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Mizumachi H, Watanabe M, Ikezumi M, Kajiwara M, Yasuda M, Mizuno M, Imai N, Sakuma M, Shibata M, Watanabe SI, Motoyama J, Basketter D, Eskes C, Hoffmann S, Lehmann DM, Ashikaga T, Sozu T, Takeyoshi M, Suzuki S, Miyazawa M, Kojima H. The inter-laboratory validation study of EpiSensA for predicting skin sensitization potential. J Appl Toxicol 2024; 44:510-525. [PMID: 37897225 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The Epidermal Sensitization Assay (EpiSensA) is a reconstructed human epidermis (RhE)-based gene expression assay for predicting the skin sensitization potential of chemicals. Since the RhE model is covered by a stratified stratum corneum, various kinds of test chemicals, including lipophilic ones and pre-/pro-haptens, can be tested with a route of exposure akin to an in vivo assay and human exposure. This article presents the results of a formally managed validation study of the EpiSensA that was carried out by three participating laboratories. The purpose of this validation study was to assess transferability of the EpiSensA to new laboratories along with its within- (WLR) and between-laboratory reproducibility (BLR). The validation study was organized into two independent stages. As demonstrated during the first stage, where three sensitizers and one non-sensitizer were correctly predicted by all participating laboratories, the EpiSensA was successfully transferred to all three participating laboratories. For Phase I of the second stage, each participating laboratory performed three experiments with an identical set of 15 coded test chemicals resulting in WLR of 93.3%, 93.3%, and 86.7%, respectively. Furthermore, when the results from the 15 test chemicals were combined with those of the additional 12 chemicals tested in Phase II of the second stage, the BLR for 27 test chemicals was 88.9%. Moreover, the predictive capacity among the three laboratories showed 92.6% sensitivity, 63.0% specificity, 82.7% accuracy, and 77.8% balanced accuracy based on murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) results. Overall, this validation study concluded that EpiSensA is easily transferable and sufficiently robust for assessing the skin sensitization potential of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Mizumachi
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi, 321-3497, Japan
| | - Mika Watanabe
- Food and Drug Safety Center, Hatano Research Institute, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-8523, Japan
| | - Mayu Ikezumi
- Food and Drug Safety Center, Hatano Research Institute, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-8523, Japan
| | - Michika Kajiwara
- Food and Drug Safety Center, Hatano Research Institute, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-8523, Japan
| | - Michiyo Yasuda
- Food and Drug Safety Center, Hatano Research Institute, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-8523, Japan
| | - Makoto Mizuno
- Safety and Analytical Research Laboratories, KOSÉ Corporation, 48-18 Sakae-cho, Kita-ku, Tokyo, 114-0005, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Imai
- Safety and Analytical Research Laboratories, KOSÉ Corporation, 48-18 Sakae-cho, Kita-ku, Tokyo, 114-0005, Japan
| | - Megumi Sakuma
- Safety and Analytical Research Laboratories, KOSÉ Corporation, 48-18 Sakae-cho, Kita-ku, Tokyo, 114-0005, Japan
| | - Momoko Shibata
- Safety and Analytical Research Laboratories, KOSÉ Corporation, 48-18 Sakae-cho, Kita-ku, Tokyo, 114-0005, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Watanabe
- Safety Research Science Laboratory, LION Corporation, 100 Tajima, Odawara-shi, Kanagawa, 256-0811, Japan
| | - Junko Motoyama
- Safety Research Science Laboratory, LION Corporation, 100 Tajima, Odawara-shi, Kanagawa, 256-0811, Japan
| | - David Basketter
- DABMEB Consultancy Ltd., Kingswood, Gloucestershire, GL12 8RN, UK
| | - Chantra Eskes
- Services and Consultation on Alternative Methods (SeCAM), Magliaso, Switzerland and Swiss 3R Competence Centre (3RCC), Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - David M Lehmann
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Takao Ashikaga
- Japanese Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (JaCVAM), National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Takashi Sozu
- Department of Information and Computer Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, 125-0051, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takeyoshi
- Chemicals Assessment and Research Center, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute (CERI), 1600 Shimotakano, Sugito-machi, Kitakatsushika-gun, Saitama, 345-0043, Japan
| | - Sho Suzuki
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi, 321-3497, Japan
| | - Masaaki Miyazawa
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi, 321-3497, Japan
| | - Hajime Kojima
- Japanese Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (JaCVAM), National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
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Mizumachi H, Suzuki S, Sakuma M, Natsui M, Imai N, Miyazawa M. Reconstructed human epidermis-based testing strategy of skin sensitization potential and potency classification using epidermal sensitization assay and in silico data. J Appl Toxicol 2024; 44:415-427. [PMID: 37846211 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
The hazards and potency of skin sensitizers are traditionally determined using animal tests such as the local lymph node assay (LLNA); however, significant progress has been made in the development of non-animal test methods addressing the first three mechanistic key events of adverse outcome pathway in skin sensitization. We developed the epidermal sensitization assay (EpiSensA), which is a reconstructed human epidermis-based assay, by measuring four genes related to critical keratinocyte responses during skin sensitization. Four in vitro skin sensitization test methods (EpiSensA, direct peptide reactivity assay [DPRA], KeratinoSens™, and human cell line activation test [h-CLAT]) were systematically evaluated using 136 chemicals including lipophilic chemicals and pre/pro-haptens, which may be related to assay-specific limitations. The constructed database included existing and newly generated data. The EpiSensA showed a broader applicability domain and predicted the hazards with 82.4% and 78.8% accuracy than LLNA and human data. The EpiSensA could detect 76 out of 88 sensitizers at lower concentrations than the LLNA, indicating that the EpiSensA has higher sensitivity for the detection of minor sensitizing constituents. These results confirmed the potential use of the EpiSensA in evaluating a mixture of unknown compositions that can be evaluated by animal tests. To combine different information sources, the reconstructed human epidermis-based testing strategy (RTS) was developed based on weighted multiple information from the EpiSensA and TImes MEtabolism Simulator platform for predicting Skin Sensitization (TIMES-SS; RTSv1) or Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) QSAR Toolbox automated workflow (RTSv2). The predictivities of the hazards and Globally Harmonized System (GHS) subcategories were equal to or better than the defined approaches (2 out of 3, integrated testing strategy [ITS]v1, and ITSv2) adopted as OECD Guideline 497.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sho Suzuki
- Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, Haga-gun, Japan
| | - Megumi Sakuma
- Safety and Analytical Research Laboratories, KOSÉ Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Midori Natsui
- Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, Haga-gun, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Imai
- Safety and Analytical Research Laboratories, KOSÉ Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
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Amalia SN, Baral H, Fujiwara C, Uchiyama A, Inoue Y, Yamazaki S, Ishikawa M, Kosaka K, Sekiguchi A, Yokoyama Y, Ogino S, Torii R, Hosoi M, Shibasaki K, Motegi SI. TRPV4 Regulates the Development of Psoriasis by Controlling Adenosine Triphosphate Expression in Keratinocytes and the Neuroimmune System. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:2356-2365.e5. [PMID: 37263487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
TRPV4 is a calcium ion channel that is widely expressed in various cells. It is also involved in physiological and pathological processes. However, the role of TRPV4 in psoriasis remains unknown. We aimed to investigate the role of TRPV4 in psoriasis using human psoriasis skin samples and an imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like mouse model. Keratinocytes in human psoriasis skin had high TRPV4 expression. Trpv4-knockout mice had less severe dermatitis than wild-type mice in the imiquimod-induced mouse model. Knockout mice had significantly reduced epidermal thickness and a low number of infiltrated CD3+ T cells and CD68+ macrophages on the basis of histopathological studies and decreased mRNA expression of Il17a, Il17f, and Il23, as detected through qPCR. Furthermore, knockout mice had a significantly low expression of neuropeptides and the neuron marker PGP9.5. Adenosine triphosphate release was significantly suppressed by TRPV4 knockdown in both human and mouse keratinocytes in vitro. Finally, treatment with TRPV4 antagonist was significantly effective in preventing the progression of psoriasis-like dermatitis. In conclusion, TRPV4 mediates the expression of keratinocyte-derived adenosine triphosphate and increases the secretion of neuropeptides, resulting in the activation and amplification of IL-23/Th17 responses. Hence, TRPV4 can serve as a novel therapeutic target in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syahla Nisaa Amalia
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hritu Baral
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Chisako Fujiwara
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Akihiko Uchiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.
| | - Yuta Inoue
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Sahori Yamazaki
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Mai Ishikawa
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Keiji Kosaka
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Akiko Sekiguchi
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yoko Yokoyama
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Sachiko Ogino
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Ryoko Torii
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Mari Hosoi
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Koji Shibasaki
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Human Health Science, University of Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Sei-Ichiro Motegi
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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Gu XW, Chen ZC, Yang ZS, Yang Y, Yan YP, Liu YF, Pan JM, Su RW, Yang ZM. Blastocyst-induced ATP release from luminal epithelial cells initiates decidualization through the P2Y2 receptor in mice. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/646/eaba3396. [PMID: 32843542 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aba3396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Embryo implantation involves a sterile inflammatory reaction that is required for the invasion of the blastocyst into the decidua. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) released from stressed or injured cells acts as an important signaling molecule to regulate many key physiological events, including sterile inflammation. We found that the amount of ATP in the uterine luminal fluid of mice increased during the peri-implantation period, and this depended on the presence of an embryo. We further showed that the release of ATP from receptive epithelial cells was likely stimulated by lactate released from the blastocyst through connexin hemichannels. The ATP receptor P2y2 was present on uterine epithelial cells during the preimplantation period and increased in the stromal cells during the time at which decidualization began. Pharmacological inhibition of P2y2 compromised decidualization and implantation. ATP-P2y2 signaling stimulated the phosphorylation of Stat3 in uterine luminal epithelial cells and the expression of early growth response 1 (Egr1) and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (Ptgs2, also known as Cox-2), all of which are required for decidualization and/or implantation, in stromal cells. Short exposure to high concentrations of ATP promoted decidualization of primary stromal cells, but longer exposures or lower ATP concentrations did not. The expression of genes encoding ATP-degrading ectonucleotidases increased in the decidua during the peri-implantation period, suggesting that they may limit the duration of the ATP signal. Together, our results indicate that the blastocyst-induced release of ATP from uterine epithelial cells during the peri-implantation period may be important for the initiation of stromal cell decidualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wei Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zi-Cong Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhen-Shan Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yan Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ya-Ping Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yue-Fang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ji-Min Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ren-Wei Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zeng-Ming Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Review-Current Concepts in Inflammatory Skin Diseases Evolved by Transcriptome Analysis: In-Depth Analysis of Atopic Dermatitis and Psoriasis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030699. [PMID: 31973112 PMCID: PMC7037913 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decades, high-throughput assessment of gene expression in patient tissues using microarray technology or RNA-Seq took center stage in clinical research. Insights into the diversity and frequency of transcripts in healthy and diseased conditions provide valuable information on the cellular status in the respective tissues. Growing with the technique, the bioinformatic analysis toolkit reveals biologically relevant pathways which assist in understanding basic pathophysiological mechanisms. Conventional classification systems of inflammatory skin diseases rely on descriptive assessments by pathologists. In contrast to this, molecular profiling may uncover previously unknown disease classifying features. Thereby, treatments and prognostics of patients may be improved. Furthermore, disease models in basic research in comparison to the human disease can be directly validated. The aim of this article is not only to provide the reader with information on the opportunities of these techniques, but to outline potential pitfalls and technical limitations as well. Major published findings are briefly discussed to provide a broad overview on the current findings in transcriptomics in inflammatory skin diseases.
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Extracellular ATP activates hyaluronan synthase 2 ( HAS2) in epidermal keratinocytes via P2Y 2, Ca 2+ signaling, and MAPK pathways. Biochem J 2018; 475:1755-1772. [PMID: 29626161 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides are used as signaling molecules by several cell types. In epidermis, their release is triggered by insults such as ultraviolet radiation, barrier disruption, and tissue wounding, and by specific nerve terminals firing. Increased synthesis of hyaluronan, a ubiquitous extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan, also occurs in response to stress, leading to the attractive hypothesis that nucleotide signaling and hyaluronan synthesis could also be linked. In HaCaT keratinocytes, ATP caused a rapid and strong but transient activation of hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) expression via protein kinase C-, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II-, mitogen-activated protein kinase-, and calcium response element-binding protein-dependent pathways by activating the purinergic P2Y2 receptor. Smaller but more persistent up-regulation of HAS3 and CD44, and delayed up-regulation of HAS1 were also observed. Accumulation of peri- and extracellular hyaluronan followed 4-6 h after stimulation, an effect further enhanced by the hyaluronan precursor glucosamine. AMP and adenosine, the degradation products of ATP, markedly inhibited HAS2 expression and, despite concomitant up-regulation of HAS1 and HAS3, inhibited hyaluronan synthesis. Functionally, ATP moderately increased cell migration, whereas AMP and adenosine had no effect. Our data highlight the strong influence of adenosinergic signaling on hyaluronan metabolism in human keratinocytes. Epidermal insults are associated with extracellular ATP release, as well as rapid up-regulation of HAS2/3, CD44, and hyaluronan synthesis, and we show here that the two phenomena are linked. Furthermore, as ATP is rapidly degraded, the opposite effects of its less phosphorylated derivatives facilitate a rapid shut-off of the hyaluronan response, providing a feedback mechanism to prevent excessive reactions when more persistent signals are absent.
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Yoshida K, Ito M, Matsuoka I. Divergent regulatory roles of extracellular ATP in the degranulation response of mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 43:99-107. [PMID: 27988461 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) play a critical role in allergic inflammation. Although purinergic signalling is implicated in the regulation of various immune responses, its role in MC function is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the regulatory role of purinergic signalling in MC degranulation, using mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs). Notably, BMMCs expressed various functional P2 adenosine triphosphate (ATP) receptors, including ionotropic P2X4 and P2X7, involved in the regulation of BMMC degranulation. Thus, P2X7 receptor activation induced a marked degranulation from BMMCs directly. Although P2X4 receptor activation did not independently induce degranulation, it significantly potentiated the degranulation triggered by antigen-induced, high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) stimulation. In addition, ATP synergistically augmented degranulation induced by adenosine A3 receptor activation. Moreover, BMMCs highly expressed ecto-nucleotidase CD39, but not ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73), and were therefore unable to directly convert ATP to adenosine. However, in the presence of CD73-expressing cells, ATP-mediated BMMC stimulation caused a marked degranulation in a CD73- and adenosine-dependent manner. These results demonstrate that purinergic signalling plays an important role in MC degranulation through at least three distinct mechanisms: (1) higher ATP concentrations directly induce degranulation via P2X7 receptor activation, (2) lower ATP concentrations augment FcεRI-mediated degranulation via P2X4 receptor activation, and (3) in an ecto-nucleotidase-enrich environment, ATP and the converted product adenosine induce a synergistic degranulation by P1 and P2 receptor co-activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Yoshida
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 60 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0033, Japan
| | - Masaaki Ito
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 60 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0033, Japan
| | - Isao Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 60 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0033, Japan.
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Saito K, Takenouchi O, Nukada Y, Miyazawa M, Sakaguchi H. An in vitro skin sensitization assay termed EpiSensA for broad sets of chemicals including lipophilic chemicals and pre/pro-haptens. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 40:11-25. [PMID: 27965148 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate chemicals (e.g. lipophilic chemicals, pre/pro-haptens) that are difficult to correctly evaluate using in vitro skin sensitization tests (e.g. DPRA, KeratinoSens or h-CLAT), we developed a novel in vitro test termed "Epidermal Sensitization Assay: EpiSensA" that uses reconstructed human epidermis. This assay is based on the induction of multiple marker genes (ATF3, IL-8, DNAJB4 and GCLM) related to two keratinocyte responses (inflammatory or cytoprotective) in the induction of skin sensitization. Here, we first confirmed the mechanistic relevance of these marker genes by focusing on key molecules that regulate keratinocyte responses in vivo (P2X7 for inflammatory and Nrf2 for cytoprotective responses). The up-regulation of ATF3 and IL-8, or DNAJB4 and GCLM induced by the representative sensitizer 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene in human keratinocytes was significantly suppressed by a P2X7 specific antagonist KN-62, or by Nrf2 siRNA, respectively, which supported mechanistic relevance of marker genes. Moreover, the EpiSensA had sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 93%, 100% and 93% for 29 lipophilic chemicals (logKow≥3.5), and of 96%, 75% and 88% for 43 hydrophilic chemicals including 11 pre/pro-haptens, compared with the LLNA. These results suggested that the EpiSensA could be a mechanism-based test applicable to broad sets of chemicals including lipophilic chemicals and pre/pro-haptens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoshi Saito
- Kao Corporation, R&D, Safety Science Research, 2606 Akabane Ichikai-Machi Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan.
| | - Osamu Takenouchi
- Kao Corporation, R&D, Safety Science Research, 2606 Akabane Ichikai-Machi Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Yuko Nukada
- Kao Corporation, R&D, Safety Science Research, 2606 Akabane Ichikai-Machi Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Masaaki Miyazawa
- Kao Corporation, R&D, Safety Science Research, 2606 Akabane Ichikai-Machi Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakaguchi
- Kao Corporation, R&D, Safety Science Research, 2606 Akabane Ichikai-Machi Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
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Mahnke K, Useliene J, Ring S, Kage P, Jendrossek V, Robson SC, Bylaite-Bucinskiene M, Steinbrink K, Enk AH. Down-Regulation of CD62L Shedding in T Cells by CD39 + Regulatory T Cells Leads to Defective Sensitization in Contact Hypersensitivity Reactions. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 137:106-114. [PMID: 27623510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Injection of regulatory T cells (Tregs) followed by sensitization with 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene induced a transient increase in size and cellularity of skin-draining lymph nodes (LNs) in mice. This led us to hypothesize that Tregs may affect the trafficking of T cells from and to peripheral LNs. Two to three hours after sensitization, we found fewer CD8+ T cells expressing CD62L in LNs compared with untreated controls. Injection of wild-type Tregs prevented this down-regulation of CD62L. In contrast, Tregs devoid of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-degrading ecto-enzyme CD39 were unable to do so. As for the mechanism of CD62L regulation, we found that ATP, which is released in skin upon hapten-exposure, is inducing the protease ADAM17 in LN-residing T cells via engagement of P2X7 ATP receptors. ADAM17 cleaves CD62L from the surface of CD8+ T cells, which in turn provide a signal for T cells to leave the LNs. This regulation of CD62L is disturbed by the presence of Tregs, because Tregs remove extracellular ATP from the tissue by activity of CD39 and, therefore, abrogate the shedding of CD62L. Thus, these data indicate that the regulation of ATP turnover by Tregs in skin and LNs is an important modulator for immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Mahnke
- Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Department of Dermatology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 440, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Jurgina Useliene
- Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Department of Dermatology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 440, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Centre of Dermatovenereology, Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Sabine Ring
- Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Department of Dermatology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 440, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paula Kage
- Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Department of Dermatology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 440, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Verena Jendrossek
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Simon C Robson
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Kerstin Steinbrink
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander H Enk
- Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Department of Dermatology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 440, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Ferrari D, Gambari R, Idzko M, Müller T, Albanesi C, Pastore S, La Manna G, Robson SC, Cronstein B. Purinergic signaling in scarring. FASEB J 2016; 30:3-12. [PMID: 26333425 PMCID: PMC4684510 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-274563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine (ADO) and nucleotides such as ATP, ADP, and uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP), among others, may serve as extracellular signaling molecules. These mediators activate specific cell-surface receptors-namely, purinergic 1 and 2 (P1 and P2)-to modulate crucial pathophysiological responses. Regulation of this process is maintained by nucleoside and nucleotide transporters, as well as the ectonucleotidases ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase [ENTPD; cluster of differentiation (CD)39] and ecto-5'-nucleotidase (5'-NT; CD73), among others. Cells involved in tissue repair, healing, and scarring respond to both ADO and ATP. Our recent investigations have shown that modulation of purinergic signaling regulates matrix deposition during tissue repair and fibrosis in several organs. Cells release adenine nucleotides into the extracellular space, where these mediators are converted by CD39 and CD73 into ADO, which is anti-inflammatory in the short term but may also promote dermal, heart, liver, and lung fibrosis with repetitive signaling under defined circumstances. Extracellular ATP stimulates cardiac fibroblast proliferation, lung inflammation, and fibrosis. P2Y2 (UTP/ATP) and P2Y6 [ADP/UTP/uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP)] have been shown to have profibrotic effects, as well. Modulation of purinergic signaling represents a novel approach to preventing or diminishing fibrosis. We provide an overview of the current understanding of purinergic signaling in scarring and discuss its potential to prevent or decrease fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferrari
- *Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Pneumology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Laboratory of Immunology and Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Cutaneous Physiopathology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Department of Specialized, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Roberto Gambari
- *Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Pneumology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Laboratory of Immunology and Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Cutaneous Physiopathology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Department of Specialized, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marco Idzko
- *Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Pneumology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Laboratory of Immunology and Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Cutaneous Physiopathology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Department of Specialized, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tobias Müller
- *Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Pneumology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Laboratory of Immunology and Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Cutaneous Physiopathology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Department of Specialized, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cristina Albanesi
- *Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Pneumology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Laboratory of Immunology and Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Cutaneous Physiopathology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Department of Specialized, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Saveria Pastore
- *Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Pneumology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Laboratory of Immunology and Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Cutaneous Physiopathology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Department of Specialized, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gaetano La Manna
- *Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Pneumology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Laboratory of Immunology and Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Cutaneous Physiopathology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Department of Specialized, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Simon C Robson
- *Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Pneumology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Laboratory of Immunology and Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Cutaneous Physiopathology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Department of Specialized, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bruce Cronstein
- *Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Pneumology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Laboratory of Immunology and Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Cutaneous Physiopathology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Department of Specialized, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA
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Haigh O, Depelsenaire AC, Meliga SC, Yukiko SR, McMillan NA, Frazer IH, Kendall MA. CXCL1 gene silencing in skin using liposome-encapsulated siRNA delivered by microprojection array. J Control Release 2014; 194:148-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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In vivo imaging demonstrates ATP release from murine keratinocytes and its involvement in cutaneous inflammation after tape stripping. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:2407-2415. [PMID: 23552799 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) release from keratinocytes has been observed in various stress models in vitro, but studies demonstrating epidermal ATP release in vivo are limited. To visualize extracellular ATP (eATP) in vivo, we developed enhanced green-emitting luciferase immobilized on agarose beads (Eluc-agarose). Subcutaneous injection of Eluc-agarose together with ATP into the dorsal skin of BALB/c mice following intraperitoneal luciferin injection produced detectable and measurable bioluminescence using an in vivo imaging system. Using Eluc-agarose, we demonstrated in vivo that bright bioluminescence was observed from 1 to 20 minutes after repeated tape stripping of murine skin. This bioluminescence was suppressed by the local administration of apyrase. Eluc-agarose bioluminescence was observed only in tape-stripped skin with transepidermal water loss (TEWL) between 100 and 140 g m(2) h(-1), indicating a loss of bioluminescence with excessive tape stripping (TEWL>140 g m(-2) h(-1)). Histologically, tape-stripped skin with detectable eATP had a viable epidermis and a subepidermal neutrophil infiltrate, and administration of apyrase reduced the inflammatory infiltrate. Neither a viable epidermis nor an upper dermal neutrophil infiltrate was observed after excessive tape stripping. These results suggest that tape stripping prompts ATP release from viable keratinocytes, which facilitates inflammatory cell migration. Eluc-agarose may be useful in the in vivo detection of eATP in murine models of skin diseases.
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13
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Burnstock G, Knight GE, Greig AV. Purinergic Signaling in Healthy and Diseased Skin. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:526-46. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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14
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Kawamura T, Ogawa Y, Nakamura Y, Nakamizo S, Ohta Y, Nakano H, Kabashima K, Katayama I, Koizumi S, Kodama T, Nakao A, Shimada S. Severe dermatitis with loss of epidermal Langerhans cells in human and mouse zinc deficiency. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:722-32. [PMID: 22214844 DOI: 10.1172/jci58618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc deficiency can be an inherited disorder, in which case it is known as acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE), or an acquired disorder caused by low dietary intake of zinc. Even though zinc deficiency diminishes cellular and humoral immunity, patients develop immunostimulating skin inflammation. Here, we have demonstrated that despite diminished allergic contact dermatitis in mice fed a zinc-deficient (ZD) diet, irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) in these mice was more severe and prolonged than that in controls. Further, histological examination of ICD lesions in ZD mice revealed subcorneal vacuolization and epidermal pallor, histological features of AE. Consistent with the fact that ATP release from chemically injured keratinocytes serves as a causative mediator of ICD, we found that the severe ICD response in ZD mice was attenuated by local injection of soluble nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase. In addition, skin tissue from ZD mice with ICD showed increased levels of ATP, as did cultured wild-type keratinocytes treated with chemical irritants and the zinc-chelating reagent TPEN. Interestingly, numbers of epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs), which play a protective role against ATP-mediated inflammatory signals, were decreased in ZD mice as well as samples from ZD patients. These findings suggest that upon exposure to irritants, aberrant ATP release from keratinocytes and impaired LC-dependent hydrolysis of nucleotides may be important in the pathogenesis of AE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuyoshi Kawamura
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.
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15
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Shirakata Y. Regulation of epidermal keratinocytes by growth factors. J Dermatol Sci 2010; 59:73-80. [PMID: 20570492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal keratinocytes are the main component cells of the epidermis and their function is regulated by various kinds of growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines. Of these, members of the epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor families, as wells as hepatocyte growth factor and insulin-like growth factor, play central roles in keratinocyte proliferation, while transforming growth factor-beta, vitamin D3, and interferon-gamma are important inhibitors of keratinocyte growth. Keratinocytes are known to produce many of the currently identified growth factors, cytokines and chemokines. Keratinocyte-derived growth factors and cytokines regulate immune and inflammatory responses, and play important roles in pathological skin conditions. This review focuses on the regulation of keratinocytes by growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Shirakata
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa 454, Toon City, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.
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