1
|
Pawlak M, Pobłocki K, Drzeżdżon J, Gawdzik B, Jacewicz D. "Isocyanates and isocyanides - life-threatening toxins or essential compounds?". THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 934:173250. [PMID: 38761928 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Isocyanides and isocyanates are some of the most reactive compounds in organic chemistry, making them perceived as compounds with high potential for use in both the laboratory and industry. With their high reactivity also comes several disadvantages, most notably their potentially high toxicity. The following article is a collection of information on the toxic effects of the isocyanide group on the human body and the environment. Information on the mechanism of how these harmful substances affect living tissues and the environment, worldwide information on how to protect against these chemicals, current regulations, and exposure limits for specific countries is compiled. The latest research on the application uses of isocyanates and isocyanides is also outlined, as well as the latest safer and greener methods and techniques to work with these compounds. Additionally, the presented article can serve as a brief guide to the organic toxicity of a group of isocyanates and isocyanates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pawlak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Technology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Kacper Pobłocki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Technology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Joanna Drzeżdżon
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Technology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Barbara Gawdzik
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University, Uniwersytecka 7, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Dagmara Jacewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Technology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, Gdansk, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li HY, Makatsoris C, Forbes B. Particulate bioaerogels for respiratory drug delivery. J Control Release 2024; 370:195-209. [PMID: 38641021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The bioaerogel microparticles have been recently developed for respiratory drug delivery and attract fast increasing interests. These highly porous microparticles have ultralow density and hence possess much reduced aerodynamic diameter, which favour them with greatly enhanced dispersibility and improved aerosolisation behaviour. The adjustable particle geometric dimensions by varying preparation methods and controlling operation parameters make it possible to fabricate bioaerogel microparticles with accurate sizes for efficient delivery to the targeted regions of respiratory tract (i.e. intranasal and pulmonary). Additionally, the technical process can provide bioaerogel microparticles with the opportunities of accommodating polar, weak polar and non-polar drugs at sufficient amount to satisfy clinical needs, and the adsorbed drugs are primarily in the amorphous form that potentially can facilitate drug dissolution and improve bioavailability. Finally, the nature of biopolymers can further offer additional advantageous characteristics of improved mucoadhesion, sustained drug release and subsequently elongated time for continuous treatment on-site. These fascinating features strongly support bioaerogel microparticles to become a novel platform for effective delivery of a wide range of drugs to the targeted respiratory regions, with increased drug residence time on-site, sustained drug release, constant treatment for local and systemic diseases and anticipated better-quality of therapeutic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ying Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
| | - Charalampos Makatsoris
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences, King's College London, WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Forbes
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gibbons AM, Ohno PE. Relative Humidity-Dependent Phase Transitions in Submicron Respiratory Aerosols. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:3015-3023. [PMID: 38593044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses, such as influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, represent a substantial public health burden and are largely transmitted through respiratory droplets and aerosols. Environmental factors such as relative humidity (RH) and temperature impact virus transmission rates, and a precise mechanistic understanding of the connection between these environmental factors and virus transmission would improve efforts to mitigate respiratory disease transmission. Previous studies on supermicrometer particles observed RH-dependent phase transitions and linked particle phase state to virus viability. Phase transitions in atmospheric aerosols are dependent on size in the submicrometer range, and actual respiratory particles are expelled over a large size range, including submicrometer aerosols that can transmit diseases over long distances. Here, we directly investigated the phase transitions of submicrometer model respiratory aerosols. A probe molecule, Nile red, was added to particle systems including multiple mucin/salt mixtures, a growth medium, and simulated lung fluid. For each system, the polarity-dependent fluorescence emission was measured following RH conditioning. Notably, the fluorescence measurements of mucin/NaCl and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium particles indicated that liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) also occurs in submicron particles, suggesting that LLPS can also impact the viability of viruses in submicron particles and thus affect aerosol virus transmission. Furthermore, the utility of fluorescence-based measurements to study submicrometer respiratory particle physicochemical properties in situ is demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angel M Gibbons
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Paul E Ohno
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Floroiu A, Loretz B, Krämer J, Lehr CM. Drug solubility in biorelevant media in the context of an inhalation-based biopharmaceutics classification system (iBCS). Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 197:114206. [PMID: 38316234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
An inhalation-based Biopharmaceutics Classification System for pulmonary drugs (iBCS) holds the perspective to allow for scientifically sound prediction of differences in the in vivo performance of orally inhaled drug products (OIDPs). A set of nine drug substances were selected, that are administered via both the oral and pulmonary routes. Their solubility was determined in media representative for the oral (Fasted State Simulated Intestinal Fluid (FaSSIF)) and pulmonary (Alveofact medium and Simulated Lung Fluid (SLF)) routes of administration to confirm the need for a novel approach for inhaled drugs. The complexity of these media was then stepwise reduced with the purpose of understanding the contribution of their components to the solubilizing capacity of the media. A second reason for varying the complexity was to identify a medium that would allow robust but accurate dissolution testing. Hence, Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS) as a medium used in many in vitro biological tests, non-buffered saline solution, and water were included. For some drug substances (salbutamol sulfate, tobramycin, isoniazid, and tiotropium bromide), no significant differences were observed between the solubility in the media used. For other drugs, however, we observed either just small (rifampicin, budesonide, salmeterol) or unexpectedly large differences (beclomethasone dipropionate). Based on the minimum theoretical solubility required for their common pulmonary dose in 10 ml of lung lining fluid, drug solubility was classified as either high or low. Two high solubility and two low solubility compounds were then selected for refined solubility testing in pulmonary relevant media by varying their content of phospholipids, surfactant proteins and other proteins. The solubility of drug substances in simulated lung lining fluids was found to be dependent on the physicochemical properties of the drug substance and the composition of the media. While a pulmonary dissolution medium that would fit all drugs could not be established, our approach may provide guidance for finding the most suitable dissolution medium for a given drug substance and better designing in vitro tests for predicting the in vivo performance of inhalable drug products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Floroiu
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Eurofins PHAST Development GmbH & Co. KG, 78467 Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Brigitta Loretz
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarland University, Campus E8 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarland University, Campus E8 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Magramane S, Vlahović K, Gordon P, Kállai-Szabó N, Zelkó R, Antal I, Farkas D. Inhalation Dosage Forms: A Focus on Dry Powder Inhalers and Their Advancements. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1658. [PMID: 38139785 PMCID: PMC10747137 DOI: 10.3390/ph16121658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, an extensive analysis of dry powder inhalers (DPIs) is offered, focusing on their characteristics, formulation, stability, and manufacturing. The advantages of pulmonary delivery were investigated, as well as the significance of the particle size in drug deposition. The preparation of DPI formulations was also comprehensively explored, including physico-chemical characterization of powders, powder processing techniques, and formulation considerations. In addition to manufacturing procedures, testing methods were also discussed, providing insights into the development and evaluation of DPI formulations. This review also explores the design basics and critical attributes specific to DPIs, highlighting the significance of their optimization to achieve an effective inhalation therapy. Additionally, the morphology and stability of 3 DPI capsules (Spiriva, Braltus, and Onbrez) were investigated, offering valuable insights into the properties of these formulations. Altogether, these findings contribute to a deeper understanding of DPIs and their development, performance, and optimization of inhalation dosage forms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Magramane
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Str. 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (S.M.); (K.V.); (I.A.)
| | - Kristina Vlahović
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Str. 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (S.M.); (K.V.); (I.A.)
| | - Péter Gordon
- Department of Electronics Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Egry J. Str. 18, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Nikolett Kállai-Szabó
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Str. 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (S.M.); (K.V.); (I.A.)
| | - Romána Zelkó
- Department of Pharmacy Administration, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Str. 7–9, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - István Antal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Str. 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (S.M.); (K.V.); (I.A.)
| | - Dóra Farkas
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Str. 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (S.M.); (K.V.); (I.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu JY, Sayes CM. Lung surfactant as a biophysical assay for inhalation toxicology. Curr Res Toxicol 2022; 4:100101. [PMID: 36687216 PMCID: PMC9849875 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2022.100101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung surfactant (LS) is a mixture of lipids and proteins that forms a thin film at the gas-exchange surfaces of the alveoli. The components and ultrastructure of LS contribute to its biophysical and biochemical functions in the respiratory system, most notably the lowering of surface tension to facilitate breathing mechanics. LS inhibition can be caused by metabolic deficiencies or the intrusion of endogenous or exogenous substances. While LS has been sourced from animals or synthesized for clinical therapeutics, the biofluid mixture has also gained recent interest as a biophysical model for inhalation toxicity. Various methods can be used to evaluate LS function quantitatively or qualitatively after exposure to potential toxicants. A narrative review of the recent literature was conducted. Studies focused whether LS was inhibited by various environmental contaminants, nanoparticles, or manufactured products. A review is also conducted on synthetic lung surfactants (SLS), which have emerged as a promising alternative to conventional animal-sourced LS. The intrinsic advantages and recent advances of SLS make a strong case for more widespread usage in LS-based toxicological assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christie M. Sayes
- Corresponding author at: Baylor University, Department of Environmental Science, One Bear Place # 97266, Waco, TX 76798-7266.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Stettler MEJ, Nishida RT, de Oliveira PM, Mesquita LCC, Johnson TJ, Galea ER, Grandison A, Ewer J, Carruthers D, Sykes D, Kumar P, Avital E, Obeysekara AIB, Doorly D, Hardalupas Y, Green DC, Coldrick S, Parker S, Boies AM. Source terms for benchmarking models of SARS-CoV-2 transmission via aerosols and droplets. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022. [PMID: 35592762 DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5958950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
There is ongoing and rapid advancement in approaches to modelling the fate of exhaled particles in different environments relevant to disease transmission. It is important that models are verified by comparison with each other using a common set of input parameters to ensure that model differences can be interpreted in terms of model physics rather than unspecified differences in model input parameters. In this paper, we define parameters necessary for such benchmarking of models of airborne particles exhaled by humans and transported in the environment during breathing and speaking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc E J Stettler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Robert T Nishida
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G8
| | | | - Léo C C Mesquita
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK
| | - Tyler J Johnson
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK
| | - Edwin R Galea
- Fire Safety Engineering Group, University of Greenwich, London SE10 9LS, UK
| | - Angus Grandison
- Fire Safety Engineering Group, University of Greenwich, London SE10 9LS, UK
| | - John Ewer
- Fire Safety Engineering Group, University of Greenwich, London SE10 9LS, UK
| | - David Carruthers
- Cambridge Environmental Research Consultants Ltd, 3 Kings Parade, Cambridge CB2 1SJ, UK
| | | | - Prashant Kumar
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Eldad Avital
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Asiri I B Obeysekara
- Applied Modelling and Computation Group, Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Denis Doorly
- Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Yannis Hardalupas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - David C Green
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, Michael Uren Biomedical Engineering Hub, London, W12 OBZ, UK
- NIHR HPRU in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, Michael Uren Biomedical Engineering Hub, London, W12 OBZ, UK
| | - Simon Coldrick
- Health and Safety Executive, Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JN UK
| | - Simon Parker
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Adam M Boies
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Stettler MEJ, Nishida RT, de Oliveira PM, Mesquita LCC, Johnson TJ, Galea ER, Grandison A, Ewer J, Carruthers D, Sykes D, Kumar P, Avital E, Obeysekara AIB, Doorly D, Hardalupas Y, Green DC, Coldrick S, Parker S, Boies AM. Source terms for benchmarking models of SARS-CoV-2 transmission via aerosols and droplets. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:212022. [PMID: 35592762 PMCID: PMC9066307 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.212022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
There is ongoing and rapid advancement in approaches to modelling the fate of exhaled particles in different environments relevant to disease transmission. It is important that models are verified by comparison with each other using a common set of input parameters to ensure that model differences can be interpreted in terms of model physics rather than unspecified differences in model input parameters. In this paper, we define parameters necessary for such benchmarking of models of airborne particles exhaled by humans and transported in the environment during breathing and speaking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc E. J. Stettler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Robert T. Nishida
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G8
| | | | - Léo C. C. Mesquita
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK
| | - Tyler J. Johnson
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK
| | - Edwin R. Galea
- Fire Safety Engineering Group, University of Greenwich, London SE10 9LS, UK
| | - Angus Grandison
- Fire Safety Engineering Group, University of Greenwich, London SE10 9LS, UK
| | - John Ewer
- Fire Safety Engineering Group, University of Greenwich, London SE10 9LS, UK
| | - David Carruthers
- Cambridge Environmental Research Consultants Ltd, 3 Kings Parade, Cambridge CB2 1SJ, UK
| | | | - Prashant Kumar
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Eldad Avital
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Asiri I. B. Obeysekara
- Applied Modelling and Computation Group, Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Denis Doorly
- Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Yannis Hardalupas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - David C. Green
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, Michael Uren Biomedical Engineering Hub, London, W12 OBZ, UK
- NIHR HPRU in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, Michael Uren Biomedical Engineering Hub, London, W12 OBZ, UK
| | - Simon Coldrick
- Health and Safety Executive, Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JN UK
| | - Simon Parker
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Adam M. Boies
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Schupp T, Plehiers PM. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate and toluene diisocyanate: Many similarities and few differences. Toxicol Ind Health 2022; 38:500-528. [PMID: 35301910 DOI: 10.1177/07482337211060133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and toluene diisocyanate (TDI) are high production volume chemicals used for the manufacture of polyurethanes. For both substances, the most relevant adverse health effects after overexposure in the workplace are isocyanate-induced asthma, lung function decrement and, to a much lesser extent, skin effects. Over the last two decades many articles have addressed the reactivity of MDI and TDI in biological media and the associated biochemistry, which increased the understanding of their biochemical and physiological behavior. In this review, these new insights with respect to similarities and differences concerning the adsorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of these two diisocyanates and the implications on their toxicities are summarized. Both TDI and MDI show very similar behavior in reactivity to biological macromolecules, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Evidence suggests that the isocyanate (NCO) group is scavenged at the portal-of-entry and is not systemically available in unbound reactive form. This explains the lack of other than portal-of-entry toxicity observed in repeated-dose inhalation tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schupp
- 39002Münster University of Applied Sciences, Steinfurt, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Evidence for a semisolid phase state of aerosols and droplets relevant to the airborne and surface survival of pathogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2109750119. [PMID: 35064080 PMCID: PMC8794803 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2109750119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ambient humidity can influence the survival of pathogens in respiratory aerosols and droplets, although the mechanism and optimum humidity level for public health remain unclear. Here, we present evidence for a humidity-dependent, semisolid state of aerosols and droplets relevant to pathogen survival. These observations indicate that a semisolid state may protect pathogens from inactivation by hindering disinfection reactions at intermediate-to-low humidity levels. The formation of the semisolid state was dependent on the composition of the aerosols, which suggests that the humidity for optimum pathogen destruction will depend on the composition of respiratory particles released from an infected host. These observations can be used to help interpret laboratory studies and inform public health recommendations. The phase state of respiratory aerosols and droplets has been linked to the humidity-dependent survival of pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2. To inform strategies to mitigate the spread of infectious disease, it is thus necessary to understand the humidity-dependent phase changes associated with the particles in which pathogens are suspended. Here, we study phase changes of levitated aerosols and droplets composed of model respiratory compounds (salt and protein) and growth media (organic–inorganic mixtures commonly used in studies of pathogen survival) with decreasing relative humidity (RH). Efflorescence was suppressed in many particle compositions and thus unlikely to fully account for the humidity-dependent survival of viruses. Rather, we identify organic-based, semisolid phase states that form under equilibrium conditions at intermediate RH (45 to 80%). A higher-protein content causes particles to exist in a semisolid state under a wider range of RH conditions. Diffusion and, thus, disinfection kinetics are expected to be inhibited in these semisolid states. These observations suggest that organic-based, semisolid states are an important consideration to account for the recovery of virus viability at low RH observed in previous studies. We propose a mechanism in which the semisolid phase shields pathogens from inactivation by hindering the diffusion of solutes. This suggests that the exogenous lifetime of pathogens will depend, in part, on the organic composition of the carrier respiratory particle and thus its origin in the respiratory tract. Furthermore, this work highlights the importance of accounting for spatial heterogeneities and time-dependent changes in the properties of aerosols and droplets undergoing evaporation in studies of pathogen viability.
Collapse
|
11
|
Selo MA, Sake JA, Kim KJ, Ehrhardt C. In vitro and ex vivo models in inhalation biopharmaceutical research - advances, challenges and future perspectives. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 177:113862. [PMID: 34256080 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oral inhalation results in pulmonary drug targeting and thereby reduces systemic side effects, making it the preferred means of drug delivery for the treatment of respiratory disorders such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or cystic fibrosis. In addition, the high alveolar surface area, relatively low enzymatic activity and rich blood supply of the distal airspaces offer a promising pathway to the systemic circulation. This is particularly advantageous when a rapid onset of pharmacological action is desired or when the drug is suffering from stability issues or poor biopharmaceutical performance following oral administration. Several cell and tissue-based in vitro and ex vivo models have been developed over the years, with the intention to realistically mimic pulmonary biological barriers. It is the aim of this review to critically discuss the available models regarding their advantages and limitations and to elaborate further which biopharmaceutical questions can and cannot be answered using the existing models.
Collapse
|
12
|
Sonvico F, Chierici V, Varacca G, Quarta E, D’Angelo D, Forbes B, Buttini F. RespiCell TM: An Innovative Dissolution Apparatus for Inhaled Products. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101541. [PMID: 34683833 PMCID: PMC8540329 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To overcome some of the shortfalls of the types of dissolution testing currently used for pulmonary products, a new custom-built dissolution apparatus has been developed. For inhalation products, the main in vitro characterisation required by pharmacopoeias is the deposition of the active pharmaceutical ingredient in an impactor to estimate the dose delivered to the target site, i.e., the lung. Hence, the collection of the respirable dose (<5 µm) also appears to be an essential requirement for the study of the dissolution rate of particles, because it results as being a relevant parameter for the pharmacological action of the powder. In this sense, dissolution studies could become a complementary test to the routine testing of inhaled formulation delivered dose and aerodynamic performance, providing a set of data significant for product quality, efficacy and/or equivalence. In order to achieve the above-mentioned objectives, an innovative dissolution apparatus (RespiCell™) suitable for the dissolution of the respirable fraction of API deposited on the filter of a fast screening impactor (FSI) (but also of the entire formulation if desirable) was designed at the University of Parma and tested. The purpose of the present work was to use the RespiCell dissolution apparatus to compare and discriminate the dissolution behaviour after aerosolisation of various APIs characterised by different physico-chemical properties (hydrophilic/lipophilic) and formulation strategies (excipients, mixing technology).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Sonvico
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (F.S.); (G.V.); (E.Q.); (D.D.)
- Interdepartmental Center for Innovation in Health Products, Biopharmanet Tec, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy;
| | - Veronica Chierici
- Interdepartmental Center for Innovation in Health Products, Biopharmanet Tec, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy;
| | - Giada Varacca
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (F.S.); (G.V.); (E.Q.); (D.D.)
| | - Eride Quarta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (F.S.); (G.V.); (E.Q.); (D.D.)
| | - Davide D’Angelo
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (F.S.); (G.V.); (E.Q.); (D.D.)
| | - Ben Forbes
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK;
| | - Francesca Buttini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (F.S.); (G.V.); (E.Q.); (D.D.)
- Interdepartmental Center for Innovation in Health Products, Biopharmanet Tec, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy;
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0521-906-008
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Radivojev S, Luschin-Ebengreuth G, Pinto JT, Laggner P, Cavecchi A, Cesari N, Cella M, Melli F, Paudel A, Fröhlich E. Impact of simulated lung fluid components on the solubility of inhaled drugs and predicted in vivo performance. Int J Pharm 2021; 606:120893. [PMID: 34274456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Orally inhaled products (OIPs) are gaining increased attention, as pulmonary delivery is a preferred route for the treatment of various diseases. Yet, the field of inhalation biopharmaceutics is still in development phase. For a successful correlation between various in vitro data obtained during formulation characterization and in vivo performance, it is necessary to understand the impact of parameters such as solubility and dissolution of drugs. In this work, we used in vitro-in silico feedback-feedforward approach to gain a better insight into the biopharmaceutics behavior of inhaled Salbutamol Sulphate (SS) and Budesonide (BUD). The thorough characterization of the in vitro test media and the impact of different in vitro fluid components such as lipids and protein on the solubility of aforementioned drugs was studied. These results were subsequently used as an input into the developed in silico models to investigate potential PK parameter changes in vivo. Results revealed that media comprising lipids and albumin were the most biorelevant and impacted the solubility of BUD the most. On the contrary, no notable impact was seen in case of SS. The use of simple media such as phosphate buffer saline (PBS) might be sufficient to use in solubility studies of the highly soluble and permeable drugs. However, its use for the poorly soluble drugs is limited due to the greater potential for interactions within in vivo environment. The use of in silico tools showed that the model response varies, depending on the used media. Therefore, this work highlights the relevance of carefully selecting the media composition when investigating solubility and dissolution behavior, especially in the early phases of drug development and of poorly soluble drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Snezana Radivojev
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, Graz 8010, Austria; Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstraße 24, Graz 8010, Austria
| | | | - Joana T Pinto
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Peter Laggner
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, Graz 8010, Austria
| | | | - Nicola Cesari
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Via Palermo, 26 A, Parma, 43122, Italy
| | - Massimo Cella
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Via Palermo, 26 A, Parma, 43122, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Melli
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Via Palermo, 26 A, Parma, 43122, Italy
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, Graz 8010, Austria; Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, Graz, 8010, Austria.
| | - Eleonore Fröhlich
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, Graz 8010, Austria; Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstraße 24, Graz 8010, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Guerreiro F, Swedrowska M, Patel R, Flórez-Fernández N, Torres MD, Rosa da Costa AM, Forbes B, Grenha A. Engineering of konjac glucomannan into respirable microparticles for delivery of antitubercular drugs. Int J Pharm 2021; 604:120731. [PMID: 34029661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Few medically-approved excipients are available for formulation strategies to endow microcarriers with improved performance in lung drug targeting. Konjac glucomannan (KGM) is a novel, biocompatible material, comprising mannose units potentially inducing macrophage uptake for the treatment of macrophage-mediated diseases. This work investigated spray-dried KGM microparticles as inhalable carriers of model antitubercular drugs, isoniazid (INH) and rifabutin (RFB). The polymer was characterised and different polymer/drug ratios tested in the production of microparticles for which respirability was assessed in vitro. The swelling of KGM microparticles and release of drugs in simulated lung fluid were characterised and the biodegradability in presence of β-mannosidase, a lung hydrolase, determined. KGM microparticles were drug loaded with 66-91% association efficiency and had aerodynamic diameter around 3 µm, which enables deep lung penetration. The microparticles swelled upon liquid contact by 40-50% but underwent size reduction (>62% in 90 min) in presence of β-mannosidase, indicating biodegradability. Finally, drug release was tested showing slower release of RFB compared with INH but complete release of both within 24 h. This work identifies KGM as a biodegradable polymer of natural origin that can be engineered to encapsulate and release drugs in respirable microparticles with physical and chemical macrophage-targeting properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Guerreiro
- Centre for Marine Sciences (CCMar), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal; Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Magda Swedrowska
- King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, London SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - Roshnee Patel
- King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, London SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - Noelia Flórez-Fernández
- Centre for Marine Sciences (CCMar), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal; Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Vigo, Faculty of Sciences, As Lagoas, Ourense 32004, Spain.
| | - María Dolores Torres
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Vigo, Faculty of Sciences, As Lagoas, Ourense 32004, Spain.
| | - Ana M Rosa da Costa
- Algarve Chemistry Research Centre (CIQA), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal.
| | - Ben Forbes
- King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, London SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - Ana Grenha
- Centre for Marine Sciences (CCMar), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal; Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal; Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisboa 1649-003, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Innes E, Yiu HHP, McLean P, Brown W, Boyles M. Simulated biological fluids - a systematic review of their biological relevance and use in relation to inhalation toxicology of particles and fibres. Crit Rev Toxicol 2021; 51:217-248. [PMID: 33905298 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2021.1903386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of simulated biological fluids (SBFs) is a promising in vitro technique to better understand the release mechanisms and possible in vivo behaviour of materials, including fibres, metal-containing particles and nanomaterials. Applications of SBFs in dissolution tests allow a measure of material biopersistence or, conversely, bioaccessibility that in turn can provide a useful inference of a materials biodistribution, its acute and long-term toxicity, as well as its pathogenicity. Given the wide range of SBFs reported in the literature, a review was conducted, with a focus on fluids used to replicate environments that may be encountered upon material inhalation, including extracellular and intracellular compartments. The review aims to identify when a fluid design can replicate realistic biological conditions, demonstrate operation validation, and/or provide robustness and reproducibility. The studies examined highlight simulated lung fluids (SLFs) that have been shown to suitably replicate physiological conditions, and identify specific components that play a pivotal role in dissolution mechanisms and biological activity; including organic molecules, redox-active species and chelating agents. Material dissolution was not always driven by pH, and likewise not only driven by SLF composition; specific materials and formulations correspond to specific dissolution mechanisms. It is recommended that SLF developments focus on biological predictivity and if not practical, on better biological mimicry, as such an approach ensures results are more likely to reflect in vivo behaviour regardless of the material under investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Innes
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, UK
| | - Humphrey H P Yiu
- Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Polly McLean
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, UK
| | - William Brown
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Glasbrenner DC, Choi YW, Richardson AW, Edwards EW, Mladineo MJ, Sunderman M, Keyes PH, Boyce J, Middleton JK, Howard MW. Decontamination of SARS-CoV-2 contaminated N95 filtering facepiece respirators using artificial sun lamps. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:2567-2578. [PMID: 33884721 PMCID: PMC8251224 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Aims Assess the feasibility of using light from artificial sun lamps to decontaminate N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) contaminated with SARS‐CoV‐2. Methods and Results FFR coupons or whole FFRs contaminated with 5 log10 TCID50 (target concentration) SARS‐CoV‐2 in culture media, simulated saliva, or simulated lung fluid were dried for 1–2 h, then exposed to light from tanning and horticulture lamps to assess decontamination. Exposed coupons and whole FFRs showed SARS‐CoV‐2 inactivation for all matrices tested. Furthermore, FFRs still met performance specifications after five decontamination cycles. Conclusions It is feasible that artificial sunlight from these sun lamps can be used to decontaminate FFRs provided the UV dose is sufficient and the light is unobstructed. Furthermore, decontamination can be performed up to five times without degrading FFR performance. Significance and Impact of the Study This research shows a proof of principle that artificial sun lamps may be an option to decontaminate SARS‐CoV‐2 on N95 FFRs. UV doses required for inactivation to levels below detection ranged from 4 to 37·8 J cm−2 depending on the light source, virus matrix and FFR type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Y W Choi
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - E W Edwards
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - M Sunderman
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - P H Keyes
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - J Boyce
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - M W Howard
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Schuit M, Biryukov J, Beck K, Yolitz J, Bohannon J, Weaver W, Miller D, Holland B, Krause M, Freeburger D, Williams G, Wood S, Graham A, Rosovitz MJ, Bazinet A, Phillips A, Lovett S, Garcia K, Abbott E, Wahl V, Ratnesar-Shumate S, Dabisch P. The stability of an isolate of the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 lineage in aerosols is similar to three earlier isolates. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:1641-1648. [PMID: 33822064 PMCID: PMC8083468 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our laboratory previously examined the influence of environmental conditions on the stability of an early isolate of SARS-CoV-2 (hCoV-19/USA/WA-1/2020) in aerosols generated from culture medium or simulated saliva. However, genetic differences have emerged among SARS-CoV-2 lineages, and it is possible that these differences may affect environmental stability and the potential for aerosol transmission. Methods The influence of temperature, relative humidity, and simulated sunlight on the decay of four SARS-CoV-2 isolates in aerosols, including one belonging to the recently emerged B.1.1.7 lineage, were compared in a rotating drum chamber. Aerosols were generated from simulated respiratory tract lining fluid to represent aerosols originating from the deep lung. Results No differences in the stability of the isolates were observed in the absence of simulated sunlight at either 20°C or 40°C. However, a small but statistically significant difference in the stability was observed between some isolates in simulated sunlight at 20°C and 20% relative humidity. . Conclusions The stability of SARS-CoV-2 in aerosols does not vary greatly among currently circulating lineages, including B.1.1.7, suggesting that the increased transmissibility associated with recent SARS-CoV-2 lineages is not due to enhanced survival in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schuit
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, operated by Battelle National Biodefense Institute for the US Department of Homeland Security, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer Biryukov
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, operated by Battelle National Biodefense Institute for the US Department of Homeland Security, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Katie Beck
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, operated by Battelle National Biodefense Institute for the US Department of Homeland Security, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jason Yolitz
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, operated by Battelle National Biodefense Institute for the US Department of Homeland Security, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jordan Bohannon
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, operated by Battelle National Biodefense Institute for the US Department of Homeland Security, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Wade Weaver
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, operated by Battelle National Biodefense Institute for the US Department of Homeland Security, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - David Miller
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, operated by Battelle National Biodefense Institute for the US Department of Homeland Security, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Brian Holland
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, operated by Battelle National Biodefense Institute for the US Department of Homeland Security, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Melissa Krause
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, operated by Battelle National Biodefense Institute for the US Department of Homeland Security, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Denise Freeburger
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, operated by Battelle National Biodefense Institute for the US Department of Homeland Security, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Gregory Williams
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, operated by Battelle National Biodefense Institute for the US Department of Homeland Security, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Stewart Wood
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, operated by Battelle National Biodefense Institute for the US Department of Homeland Security, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Amanda Graham
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, operated by Battelle National Biodefense Institute for the US Department of Homeland Security, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - M J Rosovitz
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, operated by Battelle National Biodefense Institute for the US Department of Homeland Security, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Adam Bazinet
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, operated by Battelle National Biodefense Institute for the US Department of Homeland Security, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron Phillips
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, operated by Battelle National Biodefense Institute for the US Department of Homeland Security, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Sean Lovett
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, operated by Battelle National Biodefense Institute for the US Department of Homeland Security, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Karla Garcia
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, operated by Battelle National Biodefense Institute for the US Department of Homeland Security, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Elyse Abbott
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, operated by Battelle National Biodefense Institute for the US Department of Homeland Security, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Victoria Wahl
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, operated by Battelle National Biodefense Institute for the US Department of Homeland Security, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Shanna Ratnesar-Shumate
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, operated by Battelle National Biodefense Institute for the US Department of Homeland Security, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul Dabisch
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, operated by Battelle National Biodefense Institute for the US Department of Homeland Security, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Brunaugh AD, Seo H, Warnken Z, Ding L, Seo SH, Smyth HDC. Development and evaluation of inhalable composite niclosamide-lysozyme particles: A broad-spectrum, patient-adaptable treatment for coronavirus infections and sequalae. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246803. [PMID: 33571320 PMCID: PMC7877651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Niclosamide (NIC) has demonstrated promising in vitro antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic. Though NIC is already FDA-approved, administration of the currently available oral formulation results in systemic drug levels that are too low for the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2. We hypothesized that the co-formulation of NIC with an endogenous protein, human lysozyme (hLYS), could enable the direct aerosol delivery of the drug to the respiratory tract as an alternative to oral delivery, thereby effectively treating COVID-19 by targeting the primary site of SARS-CoV-2 acquisition and spread. To test this hypothesis, we engineered and optimized composite particles containing NIC and hLYS suitable for delivery to the upper and lower airways via dry powder inhaler, nebulizer, and nasal spray. The novel formulation demonstrates potent in vitro and in vivo activity against two coronavirus strains, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, and may offer protection against methicillin-resistance staphylococcus aureus pneumonia and inflammatory lung damage occurring secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infections. The suitability of the formulation for all stages of the disease and low-cost development approach will ensure rapid clinical development and wide-spread utilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee D. Brunaugh
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hyojong Seo
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zachary Warnken
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Li Ding
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sang Heui Seo
- Laboratory of Influenza Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yoseong Gu, Dajeon, Korea
| | - Hugh D. C. Smyth
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bastola R, Young PM, Das SC. Simulation of respiratory tract lining fluid for in vitro dissolution study. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 18:1091-1100. [PMID: 33504235 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1882991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Drug particles inhaled via the respiratory system must first dissolve in the respiratory tract lining fluid (RTLF) that lies on the surfaces of airways and alveoli, so that they are absorbed and have therapeutic action. Artificial simulated RTLFs are often used for in vitro dissolution studies to determine the solubility and dissolution of inhaled drug particles. Such studies can be used to predict bioavailability minimizing the requirement for in vivo studies. Numerous studies have been conducted to develop bio-relevant simulated RTLFs; however, to date, there is no singular simulated RTLF that closely resembles human RTLF.Areas covered: This review focuses on the composition of natural and simulated RTLFs and their use in in vitro dissolution studies.Expert opinion: There is variation in the composition and thickness of RTLF along the respiratory tract. Identification of the actual concentration of components of endogenous RTLF present in different areas of the respiratory tract helps in the development of region-specific simulated RTLFs. It is recommended that region-specific simulated RTLFs can be prepared by varying concentration of major RTLF components like mucus/gel simulants, lipids/surfactants, peptides/proteins, and inorganic/organic salts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Bastola
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Paul M Young
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research and Discipline of Pharmacology, Sydney Medical School, Glebe, Australia
| | - Shyamal C Das
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Walker JS, Archer J, Gregson FKA, Michel SES, Bzdek BR, Reid JP. Accurate Representations of the Microphysical Processes Occurring during the Transport of Exhaled Aerosols and Droplets. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:200-209. [PMID: 33532579 PMCID: PMC7845015 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Aerosols and droplets from expiratory events play an integral role in transmitting pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2 from an infected individual to a susceptible host. However, there remain significant uncertainties in our understanding of the aerosol droplet microphysics occurring during drying and sedimentation and the effect on the sedimentation outcomes. Here, we apply a new treatment for the microphysical behavior of respiratory fluid droplets to a droplet evaporation/sedimentation model and assess the impact on sedimentation distance, time scale, and particle phase. Above a 100 μm initial diameter, the sedimentation outcome for a respiratory droplet is insensitive to composition and ambient conditions. Below 100 μm, and particularly below 80 μm, the increased settling time allows the exact nature of the evaporation process to play a significant role in influencing the sedimentation outcome. For this size range, an incorrect treatment of the droplet composition, or imprecise use of RH or temperature, can lead to large discrepancies in sedimentation distance (with representative values >1 m, >2 m, and >2 m, respectively). Additionally, a respiratory droplet is likely to undergo a phase change prior to sedimenting if initially <100 μm in diameter, provided that the RH is below the measured phase change RH. Calculations of the potential exposure versus distance from the infected source show that the volume fraction of the initial respiratory droplet distribution, in this size range, which remains elevated above 1 m decreases from 1 at 1 m to 0.125 at 2 m.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jim S. Walker
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Justice Archer
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sarah E. S. Michel
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan R. Bzdek
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P. Reid
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Choi YW, Richardson AW, Sunderman M, Mladineo MJ, Keyes PH, Hofacre KC, Middleton JK. Decontamination of SARS-CoV-2 contaminated N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) with moist heat generated by a multicooker. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 72:366-374. [PMID: 33347637 PMCID: PMC7986083 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Decontamination of N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) is a crisis capacity strategy allowed when there are known shortages of FFRs. The application of moist heat is one decontamination method that has shown promise and is the approach approved in the Steris Steam Emergency Use Authorization (EUA). This effort examines the use of multicookers to apply moist heat, as they are available in retail stores and more affordable than methods requiring more sophisticated equipment. Four of five multicooker models examined met the acceptance criteria for the test and one model was selected for inactivation testing. Tests were performed on four different FFR models with SARS‐CoV‐2 suspended in culture media, simulated saliva or simulated lung fluid. Moist heat treatment reduced recoverable titres of SARS‐CoV‐2 virus to levels below the limit of detection in all tests. Furthermore, these four FFR models showed no loss in collection efficiency, inhalation resistance or visual damage after up to 10 decontamination cycles. Two (2) FFR models showed a slight change in strap elasticity (<9%). These data show that moist heat treatment using a multicooker is a viable option for FFR decontamination in a crisis capacity strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y W Choi
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - M Sunderman
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - P H Keyes
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - K C Hofacre
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sahakijpijarn S, Moon C, Koleng JJ, Christensen DJ, Williams RO. Development of Remdesivir as a Dry Powder for Inhalation by Thin Film Freezing. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12111002. [PMID: 33105618 PMCID: PMC7690377 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Remdesivir exhibits in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2 and was granted approval for emergency use. To maximize delivery to the lungs, we formulated remdesivir as a dry powder for inhalation using thin film freezing (TFF). TFF produces brittle matrix nanostructured aggregates that are sheared into respirable low-density microparticles upon aerosolization from a passive dry powder inhaler. In vitro aerodynamic testing demonstrated that drug loading and excipient type affected the aerosol performance of remdesivir. Remdesivir combined with optimal excipients exhibited desirable aerosol performance (up to 93.0% FPF< 5 µm; 0.82 µm mass median aerodynamic diameter). Remdesivir was amorphous after the TFF process, which benefitted drug dissolution in simulated lung fluid. TFF remdesivir formulations are stable after one month of storage at 25 °C/60% relative humidity. An in vivo pharmacokinetic evaluation showed that TFF remdesivir–leucine was poorly absorbed into systemic circulation while TFF remdesivir-Captisol® demonstrated increased systemic uptake compared to leucine. Remdesivir was hydrolyzed to the nucleoside analog GS-441524 in the lung, and levels of GS-441524 were greater in the lung with leucine formulation compared to Captisol®. In conclusion, TFF technology produces high-potency remdesivir dry powder formulations for inhalation that are suitable to treat patients with COVID-19 on an outpatient basis and earlier in the disease course where effective antiviral therapy can reduce related morbidity and mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sawittree Sahakijpijarn
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (S.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Chaeho Moon
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (S.S.); (C.M.)
| | - John J. Koleng
- TFF Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Austin, TX 78746, USA; (J.J.K.); (D.J.C.)
| | | | - Robert O. Williams
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (S.S.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-512-471-4681
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lee DDH, Cardinale D, Terakosolphan W, Sornsute A, Radhakrishnan P, Coppel J, Smith CM, Satyanarayana S, Forbes B, O'Callaghan C. Fluticasone Particles Bind to Motile Respiratory Cilia: A Mechanism for Enhanced Lung and Systemic Exposure? J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2020; 34:181-188. [PMID: 32960118 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2020.1598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) are the main prophylactic treatment for asthma and are used in other diseases, including chronic pulmonary obstructive disease, yet the interaction of ICS particles with the ciliated epithelium remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the earliest interaction of aerosolized fluticasone propionate (FP) particles with human ciliated respiratory epithelium. Methods: A bespoke system was developed to allow aerosolized FP particles to be delivered to ciliated epithelial cultures by nebulization and from a pressurized metered-dose inhaler (pMDI) through a spacer with interactions observed in real time using high-speed video microscopy. Interaction with nonrespiratory cilia was investigated using steroids on brain ependymal ciliary cultures. The dissolution rate of steroid particles was determined. Results: FP particles delivered by aerosol attached to the tips of rapidly beating cilia. Within 2 hours, 8.7% ± 1.8% (nebulization) and 12.1% ± 2.1% (pMDI through spacer) of ciliated cells had one or more particles attached to motile cilia. These levels decreased to 5.8% ± 1.6% (p = 0.59; nebulization) and 5.3% ± 2.2% (p = 0.14; pMDI through spacer) at 24 hours. Particle attachment did not affect ciliary beat frequency (p > 0.05) but significantly (p < 0.001) reduced ciliary beat amplitude. Steroid particles also attached to the tips of motile ependymal brain cilia and also reduced beat amplitude (24 hours: >2 particles bound p < 0.001). Dissolution of FP particles was slow with only 22.8% ± 1.3% of nebulized and 12.8% ± 0.5% of pMDI-delivered drug dissolving by 24 hours. Conclusions: FP particles adhere to the tips of rapidly moving cilia with significant numbers remaining bound at 24 hours, resisting the shear stress generated by ciliary beating. In vivo, this mechanism may predispose to high local drug concentrations and enhance respiratory and systemic corticosteroid exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dani Do Hyang Lee
- Respiratory, Critical Care, and Anesthesia, UCL Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital Institute of Child Health & NIHR GOSH BRC, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela Cardinale
- Respiratory, Critical Care, and Anesthesia, UCL Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital Institute of Child Health & NIHR GOSH BRC, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Acom Sornsute
- Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
| | - Priya Radhakrishnan
- Respiratory, Critical Care, and Anesthesia, UCL Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital Institute of Child Health & NIHR GOSH BRC, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Coppel
- Respiratory, Critical Care, and Anesthesia, UCL Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital Institute of Child Health & NIHR GOSH BRC, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire M Smith
- Respiratory, Critical Care, and Anesthesia, UCL Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital Institute of Child Health & NIHR GOSH BRC, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ben Forbes
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher O'Callaghan
- Respiratory, Critical Care, and Anesthesia, UCL Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital Institute of Child Health & NIHR GOSH BRC, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sou T, Bergström CAS. Contemporary Formulation Development for Inhaled Pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:66-86. [PMID: 32916138 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary delivery has gained increased interests over the past few decades. For respiratory conditions, targeted drug delivery directly to the site of action can achieve a high local concentration for efficacy with reduced systemic exposure and adverse effects. For systemic conditions, the unique physiology of the lung evolutionarily designed for rapid gaseous exchange presents an entry route for systemic drug delivery. Although the development of inhaled formulations has come a long way over the last few decades, many aspects of it remain to be elucidated. In particular, a reliable and well-understood method for in vitro-in vivo correlations remains to be established. With the rapid and ongoing advancement of technology, there is much potential to better utilise computational methods including different types of modelling and simulation approaches to support inhaled formulation development. This review intends to provide an introduction on some fundamental concepts in pulmonary drug delivery and inhaled formulation development followed by discussions on some challenges and opportunities in the translation of inhaled pharmaceuticals from preclinical studies to clinical development. The review concludes with some recent advancements in modelling and simulation approaches that could play an increasingly important role in modern formulation development of inhaled pharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Sou
- Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Pharmacometrics, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Christel A S Bergström
- Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Melillo N, Grandoni S, Cesari N, Brogin G, Puccini P, Magni P. Inter-compound and Intra-compound Global Sensitivity Analysis of a Physiological Model for Pulmonary Absorption of Inhaled Compounds. AAPS J 2020; 22:116. [PMID: 32862303 PMCID: PMC7456635 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00499-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, global sensitivity analysis (GSA) has gained interest in physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) modelling and simulation from pharmaceutical industry, regulatory authorities, and academia. With the case study of an in-house PBPK model for inhaled compounds in rats, the aim of this work is to show how GSA can contribute in PBPK model development and daily use. We identified two types of GSA that differ in the aims and, thus, in the parameter variability: inter-compound and intra-compound GSA. The inter-compound GSA aims to understand which are the parameters that mostly influence the variability of the metrics of interest in the whole space of the drugs' properties, and thus, it is useful during the model development. On the other hand, the intra-compound GSA aims to highlight how much the uncertainty associated with the parameters of a given drug impacts the uncertainty in the model prediction and so, it is useful during routine PBPK use. In this work, inter-compound GSA highlighted that dissolution- and formulation-related parameters were mostly important for the prediction of the fraction absorbed, while the permeability is the most important parameter for lung AUC and MRT. Intra-compound GSA highlighted that, for all the considered compounds, the permeability was one of the most important parameters for lung AUC, MRT and plasma MRT, while the extraction ratio and the dose for the plasma AUC. GSA is a crucial instrument for the quality assessment of model-based inference; for this reason, we suggest its use during both PBPK model development and use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Melillo
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Mathematical Modelling and Synthetic Biology, Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata 5, I-27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Grandoni
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Mathematical Modelling and Synthetic Biology, Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata 5, I-27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Nicola Cesari
- Pharmacokinetics, Biochemistry and Metabolism Department, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Parma, Italy
| | - Giandomenico Brogin
- Pharmacokinetics, Biochemistry and Metabolism Department, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Puccini
- Pharmacokinetics, Biochemistry and Metabolism Department, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Magni
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Mathematical Modelling and Synthetic Biology, Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata 5, I-27100, Pavia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Olumayede EG, Oguntimehin I, Ojiodu CC, Babalola BM, Ojo A, Adeoye OS, Sodipe OG. Dataset on part replacement of dipalmitoylphophatidylcholine with locust bean on stimulated tracheobronchial fluid, in vitro bioaccessibility test and modeling of lung deposition of trace elements bound to airborne particulates. Data Brief 2020; 28:105010. [PMID: 32226806 PMCID: PMC7096670 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.105010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The data presented in this article are related to our work on development of tracheobronchial fluid, in vitro bioaccessibility test and modeling of lung deposition of trace elements bound to airborne particulates [1]. In this article, a neutral modeled tracheobronchial fluid was formulated by partial replacement of some constituents in recipes of previously used lung epithelium fluids with local materials and was used in in vitro bioaccessibility extraction of elements-bound to airborne particulates. Dataset of particulate matters-bound trace elements collected in selected locations Ado - Ekiti is presented and the deposition of elements in different regions of respiratory tracts is estimated using Multiple-path particle deposition (MPPD) mathematic model. The data reveals that the formulated fluid has physical characteristics with superior properties to the existing fluids. The data also shows that bioaccessibility of elements were generally low (<30%) except for Cd and As with relatively moderate values (between 45 and 50%). Additionally, the lung deposition modeling shows that greater percentage of Cd (about 40% of inhaled dose) deposition in the lower alveolar part of the respiratory tract while tracheobronchial and extra-thoracic had 33% and 27% respectively. The data sets can be used as references to analyze data obtained using other formulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilemobayo Oguntimehin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ondo State University of Science and Technology, Okitipupa, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Chekwube C. Ojiodu
- Department of Science Laboratory, Yaba College of Technology, Lagos Nigeria
| | | | - Ayomipo Ojo
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Federal University, Oye, Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Olagboye S. Adeoye
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Ekiti State University, Ado, Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Olubunmi G. Sodipe
- Department of Animal Environment and Biology, Federal University, Oye, Ekiti, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Development of tracheobronchial fluid for in vitro bioaccessibility assessment of particulates-bound trace elements. MethodsX 2019; 6:1944-1949. [PMID: 31667090 PMCID: PMC6812315 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2019.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was piloted to evaluate bioaccessibility of particulate-bound trace elements using synthetic epithelia lung fluid; in which dipalmitoylphophatidylcholine was substituted with locus bean gum (LBSFL). The resulting data reveal that no significant change in physicochemical characteristics of the stimulated lung fluid compare with similar synthetic fluids; pH value of 7.3, density (0.998gcm−3), conductivity (13.9 mS m-1), surface viscosity (1.136 × 10-12 pas) and surface tension (50.6 mN m-1). To prove the potential applicability of the fluid in in vitro bioaccessibility test, we compared bioaccessibility of particulates-bound trace elements using this fluid with those of stimulated epithelial lung fluid. Bioaccessibility were relatively low values (<30%) in locus bean substituted lung fluid and stimulated epithelial lung fluid. Specifically, As and Cd had significantly higher bioaccessibility values in locus bean substituted lung fluid than stimulated epithelial lung fluid. The data demonstrate that fluid formulated and used in this study can provide a suitable means of evaluate bioaccessibility of trace elements-bound to airborne particulates. The fluid was used for assessing bioaccessibility of particulate matters-bound trace elements The formulated fluid can be applied to study in toxicity assessment The data can be used for inter-laboratory comparison of bioaccessibility of particulate -bound trace element and could stimulate environmental concerns on the impacts of airborne particulates.
Collapse
|
28
|
Hassoun M, Malmlöf M, Scheibelhofer O, Kumar A, Bansal S, Selg E, Nowenwik M, Gerde P, Radivojev S, Paudel A, Arora S, Forbes B. Use of PBPK Modeling To Evaluate the Performance of Dissolv It, a Biorelevant Dissolution Assay for Orally Inhaled Drug Products. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:1245-1254. [PMID: 30640475 PMCID: PMC6503535 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The
dissolution of inhaled drug particles in the lungs is a challenge
to model using biorelevant methods in terms of (i) collecting a respirable
emitted aerosol fraction and dose, (ii) presenting this to a small
volume of medium that is representative of lung lining fluid, and
(iii) measuring the low concentrations of drug released. We report
developments in methodology for each of these steps and utilize mechanistic in silico modeling to evaluate the in vitro dissolution profiles in the context of plasma concentration–time
profiles. The PreciseInhale aerosol delivery system was used to deliver
Flixotide aerosol particles to DissolvIt apparatus
for measurement of dissolution. Different media were used in the DissolvIt chamber to investigate their effect on dissolution profiles,
these were (i) 1.5% poly(ethylene oxide) with 0.4% l-alphaphosphatidyl
choline, (ii) Survanta, and (iii) a synthetic simulated lung lining
fluid (SLF) based on human lung fluid composition. For fluticasone
proprionate (FP) quantification, solid phase extraction was used for
sample preparation with LC–MS/MS analysis to provide an assay
that was fit for purpose with a limit of quantification for FP of
312 pg/mL. FP concentration–time profiles in the flow-past
perfusate were similar irrespective of the medium used in the DissolvIt chamber (∼0.04–0.07%/min), but these were
significantly lower than transfer of drug from air-to-perfusate in
isolated perfused lungs (0.12%/min). This difference was attributed
to the DissolvIt system representing slower dissolution
in the central region of the lungs (which feature nonsink conditions)
compared to the peripheral regions that are represented in the isolated
lung preparation. Pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, Tmax, and AUC0-∞) were estimated from the profiles for dissolution in the different
lung fluid simulants and were predicted by the simulation within 2-fold
of the values reported for inhaled FP (1000 μg dose) administered
via Flixotide Evohaler 250 μg strength inhaler in man. In conclusion,
we report methods for performing biorelevant dissolution studies for
orally inhaled products and illustrate how they can provide inputs
parameters for physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling
of inhaled medicines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Hassoun
- King's College London , Institute of Pharmaceutical Science , London SE1 9NH , U.K
| | - Maria Malmlöf
- Inhalation Sciences Sweden AB , Hälsovägen 7-9 , 141 57 Huddinge , Sweden.,Institute of Environmental Medicine , Karolinska Institutet , 171 77 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Otto Scheibelhofer
- Research Centre Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH , Inffeldgasse 13 , Graz 8010 , Austria
| | - Abhinav Kumar
- King's College London , Institute of Pharmaceutical Science , London SE1 9NH , U.K
| | - Sukhi Bansal
- King's College London , Institute of Pharmaceutical Science , London SE1 9NH , U.K
| | - Ewa Selg
- Inhalation Sciences Sweden AB , Hälsovägen 7-9 , 141 57 Huddinge , Sweden
| | - Mattias Nowenwik
- Inhalation Sciences Sweden AB , Hälsovägen 7-9 , 141 57 Huddinge , Sweden
| | - Per Gerde
- Inhalation Sciences Sweden AB , Hälsovägen 7-9 , 141 57 Huddinge , Sweden.,Institute of Environmental Medicine , Karolinska Institutet , 171 77 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Snezana Radivojev
- Research Centre Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH , Inffeldgasse 13 , Graz 8010 , Austria
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Centre Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH , Inffeldgasse 13 , Graz 8010 , Austria.,Institute of Process and Particle Engineering , Graz University of Technology , Inffeldgasse 13 , Graz , 8010 , Austria
| | - Sumit Arora
- Research Centre Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH , Inffeldgasse 13 , Graz 8010 , Austria
| | - Ben Forbes
- King's College London , Institute of Pharmaceutical Science , London SE1 9NH , U.K
| |
Collapse
|