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Cen JH, Xie QH, Guo GH, Xu SY, Liu ZY, Liao YH, Zhong XP, Liu HY. Construction of 5-Fluorouracil and Gallium Corrole Conjugates for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy. J Med Chem 2024; 67:9054-9068. [PMID: 38781403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Molecular hybridization is a well-established strategy for developing new drugs. In the pursuit of promising photosensitizers (PSs) with enhanced photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficiency, a series of novel 5-fluorouracil (5FU) gallium corrole conjugates (1-Ga-4-Ga) were designed and synthesized by hybridizing a chemotherapeutic drug and PSs. Their photodynamic antitumor activity was also evaluated. The most active complex (2-Ga) possesses a low IC50 value of 0.185 μM and a phototoxic index of 541 against HepG2 cells. Additionally, the 5FU-gallium corrole conjugate (2-Ga) exhibited a synergistic increase in cytotoxicity under irradiation. Excitedly, treatment of HepG2 tumor-bearing mice with 2-Ga under irradiation could completely ablate tumors without harming normal tissues. 2-Ga-mediated PDT could disrupt mitochondrial function, cause cell cycle arrest in the sub-G1 phase, and activate the cell apoptosis pathway by upregulating the cleaved PARP expression and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratios. This work provides a useful strategy for the design of new corrole-based chemo-photodynamic therapy drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-He Cen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Qi-Hu Xie
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Geng-Hong Guo
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Shi-Yin Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Ze-Yu Liu
- Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Infectious Diseases, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510091, China
| | - Yu-Hui Liao
- Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Infectious Diseases, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510091, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhong
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Hai-Yang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
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2
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Kim S, Day CM, Song Y, Holmes A, Garg S. Innovative Topical Patches for Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer: Current Challenges and Key Formulation Considerations. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2577. [PMID: 38004557 PMCID: PMC10674480 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15112577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most prevalent malignancy worldwide, with approximately 6.3 million new cases worldwide in 2019. One of the key management strategies for NMSC is a topical treatment usually utilised for localised and early-stage disease owing to its non-invasive nature. However, the efficacy of topical agents is often hindered by poor drug penetration and patient adherence. Therefore, various research groups have employed advanced drug delivery systems, including topical patches to overcome the problem of conventional topical treatments. This review begins with an overview of NMSC as well as the current landscape of topical treatments for NMSC, specifically focusing on the emerging technology of topical patches. A detailed discussion of their potential to overcome the limitations of existing therapies will then follow. Most importantly, to the best of our knowledge, this work unprecedentedly combines and discusses all the current advancements in innovative topical patches for the treatment of NMSC. In addition to this, the authors present our insights into the key considerations and emerging trends in the construction of these advanced topical patches. This review is meant for researchers and clinicians to consider utilising advanced topical patch systems in research and clinical trials toward localised interventions of NMSC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sanjay Garg
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (S.K.); (C.M.D.); (Y.S.); (A.H.)
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3
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Yan T, Shu B, Deng X, Qian K, Pan R, Qiu S, Yang J, Fu Q, Ma Y. Antibacterial and Anticancer Activity, Acute Toxicity, and Solubility of Co-crystals of 5-Fluorouracil and Trimethoprim. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:21522-21530. [PMID: 37360497 PMCID: PMC10286293 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil is mainly used for the treatment of tumors and has relatively high toxicity. Trimethoprim is a common broad-spectrum antibiotic agent with extremely poor water solubility. We hoped to solve these problems by synthesizing co-crystals (compound 1) of 5-fluorouracil and trimethoprim. Solubility tests showed that the solubility of compound 1 was improved compared to that of trimethoprim. In vitro anticancer activity tests of compound 1 showed higher activity against human breast cancer cells than 5-fluorouracil. Acute toxicity showed that its toxicity was much lower than that of 5-fluorouracil. In the test of anti-Shigella dysenteriae activity, compound 1 showed much stronger antibacterial activity than trimethoprim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianping Yan
- College
of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese
Medicine, Nanchang 330006 P. R. China
| | - Baoyu Shu
- College
of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese
Medicine, Nanchang 330006 P. R. China
| | - Xuezhen Deng
- College
of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese
Medicine, Nanchang 330006 P. R. China
| | - Kun Qian
- College
of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese
Medicine, Nanchang 330006 P. R. China
| | - Rongbin Pan
- Integrated
Chinese and Western Medicine Oncology Research Centre, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006 P. R. China
| | - ShouLiang Qiu
- College
of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese
Medicine, Nanchang 330006 P. R. China
| | - Jie Yang
- College
of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese
Medicine, Nanchang 330006 P. R. China
| | - Qingxia Fu
- College
of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese
Medicine, Nanchang 330006 P. R. China
| | - Yuexing Ma
- Science
and Technology College of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese
Medicine, Nanchang 330004 P. R. China
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4
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Slavkova M, Tzankov B, Popova T, Voycheva C. Gel Formulations for Topical Treatment of Skin Cancer: A Review. Gels 2023; 9:gels9050352. [PMID: 37232944 DOI: 10.3390/gels9050352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin cancer, with all its variations, is the most common type of cancer worldwide. Chemotherapy by topical application is an attractive strategy because of the ease of application and non-invasiveness. At the same time, the delivery of antineoplastic agents through the skin is difficult because of their challenging physicochemical properties (solubility, ionization, molecular weight, melting point) and the barrier function of the stratum corneum. Various approaches have been applied in order to improve drug penetration, retention, and efficacy. This systematic review aims at identifying the most commonly used techniques for topical drug delivery by means of gel-based topical formulations in skin cancer treatment. The excipients used, the preparation approaches, and the methods characterizing gels are discussed in brief. The safety aspects are also highlighted. The combinatorial formulation of nanocarrier-loaded gels is also reviewed from the perspective of improving drug delivery characteristics. Some limitations and drawbacks in the identified strategies are also outlined and considered within the future scope of topical chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Slavkova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Borislav Tzankov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Teodora Popova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Christina Voycheva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
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5
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De Castro F, Stefàno E, De Luca E, Benedetti M, Fanizzi FP. Platinum-Nucleos(t)ide Compounds as Possible Antimetabolites for Antitumor/Antiviral Therapy: Properties and Perspectives. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030941. [PMID: 36986802 PMCID: PMC10058173 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues (NAs) are a family of compounds which include a variety of purine and pyrimidine derivatives, widely used as anticancer and antiviral agents. For their ability to compete with physiological nucleosides, NAs act as antimetabolites exerting their activity by interfering with the synthesis of nucleic acids. Much progress in the comprehension of their molecular mechanisms has been made, including providing new strategies for potentiating anticancer/antiviral activity. Among these strategies, new platinum-NAs showing a good potential to improve the therapeutic indices of NAs have been synthesized and studied. This short review aims to describe the properties and future perspectives of platinum-NAs, proposing these complexes as a new class of antimetabolites.
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Pachauri A, Chitme H, Visht S, Chidrawar V, Mohammed N, Abdel-Wahab BA, Khateeb MM, Habeeb MS, Orabi MAA, Bakir MB. Permeability-Enhanced Liposomal Emulgel Formulation of 5-Fluorouracil for the Treatment of Skin Cancer. Gels 2023; 9:gels9030209. [PMID: 36975657 PMCID: PMC10048565 DOI: 10.3390/gels9030209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The plain 5-fluorouracil (5FU) formulations available in the market are associated with adverse effects such as skin irritation, pruritus, redness, blisters, allergy, and dryness on the site of application. The objective of the present study was to develop a liposomal emulgel of 5FU with increased skin permeability and efficacy using clove oil and eucalyptus oil along with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, stabilizers, binders, and additives. A series of seven formulations were developed and evaluated for their entrapment efficiency, in vitro release profile, and cumulative drug release profile. The compatibility of drugs and excipients, as confirmed by FTIR (fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) and DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) as well as SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and TEM (transmission electron microscopy) studies, revealed that the size and shape of liposomes are smooth and spherical, and the liposomes are non-aggregated. To understand their efficacy, the optimized formulations were evaluated for cytotoxicity using B16-F10 mouse skin melanoma cells. The eucalyptus oil and clove oil-containing preparation significantly produced a cytotoxic effect against a melanoma cell line. The addition of clove oil and eucalyptus oil increased the efficacy of the formulation by improving skin permeability and reducing the dose required for the anti-skin cancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Pachauri
- Faculty of Pharmacy, DIT University, Dehradun 248009, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Havagiray Chitme
- Faculty of Pharmacy, DIT University, Dehradun 248009, Uttarakhand, India
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-135-7144000
| | - Sharad Visht
- Faculty of Pharmacy, DIT University, Dehradun 248009, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vijay Chidrawar
- Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Chiyyedu 515721, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Nawaj Mohammed
- Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Chiyyedu 515721, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Basel A. Abdel-Wahab
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran P.O. Box 1988, Saudi Arabia
| | - Masood Medleri Khateeb
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran P.O. Box 1988, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohamed A. A. Orabi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran P.O. Box 1988, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa B. Bakir
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Najran University, Najran P.O. Box 1988, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Szota M, Wolski P, Carucci C, Marincola FC, Gurgul J, Panczyk T, Salis A, Jachimska B. Effect of Ionization Degree of Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimer and 5-Fluorouracil on the Efficiency of Complex Formation-A Theoretical and Experimental Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010819. [PMID: 36614260 PMCID: PMC9821593 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their unique structure, poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers can bind active ingredients in two ways: inside the structure or on their surface. The location of drug molecules significantly impacts the kinetics of active substance release and the mechanism of internalization into the cell. This study focuses on the effect of the protonation degree of the G4PAMAM dendrimer and the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5FU) on the efficiency of complex formation. The most favorable conditions for constructing the G4PAMAM-5FU complex are a low degree of protonation of the dendrimer molecule with the drug simultaneously present in a deprotonated form. The fluorine components in the XPS spectra confirm the formation of the stable complex. Through SAXS and DLS methods, a decrease in the dendrimer's molecular size resulting from protonation changes at alkaline conditions was demonstrated. The gradual closure of the dendrimer structure observed at high pH values makes it difficult for the 5FU molecules to migrate to the interior of the support structure, thereby promoting drug immobilization on the surface. The 1H NMR and DOSY spectra indicate that electrostatic interactions determine the complex formation process. Through MD simulations, the localization profile and the number of 5FU molecules forming the complex were visualized on an atomic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Szota
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Pawel Wolski
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Cristina Carucci
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Jacek Gurgul
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Panczyk
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrea Salis
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Barbara Jachimska
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
- Correspondence:
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8
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Si NT, Nhat PV, Nguyen MT. Binding mechanism and SERS spectra of 5-fluorouracil on gold clusters. Front Chem 2022; 10:1050423. [PMID: 36545217 PMCID: PMC9760957 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1050423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The adsorption behaviour of the 5-fluorouracil (5FU) on small gold clusters Au N with N = 6, 8, 20 was evaluated by means of density functional theory using the PBE-D3 functional in combination with a mixed basis set, i.e. cc-pVDZ-PP for gold atoms and cc-pVTZ for non-metal elements. The binding energies between 5FU and gold clusters were determined in the range of 16-24 and 11-19 kcal/mol in gas-phase and aqueous media, respectively. The corresponding Gibbs energies were found to be around -7 to -10 kcal/mol in vacum and sigificantly reduced to -1 to -6 kcal/mol in water solution, indicating that both the association and dissociation processes are likely spontaneous. An analysis on the charge density difference tends to confirm the existence of a charge transfer from the 5FU molecule to Au atoms. Analysis of the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of 5FU adsorbed on the Au surfaces shows that the stretching vibrations of N-H and C=O bonds play a major role in the SERS phenomenon. A mechanism for the drug releasing from the gold surfaces is also proposed. The process is triggered by either the low pH in cancerous tumors or the presence of cysteine residues in protein matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thanh Si
- Department of Chemistry, Can Tho University, Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Pham Vu Nhat
- Department of Chemistry, Can Tho University, Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Minh Tho Nguyen
- Laboratory for Chemical Computation and Modeling, Institute for Computational Science and Artificial Intelligence, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam,Faculty of Applied Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam,*Correspondence: Minh Tho Nguyen,
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9
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Ajalli N, Pourmadadi M, Yazdian F, Rashedi H, Navaei-Nigjeh M, Díez-Pascual AM. Chitosan/Gamma-Alumina/Fe3O4@5-FU Nanostructures as Promising Nanocarriers: Physiochemical Characterization and Toxicity Activity. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175369. [PMID: 36080138 PMCID: PMC9458215 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Today, cancer treatment is an important issue in the medical world due to the challenges and side effects of ongoing treatment procedures. Current methods can be replaced with targeted nano-drug delivery systems to overcome such side effects. In the present work, an intelligent nano-system consisting of Chitosan (Ch)/Gamma alumina (γAl)/Fe3O4 and 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) was synthesized and designed for the first time in order to influence the Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) cell line in the treatment of breast cancer. Physico-chemical characterization of the nanocarriers was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM analysis revealed smooth and homogeneous spherical nanoparticles. The high stability of the nanoparticles and their narrow size distribution was confirmed by DLS. The results of the loading study demonstrated that these nano-systems cause controlled, stable, and pH-sensitive release in cancerous environments with an inactive targeting mechanism. Finally, the results of MTT and flow cytometry tests indicated that this nano-system increased the rate of apoptosis induction on cancerous masses and could be an effective alternative to current treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Ajalli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417935840, Iran
| | - Mehrab Pourmadadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417935840, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yazdian
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Science and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran 1439956191, Iran
- Correspondence: (F.Y.); (H.R.); (A.M.D.-P.)
| | - Hamid Rashedi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417935840, Iran
- Correspondence: (F.Y.); (H.R.); (A.M.D.-P.)
| | - Mona Navaei-Nigjeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, Medical Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Ana M. Díez-Pascual
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.Y.); (H.R.); (A.M.D.-P.)
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Nawaz A, Latif MS, Alnuwaiser MA, Ullah S, Iqbal M, Alfatama M, Lim V. Synthesis and Characterization of Chitosan-Decorated Nanoemulsion Gel of 5-Fluorouracil for Topical Delivery. Gels 2022; 8:gels8070412. [PMID: 35877497 PMCID: PMC9318027 DOI: 10.3390/gels8070412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The present study aimed to prepare chitosan-coated nanoemulsion gel containing 5-fluorouracil for enhanced topical delivery. (2) Methods: To formulate the nanoemulsion gel, oleic acid was used as the oil phase and Carbopol 940 as a gelling agent. Chitosan was used as a coating agent to control the release of 5-FU. Drug−excipient compatibility was evaluated using ATR-FTIR. The prepared nanoemulsion formulations were characterized based on particle size distribution, zeta potential, % encapsulation efficiency and drug content. In vitro drug release, skin drug retention and ex vivo permeation profiles were performed across rat skin using a Franz diffusion cell. Skin irritation experiments were also conducted on rats to examine the irritation potential of the formulations. (3) Results: It was found that the drug and excipients were compatible and chitosan successfully coated 5-FU, as demonstrated by ATR-FTIR results. The introduction of chitosan increased the size and zeta potential of the nanoemulsion. The 5-FU release in vitro was significantly lowered in the case of chitosan-decorated nanoemulsion (5-FU-C-NE), whereas the permeation and skin drug retention were higher in the case of 5-FU-C-NE. The formulations were proven non-irritant to the skin of the rats. The optimized formulation of the nanoemulsion was introduced into 1% Carbopol 940 gel. Incorporating the nanoemulsion into the gel further reduced the drug release in vitro and ex vivo permeation, whereas the retention of the drug in the skin was significantly increased (ANOVA; p < 0.05). The increase in skin retention was due to the presence of chitosan and Carbopol 940. The in vitro and ex vivo results were also confirmed with in vivo studies. Incorporating nanoemulsion into gel has resulted in higher Tmax, longer half-life and greater skin drug retention. (4) Conclusion: The results suggest that chitosan-decorated nanoemulsion gel is safe and can potentially be used to promote 5-FU skin retention, which is ideal for skin diseases such as melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Nawaz
- Advanced Drug Delivery Lab, Gomal Centre of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal Univesity, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan; (A.N.); (M.S.L.); (S.U.); (M.I.)
| | - Muhammad Shahid Latif
- Advanced Drug Delivery Lab, Gomal Centre of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal Univesity, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan; (A.N.); (M.S.L.); (S.U.); (M.I.)
| | - Maha Abdallah Alnuwaiser
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shafi Ullah
- Advanced Drug Delivery Lab, Gomal Centre of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal Univesity, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan; (A.N.); (M.S.L.); (S.U.); (M.I.)
| | - Muhammad Iqbal
- Advanced Drug Delivery Lab, Gomal Centre of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal Univesity, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan; (A.N.); (M.S.L.); (S.U.); (M.I.)
| | - Mulham Alfatama
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut Campus, Besut 22200, Terengganu, Malaysia;
| | - Vuanghao Lim
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Kepala Batas 13200, Penang, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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11
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Cabral AMTDPV, Fernandes ACG, Joaquim NAM, Veiga F, Sofio SPC, Paiva I, Esteso MA, Rodrigo MM, Valente AJM, Ribeiro ACF. Complexation of 5-Fluorouracil with β-Cyclodextrin and Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: A Useful Tool for Encapsulating and Removing This Polluting Drug. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10060300. [PMID: 35736908 PMCID: PMC9228719 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10060300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The formation of complexes of the drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) was studied through experimental measurements of the ternary mutual diffusion coefficients (D11, D22, D12, and D21) for the systems {5-FU (component 1) + β-CD (component 2) + water} and {5-FU (component 1) + SDS (component 2) + water} at 298.15 K and at concentrations up to 0.05 mol dm−3 by using the Taylor dispersion method, with the objective of removing this polluting drug from the residual systems in which it was present. The results found showed that a coupled diffusion of 5-FU occurred with both β-CD and SDS, as indicated by the nonzero values of the cross-diffusion coefficients, D12 and D21, as a consequence of the complex formation between 5-FU and the β-CD or SDS species. That is, 5-FU was solubilized (encapsulated) by both carriers, although to a greater extent with SDS (K = 20.0 (±0.5) mol−1 dm3) than with β-CD (K = 10.0 (±0.5) mol−1 dm3). Values of 0.107 and 0.190 were determined for the maximum fraction of 5-FU solubilized with β-CD and SDS (at concentrations above its CMC), respectively. This meant that SDS was more efficient at encapsulating and thus removing the 5-FU drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. T. D. P. V. Cabral
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.M.T.D.P.V.C.); (N.A.M.J.); (F.V.)
- Department of Chemistry, CQC, Institute of Molecular Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.C.G.F.); (S.P.C.S.); (A.J.M.V.)
| | - Ana C. G. Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry, CQC, Institute of Molecular Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.C.G.F.); (S.P.C.S.); (A.J.M.V.)
| | - Neuza A. M. Joaquim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.M.T.D.P.V.C.); (N.A.M.J.); (F.V.)
| | - Francisco Veiga
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.M.T.D.P.V.C.); (N.A.M.J.); (F.V.)
| | - Sara P. C. Sofio
- Department of Chemistry, CQC, Institute of Molecular Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.C.G.F.); (S.P.C.S.); (A.J.M.V.)
| | - Isabel Paiva
- Centre of Geography and Spatial Planning, Department of Geography and Tourism, University of Coimbra, 3004-530 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Miguel A. Esteso
- Universidad Católica de Ávila, Calle los Canteros s/n, 05005 Ávila, Spain
- U.D. Química Física, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain;
- Correspondence: (M.A.E.); (A.C.F.R.)
| | - M. Melia Rodrigo
- U.D. Química Física, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain;
| | - Artur J. M. Valente
- Department of Chemistry, CQC, Institute of Molecular Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.C.G.F.); (S.P.C.S.); (A.J.M.V.)
| | - Ana C. F. Ribeiro
- Department of Chemistry, CQC, Institute of Molecular Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.C.G.F.); (S.P.C.S.); (A.J.M.V.)
- Correspondence: (M.A.E.); (A.C.F.R.)
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12
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dos Santos AM, Junior AGT, Carvalho SG, Chorilli M. An updated review on properties, nanodelivery systems, and analytical methods for the determination of 5-fluorouracil in pharmaceutical and biological samples. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1501-1512. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220509150918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is an antimetabolite drug used for over 70 years as first-line chemotherapy to treat various types of cancer, such as head, neck, breast and colorectal cancer. 5-FU acts mainly by inhibiting thymidylate synthase, thereby interfering with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication or by 5-FU incorporating into DNA, causing damage to the sequence of nucleotides. Being analogous to uracil, 5-FU enters cells using the same transport mechanism, where a is converted into active metabolites such as fluorouridine triphosphate (FUTP), fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate (FdUMP), and fluorodeoxyuridine triphosphate (FdUTP). Currently, there are several nanodelivery systems being developed and evaluated at the preclinical level to overcome existing limitations to 5-FU chemotherapy, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, nanoemulsions, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, and solid lipid nanoparticles. Therefore, it is essential to choose and develop suitable analytical methods for the quantification of 5-FU and its metabolites (5-fluorouridine and 5-fluoro-2-deoxyuridine) in pharmaceutical and biological samples. Among the analytical techniques, chromatographic methods are commonly the most used for the quantification of 5-FU from different matrices. However, other analytical methods have also been developed for the determination of 5-FU, such as electrochemical methods, a sensitive, selective, and precise technique, in addition to having a reduced cost. Here, we first review the physicochemical properties, mechanism of action, and advances in 5-FU nanodelivery systems. Next, we summarize the current progress of other chromatographic methods described to determine 5-FU. Lastly, we discuss the advantages of electrochemical methods for the identification and quantification of 5-FU and its metabolites in pharmaceutical and biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Martins dos Santos
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil
| | | | - Suzana Gonçalves Carvalho
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil
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13
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Jiang Y, Wang J, Wang J, Zhuang Y, Qi L, Feng G, Zhang L. Fabrication of novel
PNIPAM
@
GO
microspheres loaded with dual drugs featuring on‐demand drug release capability. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Jiang
- Analytical & Testing Center and Department of Orthopedic Surgery Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Jing Wang
- Analytical & Testing Center and Department of Orthopedic Surgery Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Juehan Wang
- Analytical & Testing Center and Department of Orthopedic Surgery Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Yi Zhuang
- Analytical & Testing Center and Department of Orthopedic Surgery Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Lin Qi
- Analytical & Testing Center and Department of Orthopedic Surgery Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Ganjun Feng
- Analytical & Testing Center and Department of Orthopedic Surgery Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Li Zhang
- Analytical & Testing Center and Department of Orthopedic Surgery Sichuan University Chengdu China
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14
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Was H, Borkowska A, Bagues A, Tu L, Liu JYH, Lu Z, Rudd JA, Nurgali K, Abalo R. Mechanisms of Chemotherapy-Induced Neurotoxicity. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:750507. [PMID: 35418856 PMCID: PMC8996259 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.750507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first clinical trials conducted after World War II, chemotherapeutic drugs have been extensively used in the clinic as the main cancer treatment either alone or as an adjuvant therapy before and after surgery. Although the use of chemotherapeutic drugs improved the survival of cancer patients, these drugs are notorious for causing many severe side effects that significantly reduce the efficacy of anti-cancer treatment and patients’ quality of life. Many widely used chemotherapy drugs including platinum-based agents, taxanes, vinca alkaloids, proteasome inhibitors, and thalidomide analogs may cause direct and indirect neurotoxicity. In this review we discuss the main effects of chemotherapy on the peripheral and central nervous systems, including neuropathic pain, chemobrain, enteric neuropathy, as well as nausea and emesis. Understanding mechanisms involved in chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity is crucial for the development of drugs that can protect the nervous system, reduce symptoms experienced by millions of patients, and improve the outcome of the treatment and patients’ quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Was
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Borkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland.,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ana Bagues
- Área de Farmacología y Nutrición, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Alcorcón, Spain.,High Performance Research Group in Experimental Pharmacology (PHARMAKOM-URJC), URJC, Alcorcón, Spain.,Unidad Asociada I+D+i del Instituto de Química Médica (IQM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Longlong Tu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Julia Y H Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zengbing Lu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - John A Rudd
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.,The Laboratory Animal Services Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine Western Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Raquel Abalo
- Área de Farmacología y Nutrición, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Alcorcón, Spain.,Unidad Asociada I+D+i del Instituto de Química Médica (IQM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,High Performance Research Group in Physiopathology and Pharmacology of the Digestive System (NeuGut-URJC), URJC, Alcorcón, Spain.,Grupo de Trabajo de Ciencias Básicas en Dolor y Analgesia de la Sociedad Española del Dolor, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Parsaei M, Akhbari K. MOF-801 as a Nanoporous Water-Based Carrier System for In Situ Encapsulation and Sustained Release of 5-FU for Effective Cancer Therapy. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:5912-5925. [PMID: 35377632 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nanoporous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been gaining a reputation for their drug delivery applications. In the current work, MOF-801 was successfully prepared by a facile, cost-efficient, and environmentally friendly approach through the reaction of ZrCl4 and fumaric acid as organic linkers to deliver 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The prepared nanostructure was fully characterized by a series of analytical techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, high-performance liquid chromatography, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis. MOF-801 could be used for the delivery of the anticancer drug 5-FU due to its high surface area, suitable pore size, and biocompatible ingredients. Based on in vitro loading and release studies, a high 5-FU loading capacity and pH-dependent drug release behavior were observed. Moreover, the interactions between the structure of MOFs and 5-FU were investigated through Monte Carlo simulation calculations. An in vitro cytotoxicity test was done, and the results indicated that 5-FU@MOF-801 was more potent than 5-FU on SW480 cancerous cells, indicating the highlighted role of this drug delivery system. Finally, the kinetics of drug release was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozhgan Parsaei
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 14155-6455, Iran
| | - Kamran Akhbari
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 14155-6455, Iran
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16
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Yuan C, Long X, Li J, Cai Q. Coaxially electrospun 5-fluorouracil-loaded PLGA/PVP fibrous membrane for skin tumor treatment. Biomed Mater 2021; 16. [PMID: 34544064 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac2887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
As a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer, poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) has been widely used as a carrier to achieve controlled drug delivery in various forms. Focusing on skin tumor treatment, herein 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) was embedded into the core of coaxially electrospun PLGA fibers to get a drug-loaded core-shell fibrous membrane. In the coaxial electrospinning, poly(vinylpyrrolidone) was applied in the inner flow to facilitate the formation of the core-shell structured fibers. The morphology and micro-structure of the fibers were characterized by scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The influences of the molecular weights and chemical compositions of PLGA copolymers on the release behaviors were studied. The cytotoxicity of the fibers was characterized by cell proliferation and living-dead cell staining experiments. The results showed that faster release rates would be obtained if the copolymers were of lower molecular weights and higher fraction of glycidyl unit. All the prepared 5-FU loaded fibrous membranes were non-cytotoxic, suggesting their potential applications in skin tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caini Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyun Long
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghua Li
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
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