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Balkaya H, Demirbuğa S. Evaluation of six different one-step universal adhesive systems in terms of dentin bond strength, adhesive interface characterization, surface tension, contact angle, degree of conversion and solvent evaporation after immediate and delayed use. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2022; 35:479-492. [PMID: 36194081 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of different waiting periods on resin-dentin bond strength (BS), degree of conversion (DC), contact angle (CA), surface tension (ST), solvent evaporation (weight loss) and the characteristics of adhesive interfaces of the current six universal adhesive resins (ARs). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 216 caries-free human lower third molar teeth were used. Composite resin restorations were performed by applying six universal ARs in etch-and-rinse and self-etch mode on standardized dentin surfaces after 0, 5, and 30 min waiting time. Then, a micro-shear BS test, SEM examination and characterization of the adhesive interface were performed. In addition, DC, CA, ST, solvent evaporation of all tested ARs were evaluated. RESULTS The obtained data were statistically anaIyzed. The tested ARs did not show any statistical difference between 0 and 5 min evaluations in all parameters evaluated except for weight loss (p > 0.05). While the weight loss, ST and CA of all ARs increased in 30 min (p < 0.05), the BS, DC, thickness of the adhesive layer and the hybrid layer, resin tag length and number of resin tags varied according to the ARs used. When the ARs were used in etch-and-rinse mode, all the parameters evaluated also varied according to the AR used. Higher adhesive layer thickness and lower hybrid layer thickness were found in the self-etch mode (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS All of the adhesives tested can be safely used up to 30 min. This could also prevent economical loss caused by waste adhesive material. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE It is important to know how the bond strength, degree of conversion, adhesion, contact angle and surface tension properties of the adhesive resin waiting in the dispensing cup for a long time during clinical use are affected to make ideal restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hacer Balkaya
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Erciyes University Faculty of Dentistry, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Sezer Demirbuğa
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Erciyes University Faculty of Dentistry, Kayseri, Turkey
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Zhang M, Guo J, Chen X, Gao M. Effect of photodynamic therapy on resin-dentin bonding interface using different illumination time. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 38:102747. [PMID: 35123014 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of photodynamic therapy(PDT) on the resin-dentin bonding interface using different illumination time. METHODS Seventy completed, isolated molar teeth were collected for this study, sixty of them were used in microtensile bond strength tests. These teeth were initially divided randomly in two main groups(n=30) by the random number table method upon the type of using illumination or not respectively. Then these groups followed by dividing each category in five subgroups(n=6): group A, group B1,group B2, group B3, group B4, group a, group b1, group b2, group b3, group b4. After different treatment, the remaining teeth were made specimens which were observed the fracture modes and interfaces under a stereomicroscope and a scanning electron microscope(SEM). The dentin permeability of the specimens were evaluated by a laser scanning confocal microscope(LSCM). To detect significance difference between means of different groups analysis of variance(ANOVA) was performed followed by LSD-t tests. RESULTS There was a significant statistical difference in the microtensile bond strength of the different illumination time of PDT between four experimental groups and the control (P<0.05). CONCLUSION With the increase of the illumination time in PDT, the bonding strength between resin and dentin decreased gradually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Department of Stomotology,First Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou,450052,China
| | - Jia Guo
- Department of Stomotology,First Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou,450052,China.
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Stomotology,First Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou,450052,China
| | - Mengjie Gao
- Department of Stomotology,First Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou,450052,China
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Jiang L, Lin XJ, Chen YH, Yu H. Effects of remaining dentin thickness on the bond strength of bleached dentin. BMC Oral Health 2020; 20:218. [PMID: 32758296 PMCID: PMC7405339 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-020-01206-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The bond strength of resin composites to dentin was reported to be related to either the remaining dentin thickness (RDT) or bleaching treatment. However, information is limited regarding the effects of RDT on the bond strength of bleached dentin. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of RDT on the microshear bond strength (μSBS) of resin cement to bleached dentin. Methods A total of 120 dentin specimens were prepared and randomly divided into 2 groups: a bleaching group (group B) and a control group (group C). Hydrogen peroxide with a concentration of 35% (Ultradent, USA) was applied on the dentin surface for 2 × 1 d for group B, while no bleaching treatment was performed for group C. After the treatment, the specimens were finished and polished to obtain different RDTs (2, 1, and 0.5 mm) and divided into 3 groups of 20 specimens each. The bonding procedure was performed using Panavia V5 (Kuraray, Japan) with a bonding area of 0.785 mm2. For each group, half of the specimens were subjected to 5000 thermal cycles (subgroup T), while the other half did not receive thermocycling (subgroup N) (n = 10). The specimens were then subjected to the μSBS test using a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed by a three-way analysis of variance (α = 0.05). The fracture modes of the specimens were confirmed with a measuring microscope. Representative specimens with different fracture modes were observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results The μSBS values were significantly affected by bleaching treatment (p < 0.001), whereas no significant effect was observed for thermocycling (p = 0.293). In terms of RDT, a significantly different μSBS value was found among the subgroups with different RDTs in group C (p = 0.003). However, the RDT did not significantly affect the μSBS values of bleached dentin in group B (p = 0.779). The μSBS values were significantly lower in group B than in group C (p < 0.001). A higher percentage of adhesive failure was observed in group B than in group C. Conclusion Based on the present findings, it can be concluded that the RDT did not affect the bond strength of resin cement to bleached dentin. Clinical significance Since RDT did not affect the bond strength of resin cement to bleached dentin, bonding procedures should not be performed immediately after intracoronal bleaching, even if the dentin is planned to be removed due to a tooth preparation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jiang
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Research Center of Dental Esthetics and Biomechanics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiu-Jiao Lin
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Research Center of Dental Esthetics and Biomechanics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ying-Hui Chen
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Research Center of Dental Esthetics and Biomechanics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China. .,Research Center of Dental Esthetics and Biomechanics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
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Abreu RT, Monteiro JB, Abu-Hasna A, Santos TDSA, Dal Piva AMDO, Pucci CR, Torres CRG, Carvalho CAT. Bond strength of cemented fiber posts to teeth with simulated internal root resorption. J Clin Exp Dent 2020; 12:e277-e284. [PMID: 32190199 PMCID: PMC7071544 DOI: 10.4317/jced.56568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Teeth with internal root resorption (IRR) have guarded prognosis, considering that IRR defect could influence on the post bond strength. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bond strength and the bond interface between different glass fiber-reinforced posts (FRP) after cementation in teeth with simulated internal root resorption (IRR).
Material and Methods Forty-five (45) human premolar roots with simulated IRR were embedded in acrylic resin blocks and cross-sectioned into two segments, enabling them to be re-approximated by screws. Intracanal medication was inserted for 15-days, removed by passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) and examined by stereomicroscopy. The push-out bond strength of two fiber reinforced composite posts (Rebilda Post - RP) and Rebilda Post GT – GT, (VOCO) were evaluated at the cervical and IRR regions (n = 20). And, the bonded interface between resin cement and root dentine was analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Results 62.5% of IRR were not completely cleaned by PUI. Bond strength values at the cervical region (9.8 and 14.6 MPa) were higher than the IRR region (6.3 and 4.2 MPa). Micrographies showed bubbles in the cement and spaces in the bonded interface.
Conclusions RP post showed better bond strength at the cervical region while GT had better bond strength at the IRR region. Key words:Endodontics, root canal filling materials, root resorption, X-Ray microtomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo-Toledo Abreu
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, 777 Eng. Francisco José Longo Avenue. São José dos Campos, SP
| | - Jaiane-Bandoli Monteiro
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, 777 Eng. Francisco José Longo Avenue. São José dos Campos, SP
| | - Amjad Abu-Hasna
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, 777 Eng. Francisco José Longo Avenue. São José dos Campos, SP
| | - Thaís-da Silva-Alves Santos
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, 777 Eng. Francisco José Longo Avenue. São José dos Campos, SP
| | - Amanda-Maria-de Oliveira Dal Piva
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, 777 Eng. Francisco José Longo Avenue. São José dos Campos, SP
| | - Cesar-Rogerio Pucci
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, 777 Eng. Francisco José Longo Avenue. São José dos Campos, SP
| | - Carlos-Rocha-Gomes Torres
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, 777 Eng. Francisco José Longo Avenue. São José dos Campos, SP
| | - Cláudio-Antonio-Talge Carvalho
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, 777 Eng. Francisco José Longo Avenue. São José dos Campos, SP
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Magalhães APR, Ramos-Tonello CM, Galli MZ, Gomes OP, Pacheco LE, Fortulan CA, Lisboa-Filho PN, Mondelli RFL, Furuse AY, Borges AFS. Yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal/resin luting agent bond strength: Influence of Titanium dioxide nanotubes addition in both materials. J Prosthodont Res 2020; 64:408-416. [PMID: 32059955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpor.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) between Y-TZP and a resin luting agent, after 1 of 2 enhancing strategies with TiO2--nts was applied, either to the resin luting agent or the Y-TZP mass, in different concentrations. METHODS In the Strategy TiO2-nts on ceramic, the resin luting agent Panavia F2.0™ (Kuraray) and an experimental Y-TZP with added concentrations of TiO2--nts (0%, 1%, 2%, and 5% vol/vol) and a commercial Y-TZP, comprised 5 different groups (n = 10). In the Strategy TiO2-nts on cement, the resin luting agent RelyX U200™ (3 M ESPE) was added with different concentrations of TiO2--nts (0%, 0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9% wt/wt) luted to a commercial Y-TZP, comprising 4 different groups (n = 10). The Y-TZP discs were included in acrylic bases, and a cylinder (3 × 3 mm) of the correspondent luting agent for each respective group was applied over them. After 24 h, specimens were subjected to SBS assessments in a universal testing machine. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses were also performed on Y-TZP surfaces. Data were analyzed via analysis of variance and Tukey tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS TiO2-nts on ceramic influenced the bond strength significantly, but not linearly; TiO2-nts on cement did not influence bond strength when analyzed separately, nor in comparison with the first. CONCLUSION Y-TZP enhancements with TiO2-nts led to a higher SBS with Panavia F2.0, a 5% TiO2--nt concentration presented the highest bond strength. Modified Rely X U200 did not improve SBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Rodrigues Magalhães
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP). Al. Octávio Pinheiro Brisola, 9-75, Vila Universitária, 17012-901 Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla Müller Ramos-Tonello
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP). Al. Octávio Pinheiro Brisola, 9-75, Vila Universitária, 17012-901 Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Mateus Zamora Galli
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP). Al. Octávio Pinheiro Brisola, 9-75, Vila Universitária, 17012-901 Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Orisson Ponce Gomes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP). Avenida dos Trabalhadores São-carlense, 400, Parque Arnold Schimidt, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Leandro Edgar Pacheco
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP). Al. Octávio Pinheiro Brisola, 9-75, Vila Universitária, 17012-901 Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Fortulan
- Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences, State University of São Paulo (UNESP). Av. Eng. Luís Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 14, Nucleo Res. Pres. Geisel, 17033-360 Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Noronha Lisboa-Filho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP). Avenida dos Trabalhadores São-carlense, 400, Parque Arnold Schimidt, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Francisco Lia Mondelli
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP). Al. Octávio Pinheiro Brisola, 9-75, Vila Universitária, 17012-901 Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Adilson Yoshio Furuse
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP). Al. Octávio Pinheiro Brisola, 9-75, Vila Universitária, 17012-901 Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Flávia Sanches Borges
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP). Al. Octávio Pinheiro Brisola, 9-75, Vila Universitária, 17012-901 Bauru, SP, Brazil.
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Karadas M, Demirbuga S. Influence of a short‐time antioxidant application on the dentin bond strength after intracoronal bleaching. Microsc Res Tech 2019; 82:1720-1727. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Karadas
- Department of Restorative DentistryRecep Tayyip Erdogan University, Faculty of Dentistry Rize Turkey
| | - Sezer Demirbuga
- Department of Restorative DentistryErciyes University, Faculty of Dentistry Kayseri Turkey
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Bregnocchi A, Zanni E, Uccelletti D, Marra F, Cavallini D, De Angelis F, De Bellis G, Bossù M, Ierardo G, Polimeni A, Sarto MS. Graphene-based dental adhesive with anti-biofilm activity. J Nanobiotechnology 2017; 15:89. [PMID: 29233187 PMCID: PMC5728064 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-017-0322-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Secondary caries are considered the main cause of dental restoration failure. In this context, anti-biofilm and bactericidal properties are desired in dental materials against pathogens such as Streptococcus mutans. To this purpose, graphene based materials can be used as fillers of polymer dental adhesives. In this work, we investigated the possibility to use as filler of dental adhesives, graphene nanoplatelets (GNP), a non toxic hydrophobic nanomaterial with antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties. Results Graphene nanoplatelets have been produced starting from graphite intercalated compounds through a process consisting of thermal expansion and liquid exfoliation. Then, a dental adhesive filled with GNPs at different volume fractions has been produced through a solvent evaporation method. The rheological properties of the new experimental adhesives have been assessed experimentally. The adhesive properties have been tested using microtensile bond strength measurements (µ-TBS). Biocidal activity has been studied using the colony forming units count (CFU) method. The anti-biofilm properties have been demonstrated through FE-SEM imaging of the biofilm development after 3 and 24 h of growth. Conclusions A significantly lower vitality of S. mutans cells has been demonstrated when in contact with the GNP filled dental adhesives. Biofilm growth on adhesive-covered dentine tissues demonstrated anti-adhesion properties of the produced materials. µ-TBS results demonstrated no significant difference in µ-TBS between the experimental and the control adhesive. The rheology tests highlighted the necessity to avoid low shear rate regimes during adhesive processing and application in clinical protocol, and confirmed that the adhesive containing the 0.2%wt of GNPs possess mechanical properties comparable with the ones of the control adhesive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Bregnocchi
- Research Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering of Sapienza University (CNIS), Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy. .,Sapienza Nanotechnology & Nano-science Laboratory (SNN Lab), Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy. .,Department of Aerospace, Electrical and Energy Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, Rome, 00184, Italy.
| | - Elena Zanni
- Research Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering of Sapienza University (CNIS), Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.,Sapienza Nanotechnology & Nano-science Laboratory (SNN Lab), Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy.,Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Daniela Uccelletti
- Research Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering of Sapienza University (CNIS), Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.,Sapienza Nanotechnology & Nano-science Laboratory (SNN Lab), Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy.,Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Marra
- Research Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering of Sapienza University (CNIS), Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.,Sapienza Nanotechnology & Nano-science Laboratory (SNN Lab), Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy.,Department of Aerospace, Electrical and Energy Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, Rome, 00184, Italy
| | - Domenico Cavallini
- Research Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering of Sapienza University (CNIS), Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.,Sapienza Nanotechnology & Nano-science Laboratory (SNN Lab), Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy.,Department of Aerospace, Electrical and Energy Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, Rome, 00184, Italy
| | - Francesca De Angelis
- Department of Dentistry and Maxillo-Facial Sciences, Unit of Pediatric Dentistry Sapienza University of Rome, Viale regina Elena 287a, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Giovanni De Bellis
- Research Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering of Sapienza University (CNIS), Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.,Sapienza Nanotechnology & Nano-science Laboratory (SNN Lab), Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy.,Department of Aerospace, Electrical and Energy Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, Rome, 00184, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bossù
- Department of Dentistry and Maxillo-Facial Sciences, Unit of Pediatric Dentistry Sapienza University of Rome, Viale regina Elena 287a, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Gaetano Ierardo
- Department of Dentistry and Maxillo-Facial Sciences, Unit of Pediatric Dentistry Sapienza University of Rome, Viale regina Elena 287a, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Antonella Polimeni
- Department of Dentistry and Maxillo-Facial Sciences, Unit of Pediatric Dentistry Sapienza University of Rome, Viale regina Elena 287a, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Maria Sabrina Sarto
- Research Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering of Sapienza University (CNIS), Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.,Sapienza Nanotechnology & Nano-science Laboratory (SNN Lab), Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy.,Department of Aerospace, Electrical and Energy Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, Rome, 00184, Italy
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