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Peiper AM, Helm EW, Nguyen Q, Phillips M, Williams CG, Shah D, Tatum S, Iyer N, Grodzki M, Eurell LB, Nasir A, Baldridge MT, Karst SM. Infection of neonatal mice with the murine norovirus strain WU23 is a robust model to study norovirus pathogenesis. Lab Anim (NY) 2023; 52:119-129. [PMID: 37142696 PMCID: PMC10234811 DOI: 10.1038/s41684-023-01166-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses are the leading cause of severe childhood diarrhea and foodborne disease worldwide. While they are a major cause of disease in all age groups, infections in the very young can be quite severe, with annual estimates of 50,000-200,000 fatalities in children under 5 years old. In spite of the remarkable disease burden associated with norovirus infections, very little is known about the pathogenic mechanisms underlying norovirus diarrhea, principally because of the lack of tractable small animal models. The development of the murine norovirus (MNV) model nearly two decades ago has facilitated progress in understanding host-norovirus interactions and norovirus strain variability. However, MNV strains tested thus far either do not cause intestinal disease or were isolated from extraintestinal tissue, raising concerns about translatability of research findings to human norovirus disease. Consequently, the field lacks a strong model of norovirus gastroenteritis. Here we provide a comprehensive characterization of a new small animal model system for the norovirus field that overcomes prior weaknesses. Specifically, we demonstrate that the WU23 MNV strain isolated from a mouse naturally presenting with diarrhea causes a transient reduction in weight gain and acute self-resolving diarrhea in neonatal mice of several inbred mouse lines. Moreover, our findings reveal that norovirus-induced diarrhea is associated with infection of subepithelial cells in the small intestine and systemic spread. Finally, type I interferons (IFNs) are critical to protect hosts from norovirus-induced intestinal disease whereas type III IFNs exacerbate diarrhea. This latter finding is consistent with other emerging data implicating type III IFNs in the exacerbation of some viral diseases. This new model system should enable a detailed investigation of norovirus disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Peiper
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Emily W Helm
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Quyen Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Matthew Phillips
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Caroline G Williams
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Dhairya Shah
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sarah Tatum
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Neha Iyer
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Marco Grodzki
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Laura B Eurell
- Office of Research, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Aqsa Nasir
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Megan T Baldridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephanie M Karst
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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2
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Eloiflin RJ, Grau-Roma L, Python S, Mehinagic K, Godel A, Libeau G, Summerfield A, Bataille A, García-Nicolás O. Comparative pathogenesis of peste des petits ruminants virus strains of difference virulence. Vet Res 2022; 53:57. [PMID: 35804440 PMCID: PMC9270740 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute disease of small ruminants caused by a morbillivirus. Clinical observation of the disease in the field revealed that several species of small ruminants are affected to varying degrees. This difference in disease-related effects could depend either on the host or on the virulence of the virus strain. A previous study highlighted the difference in virulence between two strains of PPRV used to infect Saanen goats. For this breed, PPRV Morocco 2008 strain (MA08) was highly virulent while PPRV Côte d’Ivoire 1989 (IC89) strain induced mild disease. Experimental studies generally based on healthy and young animals do not permit exploration of the natural variability of the host susceptibility to PPRV. Therefore, building on the previous study on Saanen goats, the current study focussed on this breed of goat and used commercially available animals with an unknown history of infection with other pathogens. Results confirmed the previous disease pattern for PPRV IC89 and MA08 strains. Viral RNA detection, macroscopic and histological lesions were stronger for the highly virulent MA08 strain. We show here for the first time that viral RNA can be detected in the tissues of vaccinated animals. Viral RNA was also detected for the first time in serum samples, which is in agreement with the role of circulating immune cells in transporting the virus into host target organs. Thus, this study provides insight into the pathogenesis of strains of different virulence of PPRV and will help to better understand the onset of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger-Junior Eloiflin
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 34398, Montpellier, France.,ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Llorenç Grau-Roma
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sylvie Python
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kemal Mehinagic
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern 3001, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie Godel
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Geneviève Libeau
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 34398, Montpellier, France.,ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Bataille
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 34398, Montpellier, France. .,ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France.
| | - Obdulio García-Nicolás
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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3
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Amexo JX, Negoro M, Kuurdor EDM, Lartey BL, Sokejima S, Sugata K, Tonto PB, Taniguchi K. Molecular Epidemiology of Norovirus (NoV) Infection in Mie Prefecture: The Kinetics of Norovirus Antigenemia in Pediatric Patients. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020173. [PMID: 35215766 PMCID: PMC8880472 DOI: 10.3390/v14020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have shown the presence of norovirus (NoV) RNA in blood circulation but there is no data on norovirus antigenemia. We examined both antigenemia and RNAemia from the sera of children with NoV infections and studied whether norovirus antigenemia is correlated with the levels of norovirus-specific antibodies and clinical severity of gastroenteritis. Both stool and serum samples were collected from 63 children admitted to Mie National Hospital with acute NoV gastroenteritis. Norovirus antigen and RNA were detected in sera by ELISA and real-time RT-PCR, respectively. NoV antigenemia was found in 54.8% (34/62) and RNAemia in 14.3% (9/63) of sera samples. Antigenemia was more common in the younger age group (0–2 years) than in the older age groups, and most patients were male. There was no correlation between stool viral load and norovirus antigen (NoV-Ag) levels (rs = −0.063; Cl −0.3150 to 0.1967; p = 0.6251). Higher levels of acute norovirus-specific IgG serum antibodies resulted in a lower antigenemia OD value (n = 61; r = −0.4258; CI −0.62 to −0.19; p = 0.0006). Norovirus antigenemia occurred more commonly in children under 2 years of age with NoV-associated acute gastroenteritis. The occurrence of antigenemia was not correlated with stool viral load or disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer X. Amexo
- Department of Public Health and Occupational Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-shi 514-8507, Japan; (E.D.-M.K.); (S.S.)
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization, Mie National Hospital, Tsu-shi 514-0125, Japan; (M.N.); (K.S.); (P.B.T.)
- Correspondence: (J.X.A.); (K.T.)
| | - Manami Negoro
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization, Mie National Hospital, Tsu-shi 514-0125, Japan; (M.N.); (K.S.); (P.B.T.)
| | - Elijah Deku-Mwin Kuurdor
- Department of Public Health and Occupational Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-shi 514-8507, Japan; (E.D.-M.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Belinda L. Lartey
- Department of Electron Microscopy and Histopathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra 00233, Ghana;
| | - Shigeru Sokejima
- Department of Public Health and Occupational Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-shi 514-8507, Japan; (E.D.-M.K.); (S.S.)
- Epidemiology Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Mie University Hospital, Tsu-shi 514-8507, Japan
| | - Ken Sugata
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization, Mie National Hospital, Tsu-shi 514-0125, Japan; (M.N.); (K.S.); (P.B.T.)
| | - Prince Baffour Tonto
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization, Mie National Hospital, Tsu-shi 514-0125, Japan; (M.N.); (K.S.); (P.B.T.)
| | - Kiyosu Taniguchi
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization, Mie National Hospital, Tsu-shi 514-0125, Japan; (M.N.); (K.S.); (P.B.T.)
- Correspondence: (J.X.A.); (K.T.)
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4
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Freedman SB, Xie J, Nettel-Aguirre A, Pang XL, Chui L, Williamson-Urquhart S, Schnadower D, Schuh S, Sherman PM, Lee BE, Gouin S, Farion KJ, Poonai N, Hurley KF, Qiu Y, Ghandi B, Lloyd C, Finkelstein Y. A randomized trial evaluating virus-specific effects of a combination probiotic in children with acute gastroenteritis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2533. [PMID: 32439860 PMCID: PMC7242434 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16308-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastroenteritis accounts for nearly 500,000 deaths in children younger than 5 years annually. Although probiotics have been touted as having the potential to expedite diarrhea resolution, recent clinical trials question their effectiveness. A potential explanation is a shift in pathogens following the introduction of a rotavirus vaccine. Here, we report the results of a multi-center, double-blind trial of 816 children with acute gastroenteritis who completed follow-up and provided multiple stool specimens. Participants were randomized to receive a probiotic containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus helveticus or placebo. We report no virus-specific beneficial effects attributable to the probiotic, either in reducing clinical symptoms or viral nucleic acid clearance from stool specimens collected up to 28 days following enrollment. We provide pathophysiological and microbiologic evidence to support the clinical findings and conclude that our data do not support routine probiotic administration to children with acute gastroenteritis, regardless of the infecting virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Freedman
- Alberta Children's Hospital Foundation Professor in Child Health and Wellness, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 28 Oki Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T3B 6A8, Canada.
| | - Jianling Xie
- Alberta Children's Hospital Foundation Professor in Child Health and Wellness, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 28 Oki Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T3B 6A8, Canada
| | - Alberto Nettel-Aguirre
- Alberta Children's Hospital Foundation Professor in Child Health and Wellness, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 28 Oki Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T3B 6A8, Canada
| | - Xiao-Li Pang
- University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave., Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Linda Chui
- University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave., Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Sarah Williamson-Urquhart
- Alberta Children's Hospital Foundation Professor in Child Health and Wellness, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 28 Oki Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T3B 6A8, Canada
| | - David Schnadower
- University of Cincinnati, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, UCA 45229, USA
| | - Suzanne Schuh
- University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Philip M Sherman
- University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Bonita E Lee
- University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave., Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Serge Gouin
- Université de Montréal, 3175 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Ken J Farion
- University of Ottawa, 401 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Naveen Poonai
- University of Western Ontario, 800 Commissioners Road E, London, ON, N6A 5W9, Canada
| | - Katrina F Hurley
- Dalhousie University, 5980 University Avenue, PO Box 9700, Halifax, NS, B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Yuanyuan Qiu
- University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave., Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Binal Ghandi
- University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave., Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Colin Lloyd
- University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave., Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Yaron Finkelstein
- University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
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5
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Reymão TKA, Fumian TM, Justino MCA, Hernandez JM, Bandeira RS, Lucena MSS, Teixeira DM, Farias FP, Silva LD, Linhares AC, Gabbay YB. Norovirus RNA in serum associated with increased fecal viral load in children: Detection, quantification and molecular analysis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199763. [PMID: 29965979 PMCID: PMC6028094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, norovirus (NoV) is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) responsible for pandemics every ~3 years, and over 200,000 deaths per year, with the majority in children from developing countries. We investigate the incidence of NoV in children hospitalized with AGE from Belém, Pará, Brazil, and also correlated viral RNA levels in their blood and stool with clinical severity. For this purpose, paired stool and serum samples were collected from 445 pediatric patients, ≤9 years between March 2012 and June 2015. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (EIA) was used to detect NoV in stool and reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) used to quantify NoV RNA levels in sera (RNAemia) and in the positive stool. Positives samples were characterized by the partial ORF1/2 region sequence of viral genome. NoV antigen was detected in 24.3% (108/445) of stool samples, with RNAemia also present in 20.4% (22/108). RNAemia and a high stool viral load (>107 genome copies/gram of faeces) were associated with longer hospitalizations. The prevalent genotypes were GII.4 Sydney_2012 (71.6%-58/81) and New Orleans_2009 (6.2%-5/81) variants. Eight other genotypes belonging to GII were detected and four of them were recombinant strains. All sera were characterized as GII.4 and shared 100% similarity with their stool. The results suggest that the dissemination of NoV to the blood stream is not uncommon and may be related to increased faecal viral loads and disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tulio Machado Fumian
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. Rio de Janeiro, Rio de janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Merces Hernandez
- Postgraduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará. Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Renato Silva Bandeira
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Brazilian Ministry of Health. Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Dielle Monteiro Teixeira
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Brazilian Ministry of Health. Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Damascena Silva
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Brazilian Ministry of Health. Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Costa Linhares
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Brazilian Ministry of Health. Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Yvone Benchimol Gabbay
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Brazilian Ministry of Health. Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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No! When the immunologist becomes a virologist: Norovirus – an emerging infection in immune deficiency diseases. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 16:557-564. [DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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