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Bouazzaoui A, Abdellatif AA. Vaccine delivery systems and administration routes: Advanced biotechnological techniques to improve the immunization efficacy. Vaccine X 2024; 19:100500. [PMID: 38873639 PMCID: PMC11170481 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the first use of vaccine tell the last COVID-19 pandemic caused by spread of SARS-CoV-2 worldwide, the use of advanced biotechnological techniques has accelerated the development of different types and methods for immunization. The last pandemic showed that the nucleic acid-based vaccine, especially mRNA, has an advantage in terms of development time; however, it showed a very critical drawback namely, the higher costs when compared to other strategies, and its inability to protect against new variants. This showed the need of more improvement to reach a better delivery and efficacy. In this review we will describe different vaccine delivery systems including, the most used viral vector, and also variable strategies for delivering of nucleic acid-based vaccines especially lipid-based nanoparticles formulation, polymersomes, electroporation and also the new powerful tools for the delivery of mRNA, which is based on the use of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs). Additionally, we will also discuss the main challenges associated with each system. Finlay, the efficacy and safety of the vaccines depends not only on the formulations and delivery systems, but also the dosage and route of administration are also important players, therefore we will see the different routes for the vaccine administration including traditionally routes (intramuscular, Transdermal, subcutaneous), oral inhalation or via nasal mucosa, and will describe the advantages and disadvantage of each administration route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellatif Bouazzaoui
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, P.O. Box 715, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
- Science and Technology Unit, Umm Al Qura University, P.O. Box 715, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A.H. Abdellatif
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, 51452 Qassim, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, 71524 Assiut, Egypt
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2
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Xi Y, Ma R, Li S, Liu G, Liu C. Functionally Designed Nanovaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and Its Variants. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:764. [PMID: 39066402 PMCID: PMC11281565 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12070764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, generated by SARS-CoV-2, has significantly affected healthcare systems worldwide. The epidemic has highlighted the urgent need for vaccine development. Besides the conventional vaccination models, which include live-attenuated, recombinant protein, and inactivated vaccines, nanovaccines present a distinct opportunity to progress vaccine research and offer convenient alternatives. This review highlights the many widely used nanoparticle vaccine vectors, outlines their benefits and drawbacks, and examines recent developments in nanoparticle vaccines to prevent SARS-CoV-2. It also offers a thorough overview of the many advantages of nanoparticle vaccines, including an enhanced host immune response, multivalent antigen delivery, and efficient drug delivery. The main objective is to provide a reference for the development of innovative antiviral vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Stress Biology and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (Y.X.); (R.M.); (S.L.)
| | - Rongrong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Stress Biology and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (Y.X.); (R.M.); (S.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China;
| | - Shuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stress Biology and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (Y.X.); (R.M.); (S.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China;
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stress Biology and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (Y.X.); (R.M.); (S.L.)
- China Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
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3
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Krishna SS, Sudheesh MS, Viswanad V. Liposomal drug delivery to the lungs: a post covid-19 scenario. J Liposome Res 2023; 33:410-424. [PMID: 37074963 DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2023.2199068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
High local delivery of anti-infectives to the lungs is required for activity against infections of the lungs. The present pandemic has highlighted the potential of pulmonary delivery of anti-infective agents as a viable option for infections like Covid-19, which specifically causes lung infections and mortality. To prevent infections of such type and scale in the future, target-specific delivery of drugs to the pulmonary region is a high-priority area in the field of drug delivery. The suboptimal effect of oral delivery of anti-infective drugs to the lungs due to the poor biopharmaceutical property of the drugs makes this delivery route very promising for respiratory infections. Liposomes have been used as an effective delivery system for drugs due to their biocompatible and biodegradable nature, which can be used effectively for target-specific drug delivery to the lungs. In the present review, we focus on the use of liposomal drug delivery of anti-infectives for the acute management of respiratory infections in the wake of Covid-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Swathi Krishna
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS, Kochi, India
| | - M S Sudheesh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS, Kochi, India
| | - Vidya Viswanad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS, Kochi, India
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4
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Ghosh R, De M. Liposome-Based Antibacterial Delivery: An Emergent Approach to Combat Bacterial Infections. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:35442-35451. [PMID: 37810644 PMCID: PMC10551917 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The continued emergence and spread of drug-resistant pathogens and the decline in the approval of new antimicrobial drugs pose a major threat to managing infectious diseases, resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Even though a significant variety of antibiotics can effectively cure many bacterial infectious diseases, microbial infections remain one of the biggest global health problems, which may be due to the traditional drug delivery system's shortcomings which lead to poor therapeutic index, low drug absorption, and numerous other drawbacks. Further, the use of traditional antibiotics to treat infectious diseases has always been accompanied by the emergence of multidrug resistance and adverse side effects. Despite developing numerous new antibiotics, nanomaterials, and various techniques to combat infectious diseases, they have persisted as major global health issues. Improving the current antibiotic delivery systems is a promising approach to solving many life-threatening infections. In this context, nanoliposomal systems have recently attracted much attention. Herein, we attempt to provide a concise summary of recent studies that have used liposomal nanoparticles as delivery systems for antibacterial medicines. The minireview also highlights the enormous potential of liposomal nanoparticles as antibiotic delivery systems. The future of these promising approaches lies in developing more efficient delivery systems by precisely targeting bacterial cells with antibiotics with minimum cytotoxicity and high bacterial combating efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Ghosh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Mrinmoy De
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India
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5
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Abd El-Baky RM, Shady ER, Yahia R, Ahmed FY, Ramadan M, Ahmed HR, Al-Kadmy IMS, Ramadan YN, Hetta HF. COVID-19 associated Mucormycosis among ICU patients: risk factors, control, and challenges. AMB Express 2023; 13:99. [PMID: 37736777 PMCID: PMC10516834 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01599-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic is still difficult to be controlled. The spread of this virus and the emergence of new variants are considered a great challenge worldwide. Disturbance in infection control guidelines implementation, use of steroids, antibiotics, hospital crowdedness, and repeated use of oxygen masks during the management of critically ill COVID-19 patients lead to an increase in the rate of opportunistic infections. So, patients need to fight both the virus with its different variants and opportunistic pathogens including bacteria and fungi especially patients with diabetes mellitus, malignancy, or those who undergo hemodialysis and receive deferoxamine. During the pandemic, many cases of Mucormycosis associated with COVID-19 infection were observed in many countries. In this review, we discuss risk factors that increase the chance of infection by opportunistic pathogens, especially fungal pathogens, recent challenges, and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab Mahmoud Abd El-Baky
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, 61519, Egypt.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia, 11566, Egypt.
| | - Esraa R Shady
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia, 11566, Egypt
| | - Ramadan Yahia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia, 11566, Egypt
| | - Fatma Y Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, 61519, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ramadan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, 61519, Egypt
| | - Hala Rady Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, 61519, Egypt
| | - Israa M S Al-Kadmy
- Branch of Biotechnology, Department of Biology, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, POX 10244, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Yasmin N Ramadan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt.
| | - Helal F Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt.
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6
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Hetta HF, Ramadan YN, Al-Kadmy IMS, Ellah NHA, Shbibe L, Battah B. Nanotechnology-Based Strategies to Combat Multidrug-Resistant Candida auris Infections. Pathogens 2023; 12:1033. [PMID: 37623993 PMCID: PMC10458664 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12081033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
An emerging multidrug-resistant pathogenic yeast called Candida auris has a high potential to spread quickly among hospitalized patients and immunodeficient patients causing nosocomial outbreaks. It has the potential to cause pandemic outbreaks in about 45 nations with high mortality rates. Additionally, the fungus has become resistant to decontamination techniques and can survive for weeks in a hospital environment. Nanoparticles might be a good substitute to treat illnesses brought on by this newly discovered pathogen. Nanoparticles have become a trend and hot topic in recent years to combat this fatal fungus. This review gives a general insight into the epidemiology of C. auris and infection. It discusses the current conventional therapy and mechanism of resistance development. Furthermore, it focuses on nanoparticles, their different types, and up-to-date trials to evaluate the promising efficacy of nanoparticles with respect to C. auris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helal F. Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt;
| | - Yasmin N. Ramadan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt;
| | - Israa M. S. Al-Kadmy
- Branch of Biotechnology, Department of Biology, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad P.O. Box 10244, Iraq;
| | - Noura H. Abd Ellah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt;
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Assiut, Naser City, Assiut 2014101, Egypt
| | - Lama Shbibe
- Faculty of Science, Damascus University, Damascus 97009, Syria;
| | - Basem Battah
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Syrian Private University (SPU), Daraa International Highway, Damascus 36822, Syria
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7
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Alshammari MK, Almutairi MS, Althobaiti MD, Alsawyan WA, Alomair SA, Alwattban RR, Al Khozam ZH, Alanazi TJ, Alhuqyal AS, Darwish HSA, Alotaibi AF, Almutairi FN, Alanazi AA. A Systematic Review of Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Inhaled Antiviral. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:medicina59040642. [PMID: 37109600 PMCID: PMC10145512 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59040642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The study of clinical pharmacokinetics of inhaled antivirals is particularly important as it helps one to understand the therapeutic efficacy of these drugs and how best to use them in the treatment of respiratory viral infections such as influenza and the current COVID-19 pandemic. The article presents a systematic review of the available pharmacokinetic data of inhaled antivirals in humans, which could be beneficial for clinicians in adjusting doses for diseased populations. Materials and Methods: This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using multiple databases, and studies were screened by two independent reviewers to assess their eligibility. Data were extracted from the eligible studies and assessed for quality using appropriate tools. Results: This systematic review evaluated the pharmacokinetic parameters of inhaled antiviral drugs. The review analyzed 17 studies, which included Zanamivir, Laninamivir, and Ribavirin with 901 participants, and found that the non-compartmental approach was used in most studies for the pharmacokinetic analysis. The outcomes of most studies were to assess clinical pharmacokinetic parameters such as the Cmax, AUC, and t1/2 of inhaled antivirals. Conclusions: Overall, the studies found that the inhaled antiviral drugs were well tolerated and exhibited favorable pharmacokinetic profiles. The review provides valuable information on the use of these drugs for the treatment of influenza and other viral respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Taif Jundi Alanazi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Fahad Naif Almutairi
- Directorate of Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Hafar Al-Batin 39511, Saudi Arabia
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Mbatha LS, Akinyelu J, Chukwuma CI, Mokoena MP, Kudanga T. Current Trends and Prospects for Application of Green Synthesized Metal Nanoparticles in Cancer and COVID-19 Therapies. Viruses 2023; 15:741. [PMID: 36992450 PMCID: PMC10054370 DOI: 10.3390/v15030741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer and COVID-19 have been deemed as world health concerns due to the millions of lives that they have claimed over the years. Extensive efforts have been made to develop sophisticated, site-specific, and safe strategies that can effectively diagnose, prevent, manage, and treat these diseases. These strategies involve the implementation of metal nanoparticles and metal oxides such as gold, silver, iron oxide, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, and copper oxide, formulated through nanotechnology as alternative anticancer or antiviral therapeutics or drug delivery systems. This review provides a perspective on metal nanoparticles and their potential application in cancer and COVID-19 treatments. The data of published studies were critically analysed to expose the potential therapeutic relevance of green synthesized metal nanoparticles in cancer and COVID-19. Although various research reports highlight the great potential of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles as alternative nanotherapeutics, issues of nanotoxicity, complex methods of preparation, biodegradability, and clearance are lingering challenges for the successful clinical application of the NPs. Thus, future innovations include fabricating metal nanoparticles with eco-friendly materials, tailor making them with optimal therapeutics for specific disease targeting, and in vitro and in vivo evaluation of safety, therapeutic efficiency, pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Londiwe Simphiwe Mbatha
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Jude Akinyelu
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Private Mail Bag 373, Ekiti State 370111, Nigeria
| | - Chika Ifeanyi Chukwuma
- Centre for Quality of Health and Living, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa
| | - Mduduzi Paul Mokoena
- Department of Pathology, Pre-Clinical Sciences Division, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa
| | - Tukayi Kudanga
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa
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9
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Alipour S, Mahmoudi L, Ahmadi F. Pulmonary drug delivery: an effective and convenient delivery route to combat COVID-19. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:705-715. [PMID: 36260223 PMCID: PMC9580423 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01251-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The recent outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China has spread rapidly around the world, leading to a widespread and urgent effort to develop and use comprehensive approaches in the treatment of COVID-19. While oral therapy is accepted as an effective and simple method, since the primary site of infection and disease progression of COVID-19 is mainly through the lungs, inhaled drug delivery directly to the lungs may be the most appropriate route of administration. To prevent or treat primary SARS-CoV-2 infections, it is essential to target the virus port of entry in the respiratory tract and airway epithelium, which requires rapid and high-intensity inhibition or control of viral entry or replication. To achieve success in this field, inhalation therapy is the most attractive treatment approach due to efficacy/safety profiles. In this review article, pulmonary drug delivery as a unique treatment option in lung diseases will be briefly reviewed. Then, possible inhalation therapies for the treatment of symptoms of COVID-19 will be discussed and the results of clinical trials will be presented. By pulmonary delivery of the currently approved drugs for COVID-19, efficacy of the treatment would be improved along with reducing systemic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohreh Alipour
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center and Department of Food & Drug Quality Control, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Laleh Mahmoudi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ahmadi
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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10
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Hetta HF, Ramadan YN, Al-Harbi AI, A. Ahmed E, Battah B, Abd Ellah NH, Zanetti S, Donadu MG. Nanotechnology as a Promising Approach to Combat Multidrug Resistant Bacteria: A Comprehensive Review and Future Perspectives. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020413. [PMID: 36830949 PMCID: PMC9953167 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The wide spread of antibiotic resistance has been alarming in recent years and poses a serious global hazard to public health as it leads to millions of deaths all over the world. The wide spread of resistance and sharing resistance genes between different types of bacteria led to emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) microorganisms. This problem is exacerbated when microorganisms create biofilms, which can boost bacterial resistance by up to 1000-fold and increase the emergence of MDR infections. The absence of novel and potent antimicrobial compounds is linked to the rise of multidrug resistance. This has sparked international efforts to develop new and improved antimicrobial agents as well as innovative and efficient techniques for antibiotic administration and targeting. There is an evolution in nanotechnology in recent years in treatment and prevention of the biofilm formation and MDR infection. The development of nanomaterial-based therapeutics, which could overcome current pathways linked to acquired drug resistance, is a hopeful strategy for treating difficult-to-treat bacterial infections. Additionally, nanoparticles' distinct size and physical characteristics enable them to target biofilms and treat resistant pathogens. This review highlights the current advances in nanotechnology to combat MDR and biofilm infection. In addition, it provides insight on development and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, spread of MDR and XDR infection, and development of nanoparticles and mechanisms of their antibacterial activity. Moreover, this review considers the difference between free antibiotics and nanoantibiotics, and the synergistic effect of nanoantibiotics to combat planktonic bacteria, intracellular bacteria and biofilm. Finally, we will discuss the strength and limitations of the application of nanotechnology against bacterial infection and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helal F. Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
- Correspondence: (H.F.H.); (M.G.D.)
| | - Yasmin N. Ramadan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Alhanouf I. Al-Harbi
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Yanbu 46411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esraa A. Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Basem Battah
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Syrian Private University (SPU), Daraa International Highway, 36822 Damascus, Syria
| | - Noura H. Abd Ellah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Assiut, Naser City, Assiut 2014101, Egypt
| | - Stefania Zanetti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Matthew Gavino Donadu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Hospital Pharmacy, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Correspondence: (H.F.H.); (M.G.D.)
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11
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Sudduth ER, Kolewe EL, Graf J, Yu Y, Somma J, Fromen CA. Nebulization of Model Hydrogel Nanoparticles to Macrophages at the Air-Liquid Interface. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2023; 4:1086031. [PMID: 37859802 PMCID: PMC10586456 DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.1086031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle evaluation within the pulmonary airspace has increasingly important implications for human health, with growing interest from drug delivery, environmental, and toxicology fields. While there have been widespread investigations of nanoparticle physiochemical properties following many routes of administration, nanoparticle behavior at the air-liquid interface (ALI) is less well-characterized. In this work, we fabricate two formulations of poly(ethylene)-glycol diacrylate (PEGDA)-based model nanoparticles to establish an in vitro workflow allowing evaluation of nanoparticle charge effects at the ALI. Both cationic and anionic PEGDA formulations were synthesized with similar hydrodynamic diameters around ~225 nm and low polydispersity, with expected surface charges corresponding with the respective functional co-monomer. We find that both formulations are readily nebulized from an aqueous suspension in a commercial Aeroneb® Lab Nebulizer, but the aqueous delivery solution served to slightly increase the overall hydrodynamic and geometric size of the cationic particle formulation. However, nanoparticle loading at 50 μg/ml of either formulation did not influence the resultant aerosol diameter from the nebulizer. To assess aerosol delivery in vitro, we designed a 3D printed adapter capable of ensuring aerosol delivery to transwell 24-well culture plates. Nanoparticle uptake by macrophages was compared between traditional cell culture techniques and that of ALI-cultured macrophages following aerosol delivery. Cell viability was unaffected by nanoparticle delivery using either method. However, only traditional cell culture methods demonstrated significant uptake that was dependent on the nanoparticle surface charge. Concurrently, ALI culture resulted in lower metabolic activity of macrophages than those in traditional cell culture, leading to lower overall nanoparticle uptake at ALI. Overall, this work demonstrates that base-material similarities between both particle formulations provide an expected consistency in aerosol delivery regardless of the nanoparticle surface charge and provides an important workflow that enables a holistic evaluation of aerosolizable nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R. Sudduth
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Emily L. Kolewe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Jodi Graf
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Yinkui Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Joaquina Somma
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Catherine A. Fromen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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12
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Overview of Antiviral Drug Therapy for COVID-19: Where Do We Stand? Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112815. [DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The vaccine weapon has resulted in being essential in fighting the COVID-19 outbreak, but it is not fully preventing infection due to an alarming spreading of several identified variants of concern. In fact, the recent emergence of variants has pointed out how the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic still represents a global health threat. Moreover, oral antivirals also develop resistance, supporting the need to find new targets as therapeutic tools. However, cocktail therapy is useful to reduce drug resistance and maximize vaccination efficacy. Natural products and metal-drug-based treatments have also shown interesting antiviral activity, representing a valid contribution to counter COVID-19 outbreak. This report summarizes the available evidence which supports the use of approved drugs and further focuses on significant clinical trials that have investigated the safety and efficacy of repurposing drugs and new molecules in different COVID-19 phenotypes. To date, there are many individuals vulnerable to COVID-19 exhibiting severe symptoms, thus characterizing valid therapeutic strategies for better management of the disease is still a challenge.
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13
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A systemic review on liquid crystals, nanoformulations and its application for detection and treatment of SARS - CoV- 2 (COVID - 19). J Mol Liq 2022; 362:119795. [PMID: 35832289 PMCID: PMC9265145 DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 is a pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has instigated major health problems and prompted WHO to proclaim a worldwide medical emergency. The knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 fundamental structure, aetiology, its entrance mechanism, membrane hijacking and immune response against the virus, are important parameters to develop effective vaccines and medicines. Liquid crystals integrated nano-techniques and various nanoformulations were applied to tackle the severity of the virus. It was reported that nanoformulations have helped to enhance the effectiveness of presently accessible antiviral medicines or to elicit a fast immunological response against COVID-19 virus. Applications of liquid crystals, nanostructures, nanoformulations and nanotechnology in diagnosis, prevention, treatment and tailored vaccine administration against COVID-19 which will help in establishing the framework for a successful pandemic combat are reviewed. This review also focuses on limitations associated with liquid crystal-nanotechnology based systems and suggests the possible ways to address these limitations. Also, topical advancements in the ground of liquid crystals and nanostructures established diagnostics (nanosensor/biosensor) are discussed in detail.
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Rauf A, Abu-Izneid T, Khalil AA, Hafeez N, Olatunde A, Rahman M, Semwal P, Al-Awthan YS, Bahattab OS, Khan IN, Khan MA, Sharma R. Nanoparticles in clinical trials of COVID-19: An update. Int J Surg 2022; 104:106818. [PMID: 35953020 PMCID: PMC9359769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Once the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 (Coronavirus Infectious Disease-19) outbreak to be pandemic, massive efforts have been launched by researchers around the globe to combat this emerging infectious disease. Strategies that must be investigated such as expanding testing capabilities, developing effective medicines, as well as developing safe and effective vaccines for COVID-19 disease that produce long-lasting immunity to human system. Now-a-days, bio-sensing, medication delivery, imaging, and antimicrobial treatment are just a few of the medical applications for nanoparticles (NPs). Since the early 1990s, nanoparticle drug delivery methods have been employed in clinical trials. Since then, the discipline of nanomedicine has evolved in tandem with expanding technological demands to better medicinal delivery. Newer generations of NPs have emerged in recent decades that are capable of performing additional delivery tasks, allowing for therapy via novel therapeutic modalities. Many of these next generation NPs and associated products have entered clinical trials and have been approved for diverse indications in the present clinical environment. For systemic applications, NPs or nanomedicine-based drug delivery systems have substantial benefits over their non-formulated and free drug counterparts. Nanoparticle systems, for example, are capable of delivering medicines and treating parts of the body that are inaccessible to existing delivery systems. As a result, NPs medication delivery is one of the most studied preclinical and clinical systems. NPs-based vaccines delivering SARS-CoV-2 antigens will play an increasingly important role in prolonging or improving COVID-19 vaccination outcomes. This review provides insights about employing NPs-based drug delivery systems for the treatment of COVID-19 to increase the bioavailability of current drugs, reducing their toxicity, and to increase their efficiency. This article also exhibits their capability and efficacy, and highlighting the future aspects and challenges on nanoparticle products in clinical trials of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Swabi, Anbar, 23430, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan.
| | - Tareq Abu-Izneid
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University for Science and Technology, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anees Ahmed Khalil
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Nabia Hafeez
- Center of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar-KPK, 25120, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Olatunde
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, 740272, Nigeria
| | - Mominur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Prabhakar Semwal
- Department of Life Sciences, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, 248002, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | - Omar Salem Bahattab
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ishaq N Khan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, 25100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arslan Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra &Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Ruggiero V, Aquino RP, Del Gaudio P, Campiglia P, Russo P. Post-COVID Syndrome: The Research Progress in the Treatment of Pulmonary sequelae after COVID-19 Infection. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061135. [PMID: 35745708 PMCID: PMC9229559 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-COVID syndrome or long COVID is defined as the persistence of symptoms after confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, the pathogen responsible for coronavirus disease. The content herein presented reviews the reported long-term consequences and aftereffects of COVID-19 infection and the potential strategies to adopt for their management. Recent studies have shown that severe forms of COVID-19 can progress into acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a predisposing factor of pulmonary fibrosis that can irreversibly compromise respiratory function. Considering that the most serious complications are observed in the airways, the inhalation delivery of drugs directly to the lungs should be preferred, since it allows to lower the dose and systemic side effects. Although further studies are needed to optimize these techniques, recent studies have also shown the importance of in vitro models to recreate the SARS-CoV-2 infection and study its sequelae. The information reported suggests the necessity to develop new inhalation therapies in order to improve the quality of life of patients who suffer from this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Ruggiero
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (V.R.); (R.P.A.); (P.D.G.); (P.C.)
- PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Rita P. Aquino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (V.R.); (R.P.A.); (P.D.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Pasquale Del Gaudio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (V.R.); (R.P.A.); (P.D.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Pietro Campiglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (V.R.); (R.P.A.); (P.D.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Paola Russo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (V.R.); (R.P.A.); (P.D.G.); (P.C.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Khalaf M, Alboraie M, Abdel-Gawad M, Abdelmalek M, Abu-Elfatth A, Abdelhamed W, Zaghloul M, ElDeeb R, Abdeltwab D, Abdelghani M, El-Raey F, Aboalam H, Badry A, Tharwat M, Afify S, Elwazzan D, Abdelmohsen AS, Fathy H, Wagih Shaltout S, Hetta HF, Bazeed SE. Prevalence and Predictors of Persistent Symptoms After Clearance of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Multicenter Study from Egypt. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:2575-2587. [PMID: 35619736 PMCID: PMC9128749 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s355064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Little is known about the persistence of symptoms after clearance of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our study aimed to assess persistent symptoms in COVID-19 patients after clearance of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methodology A multi-center survey was conducted on first wave COVID-19 patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, including presenting symptoms and persistent symptoms after viral clearance and possible factors contributing to persistence of such symptoms, were collected using an online multicomponent questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was performed to detect the most persisting symptoms and factors contributing to their persistence. Results Overall, 538 patients were enrolled. Mean age was 41.17 (±SD 14.84), 54.1% were males, and 18.6% were smokers. Hypertension and diabetes were the most reported co-morbidities. Mild symptoms were reported in 61.3% of patients, 51.3% were admitted to hospital and 6.5% were admitted to the intensive care unit. Our study identified 49 types of persisting symptoms. Fatigue (59.1%), sense of fever (46.5%), anorexia (24.3%) and diarrhea (24.3%) were the most commonly reported persisting symptoms followed by loss of taste and smell (22.3%), headache (21.4%), cough (20.8) and dyspnea (21%). The use of hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin and multivitamins were significantly associated with persistence of symptoms (OR = 8.03, 8.89 and 10.12, respectively). Conclusion Our study revealed that in COVID-19 recovered patients, many patients reported persistence of at least one symptom, particularly fatigue and sense of fever. Follow-up of patients after discharge from hospital is recommended until complete resolution of symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Khalaf
- Assiut Liver Center, Ministry of Health, Assiut, 71515, Egypt
- Correspondence: Marwa Khalaf, Assiut liver center, Ministry of health, Assiut, 71515, Egypt, Email
| | - Mohamed Alboraie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Abdel-Gawad
- Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases Department, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdelmalek
- Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abu-Elfatth
- Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Walaa Abdelhamed
- Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, Sohag University Hospital, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Mariam Zaghloul
- Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases Department, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Rabab ElDeeb
- Tropical Medicine Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Doaa Abdeltwab
- Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdelghani
- Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Fathiya El-Raey
- Hepatogastroenterology and Infectious Diseases Department, Al-Azhar University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Hani Aboalam
- Assiut Liver Center, Ministry of Health, Assiut, 71515, Egypt
| | - Azza Badry
- Epidemiologist, Infectious Disease Control Department Preventive Medicine Assiut Health Affairs Directorate, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mina Tharwat
- Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Shima Afify
- Gastroenterology Department, National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Doaa Elwazzan
- Tropical Medicine Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Hayam Fathy
- Internal Medicine, Hepatogastroenterology Unit, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Helal F Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt
- Helal F Hetta, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt, Email
| | - Shamardan E Bazeed
- Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
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Nwagwu CS, Ugwu CN, Ogbonna JDN, Onugwu AL, Agbo CP, Echezona AC, Ezeibe EN, Uzondu S, Kenechukwu FC, Akpa PA, Momoh MA, Nnamani PO, Tarirai C, Ofokansi KC, Attama AA. Recent and advanced nano-technological strategies for COVID-19 vaccine development. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2022; 50:151-188. [PMID: 38620863 PMCID: PMC9015106 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mim.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019 has been one of the greatest challenges modern medicine and science has ever faced. It has affected millions of people around the world and altered human life and activities as we once knew. The high prevalence as well as an extended period of incubations which usually does not present with symptoms have played a formidable role in the transmission and infection of millions. A lot of research has been carried out on developing suitable treatment and effective preventive measures for the control of the pandemic. Preventive strategies which include social distancing, use of masks, washing of hands, and contact tracing have been effective in slowing the spread of the virus; however, the infectious nature of the SARS-COV-2 has made these strategies unable to eradicate its spread. In addition, the continuous increase in the number of cases and death, as well as the appearance of several variants of the virus, has necessitated the development of effective and safe vaccines in a bid to ensure that human activities can return to normalcy. Nanotechnology has been of great benefit in the design of vaccines as nano-sized materials have been known to aid the safe and effective delivery of antigens as well as serve as suitable adjuvants to potentiate responses to vaccines. There are only four vaccine candidates currently approved for use in humans while many other candidates are at various levels of development. This review seeks to provide updated information on the current nano-technological strategies employed in the development of COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinekwu Sherridan Nwagwu
- Drug Delivery & Nanomedicines Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Chinenye Nnenna Ugwu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu state, Nigeria
| | - John Dike Nwabueze Ogbonna
- Drug Delivery & Nanomedicines Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Adaeze Linda Onugwu
- Drug Delivery & Nanomedicines Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Chinazom Precious Agbo
- Drug Delivery & Nanomedicines Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Adaeze Chidiebere Echezona
- Drug Delivery & Nanomedicines Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Ezinwanne Nneoma Ezeibe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu state, Nigeria
| | - Samuel Uzondu
- Drug Delivery & Nanomedicines Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Frankline Chimaobi Kenechukwu
- Drug Delivery & Nanomedicines Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Paul Achile Akpa
- Drug Delivery & Nanomedicines Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Mumuni Audu Momoh
- Drug Delivery & Nanomedicines Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Petra Obioma Nnamani
- Drug Delivery & Nanomedicines Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Clemence Tarirai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Kenneth Chibuzor Ofokansi
- Drug Delivery & Nanomedicines Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Anthony Amaechi Attama
- Drug Delivery & Nanomedicines Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
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18
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Vlaskin MS. Review of air disinfection approaches and proposal for thermal inactivation of airborne viruses as a life-style and an instrument to fight pandemics. APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING 2022; 202:117855. [PMID: 34867067 PMCID: PMC8628600 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) pandemic highlighted the importance of air biosecurity because SARS-CoV-2 is mainly transmitted from person to person via airborne droplets. Preventing infectious droplets from entering the body is one of the best ways to protect against infection. This paper reviews the transmission patterns of airborne pathogens and air disinfection methods. A particular emphasis is put on studies devoted to the thermal inactivation of viruses. These reviews reveal that air heat treatment has not been seriously considered as a possible air disinfection approach. Simple calculations show that the energy input required for thermal disinfection of human's air daily consumption is almost the same as for daily water consumption (by heat treatment from room temperature to 100 °C). Moreover, it is possible to organize a continuous heat recovery from the air already heated during disinfection to the inlet air, thus significantly increasing the energy efficiency. Therefore, I propose a solution for the thermal inactivation of airborne pathogens based on air heating and its subsequent cooling in a heat exchanger with heat recovery. Such a solution could be used to create mobile personal and stationary indoor air disinfectors, as well as heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. Thermal disinfection of air to breathe might one day be part of people's daily life like thermal disinfection of drinking water. Aside from limiting infectious disease transmission, thermal inactivation might be the basis for developing inhaled vaccines using thermally inactivated whole pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail S Vlaskin
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 13/2 Izhorskaya St, Moscow 125412, Russia
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19
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Abdel-Bakky MS, Amin E, Ewees MG, Mahmoud NI, Mohammed HA, Altowayan WM, Abdellatif AAH. Coagulation System Activation for Targeting of COVID-19: Insights into Anticoagulants, Vaccine-Loaded Nanoparticles, and Hypercoagulability in COVID-19 Vaccines. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020228. [PMID: 35215822 PMCID: PMC8876839 DOI: 10.3390/v14020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), also known as COVID-19, is currently developing into a rapidly disseminating and an overwhelming worldwide pandemic. In severe COVID-19 cases, hypercoagulability and inflammation are two crucial complications responsible for poor prognosis and mortality. In addition, coagulation system activation and inflammation overlap and produce life-threatening complications, including coagulopathy and cytokine storm, which are associated with overproduction of cytokines and activation of the immune system; they might be a lead cause of organ damage. However, patients with severe COVID-19 who received anticoagulant therapy had lower mortality, especially with elevated D-dimer or fibrin degradation products (FDP). In this regard, the discovery of natural products with anticoagulant potential may help mitigate the numerous side effects of the available synthetic drugs. This review sheds light on blood coagulation and its impact on the complication associated with COVID-19. Furthermore, the sources of natural anticoagulants, the role of nanoparticle formulation in this outbreak, and the prevalence of thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) after COVID-19 vaccines are also reviewed. These combined data provide many research ideas related to the possibility of using these anticoagulant agents as a treatment to relieve acute symptoms of COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S. Abdel-Bakky
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 52471, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Elham Amin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt;
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 52471, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohamed G. Ewees
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef 11787, Egypt; (M.G.E.); (N.I.M.)
| | - Nesreen I. Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef 11787, Egypt; (M.G.E.); (N.I.M.)
| | - Hamdoon A. Mohammed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 52471, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Waleed M. Altowayan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 52471, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmed A. H. Abdellatif
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qasssim 52471, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
- Correspondence:
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20
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Abbas M, Alqahtani MS, Almohiy HM, Alqahtani FF, Alhifzi R, Jambi LK. The Potential Contribution of Biopolymeric Particles in Lung Tissue Regeneration of COVID-19 Patients. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4011. [PMID: 34833310 PMCID: PMC8623030 DOI: 10.3390/polym13224011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The lung is a vital organ that houses the alveoli, which is where gas exchange takes place. The COVID-19 illness attacks lung cells directly, creating significant inflammation and resulting in their inability to function. To return to the nature of their job, it may be essential to rejuvenate the afflicted lung cells. This is difficult because lung cells need a long time to rebuild and resume their function. Biopolymeric particles are the most effective means to transfer developing treatments to airway epithelial cells and then regenerate infected lung cells, which is one of the most significant symptoms connected with COVID-19. Delivering biocompatible and degradable natural biological materials, chemotherapeutic drugs, vaccines, proteins, antibodies, nucleic acids, and diagnostic agents are all examples of these molecules' usage. Furthermore, they are created by using several structural components, which allows them to effectively connect with these cells. We highlight their most recent uses in lung tissue regeneration in this review. These particles are classified into three groups: biopolymeric nanoparticles, biopolymeric stem cell materials, and biopolymeric scaffolds. The techniques and processes for regenerating lung tissue will be thoroughly explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abbas
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
- Computers and Communications Department, College of Engineering, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa 35712, Egypt
| | - Mohammed S. Alqahtani
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.A.); (H.M.A.); (R.A.)
- BioImaging Unit, Space Research Centre, Michael Atiyah Building, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Hussain M. Almohiy
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.A.); (H.M.A.); (R.A.)
| | - Fawaz F. Alqahtani
- Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 1988, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Roaa Alhifzi
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.A.); (H.M.A.); (R.A.)
| | - Layal K. Jambi
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia;
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21
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Daly S, O’Sullivan A, MacLoughlin R. Cellular Immunotherapy and the Lung. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1018. [PMID: 34579255 PMCID: PMC8473388 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9091018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The new era of cellular immunotherapies has provided state-of-the-art and efficient strategies for the prevention and treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Cellular immunotherapies are at the forefront of innovative medical care, including adoptive T cell therapies, cancer vaccines, NK cell therapies, and immune checkpoint inhibitors. The focus of this review is on cellular immunotherapies and their application in the lung, as respiratory diseases remain one of the main causes of death worldwide. The ongoing global pandemic has shed a new light on respiratory viruses, with a key area of concern being how to combat and control their infections. The focus of cellular immunotherapies has largely been on treating cancer and has had major successes in the past few years. However, recent preclinical and clinical studies using these immunotherapies for respiratory viral infections demonstrate promising potential. Therefore, in this review we explore the use of multiple cellular immunotherapies in treating viral respiratory infections, along with investigating several routes of administration with an emphasis on inhaled immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorcha Daly
- College of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, National University of Ireland, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland;
| | - Andrew O’Sullivan
- Research and Development, Science and Emerging Technologies, Aerogen Limited, Galway Business Park, H91 HE94 Galway, Ireland;
| | - Ronan MacLoughlin
- Research and Development, Science and Emerging Technologies, Aerogen Limited, Galway Business Park, H91 HE94 Galway, Ireland;
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
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22
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Yayehrad AT, Siraj EA, Wondie GB, Alemie AA, Derseh MT, Ambaye AS. Could Nanotechnology Help to End the Fight Against COVID-19? Review of Current Findings, Challenges and Future Perspectives. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:5713-5743. [PMID: 34465991 PMCID: PMC8402990 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s327334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A serious viral infectious disease was introduced to the globe by the end of 2019 that was seen primarily from China, but spread worldwide in a few months to be a pandemic. Since then, accurate prevention, early detection, and effective treatment strategies are not yet outlined. There is no approved drug to counter its worldwide transmission. However, integration of nanostructured delivery systems with the current management strategies has promised a pronounced opportunity to tackle the pandemic. This review addressed the various promising nanotechnology-based approaches for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of the pandemic. The pharmaceutical, pharmacoeconomic, and regulatory aspects of these systems with currently achieved or predicted beneficial outcomes, challenges, and future perspectives are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashagrachew Tewabe Yayehrad
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Ebrahim Abdela Siraj
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Gebremariam Birhanu Wondie
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Atlaw Abate Alemie
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Ethiopian Food and Drug Authority (EFDA), Federal Ministry of Health (FMoH), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Manaye Tamrie Derseh
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Departement of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Abyou Seyfu Ambaye
- Departement of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
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23
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Eedara BB, Alabsi W, Encinas-Basurto D, Polt R, Ledford JG, Mansour HM. Inhalation Delivery for the Treatment and Prevention of COVID-19 Infection. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1077. [PMID: 34371768 PMCID: PMC8308954 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is caused by coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has produced a global pandemic. As of 22 June 2021, 178 million people have been affected worldwide, and 3.87 million people have died from COVID-19. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of the United States, COVID-19 virus is primarily transmitted between people through respiratory droplets and contact routes. Since the location of initial infection and disease progression is primarily through the lungs, the inhalation delivery of drugs directly to the lungs may be the most appropriate route of administration for treating COVID-19. This review article aims to present possible inhalation therapeutics and vaccines for the treatment of COVID-19 symptoms. This review covers the comparison between SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV/MERS, inhalation therapeutics for the treatment of COVID-19 symptoms, and vaccines for preventing infection, as well as the current clinical status of inhaled therapeutics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basanth Babu Eedara
- Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Str., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (B.B.E.); (W.A.); (D.E.-B.)
| | - Wafaa Alabsi
- Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Str., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (B.B.E.); (W.A.); (D.E.-B.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
| | - David Encinas-Basurto
- Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Str., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (B.B.E.); (W.A.); (D.E.-B.)
| | - Robin Polt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
| | - Julie G. Ledford
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA;
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Heidi M. Mansour
- Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Str., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (B.B.E.); (W.A.); (D.E.-B.)
- BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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24
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Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic, which caused by the newly emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS- CoV-2), puts the entire world in an unprecedented crisis, leaving behind huge human losses and serious socio-economical damages. The clinical spectrum of COVID-19 varies from asymptomatic to multi-organ manifestations. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic inflammatory condition, which associated with metabolic and vascular abnormalities, increases the risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection, severity and mortality. Due to global prevalence, DM effect on COVID-19 outcomes as well as the potential mechanisms by which DM modulates the host-viral interactions and host-immune responses are discussed in this review. This review also highlights the effects of anti-diabetic drugs on treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vice versa.
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