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Gao X, Wang J, Chen X, Wang S, Huang C, Zhang Q, Cao L, Wang Z, Xiao W. Reduning injection prevents carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats by serum and urine metabolomics analysis. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2022; 14:583-591. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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2
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Tsunenaga M, Xu W, Myojin T, Nakamura T, Kon T, Nakamura Y, Ueda O. Modulating effects of oral administration of Lycii Fructus extracts on UVB‑induced skin erythema: A Randomized, placebo‑controlled study. Biomed Rep 2022; 17:62. [PMID: 35719836 PMCID: PMC9198991 DOI: 10.3892/br.2022.1545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe UV exposure induces skin inflammation, causing erythema. Lycii Fructus (Lycium barbarum and Lycium chinense) is a potential antioxidant agent with a high content of polyphenols, including rutin and chlorogenic acid. This study examined the effects of Lycii Fructus extract (LFE) on UVB-induced skin erythema in humans. Healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to one of two groups and received UVB irradiation at 1.5 minimal erythemal dose (MED) on day 0 at three designated sites on their backs, and the skin color was measured until day 7. After an 8-week treatment with LFE (900 mg/day) or placebo, UVB irradiation (l.5 MED) was applied again at different sites on day 63. Skin color was continuously measured in each group until day 69. LFE tablet administration for 8 weeks significantly inhibited UVB-induced erythema formation and increased the MED by 13%. Erythema formation peaked on the first day after UVB irradiation, but gradually dissipated over the next several days. LFE tended to accelerate erythema disappearance. To determine the polyphenol responsible for the protection against UVB-induced skin damage, the effects of LFE-derived polyphenols and their metabolites on UVB-induced cytotoxicity were examined in vitro. The major intestinal metabolite of rutin and LFE significantly attenuated phototoxicity and in human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. Quercetin enhanced intracellular glutathione levels in HaCaT cells, even though LFE did not increase it. Together, the results showed that LFE inhibited erythema formation and accelerated erythema dissipation, possibly through its direct antioxidative action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Tsunenaga
- Shiseido Co., Ltd. MIRAI Technology Institute, Frontier Business Research and Development Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 220‑0011, Japan
| | - Wensi Xu
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700‑8530 Japan
| | - Takumi Myojin
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700‑8530 Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Nakamura
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700‑8530 Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kon
- Shiseido Co., Ltd. MIRAI Technology Institute, Frontier Business Research and Development Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 220‑0011, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Nakamura
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700‑8530 Japan
| | - Osamu Ueda
- Shiseido Co., Ltd. MIRAI Technology Institute, Frontier Business Research and Development Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 220‑0011, Japan
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Salminen A. Clinical perspectives on the age-related increase of immunosuppressive activity. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:697-712. [PMID: 35384505 PMCID: PMC8985067 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02193-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The aging process is associated with a remodeling of the immune system involving chronic low-grade inflammation and a gradual decline in the function of the immune system. These processes are also called inflammaging and immunosenescence. The age-related immune remodeling is associated with many clinical changes, e.g., risk for cancers and chronic infections increases, whereas the efficiency of vaccination and immunotherapy declines with aging. On the other hand, there is convincing evidence that chronic inflammatory states promote the premature aging process. The inflammation associated with aging or chronic inflammatory conditions stimulates a counteracting immunosuppression which protects tissues from excessive inflammatory injuries but promotes immunosenescence. Immunosuppression is a driving force in tumors and chronic infections and it also induces the tolerance to vaccination and immunotherapies. Immunosuppressive cells, e.g., myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), regulatory T cells (Treg), and type M2 macrophages, have a crucial role in tumorigenesis and chronic infections as well as in the tolerance to vaccination and immunotherapies. Interestingly, there is substantial evidence that inflammaging is also associated with an increased immunosuppressive activity, e.g., upregulation of immunosuppressive cells and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Given that both the aging and chronic inflammatory states involve the activation of immunosuppression and immunosenescence, this might explain why aging is a risk factor for tumorigenesis and chronic inflammatory states and conversely, chronic inflammatory insults promote the premature aging process in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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4
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Acute skin exposure to ultraviolet light triggers neutrophil-mediated kidney inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2019097118. [PMID: 33397815 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2019097118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosensitivity to ultraviolet (UV) light affects up to ∼80% of lupus patients. Sunlight exposure can exacerbate local as well as systemic manifestations of lupus, including nephritis, by mechanisms that are poorly understood. Here, we report that acute skin exposure to UV light triggers a neutrophil-dependent injury response in the kidney characterized by upregulated expression of endothelial adhesion molecules as well as inflammatory and injury markers associated with transient proteinuria. We showed that UV light stimulates neutrophil migration not only to the skin but also to the kidney in an IL-17A-dependent manner. Using a photoactivatable lineage tracing approach, we observed that a subset of neutrophils found in the kidney had transited through UV light-exposed skin, suggesting reverse transmigration. Besides being required for the renal induction of genes encoding mediators of inflammation (vcam-1, s100A9, and Il-1b) and injury (lipocalin-2 and kim-1), neutrophils significantly contributed to the kidney type I interferon signature triggered by UV light. Together, these findings demonstrate that neutrophils mediate subclinical renal inflammation and injury following skin exposure to UV light. Of interest, patients with lupus have subpopulations of blood neutrophils and low-density granulocytes with similar phenotypes to reverse transmigrating neutrophils observed in the mice post-UV exposure, suggesting that these cells could have transmigrated from inflamed tissue, such as the skin.
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Kerkhof P, Gruijl F. Phototherapy in the perspective of the chronicity of psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34:926-931. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P.C.M. Kerkhof
- Department of Dermatology Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - F.R. Gruijl
- Department of Dermatology Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum Nijmegen The Netherlands
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Mahobiya P, Rai G, Namdev N. Ascorbic acid and curcumin alleviate abnormal estrous cycle and morphological changes in cells induced by repeated ultraviolet B radiations in female Wistar rats. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/2305-0500.284276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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7
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Wang W, Wu ZH. Immune checkpoint molecules: "new" kids on the block of skin photoimmunology. Genes Dis 2019; 8:1-5. [PMID: 33569508 PMCID: PMC7859459 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is a prominent etiological factor of the pathogenesis of skin diseases such as squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma. Excessive exposure to the natural sources of UVR such as sunlight or artificially from tanning lamps has been linked to the increasing incidence of skin cancers in the United States. Besides the skin inflammation, DNA damage and oncogenic mutation caused by UVR, UV exposure also plays a critical role in suppressing local and systemic immune responses which enable premalignant and cancer cells to escape immune surveillance. A variety of mechanisms have been reported to regulate the immune-suppressive effects of UVR. Here we discuss the current understanding of how UV modulates the local and systemic immunity, the recent progress in roles of immune checkpoint molecules in UVR-induced immune suppression, and how the crosstalk between the immune cells may shape the immune landscape of the skin upon UVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.,Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Zhao-Hui Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.,Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, USA
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8
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Bernstein EF, Sarkas HW, Boland P, Bouche D. Beyond sun protection factor: An approach to environmental protection with novel mineral coatings in a vehicle containing a blend of skincare ingredients. J Cosmet Dermatol 2019; 19:407-415. [PMID: 31134729 PMCID: PMC7004163 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Premature skin aging results from exposure to a range of environmental factors, primarily ultraviolet radiation, but also high‐energy visible light in the blue spectrum, infrared radiation, and environmental pollution. These extrinsic factors result in the generation of reactive oxygen species which promote photoaging and DNA damage resulting in skin cancers. Aims To formulate skincare products utilizing a new coating applied to zinc oxide and titanium dioxide particles and complimentary skincare ingredients to provide broad protection against a range of environmental insults. Methods A cross‐polymer, multifunctional coating of silicate, polyalkylsilsesquioxane, and polydimethylsiloxane moieties increases the photostability and decreases the reactivity of mineral sunscreen agents when interacting with energy sources. These products are also formulated with antioxidants to minimize free radical propagation. Additionally, this coating improves the esthetic feel of mineral sunscreens, while the appearance is enhanced by formulating products with a blend of iron oxides. Results A series of in vitro and ex vivo studies demonstrated the ability of mineral‐based products formulated with the new multifunctional coating to provide protection against ultraviolet radiation, high‐energy visible light, infrared radiation, and environmental pollution. Conclusion Newly formulated mineral‐based skincare products provide environmental protection, are ecologically safe, and can replace chemical‐based sunscreen ingredients.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the mutual effects of overt hypothyroidism and prolonged sunlight exposure on free radical accumulation and oxidative skin damage. METHODS Free radical accumulation was evaluated by monitoring the transformation of 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) into MTT-formazan. The pro-oxidant enzymes xanthine oxidase (XO) and NADPH-diaphorase were measured in the skin. XO activity was estimated based on the yield of uric acid, while NADPH-diaphorase reactivity was monitored histochemically as an indirect marker of nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide activity. Cellular damage was determined by malondialdehyde formation, a marker for lipid peroxidation. RESULTS In the skin of both euthyroid and hypothyroid animals, solar simulated ultraviolet irradiance increased the activity of XO and the NADPHdiaphorase reactivity as a protective response to formation of free radicals, such as reactive oxygen or nitrogen species. These pro-oxidant enzymes diminished in hypothyroid rats. Accumulation of the same amount of free radicals led to similar peroxidation in both hypothyroid and irradiated euthyroid rats. Hypothyroid skin after UV-exposure showed even greater lipid peroxidation. DISCUSSION The hypothyroid state could be a risk factor for enhanced oxidative skin damage in chronic photo-exposed skin due to oxidative stress. The lipid peroxidation is one of the major pathways by which photo-oxidative stress promotes photocarcinogenesis and photo-aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgeta Bocheva
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine , Sofia Medical University , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Maria Valcheva-Traykova
- b Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine , Sofia Medical University , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Boycho Landzhov
- c Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , Sofia Medical University , Sofia , Bulgaria
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Wright CY, Lucas RM, D'Este C, Kapwata T, Kunene Z, Swaminathan A, Mathee A, Albers PN. Effect of A Sun Protection Intervention on the Immune Response to Measles Booster Vaccination in Infants in Rural South Africa. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 95:446-452. [PMID: 30155904 DOI: 10.1111/php.13004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of many serious childhood infections can be reduced by vaccination. High sun exposure at the time of vaccination has been associated with a reduced antigen-specific immune response. We hypothesized that providing sun protection advice and equipment to mothers of children who were waiting to be vaccinated would result in a more robust immunization response. We conducted a pilot study in 2015/2016 (data analyzed in 2017-2018) among 98 Black African children (~18 months of age) receiving the booster measles vaccination at two clinics in South Africa. Clinics were randomized to receive (or not) sun protection advice and equipment. We recorded demographic information on children and mothers and data on the child's usual sun exposure. At approximately 4 weeks' postmeasles vaccination, we measured measles immunoglobulin G levels in children. All children with blood results (n = 87, 89%) across both groups had antibody titers higher than 200 mIU mL-1 which was considered the protective antibody concentration. There was no statistically significant difference in titers between groups: geometric difference in mean titers 1.13 mIU mL-1 (95% CI 0.85, 1.51; P = 0.39) and 1.38 mIU mL-1 (95% CI 0.90, 2.11, P = 0.14) for unadjusted and adjusted analyses, respectively. This study demonstrated that a sun protection intervention study could be performed in a developing-world pediatric vaccination setting. Although the sun protection intervention around the time of vaccination was not associated with a higher antibody level, given the potential importance of such an effect, a larger study should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caradee Y Wright
- Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Robyn M Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Catherine D'Este
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Thandi Kapwata
- Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Zamantimande Kunene
- Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ashwin Swaminathan
- Department of General Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Angela Mathee
- Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Environmental Health Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Patricia N Albers
- Department of Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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11
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Bai X, Hu B, Yan Q, Luo T, Qu B, Jiang N, Liu J, Zhu Y. Effects of meteorological factors on the incidence of meningococcal meningitis. Afr Health Sci 2017; 17:820-826. [PMID: 29085410 PMCID: PMC5656194 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v17i3.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Substantial climate changes have led to the emergence and re-emergence of various infectious diseases worldwide, presenting an imperative need to explore the effects of meteorological factors on serious contagious disease incidences such as that of meningococcal meningitis (MCM). METHODS The incidences of MCM and meteorology data between 1981 and 2010 were obtained from Chaoyang city. Structure Equation Modeling was used to analyze the relationships between meteorological factors and the incidence of MCM, using the LISREL software. RESULTS The SEM results showed that Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index (AGFI) = 0.30, Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) = 0.63, and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) = 0.31. Humidity and temperature both had negative correlations with MCM incidence, with factor loads of -0.32 and -0.43, while sunshine was positively correlated with a factor load of 0.42. For specific observable variables, average air pressure, average evaporation, average air temperature, and average ground temperature exerted stronger influence, with item loads between observable variables and MCM incidence being -0.42, 0.34, -0.32, and -0.32 respectively. CONCLUSION Public health institutions should pay more attention to the meteorological variables of humidity, sunshine, and temperature in prospective MCM control and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110013, China
| | - Bingxue Hu
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110013, China
| | - Qi Yan
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110013, China
| | - Ting Luo
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110013, China
| | - Bo Qu
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110013, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110013, China
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110013, China
| | - Yaxin Zhu
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110013, China
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13
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Eyada IK, El Saie AL, Ibrahem GA, Riad NM. Effect of phototherapy on B and T lymphocytes in Egyptian infants suffering from neonatal jaundice. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2017; 45:290-296. [PMID: 27890454 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal jaundice is one of the most common problems that affect newborn infants, and phototherapy is usually used for treatment. OBJECTIVES Evaluation of the effect of phototherapy on neonatal immune system through measuring the percentage of B and T lymphocytes and determining the frequency of development of infections and need for hospitalisation during the first six months of life. METHODS A prospective cohort study was conducted on 50 full term new-borns; 25 with indirect hyperbilirubinaemia and treated with conventional phototherapy and 25 healthy matched neonates as untreated controls. The percentages of CD19+, CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes were measured by flow cytometry before phototherapy and 72h after exposure. Follow-up of the study group for the occurrence of infections for a period of six months after phototherapy. RESULTS The study showed a significant difference in CD19+ lymphocytes percentage between patients before phototherapy and controls (P value<0.01), also a significant correlation between serum levels of total bilirubin in patients and CD19+ lymphocytes percentage (P value<0.05). There was no significant difference between the percentages of CD19+, CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes in patients before or after 72h of exposure to phototherapy (P value>0.05). Also, there was no correlation between the percentages of CD19+, CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes after 72h of exposure to phototherapy and the occurrence of infections (Gastrointestinal tract and Respiratory tract infection) after six months of follow-up (P value>0.05). More studies are needed with larger number of patients to determine the effect of phototherapy on immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- I K Eyada
- Pediatrics and Neonatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - A L El Saie
- Pediatrics and Neonatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - G A Ibrahem
- Pediatric and Neonatology Department, Shobra al Aam Hospital, Egypt
| | - N M Riad
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.
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14
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Wright CY, Albers PN, Mathee A, Kunene Z, D'Este C, Swaminathan A, Lucas RM. Sun protection to improve vaccine effectiveness in children in a high ambient ultraviolet radiation and rural environment: an intervention study. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:37. [PMID: 28061843 PMCID: PMC5217337 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3966-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccination is a mainstay of preventive healthcare, reducing the incidence of serious childhood infections. Ecological studies have demonstrated an inverse association between markers of high ambient ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure (e.g., sunny season, low latitude of residence) and reduction in the vaccination-associated immune response. Higher sun exposure on the day prior to and spanning the day of vaccination has been associated with a reduced antigen-specific immune response independent of skin pigmentation. The South African Department of Health's Expanded Programme on Immunisation provides free vaccinations in government primary health care clinics. In some areas, these clinics may have only a small waiting room and patients wait outside in full sun conditions. In rural areas, patients may walk several kilometres to and from the clinic. We hypothesised that providing sun protection advice and equipment to mothers of children (from 18 months) who were waiting to be vaccinated would result in a more robust immune response for those vaccinated. METHODS We conducted an intervention study among 100 children receiving the booster measles vaccination. We randomised clinics to receive (or not) sun protection advice and equipment. At each clinic we recorded basic demographic data on the child and mother/carer participants, their sun exposure patterns, and the acceptability and uptake of the provided sun protection. At 3-4 weeks post-vaccination, we measured measles IgG levels in all children. DISCUSSION This is the first intervention study to assess the effect of sun protection measures on vaccine effectiveness in a rural, real-world setting. The novel design and rural setting of the study can contribute much needed evidence to better understand sun exposure and protection, as well as factors determining vaccine effectiveness in rural Africa, and inform the design of immunisation programmes. (TRN PACTCR201611001881114, 24 November 2016, retrospective registration).
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Affiliation(s)
- Caradee Y Wright
- Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, 1 Soutpansberg Road, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa. .,Department of Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Patricia N Albers
- Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, 1 Soutpansberg Road, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Angela Mathee
- Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Johannesburg, South Africa.,University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Zamantimande Kunene
- Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Catherine D'Este
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health Research School of Population Health, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Robyn M Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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15
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Irving AA, Marling SJ, Plum LA, DeLuca HF. Suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by ultraviolet light is not mediated by isomerization of urocanic acid. BMC Neurosci 2017; 18:8. [PMID: 28056806 PMCID: PMC5217575 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-016-0323-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ultraviolet B irradiation confers strong resistance against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a model of multiple sclerosis. This protection by ultraviolet B is independent of vitamin D production but causes isomerization of urocanic acid, a naturally occurring immunosuppressant. Methods To determine whether UCA isomerization from trans to cis is responsible for the protection against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis afforded by ultraviolet B, trans- or cis-urocanic acid was administered to animals and their disease progression was monitored. Results Disease incidence was reduced by 74% in animals exposed to ultraviolet B, and skin cis-urocanic acid levels increased greater than 30%. However, increasing skin cis-urocanic acid levels independent of ultraviolet B was unable to alter disease onset or progression. Conclusions It is unlikely that urocanic acid isomerization is responsible for the ultraviolet B-mediated suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Additional work is needed to investigate alternative mechanisms by which UVB suppresses disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy A Irving
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Steven J Marling
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Lori A Plum
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Hector F DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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16
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Sunlight Effects on Immune System: Is There Something Else in addition to UV-Induced Immunosuppression? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:1934518. [PMID: 28070504 PMCID: PMC5187459 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1934518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sunlight, composed of different types of radiation, including ultraviolet wavelengths, is an essential source of light and warmth for life on earth but has strong negative effects on human health, such as promoting the malignant transformation of skin cells and suppressing the ability of the human immune system to efficiently detect and attack malignant cells. UV-induced immunosuppression has been extensively studied since it was first described by Dr. Kripke and Dr. Fisher in the late 1970s. However, skin exposure to sunlight has not only this and other unfavorable effects, for example, mutagenesis and carcinogenesis, but also a positive one: the induction of Vitamin D synthesis, which performs several roles within the immune system in addition to favoring bone homeostasis. The impact of low levels of UV exposure on the immune system has not been fully reported yet, but it bears interesting differences with the suppressive effect of high levels of UV radiation, as shown by some recent studies. The aim of this article is to put some ideas in perspective and pose some questions within the field of photoimmunology based on established and new information, which may lead to new experimental approaches and, eventually, to a better understanding of the effects of sunlight on the human immune system.
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Singh R, Karakoti AS, Self W, Seal S, Singh S. Redox-Sensitive Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Protect Human Keratinocytes from Oxidative Stress Induced by Glutathione Depletion. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:12202-12211. [PMID: 27792880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeNPs) have gathered much attention in the biomedical field due to its unique antioxidant property. It can protect cells and tissues from oxidative stress induced damage due to its autoregenerative redox cycle. Our study explores the antioxidant and antigenotoxic behavior of PEGylated CeNPs toward oxidative insult produced by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) in human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells). BSO inhibits the γ-glutamylcysteinesynthetase (γ-GCS) enzyme and thus acts as a glutathione (GSH) depleting agent to modulate the cellular redox potential. GSH is a natural ROS scavenger present in the mammalian cells, and its depletion causes generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we challenged HaCaT cells (keratinocytes) with BSO to alter the redox potential within the cell and monitored toxicity, ROS generation, and nuclear fragmentation. We also followed changes in expressions of related proteins and genes. We found that PEGylated CeNPs can protect HaCaT cells from BSO-induced oxidative damage. BSO-exposed cells, preincubated with PEGylated CeNPs, showed better cell survival and significant decrease in the intracellular levels of ROS. We also observed decrease in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and nuclear fragmentation in CeNP-treated cells that were challenged with BSO as compared to treatment with BSO alone. Exposure of HaCaT cells with BSO leads to altered expression of antioxidant genes and proteins, i.e., thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and peroxiredoxin 6 (Prx6) whereas, in our study, pretreatment of PEGylated CeNPs reduces the need for induction of genes that produce enzymes involved in the defense against oxidative stress. Since, growing evidence argued the involvement of ROS in mediating death of mammalian cells in several ailments, our finding reinforces the use of PEGylated CeNPs as a potent pharmacological agent under the lower cellular GSH/GSSG ratios for the treatment of diseases mediated by free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragini Singh
- Division of Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences and ‡School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Ahmedabad University , Navrangpura, Ahmedabad-380009, Gujarat, India
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Science and ∥Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Centre, Nanoscience Technology Centre (NSTC), Materials Science and Engineering and College of Medicine, University of Central Florida , Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Ajay S Karakoti
- Division of Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences and ‡School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Ahmedabad University , Navrangpura, Ahmedabad-380009, Gujarat, India
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Science and ∥Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Centre, Nanoscience Technology Centre (NSTC), Materials Science and Engineering and College of Medicine, University of Central Florida , Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - William Self
- Division of Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences and ‡School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Ahmedabad University , Navrangpura, Ahmedabad-380009, Gujarat, India
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Science and ∥Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Centre, Nanoscience Technology Centre (NSTC), Materials Science and Engineering and College of Medicine, University of Central Florida , Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Sudipta Seal
- Division of Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences and ‡School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Ahmedabad University , Navrangpura, Ahmedabad-380009, Gujarat, India
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Science and ∥Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Centre, Nanoscience Technology Centre (NSTC), Materials Science and Engineering and College of Medicine, University of Central Florida , Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Sanjay Singh
- Division of Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences and ‡School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Ahmedabad University , Navrangpura, Ahmedabad-380009, Gujarat, India
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Science and ∥Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Centre, Nanoscience Technology Centre (NSTC), Materials Science and Engineering and College of Medicine, University of Central Florida , Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
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Popoca-Cuaya M, Diaz-Chavez J, Hernandez-Monge J, Alvarez-Rios E, Lambert PF, Gariglio P. The HPV16 E6 oncoprotein and UVB irradiation inhibit the tumor suppressor TGFβ pathway in the epidermis of the K14E6 transgenic mouse. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:430-5. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Popoca-Cuaya
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV); Mexico City Mexico
| | - Jose Diaz-Chavez
- Unit of Biomedical Research in Cancer; UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan); Mexico City Mexico
| | - Jesus Hernandez-Monge
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV); Mexico City Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Alvarez-Rios
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV); Mexico City Mexico
| | - Paul F. Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research; University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; Madison WI USA
| | - Patricio Gariglio
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV); Mexico City Mexico
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Abstract
Living on a sun-drenched planet has necessitated adaption to and protection from the harmful effects of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, particularly skin cancer. However, convincing epidemiological and recent empirical evidence also supports a protective effect of UV against a range of diseases including multiple sclerosis, asthma and cardiovascular disease. Despite years of research attention into the biological effects of sunlight exposure, we are still far from being able to fully answer the question: How much sunlight is enough? This is probably because the answer is dependent on many complex and interacting variables. Many talented researchers are focused on exploring whether UV-induced vitamin D explains some of these effects. This perspectives article proposes an alternative hypothesis, namely that targeting UV-induced immune suppression by affecting the activation of regulatory cells and molecules will be of therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott N Byrne
- Cellular Photoimmunology Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia.
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20
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An unexpected role: UVA-induced release of nitric oxide from skin may have unexpected health benefits. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:1791-1794. [PMID: 24924758 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
UVR has deleterious and beneficial effects on human health. In this issue, Liu et al. (2014) show that UVA decreases blood pressure and increases blood flow and heart rate in humans, which is beneficial to the cardiovascular system. This is likely mediated by UVA causing release of nitric oxide (NO) from skin stores. This mediator may have additional effects on human health.
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21
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Ionizing radiation selectively reduces skin regulatory T cells and alters immune function. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100800. [PMID: 24959865 PMCID: PMC4069168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin serves multiple functions that are critical for life. The protection from pathogens is achieved by a complicated interaction between aggressive effectors and controlling functions that limit damage. Inhomogeneous radiation with limited penetration is used in certain types of therapeutics and is experienced with exposure to solar particle events outside the protection of the Earth’s magnetic field. This study explores the effect of ionizing radiation on skin immune function. We demonstrate that radiation, both homogeneous and inhomogeneous, induces inflammation with resultant specific loss of regulatory T cells from the skin. This results in a hyper-responsive state with increased delayed type hypersensitivity in vivo and CD4+ T cell proliferation in vitro. The effects of inhomogeneous radiation to the skin of astronauts or as part of a therapeutic approach could result in an unexpected enhancement in skin immune function. The effects of this need to be considered in the design of radiation therapy protocols and in the development of countermeasures for extended space travel.
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Cutolo M, Paolino S, Sulli A, Smith V, Pizzorni C, Seriolo B. Vitamin D, steroid hormones, and autoimmunity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1317:39-46. [PMID: 24739090 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous serum metabolite of vitamin D (calcitriol, 1,25(OH)2 D3 ) is considered a true steroid hormone (D hormone), and like glucocorticoids (GCs) and gonadal hormones, may exert several immunomodulatory activities. Serum vitamin D deficiency (25(OH) D), and therefore reduced 1,25(OH)2 D3 availability, is considered a risk factor for several chronic/inflammatory or autoimmune conditions, including infectious diseases, type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and especially autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARD). In ARD in particular, 1,25(OH)2 D3 regulates both innate and adaptive immunity, potentiating the innate response (antimicrobial activity) but reducing adaptive immunity (antigen presentation, T and B cell activities). Regarding a possible synergism between vitamin D and GCs, several studies show that 1,25(OH)2 D3 has significant additive effects on dexamethasone-mediated inhibition of human lymphocyte and monocyte proliferation. Conversely, vitamin D deficiency seems to play a role in increasing autoantibody production by B cells, and seasonal vitamin D declines may trigger flares in ARD, as recently shown. Finally, 1,25(OH)2 D3 seems to reduce aromatase activity and limit the negative effects related to increased peripheral estrogen metabolism (cell proliferation, B cell overactivity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Cutolo
- Research Laboratories and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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Wäster P, Eriksson I, Vainikka L, Ollinger K. Sunbathing: What've lysosomes got to do with it? Commun Integr Biol 2014; 7:e28723. [PMID: 25346791 PMCID: PMC4201597 DOI: 10.4161/cib.28723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Solar radiation is an important risk factor for skin cancer, the incidence of which is increasing, especially in the fair-skinned populations of the world. While the ultraviolet (UV)B component has direct DNA damaging ability, UVA-induced effects are currently mainly attributed to the production of reactive oxygen species. In our recent study, we compared the effects of UVA and UVB radiation on human keratinocytes and found that UVA-induced plasma membrane damage was rapidly repaired by lysosomal exocytosis, which was detected based on the expression of lysosomal membrane associated protein-1 (LAMP-1) on the plasma membrane of non-permeabilized cells. Later, the keratinocytes died through caspase-8 mediated apoptosis. In contrast, the plasma membranes of keratinocytes exposed to UVB showed no LAMP-1 expression, and, although the cells died by apoptosis, no initial caspase-8 activity was detected. We have also demonstrated the occurrence of UVA-induced lysosomal exocytosis in reconstructed skin and shown the relocation of lysosomes from the center of cells to the vicinity of the plasma membrane. Thus, we suggest that lysosomal exocytosis also occurs in keratinocytes covered by the stratum corneum following exposure to UVA. Our findings provide new insight into the mechanism of UVA-induced skin damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Wäster
- Division of Experimental Pathology; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Faculty of Health Science; Linköping University; Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ida Eriksson
- Division of Experimental Pathology; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Faculty of Health Science; Linköping University; Linköping, Sweden
| | - Linda Vainikka
- Division of Experimental Pathology; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Faculty of Health Science; Linköping University; Linköping, Sweden
| | - Karin Ollinger
- Division of Experimental Pathology; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Faculty of Health Science; Linköping University; Linköping, Sweden
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24
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Hiratsuka T, Inomata M, Goto S, Oyama Y, Nakano T, Chen CL, Shiraishi N, Noguchi T, Kitano S. Phototherapy with artificial light suppresses dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in a mouse model. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 29:749-56. [PMID: 24236761 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Medical treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) requires chronic administration and causes side effects. Recently, anti-inflammatory effects of phototherapy were reported in animal models. The present study evaluated whether phototherapy improves dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in a mouse model of IBD. METHODS Mice were divided into four equal groups: Control, DSS, DSS + light low (LL), and DSS + light high (LH) groups. Normal fluorescent light intensity in the Control and DSS groups was 200 lux. Artificial light intensities were as follows: DSS + LL group, 1000 lux; DSS + LH group, 2500 lux. After administering phototherapy for 7 days, we evaluated disease activity index (DAI), histological score, colon length/weight, serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) level, and serum and colonic cytokines in the mice. RESULTS DAI and histological scores were significantly lower in the DSS + LL group than in the DSS group (both, P < 0.05). Colon length and weight were significantly higher in the DSS + LL group than in the DSS group (both, P < 0.05). Serum interleukin (IL)-6, TNF-α, and IL-17 in the DSS + LL group were significantly lower, and serum and colonic IL-10 were significantly higher in the DSS + LL group than in the DSS group (all, P < 0.05). Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) levels in the DSS + LH group were significantly increased compared with those in the DSS + LL and DSS groups. CONCLUSION Artificial light phototherapy suppressed DSS-induced colitis in mice by suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and promotion of anti-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Hiratsuka
- Department of Gastroenterological and Pediatric Surgery, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
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25
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Botta A, Martínez V, Mitjans M, Balboa E, Conde E, Vinardell MP. Erythrocytes and cell line-based assays to evaluate the cytoprotective activity of antioxidant components obtained from natural sources. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:120-4. [PMID: 24134852 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress can damage cellular components including DNA, proteins or lipids, and may cause several skin diseases. To protect from this damage and addressing consumer's appeal to natural products, antioxidants obtained from algal and vegetal extracts are being proposed as antioxidants to be incorporated into formulations. Thus, the development of reliable, quick and economic in vitro methods to study the cytoactivity of these products is a meaningful requirement. A combination of erythrocyte and cell line-based assays was performed on two extracts from Sargassum muticum, one from Ulva lactuca, and one from Castanea sativa. Antioxidant properties were assessed in erythrocytes by the TBARS and AAPH assays, and cytotoxicity and antioxidant cytoprotection were assessed in HaCaT and 3T3 cells by the MTT assay. The extracts showed no antioxidant activity on the TBARS assay, whereas their antioxidant capacity in the AAPH assay was demonstrated. On the cytotoxicity assays, extracts showed low toxicity, with IC50 values higher than 200μg/mL. C. sativa extract showed the most favourable antioxidant properties on the antioxidant cytoprotection assays; while S. muticum and U. lactuca extracts showed a slight antioxidant activity. This battery of methods was useful to characterise the biological antioxidant properties of these natural extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Botta
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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26
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Byrne SN, Sarchio SN. AMD3100 protects from UV-induced skin cancer. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e27562. [PMID: 24744978 DOI: 10.4161/onci.27562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sunlight causes skin cancer by directly damaging DNA as well as by suppressing antitumor immune responses. A major mechanism whereby sunlight exerts immunosuppressive effects is by modulating the migration of chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4)-expressing dermal mast cells into and away from the skin. We have demonstrated the importance of this by showing that the systemic administration of the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 prevents sunlight-induced immunosuppression as well as the consequent carcinogenic response. Our results highlight the therapeutic potential of antagonizing CXCR4 signaling, especially in individuals who are at high risk of developing skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott N Byrne
- Cellular Photoimmunology Group; Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology; Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Sydney, NSW Australia ; Department of Dermatology; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; Camperdown, NSW Australia ; Discipline of Dermatology at The Bosch Institute; Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Seri Ne Sarchio
- Cellular Photoimmunology Group; Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology; Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Sydney, NSW Australia ; Department of Dermatology; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; Camperdown, NSW Australia ; Discipline of Dermatology at The Bosch Institute; Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Sydney, NSW Australia ; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Universiti Putra Malaysia; Malaysia
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27
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the epidemiology and an aetiological model of ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) in Africa. METHODS Systematic and non-systematic review methods were used. Incidence was obtained from the International Agency for Research on Cancer. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and the reference lists of articles retrieved. Meta-analyses were conducted using a fixed-effects model for HIV and cigarette smoking and random effects for human papilloma virus (HPV). RESULTS The incidence of OSSN is highest in the Southern Hemisphere (16° South), with the highest age-standardised rate (ASR) reported from Zimbabwe (3.4 and 3.0 cases/year/100 000 population for males and females, respectively). The mean ASR worldwide is 0.18 and 0.08 cases/year/100 000 among males and females, respectively. The risk increases with exposure to direct daylight (2-4 h, OR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.2-2.4 and ≥5 h OR = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.1-3.1) and outdoor occupations (OR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.1-2.6). Meta-analysis also shows a strong association with HIV (6 studies: OR = 6.17, 95% CI: 4.83-7.89) and HPV (7 studies: OR = 2.64, 95% CI: 1.27-5.49) but not cigarette smoking (2 studies: OR = 1.40, 95% CI: 0.94-2.09). The effect of atopy, xeroderma pigmentosa and vitamin A deficiency is unclear. CONCLUSIONS Africa has the highest incidence of OSSN in the world, where males and females are equally affected, unlike other continents where male disease predominates. African women probably have increased risk due to their higher prevalence of HIV and HPV infections. As the survival of HIV-infected people increases, and given no evidence that anti-retroviral therapy (ART) reduces the risk of OSSN, the incidence of OSSN may increase in coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Gichuhi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of NairobiNairobi, Kenya
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondon, UK
| | - Mandeep S Sagoo
- Moorfields Eye HospitalLondon, UK
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College LondonUK
| | - Helen A Weiss
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondon, UK
| | - Matthew J Burton
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondon, UK
- Moorfields Eye HospitalLondon, UK
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28
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Hasegawa T, Shimada S, Ishida H, Nakashima M. Chafuroside B, an Oolong tea polyphenol, ameliorates UVB-induced DNA damage and generation of photo-immunosuppression related mediators in human keratinocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77308. [PMID: 24116222 PMCID: PMC3792907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chafuroside B was recently isolated as a new polyphenolic constituent of oolong tea leaves. However, the effects of chafuroside B on skin function have not been examined. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of chafuroside B against UVB-induced DNA damage, apoptosis and generation of photo-immunosuppression related mediators in cultured normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK). Chafuroside B at 1 µM attenuated both UVB-induced apoptosis, evaluated in terms of caspase-3/7 activity, and UVB-induced DNA damage, evaluated in terms of formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD), in NHEK exposed to UVB (20 mJ/cm2). In addition, chafuroside B at 0.3 or 1 µM suppressed the UVB-induced production of interleukin (IL)-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), as determined by ELISA, and conversely enhanced IL-12 mRNA expression and production, as measured by RT-PCR and ELISA. Further, chafuroside B at 1 µM also suppressed UVB-induced expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) mRNA. These results indicate that chafuroside B promotes repair of UVB-induced DNA damage and ameliorates the generation of IL-10, TNF-α, PGE2, and RANKL, all of which are UVB-induced immunosuppression related mediators. These effects of chafuroside B may be mediated at least in part through induction of IL-12 synthesis in human keratinocytes. Because chafuroside B might have practical value as a photoprotective agent, a further study of the in vivo effects of chafuroside B seems warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Hasegawa
- Functional Food Research and Development Center, Shiseido Research Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Shoichiro Shimada
- Functional Food Research and Development Center, Shiseido Research Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ishida
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakashima
- Functional Food Research and Development Center, Shiseido Research Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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29
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Modulation of multiple sclerosis by sunlight exposure: Role of cis-urocanic acid. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 261:134-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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30
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Quintana FJ, Sherr DH. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor control of adaptive immunity. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:1148-61. [PMID: 23908379 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.007823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that belongs to the family of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors. Although the AhR was initially recognized as the receptor mediating the pathologic effects of dioxins and other pollutants, the activation of AhR by endogenous and environmental factors has important physiologic effects, including the regulation of the immune response. Thus, the AhR provides a molecular pathway through which environmental factors modulate the immune response in health and disease. In this review, we discuss the role of AhR in the regulation of the immune response, the source and chemical nature of AhR ligands, factors controlling production and degradation of AhR ligands, and the potential to target the AhR for therapeutic immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Quintana
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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31
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Kendall AC, Nicolaou A. Bioactive lipid mediators in skin inflammation and immunity. Prog Lipid Res 2012; 52:141-64. [PMID: 23124022 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The skin is the primary barrier from the outside environment, protecting the host from injury, infectious pathogens, water loss and solar ultraviolet radiation. In this role, it is supported by a highly organized system comprising elements of innate and adaptive immunity, responsive to inflammatory stimuli. The cutaneous immune system is regulated by mediators such as cytokines and bioactive lipids that can initiate rapid immune responses with controlled inflammation, followed by efficient resolution. However, when immune responses are inadequate or mounted against non-infectious agents, these mediators contribute to skin pathologies involving unresolved or chronic inflammation. Skin is characterized by active lipid metabolism and fatty acids play crucial roles both in terms of structural integrity and functionality, in particular when transformed to bioactive mediators. Eicosanoids, endocannabinoids and sphingolipids are such key bioactive lipids, intimately involved in skin biology, inflammation and immunity. We discuss their origins, role and influence over various cells of the epidermis, dermis and cutaneous immune system and examine their function in examples of inflammatory skin conditions. We focus on psoriasis, atopic and contact dermatitis, acne vulgaris, wound healing and photodermatology that demonstrate dysregulation of bioactive lipid metabolism and examine ways of using this insight to inform novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Kendall
- School of Pharmacy and Centre for Skin Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
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32
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Liljendahl TS, Kotova N, Segerbäck D. Quantification of ultraviolet radiation-induced DNA damage in the urine of Swedish adults and children following exposure to sunlight. Biomarkers 2012; 17:634-41. [PMID: 22889379 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2012.709881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT DNA damage following exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is important in skin cancer development. The predominant photoproduct, cyclobutane thymine dimer (T=T), is repaired and excreted in the urine, where it provides a biomarker of exposure. OBJECTIVE To quantify urinary T=T levels after recreational sunlight exposure in adults and children. METHODS Average UVR doses were measured with personal dosimeters. Urinary T=T was analysed with (32)P-postlabelling. RESULTS Background levels of T=T increased significantly following exposure to sunlight. Amounts of T=T in urine of children and adults were not significantly different after adjusting for area of skin exposed and physiological differences. UVR dose and amounts of T=T correlated for both adults and children. CONCLUSION Recreational exposure to sunlight in Sweden induces levels of DNA damage, clearly detectable in urine.
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