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He L, Zhang W, Liu J, Pan Y, Li S, Xie Y. Applications of nanotechnology in orthodontics: a comprehensive review of tooth movement, antibacterial properties, friction reduction, and corrosion resistance. Biomed Eng Online 2024; 23:72. [PMID: 39054528 PMCID: PMC11270802 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-024-01261-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has contributed important innovations to medicine and dentistry, and has also offered various applications to the field of orthodontics. Intraoral appliances must function in a complex environment that includes digestive enzymes, a diverse microbiome, mechanical stress, and fluctuations of pH and temperature. Nanotechnology can improve the performance of orthodontic brackets and archwires by reducing friction, inhibiting bacterial growth and biofilm formation, optimizing tooth remineralization, improving corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of metal substrates, and accelerating or decelerating orthodontic tooth movement through the application of novel nanocoatings, nanoelectromechanical systems, and nanorobots. This comprehensive review systematically explores the orthodontic applications of nanotechnology, particularly its impacts on tooth movement, antibacterial activity, friction reduction, and corrosion resistance. A search across PubMed, the Web of Science Core Collection, and Google Scholar yielded 261 papers, of which 28 met our inclusion criteria. These selected studies highlight the significant benefits of nanotechnology in orthodontic devices. Recent clinical trials demonstrate that advancements brought by nanotechnology may facilitate the future delivery of more effective and comfortable orthodontic care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longwen He
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, No. 366, South of Jiangnan Boulevard, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Wenzhong Zhang
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, No. 366, South of Jiangnan Boulevard, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, No. 366, South of Jiangnan Boulevard, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Yuemei Pan
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, No. 366, South of Jiangnan Boulevard, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Simin Li
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, No. 366, South of Jiangnan Boulevard, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Yueqiang Xie
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, No. 366, South of Jiangnan Boulevard, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
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Alnazeh AA. Pretreatment of enamel with Riboflavin activated Photodynamic therapy and Er, Cr: YSGG laser for bonding of orthodontic bracket with adhesive modified with cerium oxide nanoparticles. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2024:104285. [PMID: 39038506 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
AIM To assess the degree of conversion (DC) and shear bond strength (SBS) of experimental adhesive (EA) infused with and without 1% Cerium oxide (CeO₂)-NPs on metallic bracket bonded to enamel conditioned with three different pretreatment regimes PDT-activated (Riboflavin) RF, ECY (Er, Cr: YSGG), and Phosphoric acid (PA). MATERIAL AND METHOD EA and EA modified with 1% CeO₂-NPs were prepared. Characterization of CeO2NPs was assessed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Seventy-two premolars extracted due to periodontal or orthodontic reasons were disinfected. Samples were mounted and allocated into three groups according to enamel surface treatment before bracket bonding. Samples in Group 1 were pretreated with Traditional 37% PA-gel; Specimens in Group 2 surface treated with RF-activated PDT, and samples in Group 3 were conditioned using ECY. Brackets were placed on conditioned surfaces and samples were aged and underwent SBS testing using UTM. ARI index was used to assess bond failure. DC was evaluated for both adhesives using FTIR. ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were used to compare the means and standard deviation (SD) of SBS and DC in different experimental groups. RESULTS Enamel conditioned with PA and RF activated by PDT demonstrated comparable bond values with 1% CeO2 infused in EA and EA (p>0.05).ARI analysis shows that enamel conditioned with PA and RF activated by PDT showed the majority of failure types between 1 and 2 irrespective of the type of adhesive. DC value in EA (73.28±8.37) was the highest and comparable to 1% CeO2 infused in EA (66.48±6.81) CONCLUSION: RF-activated PDT can be used alternatively to 37% PA for enamel conditioning when bonding metallic brackets. Infiltration of 1% CeO2 NPs in EA improves SBS irrespective of the type of enamel conditioning. Infusion of 1% CeO2 NPs in EA demonstrates no significant difference in DC compared to EA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A Alnazeh
- Associate Professor, Department of Pedodontics and Orthodontic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia.
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Uehara LM, Teixeira ABV, Valente MLDC, Reis ACD. Mechanical and microbiological properties of orthodontic resin modified with nanostructured silver vanadate decorated with silver nanoparticles (βAgVO 3). J Dent 2024; 145:104836. [PMID: 38199325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.104836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of incorporating the antimicrobial nanomaterial β-AgVO3 into orthodontic resin, focusing on degree of conversion, surface characteristics, microhardness, adhesion properties, and antimicrobial activity. METHODS The 3 M Transbond XT resin underwent modification, resulting in three groups (Control, 2.5% addition, 5% addition) with 20 specimens each. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy assessed monomer conversion. Laser confocal microscopy examined surface roughness, and microhardness was evaluated using Knoop protocols. Shear strength was measured before and after artificial aging on 36 premolar teeth. Microbiological analysis against S. mutans and S. sanguinis was conducted using the agar diffusion method. RESULTS Degree of conversion remained unaffected by time (P = 0.797), concentration (P = 0.438), or their interaction (P = 0.187). The 5% group exhibited the lowest surface roughness, differing significantly from the control group (P = 0.045). Microhardness showed no significant differences between concentrations (P = 0.740). Shear strength was highest in the control group (P < 0.001). No significant differences were observed in the samples with or without thermocycling (P = 0.759). Microbial analysis revealed concentration-dependent variations, with the 5% group exhibiting the largest inhibition halo (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Incorporating β-AgVO3 at 2.5% and 5% concentrations led to significant differences in surface roughness, adhesion, and antimicrobial activity. Overall, resin modification positively impacted degree of conversion, surface characteristics, microhardness, and antimicrobial activity. Further research is warranted to determine clinically optimal concentrations that maximize antimicrobial benefits while minimizing adverse effects on adhesion properties. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Incorporating β-AgVO3 into orthodontic resin could improve patient quality of life by prolonging intervention durability and reducing the impact of cariogenic microorganisms. The study's findings also hold promise for the industry, paving the way for the development of new materials with antimicrobial properties for potential applications in the health sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Maiumi Uehara
- Master´s Degee Student, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthesis, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz Vilela Teixeira
- Post-Doc student, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthesis, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Lima da Costa Valente
- Post-Doc student, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthesis, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Andréa Cândido Dos Reis
- Professor, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthesis, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Mirhashemi AH, Pourhajibagher M, Zebardast B, Bahrami R, Kharazi Fard MJ. In vitro effects of antimicrobial properties and shear bond strength of different concentrations of Emodin nanoparticles incorporated orthodontic composites. Int Orthod 2024; 22:100836. [PMID: 38134823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2023.100836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fixed appliances used in orthodontic treatment are accompanied by some drawbacks, including the development of white spots or enamel demineralization in the vicinity of the brackets and bonding failures. This study aims to evaluate the effect of combining different wt.% of Emodin nanoparticles (ENPs) with orthodontic adhesives to attain adhesives with improved antimicrobial and mechanical properties. METHODS ENPs were synthesized and added to orthodontic composite at different concentrations (0.5%, 1%, and 2%). The distribution of ENPs within the composite was evaluated using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). A total of 216 disks were prepared, with 144 subjected to an eluted components test, 36 used for disk agar diffusion (DAD) test, and 36 for biofilm inhibition test. These tests aimed to assess the antimicrobial activity of the composites against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Candida albicans. Additionally, the bond strength between stainless-steel brackets and teeth was evaluated using the shear bond strength (SBS) test, and the adhesive remnant index (ARI) score was determined. One-way analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to analyse the SBS and ARI, respectively. For pairwise group comparison concerning the biofilm inhibition, DAD, and eluted components tests, the Tamhane and Games-Howell tests for data with unequal variances and the post-hoc Tukey's HSD and Scheffe tests for data with equal variances were used. RESULTS The FESEM results confirmed the synthesis and even distribution of ENPs in the composite. Only the 2% group showed significant biofilm inhibition against all microorganisms studied (P<0.05). The DAD test revealed that a 1% concentration of ENPs is sufficient to inhibit growth for all microorganisms. The eluted components test demonstrated that the 2% concentration of ENPs performed significantly better against S. mutans compared to the control group (P<0.05). The highest mean SBS was observed with the 0.5% ENP concentration, while no significant differences in SBS and ARI were found among the groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS This in vitro study showed that the 2% concentration of ENP produced significantly improved antimicrobial activity without adversely affecting SBS and ARI score. This would support the addition of 2% ENP to orthodontic adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Mirhashemi
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Pourhajibagher
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bardia Zebardast
- School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Rashin Bahrami
- Dental Sciences Research Center, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Kharazi Fard
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Jiang W, Wang Z, Zhou Y, Shen Y, Yen E, Zou B. Bioceramic micro-fillers reinforce antibiofilm and remineralization properties of clear aligner attachment materials. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 11:1346959. [PMID: 38318418 PMCID: PMC10840140 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1346959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Clear aligners, while offering a more hygienic alternative to fixed appliances, are still associated with challenges including plaque accumulation and enamel demineralization. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antibiofilm and remineralization effectiveness of innovative flowable composite attachments containing bioceramic micro-fillers. Methods: Four experimental attachments were formulated and bonded to human enamel specimens: 3M Filtek Supreme flowable composite (Filtek SF) + 10% bioactive glass 45S5 (BAG), Filtek SF + 30% BAG, Filtek SF + 10% Bredigite (BRT), Filtek SF + 30% BRT. Plaque biofilms were grown on the bonded enamel using a standardized protocol and the biofilm-killing effect was assessed by confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Vickers microhardness was measured to evaluate the remineralization effect of the attachments containing bioceramic fillers after acid challenge. Shear bond test was performed to assess the bonding strength. Results: Attachments with bioceramic fillers significantly inhibited plaque biofilm growth in 3 weeks on enamel, contributing over 20% bacterial cell killing in 10% filler groups and over 30% killing in 30% filler groups. All four experimental groups demonstrated significantly higher microhardness values than the control group without fillers on the attachment side. The shear bonding strength was not compromised in the attachments with micro-fillers. Discussion: Proper incorporation of bioceramic micro-fillers in attachments provides an innovative approach for clear aligner therapy with reinforced antibiofilm and remineralization effects without weakening shear bonding strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Jiang
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Oral Health Science, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Zhejun Wang
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yinghong Zhou
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ya Shen
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Edwin Yen
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Oral Health Science, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bingshuang Zou
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Oral Health Science, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Ferrando-Magraner E, García-Sanz V, Bellot-Arcís C, Marín-Gozalbo A, Cabedo-Mas L, Mínguez-Vega G, Paredes-Gallardo V. Improving the Antibacterial Properties of Dental Bonding Materials Loaded with Silver Compounds. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1721. [PMID: 38136756 PMCID: PMC10741129 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12121721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilm accumulation, the appearance of white spot lesions and the development of secondary caries are the main complications in orthodontic patients. A promising approach to fight this situation is the development of adhesive cements with improved antibacterial properties. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possibility of improving the antibacterial properties of glass ionomer cements by incorporating different types of antimicrobial compounds without altering their physical and mechanical properties. Different concentrations of silver carbonate (SC) and an inorganic glass with encapsulated silver were added to the glass ionomer cement, as well as chitosan, to achieve synergistic antibacterial activity. Variations in the antibacterial capacity were evaluated using the agar diffusion test; the potential alteration of the physical and mechanical properties of the material was analyzed by the shear bond strength test. SEM characterization and colorimetric evaluation were also conducted. Samples of SC up to 1% and inorganic glass with encapsulated silver up to 5% showed significant improvement in their antibacterial ability without compromising shear strength. The highest antimicrobial activity was observed for Lactobacillus acidophilus, with inhibition zones of 3.8 and 3.1 mm for SC and inorganic glass, respectively. The characterization of the samples did not detect any major structural changes between the different samples. The only group that underwent a noticeable color change was the group with SC. The results show that the incorporation of silver carbonate and inorganic glass with encapsulated silver provided the glass ionomer cement with an antibacterial capacity without compromising the bond strength and without modifying the structure of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ferrando-Magraner
- Orthodontics Teaching Unit, Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (E.F.-M.); (C.B.-A.); (V.P.-G.)
| | - Verónica García-Sanz
- Orthodontics Teaching Unit, Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (E.F.-M.); (C.B.-A.); (V.P.-G.)
| | - Carlos Bellot-Arcís
- Orthodontics Teaching Unit, Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (E.F.-M.); (C.B.-A.); (V.P.-G.)
| | - Anna Marín-Gozalbo
- Polymers and Advanced Materials Group (PIMA), Universitat Jaume I (UJI), Av. De Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain; (A.M.-G.); (L.C.-M.)
| | - Luís Cabedo-Mas
- Polymers and Advanced Materials Group (PIMA), Universitat Jaume I (UJI), Av. De Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain; (A.M.-G.); (L.C.-M.)
| | - Gladys Mínguez-Vega
- GROC·UJI, Institute of New Imaging Technologies, Universitat Jaume I, Av. De Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain;
| | - Vanessa Paredes-Gallardo
- Orthodontics Teaching Unit, Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (E.F.-M.); (C.B.-A.); (V.P.-G.)
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Wu C, Mangal U, Kim J, Lee KJ, Cha JY, Kwon JS, Choi SH. Quantitative light-induced fluorescence enables effective detection of orthodontic adhesive residues in diverse environments. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 44:103743. [PMID: 37567330 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adhesive remnants post-orthodontic treatment might have deleterious effects on oral health, including enamel demineralization, plaque accumulation, and elevated risk of caries development. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize adhesive residues in an ex vivo environment rich in salivary microbiota using quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) technology. METHODS Disc-shaped adhesive samples with thickness ranging from 800 to 100 µm were prepared using GC Ortho, GOTO, T Orthobond, and Transbond XT and subsequently evaluated utilizing a QLF system. Bovine teeth containing GC Ortho and GOTO adhesives and isolated human premolar teeth bonded with brackets were subjected to a 10-day incubation in an artificial saliva environment. Daily imaging was conducted using QLF during incubation. Data with ΔR > 30% and simple hygiene score (SHS) were obtained with a software for further analysis. RESULTS Fluorescence intensity exhibited significant differences among the four orthodontic adhesives (p < 0.05). Results of incubation in artificial saliva revealed that red fluorescence surrounding the adhesive on the tooth surface was distinctly observable from day five onwards, with ΔR > 30% and SHS levels higher than those of the control group without adhesive (p < 0.05). Observation of fluorescence images of isolated human premolar teeth with bonded brackets indicated that red fluorescence was primarily present around the brackets. CONCLUSIONS Application of QLF is efficacious in identifying and demarcating adhesive residues within an environment rich in salivary microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzan Wu
- Department of Orthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Utkarsh Mangal
- Department of Orthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Kim
- Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee-Joon Lee
- Department of Orthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Yul Cha
- Department of Orthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Kwon
- BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Hwan Choi
- Department of Orthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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An JS, Lim BS, Ahn SJ. Managing oral biofilms to avoid enamel demineralization during fixed orthodontic treatment. Korean J Orthod 2023; 53:345-357. [PMID: 37989574 PMCID: PMC10663579 DOI: 10.4041/kjod23.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Enamel demineralization represents the most prevalent complication arising from fixed orthodontic treatment. Its main etiology is the development of cariogenic biofilms formed around orthodontic appliances. Ordinarily, oral biofilms exist in a dynamic equilibrium with the host's defense mechanisms. However, the equilibrium can be disrupted by environmental changes, such as the introduction of a fixed orthodontic appliance, resulting in a shift in the biofilm's microbial composition from non-pathogenic to pathogenic. This alteration leads to an increased prevalence of cariogenic bacteria, notably mutans streptococci, within the biofilm. This article examines the relationships between oral biofilms and orthodontic appliances, with a particular focus on strategies for effectively managing oral biofilms to mitigate enamel demineralization around orthodontic appliances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Sub An
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bum-Soon Lim
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sug-Joon Ahn
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Li Y, Li B, Guo X, Wang H, Cheng L. Applications of quaternary ammonium compounds in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases: State-of-the-art and future directions. J Dent 2023; 137:104678. [PMID: 37634613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this review is to comprehensively summarize the state-of-the-art developments of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases. By discussing the structural diversity and the potential killing mechanism, we try to offer some insights for the future research of QACs. DATA, SOURCES & STUDY SELECTION A literature search was conducted in electronic databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Medline, and Scopus). Publications that involved the applications of QACs, especially those related to the prevention and treatment of oral diseases, are included. RESULTS We have reviewed the relevant research on QACs over the past two decades. The research results indicate that the current applications are mainly focused on dental material modification and direct pharmacological interventions. Concurrently, challenges such as potential risks to normal tissues and impediments in drug resistance and microbial persistence present certain application constraints. The latest studies have encompassed the exploration of smart materials and nanoparticle formulations. CONCLUSIONS The killing mechanism may possess a threshold related to charge density. However, the exact process remains enigmatic. The structural diversity and the exploration of intelligent materials and nanoparticle formulations provide directions in development of novel QACs. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The intricate oral anatomy, combined with the multifaceted oral microbiome, necessitates specialized materials for the targeted prevention and treatment of oral pathologies. QACs represent a cohort of compounds distinguished by potent anti-infective and anti-tumor attributes. Innovations in intelligent materials and nanoparticle formulations amplify their potential in significantly advancing the prevention and therapeutic interventions for oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Bolei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Haohao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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Yan J, Cao L, Luo T, Qin D, Hua F, He H. In vitro evaluation of a novel fluoride-coated clear aligner with antibacterial and enamel remineralization abilities. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:6027-6042. [PMID: 37620439 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05216-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the antibacterial and enamel remineralization performances as well as physicochemical properties and biocompatibility of a fluoride-coated clear aligner plastic (FCAP). MATERIALS AND METHODS FCAP and normal clear aligner plastic (CAP) was bought from the manufacturer (Angelalign Technology Inc, China). The FCAP was observed under scanning electron microscopy. Its element composition, resistance to separation, contact angle, and protein adhesion performance were characterized. Colony-forming unit (CFU) count and 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiazol(-z-y1)-3,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay were used to evaluate the antibacterial ability of Streptococcus mutans. Fluoride release-recharge patterns were obtained. Apatite formation was evaluated after immersing FCAP in artificial saliva. Enamel remineralization capability was evaluated in the demineralization model (immersing samples in demineralization solution for 36 h) and pH cycling model (immersing samples in demineralization solution and remineralization solution in turns for 14 days). Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and live/dead cell staining kits were used for cytotoxicity assay. RESULTS The FCAP showed uniformly distributed fluoride and did not compromise protein adhesion performance. CFU count (5.47 ± 0.55 for CAP, 3.63 ± 0.38 for FCAP) and MTT assay (0.41 ± 0.025 for CAP, 0.28 ± 0.038) indicated that the FCAP had stronger antibacterial activity compared with normal CAP (P < 0.05 for both evaluations). The FCAP could release fluoride continuously for 14 days and could be recharged after immersing in NaF solution. The FCAP could induce the formation of hydroxyapatite in artificial saliva and could reduce the microhardness decrease, color change, and mineral loss of enamels in both two models (P < 0.05 for all evaluations). CCK-8 and live/dead cell staining analyses showed that the coating did not compromise the biocompatibility of the clear aligner (P > 0.05 for CCK-8 evaluation). CONCLUSIONS The FCAP had antibacterial, fluoride recharge, and enamel remineralization abilities while it did not compromise physicochemical properties and biocompatibility. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The FCAP has the potential to prevent enamel demineralization during clear aligner treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Orthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lingyun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Orthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Orthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Danchen Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Orthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Center for Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry at Optics Valley Branch, School & Hospital of Stomatology , Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Hong He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Department of Orthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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11
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Kim MJ, Seo JY, Jung IJ, Mangal U, Kim HJ, Lee KJ, Lee MJ, Kwon JS, Choi SH. A novel orthodontic adhesive containing zinc-doped phosphate-based glass for preventing white spot lesions. J Dent 2023; 137:104689. [PMID: 37666468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed at demonstrating the remineralization effect of the enamel around the brackets to aid reduction in white spot lesions (WSLs) with use of zinc-doped phosphate-based glass (Zn-PBG) containing orthodontic adhesives. METHODS Zn-PBG powder was synthesized, and particle morphology, size, and density were evaluated. Orthodontic adhesives with increasing loading percentage of Zn-PBG powder were prepared: ZnPG3 (3 wt.%), ZnPG6 (6 wt.%), and ZnPG9 (9 wt.%). Brackets were bonded on the etched enamel surface and stored in distilled water (DW) for 1 h. Following, Shear bond strength (SBS) along with adhesive remnant index were analyzed. The release of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and zinc (Zn) from adhesive specimens in DW was evaluated after 7, 15 and 30 days of immersion. The remineralization effect was confirmed by microhardness and surface morphology analysis with scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS The SBS value was observed between 20 and 22 MPa on enamel surface. The concentration of Ca, P and Zn released in DW increased with loading percentage of Zn-PBG. The microhardness increased in the experimental groups after immersion in artificial saliva for 7 days. Apatite-like crystal formation was observed after 30 days in the ZnPG 9 group. CONCLUSIONS The orthodontic adhesive containing Zn-PBG with an optimal SBS performance has an enamel remineralization effect, and therefore can aid in prevention of WSLs. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The orthodontic adhesive containing Zn-PBG is clinically advantageous as it can promote remineralization and resist the formation of WSLs that may occur during orthodontic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ji Kim
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Department of Orthodontics and Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Seo
- Department of Orthodontics and Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Jun Jung
- Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Utkarsh Mangal
- Department of Orthodontics and Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Kim
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee-Joon Lee
- Department of Orthodontics and Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Jin Lee
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Division of Health Science, Baekseok University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Sung Kwon
- BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Hwan Choi
- Department of Orthodontics and Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Glowacka-Sobotta A, Ziental D, Czarczynska-Goslinska B, Michalak M, Wysocki M, Güzel E, Sobotta L. Nanotechnology for Dentistry: Prospects and Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2130. [PMID: 37513141 PMCID: PMC10383982 DOI: 10.3390/nano13142130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
In the XXI century, application of nanostructures in oral medicine has become common. In oral medicine, using nanostructures for the treatment of dental caries constitutes a great challenge. There are extensive studies on the implementation of nanomaterials to dental composites in order to improve their properties, e.g., their adhesive strength. Moreover, nanostructures are helpful in dental implant applications as well as in maxillofacial surgery for accelerated healing, promoting osseointegration, and others. Dental personal care products are an important part of oral medicine where nanomaterials are increasingly used, e.g., toothpaste for hypersensitivity. Nowadays, nanoparticles such as macrocycles are used in different formulations for early cancer diagnosis in the oral area. Cancer of the oral cavity-human squamous carcinoma-is the sixth leading cause of death. Detection in the early stage offers the best chance at total cure. Along with diagnosis, macrocycles are used for photodynamic mechanism-based treatments, which possess many advantages, such as protecting healthy tissues and producing good cosmetic results. Application of nanostructures in medicine carries potential risks, like long-term influence of toxicity on body, which need to be studied further. The introduction and development of nanotechnologies and nanomaterials are no longer part of a hypothetical future, but an increasingly important element of today's medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arleta Glowacka-Sobotta
- Chair and Department of Orthodontics and Temporomandibular Disorders, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Bukowska 70, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
| | - Daniel Ziental
- Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Beata Czarczynska-Goslinska
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Michalak
- Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marcin Wysocki
- Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Emre Güzel
- Department of Engineering Fundamental Sciences, Sakarya University of Applied Sciences, 54050 Sakarya, Türkiye
- Biomedical Technologies Application and Research Center (BIYOTAM), Sakarya University of Applied Sciences, 54050 Sakarya, Türkiye
| | - Lukasz Sobotta
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
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13
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Khalifa OM, Badawi MF, Soliman TA. Bonding durability and remineralizing efficiency of orthodontic adhesive containing titanium tetrafluoride: an invitro study. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:340. [PMID: 37254210 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Titanium tetrafluoride has been shown to protect tooth enamel from demineralization. This study investigated the effect of incorporating different concentrations of TiF4 (1, 2 and 3 Wt.%) into an orthodontic primer on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets and the enamel microhardness after cariogenic challenges. METHODS Three different TiF4 concentrations (1, 2 and 3 Wt.%) were prepared and added to the etch and rinse orthodontic primer. Ninety freshly extracted premolars were randomly divided into five groups according to the experimental primers and ageing conditions: TF0, TF0C, TF1C, TF2C, and TF3C. The TF0C group had no TiF4 in the primer, while TF1C, TF2C, and TF3C had 1, 2 and 3 Wt.% TiF4 in the primer, respectively. In the TF0 group, specimens were immersed in deionized water for 24 h as a control group, while all other groups were immersed in a demineralizing solution for 28 days. Each of the five groups was divided into two subgroups: The first group was subjected to shear bond strength and adhesive remnant index testing (N = 50 teeth, 10/group), while the second group was subjected to enamel surface microhardness testing (N = 25 teeth, 50 tooth halves, 10 tooth halves/group). Fifteen teeth (N = 15 teeth, n = 3/group) representing the five groups were subjected to SEM and microelemental analysis (EDX). SBS, ARI, microhardness, and Ca/P ratio were measured, and the data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's tests. RESULTS The TF2C group had the highest SBS value (9.93 ± 1.23), while the TF0C (5.24 ± 0.65) and TF3C (5.13 ± 0.55) had the lowest SBS values. The enamel microhardness in the TF0C group was significantly reduced (p < .001). Enamel microhardness values were significantly (p < .001) higher in groups TF1C, TF2C, and TF3C than in TF0C. The highest Ca/P ratio was significantly recorded for the TF2C group (2.65 ± 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Incorporation of 1 and 2 Wt.% TiF4 into the orthodontic primers showed adequate bond strength and better remineralization effect. However, 1 Wt.% TiF4 showed lower ARI values than 2 Wt.% TiF4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omnia Mahmoud Khalifa
- Dental Biomaterials Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Manal Farouk Badawi
- Dental Biomaterials Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Tarek Ahmed Soliman
- Dental Biomaterials Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
- Prosthetic Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, New Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
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14
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Bin-Jardan LI, Almadani DI, Almutairi LS, Almoabid HA, Alessa MA, Almulhim KS, AlSheikh RN, Al-Dulaijan YA, Ibrahim MS, Al-Zain AO, Balhaddad AA. Inorganic Compounds as Remineralizing Fillers in Dental Restorative Materials: Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098295. [PMID: 37176004 PMCID: PMC10179470 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary caries is one of the leading causes of resin-based dental restoration failure. It is initiated at the interface of an existing restoration and the restored tooth surface. It is mainly caused by an imbalance between two processes of mineral loss (demineralization) and mineral gain (remineralization). A plethora of evidence has explored incorporating several bioactive compounds into resin-based materials to prevent bacterial biofilm attachment and the onset of the disease. In this review, the most recent advances in the design of remineralizing compounds and their functionalization to different resin-based materials' formulations were overviewed. Inorganic compounds, such as nano-sized amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP), calcium fluoride (CaF2), bioactive glass (BAG), hydroxyapatite (HA), fluorapatite (FA), and boron nitride (BN), displayed promising results concerning remineralization, and direct and indirect impact on biofilm growth. The effects of these compounds varied based on these compounds' structure, the incorporated amount or percentage, and the intended clinical application. The remineralizing effects were presented as direct effects, such as an increase in the mineral content of the dental tissue, or indirect effects, such as an increase in the pH around the material. In some of the reported investigations, inorganic remineralizing compounds were combined with other bioactive agents, such as quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), to maximize the remineralization outcomes and the antibacterial action against the cariogenic biofilms. The reviewed literature was mainly based on laboratory studies, highlighting the need to shift more toward testing the performance of these remineralizing compounds in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Ibraheem Bin-Jardan
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalal Ibrahim Almadani
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leen Saleh Almutairi
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadi A Almoabid
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Alessa
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid S Almulhim
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rasha N AlSheikh
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousif A Al-Dulaijan
- Department of Substitute Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maria S Ibrahim
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afnan O Al-Zain
- Restorative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, P.O. Box 80209, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman A Balhaddad
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Developing a Novel Enamel Adhesive with Amorphous Calcium Phosphate and Silver Nanoparticles to Prevent Demineralization during Orthodontic Treatment. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14020077. [PMID: 36826876 PMCID: PMC9966906 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14020077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During fixed orthodontic treatment, white spot lesions are prevalent issues associated with cariogenic bacteria. This study aims to construct an orthodontic adhesive containing nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate-polydopamine-Ag (NPA) fillers to combat white spot lesions. The NPA fillers were prepared and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The biocompatibility of the fillers was evaluated. A colony counting test evaluated the antibacterial property of the fillers against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). NPA fillers were mixed with orthodontic adhesive (Transbond XT) at different weight ratios (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.5 wt.%). The shear bond strength and antibacterial properties were then further investigated. The results showed that NPA was prepared successfully, with good antibacterial properties. The cell survival rate of all groups of fillers was higher than 70%, showing good biocompatibility. Moreover, the shear bond strength of the orthodontic adhesive with 0.2 wt.% NPA fillers was 11.89 ± 1.27 MPa, meeting the minimal clinical bond strength requirements of 7.8 MPa. Furthermore, the orthodontic adhesive resin blocks and the extract displayed good antibacterial properties, with the number of colonies decreasing significantly (p < 0.001). Taken together, we think that an orthodontic adhesive with NPA may have a good application potential for the prevention and treatment of white spot lesions.
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16
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Cui H, You Y, Cheng GW, Lan Z, Zou KL, Mai QY, Han YH, Chen H, Zhao YY, Yu GT. Advanced materials and technologies for oral diseases. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2023; 24:2156257. [PMID: 36632346 PMCID: PMC9828859 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2022.2156257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Oral disease, as a class of diseases with very high morbidity, brings great physical and mental damage to people worldwide. The increasing burden and strain on individuals and society make oral diseases an urgent global health problem. Since the treatment of almost all oral diseases relies on materials, the rapid development of advanced materials and technologies has also promoted innovations in the treatment methods and strategies of oral diseases. In this review, we systematically summarized the application strategies in advanced materials and technologies for oral diseases according to the etiology of the diseases and the comparison of new and old materials. Finally, the challenges and directions of future development for advanced materials and technologies in the treatment of oral diseases were refined. This review will guide the fundamental research and clinical translation of oral diseases for practitioners of oral medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cui
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan You
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Wang Cheng
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhou Lan
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke-Long Zou
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiu-Ying Mai
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Hua Han
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Yue Zhao
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang-Tao Yu
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Yuan Q, Zhang Q, Xu X, Du Y, Xu J, Song Y, Wang Y. Development and Characterization of Novel Orthodontic Adhesive Containing PCL-Gelatin-AgNPs Fibers. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:303. [PMID: 36547563 PMCID: PMC9783259 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13040303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Enamel demineralization around brackets is a relatively common complication of fixed orthodontic treatment, which seriously affects the aesthetics of teeth. In this study, a novel orthodontic adhesive containing polycaprolactone−gelatin−silver nanoparticles (PCL−gelatin−AgNPs) composite fibers was prepared to prevent enamel demineralization of orthodontic treatment. First, PCL−gelatin−AgNPs fibers film prepared by electrospinning was made into short fibers and added to traditional orthodontic adhesives (Transbond XT, 3M Unitek) in three different ratios to design a series of composite adhesives containing antibacterial materials. The antimicrobial performance of the control product and the three samples were then evaluated by bacterial live/dead staining, colony-forming unit (CFU) counts, tensile bond strength (TBS), and adhesive residue index (ARI) scores. The composite adhesives’ antimicrobial properties increased with the increasing content of PCL−gelatin−AgNPs short fibers. The addition of complex antimicrobial fibers to 3M Transbond XT adhesive can significantly reduce the CFU of bacterial biofilms (p < 0.05). The bacterial survival rate on the surface of the specimen decreased with the increase of PCL−gelatin−AgNPs short fibers (p < 0.05). The TBS and ARI values (n = 10) indicated that adding PCL−gelatin−AgNPs short fibers had no significant adverse effect on adhesion. Therefore, adding PCL−gelatin−AgNPs short fibers makes it possible to fabricate orthodontic adhesives with strong antibacterial properties without compromising the bonding ability, which is essential for preventing enamel demineralization around the brackets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihan Yuan
- School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Qingdao Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao 266001, China
| | - Xuecheng Xu
- School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yuqing Du
- Department of Orthodontics, Qingdao Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao 266001, China
| | - Jidong Xu
- School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Orthodontics, Qingdao Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao 266001, China
| | - Yuanfei Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Qingdao Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao 266001, China
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Nizami MZI, Xu VW, Yin IX, Lung CYK, Niu JY, Chu CH. Ceramic Nanomaterials in Caries Prevention: A Narrative Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4416. [PMID: 36558269 PMCID: PMC9786898 DOI: 10.3390/nano12244416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ceramic nanomaterials are nanoscale inorganic metalloid solids that can be synthesised by heating at high temperatures followed by rapid cooling. Since the first nanoceramics were developed in the 1980s, ceramic nanomaterials have rapidly become one of the core nanomaterials for research because of their versatility in application and use in technology. Researchers are developing ceramic nanomaterials for dental use because ceramic nanoparticles are more stable and cheaper in production than metallic nanoparticles. Ceramic nanomaterials can be used to prevent dental caries because some of them have mineralising properties to promote the remineralisation of tooth tissue. Ceramic minerals facilitate the remineralisation process and maintain an equilibrium in pH levels to maintain tooth integrity. In addition, ceramic nanomaterials have antibacterial properties to inhibit the growth of cariogenic biofilm. Researchers have developed antimicrobial nanoparticles, conjugated ceramic minerals with antibacterial and mineralising properties, to prevent the formation and progression of caries. Common ceramic nanomaterials developed for caries prevention include calcium-based (including hydroxyapatite-based), bioactive glass-based, and silica-based nanoparticles. Calcium-based ceramic nanomaterials can substitute for the lost hydroxyapatite by depositing calcium ions. Bioactive glass-based nanoparticles contain surface-reactive glass that can form apatite crystals resembling bone and tooth tissue and exhibit chemical bonding to the bone and tooth tissue. Silica-based nanoparticles contain silica for collagen infiltration and enhancing heterogeneous mineralisation of the dentin collagen matrix. In summary, ceramic nanomaterials can be used for caries prevention because of their antibacterial and mineralising properties. This study gives an overview of ceramic nanomaterials for the prevention of dental caries.
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Blanchard AB, Mon HH, Wang Y, Chapple A, Dupree P, Ballard R, Armbruster P, Xu X. Formulation and characterization of experimental orthodontic adhesive containing antibacterial dimethacrylate DABCO monomers: An in vitro study. Int Orthod 2022; 20:100706. [PMID: 36270947 PMCID: PMC10031755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2022.100706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study was to investigate the antibacterial efficacy and mechanical properties of experimental orthodontic adhesives containing newly synthesized antibacterial dimethacrylate monomers with doubly charged 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) group (dication). METHODS Experimental orthodontic adhesives were formulated using varying compositions of synthesized antibacterial dimethacrylate monomers containing DABCO dication, C16DC2DMA and BisC11DCDMA, replacing part of the control group, Transbond™XT. The concentrations of monomers tested were 5% C16DC2DMA, 10% C16DC2DMA, 5% BisC11DCDMA, and 10% BisC11DCDMA. The biofilm-inhibition effects of the experimental adhesives against Streptococcus mutans were tested. Brackets were then bonded to extracted human teeth utilizing the experimental adhesives in the bonding protocol. The shear bond strength and modulus of elasticity of the control and experimental groups were tested. The adhesive remnant index scores were recorded. RESULTS The experimental adhesives containing 5% or 10% BisC11DCDMA and 10% C16DC2DMA showed significantly lower S. mutans colony forming units (CFU) than the control. Both BisC11DCDMA experimental groups displayed similar mechanical properties as compared to the control, although 10% C16DC2DMA showed a reduction in shear bond strength as compared to the control. For all experimental adhesives, the adhesive remnant index scores were not significantly different compared to the control. CONCLUSION BisC11DCDMA is a novel antibacterial dimethacrylate monomer that exhibits the significant ability to inhibit bacterial growth while maintaining acceptable mechanical properties. When incorporated into orthodontic adhesives, this monomer may reduce the occurrence of white spot lesions around brackets in orthodontic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alli Beth Blanchard
- Department of Orthodontics, LSU Health-New Orleans, School of Dentistry, 1100, Florida Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA
| | - Htwe H Mon
- Department of Prosthodontics, LSU Health-New Orleans, School of Dentistry, 1100, Florida Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA
| | - Yapin Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, LSU Health-New Orleans, School of Dentistry, 1100, Florida Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA
| | - Andrew Chapple
- Department of Biostatistics, LSU Health-New Orleans, School of Public Health, 2020, Gravier St, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Peter Dupree
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, LSU Health-New Orleans, School of Dentistry, 1100, Florida Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA
| | - Richard Ballard
- Department of Orthodontics, LSU Health-New Orleans, School of Dentistry, 1100, Florida Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA.
| | - Paul Armbruster
- Department of Orthodontics, LSU Health-New Orleans, School of Dentistry, 1100, Florida Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Department of Prosthodontics, LSU Health-New Orleans, School of Dentistry, 1100, Florida Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA
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Yan J, Hua F, Cao L, Yang H, He H. Multifunctional modification of orthodontic adhesives with ZnO quantum dots. Dent Mater 2022; 38:1728-1741. [PMID: 36137833 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop a multifunctional orthodontic adhesive (QDA) using ZnO quantum-dots (ZnQDs) as modifier and investigate the antibacterial capability, fluorescence property as well as biocompatibility and bonding property. METHODS ZnQDs were synthesized using sol-gel method. XPS, XRD, FT-IR, HRTEM, SAED, DLS and spectrofluorimetry were used to characterize ZnQDs. ZnQDs were incorporated into Transbond XT adhesive paste with 20 %, 30 %, 40 % mass fraction, respectively, to form the multifunctional adhesives (QDAs). Antibacterial capability was evaluated with MTT kit, CFU count and Live/Dead Bacterial Staining Kit. Ultraviolet photography and spectrofluorimetry were used to confirm the fluorescence property of QDAs. Biocompatibility assay was performed on gingival fibroblasts and subcutaneous tissue of rats. Softening in solvent rate, shear bond strength and degree of conversion (DC) were measured. RESULTS The synthesized ZnQDs presented excellent crystallinity and fluorescence properties. MTT assay, CFU count and CLSM analysis indicated that QDAs had significant antibacterial activity compared with Transbond XT adhesive paste. CCK-8 assay and Live/Dead cell staining analysis denied the cytotoxicity of QDAs and histological analysis proved that QDAs all had no inflammatory irritation to subcutaneous tissue. Softening in solvent, shear bond strength and DC evaluations indicated that 20 % mixing ratio of ZnQDs could enhance the resistance to degradation without influencing the bond strength and DC. Ultraviolet photography and spectrofluorimetry analysis proved the fluorescence capability of QDAs. SIGNIFICANCE ZnQDs can impart antibacterial and fluorescence properties to orthodontic adhesives without affecting biocompatibility and bonding performance. QDAs can be multifunctional orthodontic adhesives to reduce bacterial adhesion around brackets and help orthodontists remove residual adhesives precisely when needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Yan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Orthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Hua
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Orthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Lingyun Cao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Orthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongye Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Prosthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Hong He
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Orthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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AlSahafi R, Wang X, Mitwalli H, Alhussein A, Balhaddad AA, Melo MAS, Oates TW, Sun J, Xu HK, Weir MD. Novel antibacterial low-shrinkage-stress resin-based cement. Dent Mater 2022; 38:1689-1702. [PMID: 36115699 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A low-shrinkage-stress resin-based cement with antibacterial properties could be beneficial to create a cement with lower stress at the tooth-restoration interface, which could help to enhance the longevity of the fixed dental restoration by reducing microleakage and recurrent caries. To date, there has been no report on the development of a low-shrinkage-stress and bio-interactive cement. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to develop a novel low-shrinkage-stress resin-based cement containing dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) and investigate the mechanical and antibacterial properties for the first time. METHODS The monomers urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) and triethylene glycol divinylbenzyl ether (TEG-DVBE) were combined and denoted as UV resin. Three cements were fabricated: (1) UV+ 0%DMAHDM (experimental control); (2) UV+ 3%DMAHDM, (3) UV+ %5DMAHDM. RelyX Ultimate cement was used as commercial control. Mechanical properties and Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilms growth on cement were evaluated. RESULTS The novel bio-interactive cement demonstrated excellent antibacterial and mechanical properties. Compared to commercial and experimental controls, adding DMAHDM into the UV cement significantly reduced colony forming unit (CFU) counts by approximately 7 orders of magnitude, metabolic activities from 0.29 ± 0.03 A540/cm2 to 0.01 ± 0.01 A540/cm2, and lactic acid production from 22.3 ± 0.74 mmol/L to 1.2 ± 0.27 mmol/L (n = 6) (p < 0.05). The low-shrinkage-stress cement demonstrated a high degree of conversion of around 70 %, while reducing the shrinkage stress by approximately 60%, compared to a commercial control (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The new antibacterial low-shrinkage-stress resin-based cement provides strong antibacterial action and maintains excellent mechanical properties with reduced polymerization shrinkage stress. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE A low-shrinkage-stress resin-based cement containing DMAHDM was developed with potent antibacterial effects and promising mechanical properties. This cement may potentially enhance the longevity of fixed dental restoration such as a dental crown, inlay, onlay, and veneers through its excellent mechanical properties, low shrinkage stress, and strong antibacterial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashed AlSahafi
- PhD Program in Dental Biomedical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, College of Dentistry, Makkah 24211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- American Dental Association Science and Research Institute, LLC., Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Heba Mitwalli
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alhussein
- PhD Program in Dental Biomedical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman A Balhaddad
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O.Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mary Anne S Melo
- Division of Operative Dentistry, Department of General Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Dept. of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Thomas W Oates
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Dept. of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jirun Sun
- The Forsyth Institute, Harvard School of Dental Medicine Affiliate, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - H K Xu
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Dept. of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Center for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Michael D Weir
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Dept. of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Kim H, Yoo KH, Yoon SY, Choi YK, Kim YI. A remineralizing orthodontic etchant that utilizes calcium phosphate ion clusters. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:944869. [PMID: 36118566 PMCID: PMC9473508 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.944869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether a phosphoric acid (H3PO4) solution containing calcium phosphate ion clusters (CPICs) could minimize enamel damage during long-term bracket bonding by dissolving the enamel surface and promoting enamel remineralization. The experimental design is as follows: first, three experimental etchants (H3PO4, CPICs-incorporated H3PO4 solution-I, and CPICs-incorporated H3PO4 solution-II) and two bonding resins (conventional orthodontic resin and self-adhesive orthodontic resin) were used in combination to create six groups, respectively. Each of these six groups was then divided into two sub-groups based on the presence or absence of thermocycling (TC). Twenty samples were assigned to each of the 12 groups (independent variables), and thus a total of 240 metal bracket-attached human premolars were used in this experiment. Bracket debonding was performed on each of 20 premolars in 12 groups, and shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive remnant index (ARI) values were measured as dependent variables. Next, the three experimental etchants were applied (independent variables) to each of the three enamel samples, and the remineralization of the enamel surface was investigated as a dependent variable. The enamel surface was observed using electron scanning and atomic force microscopy. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) spectrum X-ray spectroscopy, and elemental mapping were performed, and the Knoop microhardness scale was measured. Therefore, the experiment was performed in two steps: SBS and ARI measurements for 12 groups, followed by observation of the enamel surface and microhardness measurements, according to the three types of etchants. As a result of the experiment, first, when the bracket was debonded, SBS did not decrease, and residual adhesive was hardly observed in the C2A group (before TC), C2A, and C1C groups (after TC) (p < 0.001). Second, the experimental etchant containing CPICs achieved remineralization while demineralizing the enamel. This was verified through SEM/EDX, element mapping, XRD, and AFM. Also, the roughness and microhardness of the enamel surface were better in the remineralized surface by the experimental etchant containing CPICs (p < 0.017). The CPICs-incorporated H3PO4 solution reduced ARI while maintaining SBS during bracket debonding, regardless of whether TC was performed or the type of resin. The etchant containing CPICs was also shown to remineralize the enamel and increase its microhardness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeryeong Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Hyeon Yoo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Seog-Young Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Youn-Kyung Choi
- Department of Orthodontics, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Youn-Kyung Choi, ; Yong-Il Kim,
| | - Yong-Il Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea
- Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Youn-Kyung Choi, ; Yong-Il Kim,
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Alkyl trimethyl ammonium bromide for the formulation of antibacterial orthodontic resins. Clin Oral Investig 2022; 26:7011-7019. [PMID: 35951093 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04661-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed at formulating antibacterial orthodontic resins containing alkyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (ATAB) and evaluating their physicochemical and biological properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS The chemical composition and microstructure of ATAB was characterized through FTIR and SEM, respectively. Experimental orthodontic BisGMA/TEGDMA-based resins were formulated, and the ATAB filler was incorporated at 1wt%, 5wt%, and 10wt%, along with colloidal silica (5wt%). The degree of conversion, softening in solvent, and flexural strength of the experimental resins were analyzed. Biological properties were also assessed through cytotoxicity and antibacterial analyses. RESULTS The incorporation of ATAB, due to the presence of ⎯N+(CH3)3 alkyl groups, had no adverse effect on the degree of conversion of the resins (p > 0.05). The %ΔKHN values at 5wt% and 10wt% were comparable to those of the control group, while the flexural strength was reduced at all concentrations of ATAB. The viability of the gingival fibroblast was reduced with the addition of ATAB (p < 0.05). The viability of biofilm and planktonic bacteria was reduced when ATAB was incorporated at 5wt% and 10wt%. CONCLUSIONS The addition of ATAB at 5wt% resulted suitable for the formulation of orthodontic resins with the ability to control the biofilm formation and planktonic activity of S.mutans, without jeopardizing some specific physicochemical properties. CLINICAL RELEVANCE White spot lesions in orthodontic patients may be controlled by preventive treatments. Non-patient-dependent strategies, such as the use of orthodontic resins containing ATAB, may avoid accumulation of bacteria, especially in those areas surrounding orthodontic appliances.
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Yun Z, Qin D, Wei F, Xiaobing L. Application of antibacterial nanoparticles in orthodontic materials. NANOTECHNOLOGY REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/ntrev-2022-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
During the orthodontic process, increased microbial colonization and dental plaque formation on the orthodontic appliances and auxiliaries are major complications, causing oral infectious diseases, such as dental caries and periodontal diseases. To reduce plaque accumulation, antimicrobial materials are increasingly being investigated and applied to orthodontic appliances and auxiliaries by various methods. Through the development of nanotechnology, nanoparticles (NPs) have been reported to exhibit excellent antibacterial properties and have been applied in orthodontic materials to decrease dental plaque accumulation. In this review, we present the current development, antibacterial mechanisms, biocompatibility, and application of antibacterial NPs in orthodontic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan 610041 , China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan 610041 , China
| | - Du Qin
- Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu , 610072 , China
| | - Fei Wei
- Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu , 610072 , China
| | - Li Xiaobing
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan 610041 , China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan 610041 , China
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Yan J, Yang H, Luo T, Hua F, He H. Application of Amorphous Calcium Phosphate Agents in the Prevention and Treatment of Enamel Demineralization. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:853436. [PMID: 35646855 PMCID: PMC9136455 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.853436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Enamel demineralization, as a type of frequently-occurring dental problem that affects both the health and aesthetics of patients, is a concern for both dental professionals and patients. The main chemical composition of the enamel, hydroxyapatite, is easy to be dissolved under acid attack, resulting in the occurrence of enamel demineralization. Among agents for the preventing or treatment of enamel demineralization, amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) has gradually become a focus of research. Based on the nonclassical crystallization theory, ACP can induce the formation of enamel-like hydroxyapatite and thereby achieve enamel remineralization. However, ACP has poor stability and tends to turn into hydroxyapatite in an aqueous solution resulting in the loss of remineralization ability. Therefore, ACP needs to be stabilized in an amorphous state before application. Herein, ACP stabilizers, including amelogenin and its analogs, casein phosphopeptides, polymers like chitosan derivatives, carboxymethylated PAMAM and polyelectrolytes, together with their mechanisms for stabilizing ACP are briefly reviewed. Scientific evidence supporting the remineralization ability of these ACP agents are introduced. Limitations of existing research and further prospects of ACP agents for clinical translation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Yan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongye Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Luo
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Hua
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Center for Evidence-Based Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Fang Hua, ; Hong He,
| | - Hong He
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Fang Hua, ; Hong He,
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Nizami MZI, Xu VW, Yin IX, Yu OY, Chu CH. Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Caries Prevention: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:3446. [PMID: 34947795 PMCID: PMC8703950 DOI: 10.3390/nano11123446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles based on metal and metallic oxide have become a novel trend for dental use as they interfere with bacterial metabolism and prevent biofilm formation. Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles demonstrate significant antimicrobial activity by metal ion release, oxidative stress induction and non-oxidative mechanisms. Silver, zinc, titanium, copper, and magnesium ions have been used to develop metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. In addition, fluoride has been used to functionalise the metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. The fluoride-functionalised nanoparticles show fluoride-releasing properties that enhance apatite formation, promote remineralisation, and inhibit demineralisation of enamel and dentine. The particles' nanoscopic size increases their surface-to-volume ratio and bioavailability. The increased surface area facilitates their mechanical bond with tooth tissue. Therefore, metal and metal oxide nanoparticles have been incorporated in dental materials to strengthen the mechanical properties of the materials and to prevent caries development. Another advantage of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles is their easily scalable production. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the use of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles in caries prevention. The study reviews their effects on dental materials regarding antibacterial, remineralising, aesthetic, and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Chun-Hung Chu
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (M.Z.I.N.); (V.W.X.); (I.X.Y.); (O.Y.Y.)
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Chanachai S, Chaichana W, Insee K, Benjakul S, Aupaphong V, Panpisut P. Physical/Mechanical and Antibacterial Properties of Orthodontic Adhesives Containing Calcium Phosphate and Nisin. J Funct Biomater 2021; 12:jfb12040073. [PMID: 34940552 PMCID: PMC8706961 DOI: 10.3390/jfb12040073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Enamel demineralization around orthodontic adhesive is a common esthetic concern during orthodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to prepare orthodontic adhesives containing monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM) and nisin to enable mineralizing and antibacterial actions. The physicomechanical properties and the inhibition of S. mutans growth of the adhesives with added MCPM (5, 10 wt %) and nisin (5, 10 wt %) were examined. Transbond XT (Trans) was used as the commercial comparison. The adhesive containing a low level of MCPM showed significantly higher monomer conversion (42–62%) than Trans (38%) (p < 0.05). Materials with additives showed lower monomer conversion (p < 0.05), biaxial flexural strength (p < 0.05), and shear bond strength to enamel than those of a control. Additives increased water sorption and solubility of the experimental materials. The addition of MCPM encouraged Ca and P ion release, and the precipitation of calcium phosphate at the bonding interface. The growth of S. mutans in all the groups was comparable (p > 0.05). In conclusion, experimental orthodontic adhesives with additives showed comparable conversion but lesser mechanical properties than the commercial material. The materials showed no antibacterial action, but exhibited ion release and calcium phosphate precipitation. These properties may promote remineralization of the demineralized enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supachai Chanachai
- Division of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (S.C.); (W.C.); (K.I.); (S.B.)
| | - Wirinrat Chaichana
- Division of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (S.C.); (W.C.); (K.I.); (S.B.)
| | - Kanlaya Insee
- Division of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (S.C.); (W.C.); (K.I.); (S.B.)
| | - Sutiwa Benjakul
- Division of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (S.C.); (W.C.); (K.I.); (S.B.)
| | - Visakha Aupaphong
- Division of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
| | - Piyaphong Panpisut
- Division of Restorative Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Dental and Bone Substitute Biomaterials, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- Correspondence:
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Dai Z, Xie X, Zhang N, Li S, Yang K, Zhu M, Weir MD, Xu HHK, Zhang K, Zhao Z, Bai Y. Novel nanostructured resin infiltrant containing calcium phosphate nanoparticles to prevent enamel white spot lesions. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 126:104990. [PMID: 34871957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to develop a novel nanostructured resin infiltrant containing nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) to treat enamel white spot lesions (WSLs). Physical properties and the therapeutic effect of the new resin infiltrant were investigated for the first time. METHODS NACP was incorporated into ICON (Icon caries infiltrant, DMG, Germany) with different mass fractions. Cytotoxicity, degree of conversion, surface hardness, calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) ions release concentrations were tested. After application to the demineralized enamel samples, the color changes were determined. Surface and cross-sectional hardness were measured, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were taken on the cross-section of samples to observe microstructure changes after 14-day pH cycling. RESULTS Incorporating 10%-30% of NACP did not compromise the biocompatibility and physical properties of the resin infiltrant. ICON + 30% NACP group had long-lasting and high level of Ca and P ion release. After 14-day pH cycling, enamel surface hardness of ICON + 30% NACP group was 1.83 ± 0.21 GPa, significantly higher than the control group (1.32 ± 0.18 GPa) (p < 0.05). ICON + 30NACP group had the highest cross-sectional enamel hardness among all groups (p < 0.05), especially at 50 μm and 100 μm depth. SEM images showed that apparent enamel prism and inter-prism gaps in negative control were masked by mineral deposition in ICON + 30% NACP group. SIGNIFICANCE The novel ICON+30% NACP infiltrant is promising to inhibit enamel WSLs, protect the enamel and increase its hardness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixiang Dai
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianju Xie
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Song Li
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Yang
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Minjia Zhu
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Michael D Weir
- Department of Endodontics, Periodontics and Prosthodontics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Hockin H K Xu
- Department of Endodontics, Periodontics and Prosthodontics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Zeqing Zhao
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yuxing Bai
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Dong Y, Liu L, Sun J, Peng W, Dong X, Gu Y, Ma Z, Gan D, Liu P. Phosphonate/quaternary ammonium copolymers as high-efficiency antibacterial coating for metallic substrates. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:8321-8329. [PMID: 34522945 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01676h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Designing a coating material with efficient bactericidal property to cope with bacterial associated infections is highly desirable for metallic implants and devices. Here, we report phosphonate/quaternary ammonium copolymers, p(DEMMP-co-TMAEMA), as the new type of metal anchorable high-efficiency antibacterial coating. Seven p(DEMMP-co-TMAEMA) polymers with varied cationic components were precisely prepared via random radical polymerization. Copolymers were constructed on titanium alloy (TC4) substrates based on strong covalent bonding between the phosphonate group and metallic substrates through a one-step process as evidenced by XPS and water contact angle tests. A robust relationship between the composition of the copolymers and the bactericidal ability endowed to TC4 substrates was established. Results showed that the copolymer, with the pDEMMP content even as low as 6.3%, was able to anchor onto TC4 substrates. With the increase of cationic pTMAEMA content from 4.0 to 93.7% in the coating copolymer, the bactericidal ability endowed to the TC4 substrates was steadily increased from 39.4 to 98.8% for S. aureus and from 70.0 to 99.4% for E. coli after 8 h's of contacting. All p(DEMMP-co-TMAEMA) coating on TC4 substrates showed limited cytotoxicity to C2C12 cells. Notably, the phosphonate/quaternary amine copolymers can be easily constructed on diverse biomedical metals such as titanium (Ti), stainless steel (SS), and Ni/Cr alloys with significantly increased antibacterial performance, demonstrating the potency of the copolymer as the general high-efficiency antibacterial coating for diverse bio-metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaning Dong
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bio-functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Li Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bio-functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Jin Sun
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bio-functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Wan Peng
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bio-functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaohan Dong
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bio-functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Yahui Gu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bio-functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Zhuangzhuang Ma
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bio-functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Donglin Gan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bio-functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Pingsheng Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bio-functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
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Should local drug delivery systems be used in dentistry? Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 12:1395-1407. [PMID: 34545538 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-01053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In dentistry, the use of biomaterial-based drug delivery systems (DDS) aiming the release of the active compounds directly to the site of action is slowly getting more awareness among the scientific and medical community. Emerging technologies including nanotechnological platforms are offering novel approaches, but the majority are still in the proof-of-concept stage. This study critically reviews the potential use of DDS in anesthesiology, oral diseases, cariology, restorative dentistry, periodontics, endodontics, implantology, fixed and removable prosthodontics, and orthodontics with a special focus on infections. It also stresses the gaps and challenges faced. Despite numerous clinical and pharmacological advantages, some disadvantages of DDS pose an obstacle to their widespread use. The biomaterial's biofunctionality may be affected when the drug is incorporated and may cause an additional risk of toxicity. Also, the release of sub-therapeutic levels of drugs such as antibiotics may lead to microbial resistance. Multiple available techniques for the manufacture of DDS may affect drug release profiles and their bioavailability. If the benefits outweigh the costs, DDS may be potentially used to prevent or treat oral pathologies as an alternative to conventional strategies. A case-by-case approach must be followed.
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Han X, Chen Y, Jiang Q, Liu X, Chen Y. Novel Bioactive Glass-Modified Hybrid Composite Resin: Mechanical Properties, Biocompatibility, and Antibacterial and Remineralizing Activity. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:661734. [PMID: 34141700 PMCID: PMC8205519 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.661734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary caries seriously limits the lifetime of composite resin. However, integrating all desirable properties (i.e., mechanical, antibacterial, bioactivity, and biocompatibility) into one composite resin is still challenging. Herein, a novel bioactive glass (BAG)-modified hybrid composite resin has been successfully developed to simultaneously achieve excellent mechanical properties, good biocompatibility, and antibacterial and remineralizing capabilities. When the mass fractions of BAG particles were added from 8 to 23 wt %, the original mechanical properties of the composite resin, including flexural strength and compressive strength, were not obviously affected without compromising the degree of conversion. Although the BAG incorporation of mass fractions of 16 wt % to 23 wt % in composite resins reduced cell viability, the viability could be recovered to normal by adjusting the pH value. Moreover, the BAG-modified composite resins that were obtained showed good antibacterial effects against Streptococcus mutans and enhanced remineralizing activity on demineralized dentin surfaces with increasing incorporation of BAG particles. The possible mechanisms for antibacterial and remineralizing activity might be closely related to the release of bioactive ions (Ca2+, Si4+), suggesting that its antibacterial and biological properties can be controlled by modulating the amounts of bioactive ions. The capability to balance the mechanical properties, cytotoxicity, antibacterial activity, and bioactivity makes the BAG-modified composite resin a promising prospect for clinical application. Our findings provide insight into better design and intelligent fabrication of bioactive composite resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Polyclinics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Periodontology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Dental Materials, Shanghai Biomaterials Research & Testing Center, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaming Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Polyclinics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Niu LN, Jiao K, Fang M, Chen JH. [Application of biomimetic restoration in oral-maxillofacial hard tissue repair]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2021; 39:129-135. [PMID: 33834666 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oral-maxillofacial hard tissue is the support of maxillofacial structure and appearance, and lays the foundation for functions of oral and maxillofacial system. Once the defect occurs, it will not only affect the physiological functions such as chewing and pronunciation, but also have a significant impact on the psychological and social life of patients. However, the self-repairing capability of the oral-maxillofacial hard tissue is pretty limited, in which case, substitute materials are required for tissue repair. A huge gap exists between the physical, chemical, structural characteristics of conventional substitute materials and those of human hard tissues, resulting in poor repair effect. Based on this, scholars simulated the process of biomineralization in the development of hard tissues, to improve the structure and function of materials through biomimetic mineralization technology and enhance the repair performance of materials. The current understanding of biomineralization theory and the construction of biomimetic repair technology is still in the stage of rapid development. In recent years, a mass of innovative studies are keeping emerging. In this review, the representative advances in the repair of oral-maxillofacial hard tissues of the past five years are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Air Force Medical University, Xi,an 710032, China
| | - Kai Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Air Force Medical University, Xi,an 710032, China
| | - Ming Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Air Force Medical University, Xi,an 710032, China
| | - Ji-Hua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Air Force Medical University, Xi,an 710032, China
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Makvandi P, Josic U, Delfi M, Pinelli F, Jahed V, Kaya E, Ashrafizadeh M, Zarepour A, Rossi F, Zarrabi A, Agarwal T, Zare EN, Ghomi M, Kumar Maiti T, Breschi L, Tay FR. Drug Delivery (Nano)Platforms for Oral and Dental Applications: Tissue Regeneration, Infection Control, and Cancer Management. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2004014. [PMID: 33898183 PMCID: PMC8061367 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The oral cavity and oropharynx are complex environments that are susceptible to physical, chemical, and microbiological insults. They are also common sites for pathological and cancerous changes. The effectiveness of conventional locally-administered medications against diseases affecting these oral milieus may be compromised by constant salivary flow. For systemically-administered medications, drug resistance and adverse side-effects are issues that need to be resolved. New strategies for drug delivery have been investigated over the last decade to overcome these obstacles. Synthesis of nanoparticle-containing agents that promote healing represents a quantum leap in ensuring safe, efficient drug delivery to the affected tissues. Micro/nanoencapsulants with unique structures and properties function as more favorable drug-release platforms than conventional treatment approaches. The present review provides an overview of newly-developed nanocarriers and discusses their potential applications and limitations in various fields of dentistry and oral medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooyan Makvandi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of ScienceShahid Chamran University of AhvazAhvaz6153753843Iran
| | - Uros Josic
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor SciencesUniversity of BolognaVia San Vitale 59Bologna40125Italy
| | - Masoud Delfi
- Department of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Naples “Federico II”Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via CintiaNaples80126Italy
| | - Filippo Pinelli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical EngineeringPolitecnico di Milano Technical UniversityMilano20133Italy
| | - Vahid Jahed
- Biomedical Engineering Division, Faculty of Chemical EngineeringTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
| | - Emine Kaya
- Faculty of DentistryIstanbul Okan UniversityTuzla CampusTuzlaIstanbul34959Turkey
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural SciencesSabanci UniversityOrta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, OrhanlıTuzlaIstanbul34956Turkey
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM)TuzlaIstanbul34956Turkey
| | - Atefeh Zarepour
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM)TuzlaIstanbul34956Turkey
| | - Filippo Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical EngineeringPolitecnico di Milano Technical UniversityMilano20133Italy
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM)TuzlaIstanbul34956Turkey
| | - Tarun Agarwal
- Department of BiotechnologyIndian Institute of Technology KharagpurKharagpurWest Bengal721302India
| | | | - Matineh Ghomi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of ScienceShahid Chamran University of AhvazAhvaz6153753843Iran
| | - Tapas Kumar Maiti
- Department of BiotechnologyIndian Institute of Technology KharagpurKharagpurWest Bengal721302India
| | - Lorenzo Breschi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor SciencesUniversity of BolognaVia San Vitale 59Bologna40125Italy
| | - Franklin R Tay
- The Dental College of GeorgiaAugusta University1430 John Wesley Gilbert DriveAugustaGA30192USA
- The Graduate SchoolAugusta UniversityAugustaGA30912USA
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Jazi L, Mirhashemi A. Evaluation of the effect of antimicrobial nanoparticles on bond strength of orthodontic adhesives: A review article. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.332104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Adhesion of Streptococcus mutans on remineralized enamel surface induced by poly(amido amine) dendrimers. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 197:111409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Khan AS, Ur Rehman S, AlMaimouni YK, Ahmad S, Khan M, Ashiq M. Bibliometric Analysis of Literature Published on Antibacterial Dental Adhesive from 1996-2020. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2848. [PMID: 33260410 PMCID: PMC7761276 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the current state of research on antibacterial dental adhesives. The interest in this field can be drawn from an increasing number of scholarly works in this area. However, there is still a lack of quantitative measurement of this topic. The main aim of this study was to consolidate the research published on the antibacterial adhesive from 1996 to 2020 in Web of Science indexed journals. The bibliometric method, a quantitative study of investigating publishing trends and patterns, was used for this study. The result has shown that a gradual increase in research was found, whereby a substantial increase was observed from 2013. A total of 248 documents were published in 84 journals with total citations of 5107. The highly cited articles were published mainly in Q1 category journals. Most of the published articles were from the USA, China, and other developed countries; however, some developing countries contributed as well. The authorship pattern showed an interdisciplinary and collaborative approach among researchers. The thematic evaluation of keywords along with a three-factor analysis showed that 'antibacterial adhesives' and 'quaternary ammonium' have been used commonly. This bibliometric analysis can provide direction not only to researchers but also to funding organizations and policymakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Samad Khan
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shafiq Ur Rehman
- Deanship of Library Affairs, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Yara Khalid AlMaimouni
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shakil Ahmad
- Central Library, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Maria Khan
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Murtaza Ashiq
- Islamabad Model College for Boys, H-9, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
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Yu Z, Tao S, Xu HHK, Weir MD, Fan M, Liu Y, Zhou X, Liang K, Li J. Rechargeable adhesive with calcium phosphate nanoparticles inhibited long-term dentin demineralization in a biofilm-challenged environment. J Dent 2020; 104:103529. [PMID: 33189801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to investigate the long-term demineralization-inhibition capability of a rechargeable adhesive with nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) on dentin in a biofilm-challenged environment. METHODS The NACP adhesive was immersed in a pH 4 solution to exhaust calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ions and then recharged with Ca and P ions. Dentin samples were demineralized underStreptococcus mutans biofilms for 24 h and randomly divided into two groups: (1) dentin control, (2) dentin with recharged NACP adhesives. Each day, all the samples were immersed in brain heart infusion broth with 1% sucrose (BHIS) for 4 h, and then in artificial saliva (AS) for 20 h. This cycle was repeated for 10 days. The pH of BHIS, the Ca and P ions content of the BHIS and AS were measured daily. After 10 days, the lactic acid production and colony-forming units of the biofilms were tested. The changes of remineralization/demineralization were also analyzed. RESULTS Dentin in the control group showed further demineralization. The recharged NACP adhesive neutralized acids, increasing the pH to above 5, and released large amounts of Ca and P ions each day. The recharged NACP adhesive decreased the production of lactic acid (P < 0.05), inhibited dentin demineralization and sustained the dentin hardness in the biofilm-challenged environment, showing an excellent long-term demineralization-inhibition capability. CONCLUSIONS The NACP adhesive could continuously inhibit dentin demineralization in a biofilm-challenged environment by recharging with Ca and P ions. SIGNIFICANCE The rechargeable NACP adhesive could provide long-term dentin bond protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Siying Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hockin H K Xu
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Michael D Weir
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Menglin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yifang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kunneng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Jiyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Chen H, Gu L, Liao B, Zhou X, Cheng L, Ren B. Advances of Anti-Caries Nanomaterials. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215047. [PMID: 33143140 PMCID: PMC7662703 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Caries is the most common and extensive oral chronic disease. Due to the lack of anti-caries properties, traditional caries filling materials can easily cause secondary caries and lead to treatment failure. Nanomaterials can interfere with the bacteria metabolism, inhibit the formation of biofilm, reduce demineralization, and promote remineralization, which is expected to be an effective strategy for caries management. The nanotechnology in anti-caries materials, especially nano-adhesive and nano-composite resin, has developed fast in recent years. In this review, the antibacterial nanomaterials, remineralization nanomaterials, and nano-drug delivery systems are reviewed. We are aimed to provide a theoretical basis for the future development of anti-caries nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (H.C.); (B.L.); (X.Z.)
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China;
| | - Lisha Gu
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China;
| | - Binyou Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (H.C.); (B.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (H.C.); (B.L.); (X.Z.)
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (H.C.); (B.L.); (X.Z.)
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (B.R.)
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (H.C.); (B.L.); (X.Z.)
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (B.R.)
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AlSahafi R, Balhaddad AA, Mitwalli H, Ibrahim MS, Melo MAS, Oates TW, Xu HH, Weir MD. Novel Crown Cement Containing Antibacterial Monomer and Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10102001. [PMID: 33050559 PMCID: PMC7600938 DOI: 10.3390/nano10102001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Oral biofilm accumulation at the tooth–restoration interface often leads to recurrent dental caries and restoration failure. The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a novel bioactive crown cement containing dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) and nano-sized amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP), and (2) investigate the mechanical properties, anti-biofilm activity, and calcium (Ca2+) and phosphate (PO43−) ion release of the crown cement for the first time. The cement matrix consisted of pyromellitic glycerol dimethacrylate and ethoxylated bisphenol-A dimethacrylate monomers and was denoted PEHB resin matrix. The following cements were tested: (1) RelyX luting cement (commercial control); (2) 55% PEHB + 45% glass fillers (experimental control); (3) 55% PEHB + 20% glass + 25% NACP + 0% DMAHDM; (4) 52% PEHB + 20% glass + 25% NACP + 3% DMAHDM; (5) 51% PEHB + 20% glass + 25% NACP + 4% DMAHDM; (6) 50% PEHB + 20% glass + 25% NACP + 5% DMAHDM. Mechanical properties and ion release were measured. Streptococcusmutans (S. mutans) biofilms were grown on cements, and colony-forming units (CFUs) and other biofilm properties were measured. The novel bioactive cement demonstrated strong antibacterial properties and high levels of Ca2+ and PO43− ion release to remineralize tooth lesions. Adding NACP and DMAHDM into the cement did not adversely affect the mechanical properties and dentin bonding strength. In conclusion, the novel NACP + DMAHDM crown cement has excellent potential for restoration cementation to inhibit caries by suppressing oral biofilm growth and increasing remineralization via Ca2+ and PO43− ions. The NACP + DMAHDM composition may have wide applicability to other biomaterials to promote hard-tissue formation and combat bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashed AlSahafi
- Program in Dental Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (R.A.); (A.A.B.); (H.M.)
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman A. Balhaddad
- Program in Dental Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (R.A.); (A.A.B.); (H.M.)
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba Mitwalli
- Program in Dental Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (R.A.); (A.A.B.); (H.M.)
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maria Salem Ibrahim
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mary Anne S. Melo
- Department of General Dentistry, Division of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Thomas W. Oates
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Hockin H.K. Xu
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
- Center for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Correspondence: (H.H.K.X.); (M.D.W.)
| | - Michael D. Weir
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
- Correspondence: (H.H.K.X.); (M.D.W.)
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An in vitro evaluation of the effects of nanoparticles on shear bond strength and antimicrobial properties of orthodontic adhesives: A systematic review and meta-analysis study. Int Orthod 2020; 18:203-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Foong LK, Foroughi MM, Mirhosseini AF, Safaei M, Jahani S, Mostafavi M, Ebrahimpoor N, Sharifi M, Varma RS, Khatami M. Applications of nano-materials in diverse dentistry regimes. RSC Adv 2020; 10:15430-15460. [PMID: 35495474 PMCID: PMC9052824 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00762e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Research and development in the applied sciences at the atomic or molecular level is the order of the day under the domain of nanotechnology or nano-science with enormous influence on nearly all areas of human health and activities comprising diverse medical fields such as pharmacological studies, clinical diagnoses, and supplementary immune system. The field of nano-dentistry has emerged due to the assorted dental applications of nano-technology. This review provides a brief introduction to the general nanotechnology field and a comprehensive overview of the synthesis features and dental uses of nano-materials including current innovations and future expectations with general comments on the latest advancements in the mechanisms and the most significant toxicological dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loke Kok Foong
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University Da Nang 550000 Viet Nam
| | | | - Armita Forutan Mirhosseini
- Nanobioelectrochemistry Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences Bam Iran +98 3433210051 +98 34331321750
| | - Mohadeseh Safaei
- Student Research Committee, School of Public Health, Bam University of Medical Sciences Bam Iran
| | - Shohreh Jahani
- Nanobioelectrochemistry Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences Bam Iran +98 3433210051 +98 34331321750
- Student Research Committee, School of Public Health, Bam University of Medical Sciences Bam Iran
| | - Maryam Mostafavi
- Tehran Dental Branch, Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
- Craniomaxilofacial Resarch Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Nasser Ebrahimpoor
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran
| | - Maryam Sharifi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Šlechtitelů 27 783 71 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Mehrdad Khatami
- Nanobioelectrochemistry Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences Bam Iran +98 3433210051 +98 34331321750
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Comprehensive Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran
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Yao S, Li T, Zhou C, Weir MD, Melo MAS, Tay FR, Lynch CD, Imazato S, Wu J, Xu HH. Novel antibacterial and therapeutic dental polymeric composites with the capability to self-heal cracks and regain mechanical properties. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Yi J, Weir MD, Melo MA, Li T, Lynch CD, Oates TW, Dai Q, Zhao Z, Xu HH. Novel rechargeable nano-CaF2 orthodontic cement with high levels of long-term fluoride release. J Dent 2019; 90:103214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2019.103214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Yi J, Dai Q, Weir MD, Melo MA, Lynch CD, Oates TW, Zhang K, Zhao Z, Xu HH. A nano-CaF2-containing orthodontic cement with antibacterial and remineralization capabilities to combat enamel white spot lesions. J Dent 2019; 89:103172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Jiao Y, Tay FR, Niu LN, Chen JH. Advancing antimicrobial strategies for managing oral biofilm infections. Int J Oral Sci 2019; 11:28. [PMID: 31570700 PMCID: PMC6802668 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-019-0062-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective control of oral biofilm infectious diseases represents a major global challenge. Microorganisms in biofilms exhibit increased drug tolerance compared with planktonic cells. The present review covers innovative antimicrobial strategies for controlling oral biofilm-related infections published predominantly over the past 5 years. Antimicrobial dental materials based on antimicrobial agent release, contact-killing and multi-functional strategies have been designed and synthesized for the prevention of initial bacterial attachment and subsequent biofilm formation on the tooth and material surface. Among the therapeutic approaches for managing biofilms in clinical practice, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy has emerged as an alternative to antimicrobial regimes and mechanical removal of biofilms, and cold atmospheric plasma shows significant advantages over conventional antimicrobial approaches. Nevertheless, more preclinical studies and appropriately designed and well-structured multi-center clinical trials are critically needed to obtain reliable comparative data. The acquired information will be helpful in identifying the most effective antibacterial solutions and the most optimal circumstances to utilize these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiao
- Department of Stomatology, the 7th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Franklin R Tay
- Department of Endodontics, the Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Li-Na Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China.
| | - Ji-Hua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China.
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Tao S, He L, Xu HHK, Weir MD, Fan M, Yu Z, Zhang M, Zhou X, Liang K, Li J. Dentin remineralization via adhesive containing amorphous calcium phosphate nanoparticles in a biofilm-challenged environment. J Dent 2019; 89:103193. [PMID: 31476321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2019.103193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The remineralization of dentin at a bonded interface would help to strengthen the bonded interface and inhibit secondary caries, and would prolong the longevity of restoration. The aim of this study was to investigate the remineralization of demineralized human dentin in a dental biofilm environment via an adhesive containing nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP). METHODS Dentin demineralization was promoted by subjecting samples to a Streptococcus mutans acidic biofilm for 24 h. Samples were divided into a control group, a commercial fluoride-releasing adhesive group, and an NACP adhesive group. All samples were subjected to a remineralization protocol consisting of 4-h exposure per 24-h period in brain heart infusion broth plus 1% sucrose (BHIS) followed by immersion in artificial saliva for the remaining period. The pH of BHIS after 4-h immersion was measured every other day. After 10 days, the biofilm was assessed for colony-forming unit (CFU) count, lactic acid production, live/dead staining, and calcium and phosphate content. The mineral changes in the demineralized dentin samples were analyzed by transverse microradiography, hardness measurement, X-ray diffraction characterization, and scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS The NACP adhesive achieved acid neutralization, decreased biofilm CFU count, decreased biofilm lactic acid production, and increased biofilm calcium and phosphate content (P < 0.05). The NACP adhesive group had higher remineralization value than the commercial fluoride-releasing adhesive group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The NACP adhesive was effective in remineralizing dentin lesions in a biofilm model. Its ability to protect bond interface, inhibit secondary caries, and prolong the longevity of restoration is promising. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Using NACP-containing adhesives could be recommended because of the protective ability of its hybrid layer even under a biofilm-challenged environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Libang He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hockin H K Xu
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Center for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Michael D Weir
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Center for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Menglin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhaohan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kunneng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Center for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Jiyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Gelli R, Ridi F, Baglioni P. The importance of being amorphous: calcium and magnesium phosphates in the human body. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 269:219-235. [PMID: 31096075 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This article focuses on the relevance of amorphous calcium (and magnesium) phosphates in living organisms. Although crystalline calcium phosphate (CaP)-based materials are known to constitute the major inorganic constituents of human hard tissues, amorphous CaP-based structures, often in combination with magnesium, are frequently employed by Nature to build up components of our body and guarantee their proper functioning. After a brief description of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) formation mechanism and structure, this paper is focused on the stabilization strategies that can be used to enhance the lifetime of the poorly stable amorphous phase. The various locations of our body in which ACP (pure or in combination with Mg2+) can be found (i.e. bone, enamel, small intestine, calciprotein particles and casein micelles) are highlighted, showing how the amorphous nature of ACP is often of paramount importance for the achievement of a specific physiological function. The last section is devoted to ACP-based biomaterials, focusing on how these materials differ from their crystalline counterparts in terms of biological response.
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48
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Liang K, Wang S, Tao S, Xiao S, Zhou H, Wang P, Cheng L, Zhou X, Weir MD, Oates TW, Li J, Xu HHK. Dental remineralization via poly(amido amine) and restorative materials containing calcium phosphate nanoparticles. Int J Oral Sci 2019; 11:15. [PMID: 31068570 PMCID: PMC6506538 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-019-0048-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tooth decay is prevalent, and secondary caries causes restoration failures, both of which are related to demineralization. There is an urgent need to develop new therapeutic materials with remineralization functions. This article represents the first review on the cutting edge research of poly(amido amine) (PAMAM) in combination with nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP). PAMAM was excellent nucleation template, and could absorb calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ions via its functional groups to activate remineralization. NACP composite and adhesive showed acid-neutralization and Ca and P ion release capabilities. PAMAM+NACP together showed synergistic effects and produced triple benefits: excellent nucleation templates, superior acid-neutralization, and ions release. Therefore, the PAMAM+NACP strategy possessed much greater remineralization capacity than using PAMAM or NACP alone. PAMAM+NACP achieved dentin remineralization even in an acidic solution without any initial Ca and P ions. Besides, the long-term remineralization capability of PAMAM+NACP was established. After prolonged fluid challenge, the immersed PAMAM with the recharged NACP still induced effective dentin mineral regeneration. Furthermore, the hardness of pre-demineralized dentin was increased back to that of healthy dentin, indicating a complete remineralization. Therefore, the novel PAMAM+NACP approach is promising to provide long-term therapeutic effects including tooth remineralization, hardness increase, and caries-inhibition capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunneng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Suping Wang
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics & Stomatology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Siying Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shimeng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Han Zhou
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Michael D Weir
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas W Oates
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jiyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Hockin H K Xu
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Center for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Sodagar A, Akhavan A, Arab S, Bahador A, Pourhajibagher M, Soudi A. Evaluation of the Effect of Propolis Nanoparticles on Antimicrobial Properties and Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Composite Bonded to Bovine Enamel. Front Dent 2019; 16:96-104. [PMID: 31777850 PMCID: PMC6874849 DOI: 10.18502/fid.v16i2.1360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: We aimed to investigate the effects of propolis nanoparticles (prpNPs) on antimicrobial property and shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic composite bonded to bovine enamel. Materials and Methods: Sixty bovine teeth were randomly divided into five groups (n=12). PrpNPs were prepared at concentrations of 0% (control), 1%, 2%, 5%, and 10% in Transbond XT composite to bond stainless steel brackets to the teeth. SBS between brackets and teeth was measured using a universal testing machine. After debonding, the adhesive remnant index (ARI) on bracket bases was measured. In the microbial test, composites with the aforementioned concentrations of prpNPs were cured in metal discs. The bacteria included Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Streptococcus sanguinis (S. sanguinis), and Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus), and antimicrobial effects of prpNPs were investigated by anti-biofilm, disc agar diffusion and eluted component tests. Results: The 10% prpNPs group showed the lowest SBS. Colony growths of S. mutans and S. sanguinis at all concentrations (except for 1%) was significantly lower than the control group. L. acidophilus colony growth was significantly reduced at 5% and 10% concentrations. Growth inhibition zone developed at 2%, 5%, and 10% concentrations for S. mutans and S. sanguinis. The lowest numbers of S. mutans and S. sanguinis colonies at all concentrations were observed on day 15. L. acidophilus colonies decreased significantly at all concentrations (except for 1%) until day 30. Conclusion: Nano propolis has a significant antimicrobial effect at 2% and 5% concentrations, and the SBS is maintained within the acceptable clinical range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Sodagar
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Akhavan
- Radiation Application Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Arab
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Bahador
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Pourhajibagher
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armin Soudi
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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50
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Wang W, Wu F, Zhang G, Zhu S, Ban J, Wang L. Preparation of a highly crosslinked biosafe dental nanocomposite resin with a tetrafunctional methacrylate quaternary ammonium salt monomer. RSC Adv 2019; 9:41616-41627. [PMID: 35541606 PMCID: PMC9076464 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09173d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of antimicrobial dental nanocomposite resin to prevent secondary dental caries and minimize biosafety problems is an important endeavor with both fundamental and practical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Wang
- Department of Stomatology
- Hangzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of Stomatology
- Hangzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- Department of Stomatology
- Hangzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Sailing Zhu
- Department of Stomatology
- Hangzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghao Ban
- School of Stomatology
- Fourth Military Medical University
- Xi'an
- People's Republic of China
| | - Limin Wang
- Department of Stomatology
- Hangzhou
- People's Republic of China
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