-cells, resulting in the boost of inflammation following β-cell destruction and the onset of T1D. This review discusses previously identified virus-associated genetics and pathways of β-cell destruction. Is it the virus itself which leads to β-cell destruction and T1D progression? Or is it genetic, so that the virus may activate auto-immunity and β-cell destruction only in genetically predisposed individuals?
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7
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Szilasi A, Dénes L, Jakab C, Erdélyi I, Resende T, Vannucci F, Csomor J, Mándoki M, Balka G. In situ hybridization of feline leukemia virus in a primary neural B-cell lymphoma. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:454-457. [PMID: 32274976 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720915449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An 8-y-old castrated male, outdoor European shorthair cat was presented with a history of hindlimb weakness and paralysis. Disease progression was continuous from the onset; deep algesia disappeared at the final stage. Radiography of the vertebral column was unremarkable; along with patient history and physical examination results, magnetic resonance imaging suggested inflammatory lesions in the spinal cord, although neoplasia could not be ruled out. Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) positivity was confirmed by a serum ELISA prior to euthanasia. Upon postmortem examination, hemorrhages were present in the spinal cord at the level of vertebrae T7-8. Histologic and immunohistochemical analysis revealed primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the spinal cord with multifocal myelomalacia and hemorrhages. To determine the presence of a pathogen within the lesion, we developed a novel in situ hybridization protocol for FeLV (RNAscope). The reaction revealed large amounts of FeLV viral RNA in the tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Szilasi
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (Szilasi, Dénes, Mándoki, Balka).,Private veterinarian, Budapest, Hungary (Jakab).,Mátrix Histopathology and Cytology Services, Budapest, Hungary (Erdélyi).,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences (Resende), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Vannucci), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.,1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (Csomor)
| | - Lilla Dénes
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (Szilasi, Dénes, Mándoki, Balka).,Private veterinarian, Budapest, Hungary (Jakab).,Mátrix Histopathology and Cytology Services, Budapest, Hungary (Erdélyi).,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences (Resende), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Vannucci), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.,1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (Csomor)
| | - Csaba Jakab
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (Szilasi, Dénes, Mándoki, Balka).,Private veterinarian, Budapest, Hungary (Jakab).,Mátrix Histopathology and Cytology Services, Budapest, Hungary (Erdélyi).,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences (Resende), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Vannucci), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.,1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (Csomor)
| | - Ildikó Erdélyi
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (Szilasi, Dénes, Mándoki, Balka).,Private veterinarian, Budapest, Hungary (Jakab).,Mátrix Histopathology and Cytology Services, Budapest, Hungary (Erdélyi).,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences (Resende), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Vannucci), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.,1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (Csomor)
| | - Talita Resende
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (Szilasi, Dénes, Mándoki, Balka).,Private veterinarian, Budapest, Hungary (Jakab).,Mátrix Histopathology and Cytology Services, Budapest, Hungary (Erdélyi).,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences (Resende), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Vannucci), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.,1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (Csomor)
| | - Fabio Vannucci
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (Szilasi, Dénes, Mándoki, Balka).,Private veterinarian, Budapest, Hungary (Jakab).,Mátrix Histopathology and Cytology Services, Budapest, Hungary (Erdélyi).,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences (Resende), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Vannucci), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.,1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (Csomor)
| | - Judit Csomor
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (Szilasi, Dénes, Mándoki, Balka).,Private veterinarian, Budapest, Hungary (Jakab).,Mátrix Histopathology and Cytology Services, Budapest, Hungary (Erdélyi).,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences (Resende), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Vannucci), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.,1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (Csomor)
| | - Míra Mándoki
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (Szilasi, Dénes, Mándoki, Balka).,Private veterinarian, Budapest, Hungary (Jakab).,Mátrix Histopathology and Cytology Services, Budapest, Hungary (Erdélyi).,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences (Resende), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Vannucci), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.,1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (Csomor)
| | - Gyula Balka
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (Szilasi, Dénes, Mándoki, Balka).,Private veterinarian, Budapest, Hungary (Jakab).,Mátrix Histopathology and Cytology Services, Budapest, Hungary (Erdélyi).,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences (Resende), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Vannucci), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.,1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (Csomor)
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8
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Messinger JE, Dai J, Stanland LJ, Price AM, Luftig MA. Identification of Host Biomarkers of Epstein-Barr Virus Latency IIb and Latency III. mBio 2019; 10:e01006-19. [PMID: 31266868 PMCID: PMC6606803 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01006-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the molecular pathogenesis of virally induced cancers is challenging due, in part, to the heterogeneity of both viral gene expression and host gene expression. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus prevalent in B-cell lymphomas of immune-suppressed individuals. EBV infection of primary human B cells leads to their immortalization into lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs), serving as a model of these lymphomas. In previous studies, reports from our laboratory have described a temporal model for immortalization with an initial phase characterized by expression of Epstein-Barr nuclear antigens (EBNAs), high levels of c-Myc activity, and hyperproliferation in the absence of the latent membrane proteins (LMPs), called latency IIb. This is followed by the long-term outgrowth of LCLs expressing the EBNAs along with the LMPs, particularly NFκB-activating LMP1, defining latency III. However, LCLs express a broad distribution of LMP1 such that a subset of these cells express LMP1 at levels similar to those seen in latency IIb, making it difficult to distinguish these two latency states. In this study, we performed mRNA sequencing (mRNA-Seq) on early EBV-infected latency IIb cells and latency III LCLs sorted by NFκB activity. We found that latency IIb transcriptomes clustered independently from latency III independently of NFκB. We identified and validated mRNAs defining these latency states. Indeed, we were able to distinguish latency IIb cells from LCLs expressing low levels of LMP1 using multiplex RNA-fluorescence in situ hybridization (RNA-FISH) targeting EBV EBNA2 or LMP1 and human CCR7 or MGST1 This report defines latency IIb as a bona fide latency state independent from latency III and identifies biomarkers for understanding EBV-associated tumor heterogeneity.IMPORTANCE EBV is a ubiquitous pathogen, with >95% of adults harboring a life-long latent infection in memory B cells. In immunocompromised individuals, latent EBV infection can result in lymphoma. The established expression profile of these lymphomas is latency III, which includes expression of all latency genes. However, single-cell analysis of EBV latent gene expression in these lymphomas suggests heterogeneity where most cells express the transcription factor, EBNA2, and only a fraction of the cells express membrane protein LMP1. Our work describes an early phase after infection where the EBNAs are expressed without LMP1, called latency IIb. However, LMP1 levels within latency III vary widely, making these states hard to discriminate. This may have important implications for therapeutic responses. It is crucial to distinguish these states to understand the molecular pathogenesis of these lymphomas. Ultimately, better tools to understand the heterogeneity of these cancers will support more-efficacious therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E Messinger
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joanne Dai
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lyla J Stanland
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alexander M Price
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Micah A Luftig
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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9
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Dunne JL, Richardson SJ, Atkinson MA, Craig ME, Dahl-Jørgensen K, Flodström-Tullberg M, Hyöty H, Lloyd RE, Morgan NG, Pugliese A. Large enteroviral vaccination studies to prevent type 1 diabetes should be well founded and rely on scientific evidence. Reply to Skog O, Klingel K, Roivainen M et al [letter]. Diabetologia 2019; 62:1100-1103. [PMID: 31016358 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-4873-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah J Richardson
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK.
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Departments of Pathology and Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Maria E Craig
- School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Knut Dahl-Jørgensen
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Malin Flodström-Tullberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Richard E Lloyd
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Noel G Morgan
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Alberto Pugliese
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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10
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Zhang Q, Salzler R, Dore A, Yang J, Ma D, Olson WC, Liu Y. Multiplex Immuno-Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Parallel Reaction Monitoring (LC-MS-PRM) Quantitation of CD8A, CD4, LAG3, PD1, PD-L1, and PD-L2 in Frozen Human Tissues. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:3932-3940. [PMID: 30277784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The immune status of tumors critically influences their responsiveness to PD1 blockades and other immune-based therapies. Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a clinically validated predictive biomarker of response to checkpoint-inhibitor therapy in a limited number of clinical settings but is poorly predictive in most. With emerging evidence that multiple pathways and immune-checkpoint proteins may coordinately contribute to the adaptive immune resistance, the identification and quantitation of multiple immune markers in tumor tissue could help identify the controlling pathways in a given patient, guide the selection of optimal therapy, and monitor response to treatment. We developed and validated a sensitive and robust immuno-liquid chromatography-parallel reaction monitoring assay to simultaneously quantify the expression levels of six immune markers (CD8A, CD4, LAG3, PD1, PD-L1, and PD-L2) using as little as 1-2 mg of fresh frozen tissue. The lower limit of quantitation ranged from 0.07 ng/mg protein for PD1 to 1.0 ng/mg protein for CD4. The intrabatch accuracy was within -16.6% to 15.0% for all proteins at all concentrations, and the variation ranged from 0.8% to 14.7%, while interbatch accuracy was within -6.3% to 8.6%, and the variation ranged from 1.3% to 12.8%. The validated assay was then applied to quantify all six biomarkers in different tissues and was confirmed to have sufficient sensitivity (0.07-1.00 ng/mg protein) and reproducibility (variation ranged from 4.3 to 12.0%). In an analysis of 26 cervical tumors, CD8A and CD4 were detected in all tumors, followed by PD-L1 in 85%, LAG-3 in 65%, PD1 in 50%, and PD-L2 in 35%. The strongest correlations were observed between CD8A and CD4 ( r = 0.88) and CD8A and LAG-3 ( r = 0.86). PD1 was not significantly correlated with any of the other proteins tested. This method can be applied to survey the immune signatures across tumor types and tailored to incorporate additional markers as needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals , 777 Old Saw Mill River Road , Tarrytown , New York 10591 , United States
| | - Robert Salzler
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals , 777 Old Saw Mill River Road , Tarrytown , New York 10591 , United States
| | - Anthony Dore
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals , 777 Old Saw Mill River Road , Tarrytown , New York 10591 , United States
| | - Janice Yang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals , 777 Old Saw Mill River Road , Tarrytown , New York 10591 , United States
| | - Dangshe Ma
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals , 777 Old Saw Mill River Road , Tarrytown , New York 10591 , United States
| | - William C Olson
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals , 777 Old Saw Mill River Road , Tarrytown , New York 10591 , United States
| | - Yashu Liu
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals , 777 Old Saw Mill River Road , Tarrytown , New York 10591 , United States
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11
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide an overview of studies that have detected enteroviruses (EV) in samples from people with type 1 diabetes (T1D), the techniques they have used, and which challenges they have encountered. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have detected EVs in serum, blood, stools, nasal swabs, and pancreas of people with T1D before or around clinical onset of disease, indicating that an association between EV infections and T1D exists. However, definitive evidence for its role as disease triggers is lacking. Recent access to human samples is starting to provide the necessary tools to define their role in disease pathogenesis. Emerging evidence suggests that chronic infections take place in the pancreas of diabetic donors. However, the development of sensitive techniques able to detect low amounts of viral protein and RNA still constitute a major challenge for the field. New evidence at the protein, RNA, and host immune response level suggests a role for EV infections in the development of autoimmunity. In the upcoming years, new technologies, collaborative efforts, and therapeutic interventions are likely to find a definitive answer for their role in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Rodriguez-Calvo
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Diabetes Research, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany.
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12
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Enteroviral infections in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes: new insights for therapeutic intervention. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 43:11-19. [PMID: 30064099 PMCID: PMC6294842 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviral infection has been long-associated with type 1 diabetes in epidemiological studies. β-Cells express a specific enteroviral receptor isoform, CAR-SIV, mainly on secretory granules. β-Cells respond to enteroviruses by allowing the establishment of a persistent infection. Enteroviral vaccines are under development that might be effective in type 1 diabetes.
The development of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes has long been linked with enteroviral infection but a causal relationship has proven hard to establish. This is partly because much of the epidemiological evidence derives from studies of neutralising antibody generation in blood samples while less attention has been paid to the pancreatic beta cell as a site of infection. Nevertheless, recent studies have revealed that beta cells express specific enteroviral receptors and that they can sustain a productive enteroviral infection. Importantly, they can also mount antiviral responses which attenuate viral replication and may favour the establishment of a persistent enteroviral infection. Together, these responses combine to create the Trojan horse by which enteroviruses might precipitate islet autoimmunity.
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13
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Laitinen OH, Svedin E, Kapell S, Hankaniemi MM, Larsson PG, Domsgen E, Stone VM, Määttä JAE, Hyöty H, Hytönen VP, Flodström-Tullberg M. New Coxsackievirus 2A pro and 3C pro protease antibodies for virus detection and discovery of pathogenic mechanisms. J Virol Methods 2018; 255:29-37. [PMID: 29425680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs), such as the Coxsackie B-viruses (CVBs), are common human pathogens, which can cause severe diseases including meningitis, myocarditis and neonatal sepsis. EVs encode two proteases (2Apro and 3Cpro), which perform the proteolytic cleavage of the CVB polyprotein and also cleave host cell proteins to facilitate viral replication. The 2Apro cause direct damage to the infected heart and tools to investigate 2Apro and 3Cpro expression may contribute new knowledge on virus-induced pathologies. Here, we developed new antibodies to CVB-encoded 2Apro and 3Cpro; Two monoclonal 2Apro antibodies and one 3Cpro antibody were produced. Using cells infected with selected viruses belonging to the EV A, B and C species and immunocytochemistry, we demonstrate that the 3Cpro antibody detects all of the EV species B (EV-B) viruses tested and that the 2Apro antibody detects all EV-B viruses apart from Echovirus 9. We furthermore show that the new antibodies work in Western blotting, immunocyto- and immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry to detect CVBs. Confocal microscopy demonstrated the expression kinetics of 2Apro and 3Cpro, and revealed a preferential cytosolic localization of the proteases in CVB3 infected cells. In summary, the new antibodies detect proteases that belong to EV species B in cells and tissue using multiple applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olli H Laitinen
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden
| | - Emma Svedin
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Kapell
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden
| | - Minna M Hankaniemi
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33520, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Pär G Larsson
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden
| | - Erna Domsgen
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden
| | - Virginia M Stone
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden
| | - Juha A E Määttä
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33520, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33520, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Vesa P Hytönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33520, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Malin Flodström-Tullberg
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden; Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33520, Finland.
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14
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Choice for Drug or Natural Reward Engages Largely Overlapping Neuronal Ensembles in the Infralimbic Prefrontal Cortex. J Neurosci 2018; 38:3507-3519. [PMID: 29483279 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0026-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cue-reward associations form distinct memories that can drive appetitive behaviors and are involved in craving for both drugs and natural rewards. Distinct sets of neurons, so-called neuronal ensembles, in the infralimbic area (IL) of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) play a key role in alcohol seeking. Whether this ensemble is specific for alcohol or controls reward seeking in general remains unclear. Here, we compared IL ensembles formed upon recall of drug (alcohol) or natural reward (saccharin) memories in male Wistar rats. Using an experimental framework that allows identification of two distinct reward-associated ensembles within the same animal, we found that cue-induced seeking of either alcohol or saccharin activated ensembles of similar size and organization, whereby these ensembles consist of largely overlapping neuronal populations. Thus, the IL seems to act as a general integration hub for reward seeking behavior, but also contains subsets of neurons that encode for the different rewards.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Cue-reward associations form distinct memories that can act as drivers of appetitive behaviors and are involved in craving for natural rewards as well as for drugs. Distinct sets of neurons, so-called neuronal ensembles, in the infralimbic area of the mPFC play a key role in cue-triggered reward seeking. However, it is unclear whether these ensembles act as broadly tuned controllers of approach behavior or represent the learned associations between specific cues and rewards. Using an experimental framework that allows identification of two distinct reward-associated ensembles within the same animal we find largely overlapping neuronal populations. Repeated activation by two distinct events could reflect the linking of the two memory traces within the same neuron.
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15
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Genomic tools for behavioural ecologists to understand repeatable individual differences in behaviour. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 2:944-955. [PMID: 29434349 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0411-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Behaviour is a key interface between an animal's genome and its environment. Repeatable individual differences in behaviour have been extensively documented in animals, but the molecular underpinnings of behavioural variation among individuals within natural populations remain largely unknown. Here, we offer a critical review of when molecular techniques may yield new insights, and we provide specific guidance on how and whether the latest tools available are appropriate given different resources, system and organismal constraints, and experimental designs. Integrating molecular genetic techniques with other strategies to study the proximal causes of behaviour provides opportunities to expand rapidly into new avenues of exploration. Such endeavours will enable us to better understand how repeatable individual differences in behaviour have evolved, how they are expressed and how they can be maintained within natural populations of animals.
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16
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Saarinen NVV, Laiho JE, Richardson SJ, Zeissler M, Stone VM, Marjomäki V, Kantoluoto T, Horwitz MS, Sioofy-Khojine A, Honkimaa A, Hankaniemi MM, Flodström-Tullberg M, Hyöty H, Hytönen VP, Laitinen OH. A novel rat CVB1-VP1 monoclonal antibody 3A6 detects a broad range of enteroviruses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:33. [PMID: 29311608 PMCID: PMC5758616 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18495-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) are common RNA viruses that cause diseases ranging from rash to paralytic poliomyelitis. For example, EV-A and EV-C viruses cause hand-foot and mouth disease and EV-B viruses cause encephalitis and myocarditis, which can result in severe morbidity and mortality. While new vaccines and treatments for EVs are under development, methods for studying and diagnosing EV infections are still limited and therefore new diagnostic tools are required. Our aim was to produce and characterize new antibodies that work in multiple applications and detect EVs in tissues and in vitro. Rats were immunized with Coxsackievirus B1 capsid protein VP1 and hybridomas were produced. Hybridoma clones were selected based on their reactivity in different immunoassays. The most promising clone, 3A6, was characterized and it performed well in multiple techniques including ELISA, immunoelectron microscopy, immunocyto- and histochemistry and in Western blotting, detecting EVs in infected cells and tissues. It recognized several EV-Bs and also the EV-C representative Poliovirus 3, making it a broad-spectrum EV specific antibody. The 3A6 rat monoclonal antibody can help to overcome some of the challenges faced with commonly used EV antibodies: it enables simultaneous use of mouse-derived antibodies in double staining and it is useful in murine models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niila V V Saarinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jutta E Laiho
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | | | | | - Virginia M Stone
- Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tino Kantoluoto
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Marc S Horwitz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Anni Honkimaa
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Minna M Hankaniemi
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Vesa P Hytönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli H Laitinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
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17
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Semeraro ML, Glenn LM, Morris MA. The Four-Way Stop Sign: Viruses, 12-Lipoxygenase, Islets, and Natural Killer Cells in Type 1 Diabetes Progression. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:246. [PMID: 28993759 PMCID: PMC5622285 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells represent an important effector arm against viral infection, and mounting evidence suggests that viral infection plays a role in the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in at least a portion of patients. NK cells recognize their target cells through a delicate balance of inhibitory and stimulatory receptors on their surface. If unbalanced, NK cells have great potential to wreak havoc in the pancreas due to the beta cell expression of the as-yet-defined NKp46 ligand through interactions with the activating NKp46 receptor found on the surface of most NK cells. Blocking interactions between NKp46 and its ligand protects mice from STZ-induced diabetes, but differential expression non-diabetic and diabetic donor samples have not been tested. Additional studies have shown that peripheral blood NK cells from human T1D patients have altered phenotypes that reduce the lytic and functional ability of the NK cells. Investigations of humanT1D pancreas tissues have indicated that the presence of NK cells may be beneficial despite their infrequent detection. In non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, we have noted that NK cells express high levels of the proinflammatory mediator 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LO), and decreased levels of stimulatory receptors. Conversely, NK cells of 12/15-LO deficient NOD mice, which are protected from diabetes development, express significantly higher levels of stimulatory receptors. Furthermore, the human NK92 cell line expresses the ALOX12 protein [human 12-lipoxygenase (12-LO), related to mouse 12/15-LO] via Western blotting. Human 12-LO is upregulated in the pancreas of both T1D and T2D human donors with insulin-containing islets, showing a link between 12-LO expression and diabetes progression. Therefore, our hypothesis is that NK cells in those susceptible to developing T1D are unable to function properly during viral infections of pancreatic beta cells due to increased 12-LO expression and activation, which contributes to increased interferon-gamma production and an imbalance in activating and inhibitory NK cell receptors, and may contribute to downstream autoimmune T cell responses. The work presented here outlines evidence from our lab, as well as published literature, supporting our hypothesis, including novel data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele L. Semeraro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Lindsey M. Glenn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Margaret A. Morris
- Department of Internal Medicine, Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
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18
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Busse N, Paroni F, Richardson SJ, Laiho JE, Oikarinen M, Frisk G, Hyöty H, de Koning E, Morgan NG, Maedler K. Detection and localization of viral infection in the pancreas of patients with type 1 diabetes using short fluorescently-labelled oligonucleotide probes. Oncotarget 2017; 8:12620-12636. [PMID: 28147344 PMCID: PMC5355040 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses, specifically of the Coxsackie B virus family, have been implicated in triggering islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes, but their presence in pancreata of patients with diabetes has not been fully confirmed. To detect the presence of very low copies of the virus genome in tissue samples from T1D patients, we designed a panel of fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide probes, each of 17-22 nucleotides in length with a unique sequence to specifically bind to the enteroviral genome of the picornaviridae family. With these probes enteroviral RNA was detected with high sensitivity and specificity in infected cells and tissues, including in FFPE pancreas sections from patients with T1D. Detection was not impeded by variations in sample processing and storage thereby overcoming the potential limitations of fragmented RNA. Co-staining of small RNA probes in parallel with classical immunstaining enabled virus detection in a cell-specific manner and more sensitively than by viral protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Busse
- Islet Biology Laboratory, University of Bremen, Germany
| | | | | | - Jutta E Laiho
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Maarit Oikarinen
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Gun Frisk
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Eelco de Koning
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Hubrecht Institute/University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Noel G Morgan
- Islet Biology Exeter, University of Exeter Medical School, UK
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19
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Rodriguez-Calvo T, Sabouri S, Anquetil F, von Herrath MG. The viral paradigm in type 1 diabetes: Who are the main suspects? Autoimmun Rev 2016; 15:964-9. [PMID: 27491567 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the loss of pancreatic beta cells in the islets of Langerhans. Although genetic predisposition plays an important role in T1D development, studies of identical twins suggest that environmental factors such as viruses and other pathogens may be critical triggers either through direct cytolytic effect and gradual beta cell destruction, or by bystander activation of the immune system. In addition, viruses may circumvent the host immune response and have the capacity to establish chronic lifelong infections. The association of various viral infections with the induction of T1D has been extensively studied at the serological and epidemiological level. However, there is still little evidence from studies of human pancreas to confirm their presence or a causal role in disease pathogenesis. In this review, we identify possible suspects for viral triggers of disease and explain their potential roles in the "viral paradigm" of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Rodriguez-Calvo
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Somayeh Sabouri
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Florence Anquetil
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Matthias G von Herrath
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Novo Nordisk Diabetes Research & Development Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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