1
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Eichenfield LF, Silverberg JI, Hebert AA, Boguniewicz M. Targeting the aryl hydrocarbon receptor as a strategy to expand the therapeutic armamentarium in atopic dermatitis. J DERMATOL TREAT 2024; 35:2300354. [PMID: 38213229 DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2023.2300354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan I Silverberg
- The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Adelaide A Hebert
- UTHealth McGovern School of Medicine and Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mark Boguniewicz
- National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
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2
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Yin X, Yan Y, Li J, Cao Z, Shen S, Chang Q, Zhao Y, Wang X, Wang P. Nuclear receptors for epidermal lipid barrier: Advances in mechanisms and applications. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e15107. [PMID: 38840418 DOI: 10.1111/exd.15107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The skin plays an essential role in preventing the entry of external environmental threats and the loss of internal substances, depending on the epidermal permeability barrier. Nuclear receptors (NRs), present in various tissues and organs including full-thickness skin, have been demonstrated to exert significant effects on the epidermal lipid barrier. Formation of the lipid lamellar membrane and the normal proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes (KCs) are crucial for the development of the epidermal permeability barrier and is regulated by specific NRs such as PPAR, LXR, VDR, RAR/RXR, AHR, PXR and FXR. These receptors play a key role in regulating KC differentiation and the entire process of epidermal lipid synthesis, processing and secretion. Lipids derived from sebaceous glands are influenced by NRs as well and participate in regulation of the epidermal lipid barrier. Furthermore, intricate interplay exists between these receptors. Disturbance of barrier function leads to a range of diseases, including psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and acne. Targeting these NRs with agonists or antagonists modulate pathways involved in lipid synthesis and cell differentiation, suggesting potential therapeutic approaches for dermatosis associated with barrier damage. This review focuses on the regulatory role of NRs in the maintenance and processing of the epidermal lipid barrier through their effects on skin lipid synthesis and KC differentiation, providing novel insights for drug targets to facilitate precision medicine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xidie Yin
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Yan
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiandan Li
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Cao
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuzhan Shen
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qihang Chang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiting Zhao
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuli Wang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiru Wang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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3
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Wang X, Mao D, Jia J, Zhang J. Benvitimod Inhibits IL-4- and IL-13-Induced Tight Junction Impairment by Activating AHR/ARNT Pathway and Inhibiting STAT6 Phosphorylation in Human Keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:509-519.e7. [PMID: 37734479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Tight junctions are involved in skin barrier functions. In this study, the expression of CLDN1, CLDN4, and OCLN was found to decrease in skin lesions of atopic dermatitis by bioinformatics analysis. Immunohistochemistry staining in skin specimens from 12 patients with atopic dermatitis and 12 healthy controls also showed decreased CLDN1, CLDN4, and OCLN expression in atopic dermatitis lesions. In vitro studies showed that IL-4 and IL-13 downregulated CLDN1, CLDN4, and OCLN expression in HaCaT cells as well as CLDN4 and OCLN expression in human primary keratinocytes. This effect, which was mediated through the Jak-signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 signaling pathway, increased paracellular flux of 4-kDa dextran. Benvitimod, a new drug for atopic dermatitis, upregulated CLDN4 and OCLN through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor/aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator pathway. Benvitimod induced nuclear translocation of NRF2 and reduced production of ROS in keratinocytes, thus inhibiting IL-4-/IL-13-induced CLDN1 downregulation and signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 phosphorylation. These results indicate that T helper 2 cytokines are involved in tight junction impairment, and benvitimod can inhibit these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Mao
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Jia
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.
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4
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Smits JPH, Qu J, Pardow F, van den Brink NJM, Rodijk-Olthuis D, van Vlijmen-Willems IMJJ, van Heeringen SJ, Zeeuwen PLJM, Schalkwijk J, Zhou H, van den Bogaard EH. The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Regulates Epidermal Differentiation through Transient Activation of TFAP2A. J Invest Dermatol 2024:S0022-202X(24)00114-3. [PMID: 38401701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is an evolutionary conserved environmental sensor identified as an indispensable regulator of epithelial homeostasis and barrier organ function. Molecular signaling cascade and target genes upon AHR activation and their contribution to cell and tissue function are however not fully understood. Multiomics analyses using human skin keratinocytes revealed that upon ligand activation, AHR binds open chromatin to induce expression of transcription factors, for example, TFAP2A, as a swift response to environmental stimuli. The terminal differentiation program, including upregulation of barrier genes, FLG and keratins, was mediated by TFAP2A as a secondary response to AHR activation. The role of AHR-TFAP2A axis in controlling keratinocyte terminal differentiation for proper barrier formation was further confirmed using CRISPR/Cas9 in human epidermal equivalents. Overall, the study provides additional insights into the molecular mechanism behind AHR-mediated barrier function and identifies potential targets for the treatment of skin barrier diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos P H Smits
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jieqiong Qu
- Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Felicitas Pardow
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Noa J M van den Brink
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Rodijk-Olthuis
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Simon J van Heeringen
- Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick L J M Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Schalkwijk
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Huiqing Zhou
- Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ellen H van den Bogaard
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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5
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Orasche J, Luschkova D, Traidl-Hoffmann C. [Allergies in the light of global environmental changes]. DERMATOLOGIE (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 75:93-103. [PMID: 38194098 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-023-05287-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increase in allergies began worldwide with the onset of the Great Acceleration. Environmental pollution and climate change now threaten to cancel out decades of success in health research. OBJECTIVE A summary of environmental influences is provided, which not only shows the significant increase in the prevalence of allergies worldwide but also that of noncommunicable diseases. The effects of the climate crisis on allergies and the multifactorial and interfunctional relationships with other environmental changes are described in detail. MATERIAL AND METHODS In order to obtain an overview of the possible effects of global environmental changes on allergies, a wide range of literature was evaluated and the study results were prepared and summarized. RESULTS A large number of allergens are influencing the human exposome on a daily basis. These allergens are triggered by environmental changes, such as air pollution in the ambient air and indoors, chemicals in everyday objects or residues in food. People are sensitized by the interaction of allergens and pollutants. CONCLUSION The prevalence of allergies is stagnating in industrialized countries. This is probably just the calm before the storm. The accelerating effects of global warming could make pollen and air pollutants even more aggressive in the future. Urgent action is therefore needed to minimize environmental pollution and mitigate climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Orasche
- Medizinische Fakultät, Lehrstuhl für Umweltmedizin, Universität Augsburg, Neusässer Str. 47, 86156, Augsburg, Deutschland
| | - Daria Luschkova
- Medizinische Fakultät, Lehrstuhl für Umweltmedizin, Universität Augsburg, Neusässer Str. 47, 86156, Augsburg, Deutschland
| | - Claudia Traidl-Hoffmann
- Medizinische Fakultät, Lehrstuhl für Umweltmedizin, Universität Augsburg, Neusässer Str. 47, 86156, Augsburg, Deutschland.
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6
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Engelbert N, Rohayem R, Traidl-Hoffmann C. [Global environmental changes and the epithelial barrier hypothesis]. DERMATOLOGIE (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 75:118-125. [PMID: 38212394 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-023-05286-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCD) has seen a strong increase in recent decades and attributable to the influence of environmental factors. For a multitude of diseases an association with epithelial barrier damage has been reported. OBJECTIVE This article provides an overview of the health effects of environmental pollution in the context of the epithelial barrier hypothesis of Cezmi Akdis. Additionally, exemplary mechanisms of a barrier damage are described. Finally, possible preventive and therapeutic consequences are discussed. MATERIAL AND METHODS The PubMed database was searched for the relevant topics and selected literature was reviewed. RESULTS A wide variety of substances can damage the epithelial barriers of the skin, lungs and gastrointestinal tract. The rise in the prevalences of atopic diseases could (partly) be due to an increased exposure to barrier-damaging substances, such as particulate matter and laundry detergents. A possible pathogenetic mechanism is the initiation and maintenance of an immune response by subepithelial penetration of microorganisms through damaged epithelia. CONCLUSION Based on the epithelial barrier hypothesis new therapeutic and prevention strategies can be developed. The regulation of hazardous chemicals and the fight against environmental pollution and climate change are necessary to reduce the burden of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Engelbert
- Lehrstuhl für Umweltmedizin - Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Augsburg, Neusässer Str. 47, 86156, Augsburg, Deutschland
- Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Schweiz
| | - Robin Rohayem
- Lehrstuhl für Umweltmedizin - Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Augsburg, Neusässer Str. 47, 86156, Augsburg, Deutschland
- Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Schweiz
| | - Claudia Traidl-Hoffmann
- Lehrstuhl für Umweltmedizin - Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Augsburg, Neusässer Str. 47, 86156, Augsburg, Deutschland.
- Institut für Umweltmedizin, Helmholtz Zentrum München - Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Augsburg, Deutschland.
- Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Schweiz.
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7
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Huang Y, Chen L, Liu F, Xiong X, Ouyang Y, Deng Y. Tryptophan, an important link in regulating the complex network of skin immunology response in atopic dermatitis. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1300378. [PMID: 38318507 PMCID: PMC10839033 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1300378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disease, of which the pathogenesis is a complex interplay between genetics and environment. Although the exact mechanisms of the disease pathogenesis remain unclear, the immune dysregulation primarily involving the Th2 inflammatory pathway and accompanied with an imbalance of multiple immune cells is considered as one of the critical etiologies of AD. Tryptophan metabolism has long been firmly established as a key regulator of immune cells and then affect the occurrence and development of many immune and inflammatory diseases. But the relationship between tryptophan metabolism and the pathogenesis of AD has not been profoundly discussed throughout the literatures. Therefore, this review is conducted to discuss the relationship between tryptophan metabolism and the complex network of skin inflammatory response in AD, which is important to elucidate its complex pathophysiological mechanisms, and then lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies and drugs for the treatment of this frequently relapsing disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Huang
- Department of Dermatology & Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD), the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Lingna Chen
- Department of Dermatology & Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD), the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Fuming Liu
- Department of Dermatology & Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD), the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xia Xiong
- Department of Dermatology & Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD), the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongliang Ouyang
- Department of Dermatology & Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD), Chengdu First People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Health Management Center, Luzhou People’s Hospital, Luzhou, China
| | - Yongqiong Deng
- Department of Dermatology & Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD), the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Department of Dermatology & Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD), Chengdu First People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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8
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Silverberg JI, Boguniewicz M, Quintana FJ, Clark RA, Gross L, Hirano I, Tallman AM, Brown PM, Fredericks D, Rubenstein DS, McHale KA. Tapinarof validates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor as a therapeutic target: A clinical review. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023:S0091-6749(23)02547-2. [PMID: 38154665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that has wide-ranging roles, including regulation of inflammation and homeostasis. AhR is not a cell surface receptor; rather, it exists in a cytoplasmic complex that responds to a wide variety of structurally dissimilar endogenous, microbial, and environmental ligands. The ubiquitous expression of AhR, its ability to be activated by a wide range of ligands, and its capacity to act as a master regulator for gene expression and homeostasis make it a promising new therapeutic target. Clinical trials of tapinarof cream have now validated AhR agonism as a therapeutic approach that can deliver significant efficacy for treating inflammatory skin diseases, including psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Tapinarof 1% cream is a first-in-class, nonsteroidal, topical, AhR agonist with a pharmacokinetic profile that results in localized exposure at sites of disease, avoiding systemic safety concerns, drug interactions, or off-target effects. Psoriasis and atopic dermatitis both involve epidermal inflammation, cellular immune responses, dysregulation of skin barrier protein expression, and oxidative stress. On the basis of the clinical effectiveness of tapinarof cream for treating inflammatory skin diseases, we review how targeting AhR may offer a significant opportunity in other conditions that share key aspects of pathogenesis, including asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, eosinophilic esophagitis, ophthalmic, and nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Boguniewicz
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colo
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | | | - Lara Gross
- Dallas Allergy and Asthma Center, and the Allergy and Immunology Division, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Tex
| | - Ikuo Hirano
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
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9
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Armstrong AW, McConaha JL. Tapinarof cream 1% once daily for the treatment of adults with mild to severe plaque psoriasis: A novel topical therapy targeting the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 2023; 29:S1-S13. [PMID: 38051146 PMCID: PMC10996039 DOI: 10.18553/jmcp.2023.29.12-a.s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Plaque psoriasis is a chronic, immunemediated skin disease characterized by scaly, erythematous, pruritic plaques. The effects of psoriasis are often debilitating and stigmatizing, significantly impacting patients' physical and psychological well-being and quality of life. Current guideline-recommended psoriasis therapies (topicals, oral systemics, and biologics) have substantial limitations that include overall efficacy, safety, tolerability, sites of application, disease severity, and duration and extent of body surface area treated. Due to these limitations, psoriasis treatment regimens often require combination therapy, especially for moderate to severe disease, leading to increased treatment burden. Psoriasis is also associated with increased indirect costs (eg, reduced work productivity), leading to greater total costs expenditures. Thus, more effective, safe, well-tolerated, and cost-effective therapeutic options are needed. Tapinarof cream 1% once daily is a first-in-class, nonsteroidal, topical aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2022 for the treatment of plaque psoriasis in adults. Tapinarof cream has been evaluated in plaque psoriasis, including 2 pivotal phase 3 trials (NCT03956355 and NCT03983980) and a long-term extension trial (NCT04053387). These trials demonstrated high rates of complete skin clearance with tapinarof cream, durable effects while on treatment (a lack of tachyphylaxis for up to 52 weeks), an approximately 4-month remittive effect off therapy after achieving complete clearance and stopping treatment (ie, duration during which psoriasis does not recur off therapy), and no rebound effects after cessation of therapy. According to the US Food and Drug Administration-approved prescribing information, tapinarof may be used to treat plaque psoriasis of any severity and in any location, has no restrictions on duration of use or extent of total body surface area treated, and has no contraindications, warnings, precautions, or drug-drug interactions. Tapinarof cream is thus an efficacious, well-tolerated, steroid-free topical option that addresses many of the limitations of current recommended therapies. Here we review current knowledge on the physical, psychological, and financial burdens of plaque psoriasis and identify how the clinical profile of tapinarof cream can address key treatment gaps important in the management of plaque psoriasis and patient quality of life. In this article, we aim to assist pharmacists and other managed care practitioners by providing an evidence-based overview of tapinarof cream to support patient-centric decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jamie L McConaha
- Division of Pharmacy Practice, Duquesne University School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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10
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Armstrong AW, McConaha JL. Tapinarof cream 1% once daily for the treatment of adults with mild to severe plaque psoriasis: A novel topical therapy targeting the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 2023; 29:S2-S14. [PMID: 38014659 DOI: 10.18553/jmcp.2023.29.12-a.s2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Plaque psoriasis is a chronic, immunemediated skin disease characterized by scaly, erythematous, pruritic plaques. The effects of psoriasis are often debilitating and stigmatizing, significantly impacting patients' physical and psychological well-being and quality of life. Current guideline-recommended psoriasis therapies (topicals, oral systemics, and biologics) have substantial limitations that include overall efficacy, safety, tolerability, sites of application, disease severity, and duration and extent of body surface area treated. Due to these limitations, psoriasis treatment regimens often require combination therapy, especially for moderate to severe disease, leading to increased treatment burden. Psoriasis is also associated with increased indirect costs (eg, reduced work productivity), leading to greater total costs expenditures. Thus, more effective, safe, well-tolerated, and cost-effective therapeutic options are needed. Tapinarof cream 1% once daily is a first-in-class, nonsteroidal, topical aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2022 for the treatment of plaque psoriasis in adults. Tapinarof cream has been evaluated in plaque psoriasis, including 2 pivotal phase 3 trials (NCT03956355 and NCT03983980) and a long-term extension trial (NCT04053387). These trials demonstrated high rates of complete skin clearance with tapinarof cream, durable effects while on treatment (a lack of tachyphylaxis for up to 52 weeks), an approximately 4-month remittive effect off therapy after achieving complete clearance and stopping treatment (ie, duration during which psoriasis does not recur off therapy), and no rebound effects after cessation of therapy. According to the US Food and Drug Administration-approved prescribing information, tapinarof may be used to treat plaque psoriasis of any severity and in any location, has no restrictions on duration of use or extent of total body surface area treated, and has no contraindications, warnings, precautions, or drug-drug interactions. Tapinarof cream is thus an efficacious, well-tolerated, steroid-free topical option that addresses many of the limitations of current recommended therapies. Here we review current knowledge on the physical, psychological, and financial burdens of plaque psoriasis and identify how the clinical profile of tapinarof cream can address key treatment gaps important in the management of plaque psoriasis and patient quality of life. In this article, we aim to assist pharmacists and other managed care practitioners by providing an evidence-based overview of tapinarof cream to support patient-centric decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jamie L McConaha
- Division of Pharmacy Practice, Duquesne University School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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11
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Spencer RK, Jin JQ, Elhage KG, Davis MS, Liao W, Bhutani T. Management of Plaque Psoriasis in Adults: Clinical Utility of Tapinarof Cream. PSORIASIS (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2023; 13:59-69. [PMID: 37905185 PMCID: PMC10613418 DOI: 10.2147/ptt.s393997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Topical medications represent the most commonly used drugs in the treatment of psoriasis. However, topical steroids are mainly limited to short-term or intermittent use, and traditional non-steroidal topicals such as vitamin D analogues, topical calcineurin inhibitors, and topical retinoids are limited by low efficacy and poor local skin tolerability. Tapinarof (GSK2894512, DMVT-505) is a novel, topical aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonist, which was recently approved by the FDA for the treatment of plaque psoriasis in adults. Tapinarof acts to improve psoriasis through diminished IL-17A production by CD4+ T cells, increased barrier gene expression in keratinocytes, and reduced production of reactive oxygen species. Both short-term and long-term efficacy and safety have been evaluated in two Phase II and two Phase III (PSOARING 1 and 2) clinical trials in addition to a long-term extension study (PSOARING 3). Overall, the drug has shown beneficial effects in achieving clear skin in adults with moderate-to-severe psoriasis, good local tolerability, and also a long duration of effect even after discontinuation of the drug. Therefore, this therapy provides a new, highly effective and safe non-steroidal option to add to our psoriasis treatment toolbox for both initial clearance and long-term maintenance of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley K Spencer
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joy Q Jin
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- School of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kareem G Elhage
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mitchell S Davis
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wilson Liao
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tina Bhutani
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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12
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Slominski AT, Kim TK, Slominski RM, Song Y, Qayyum S, Placha W, Janjetovic Z, Kleszczyński K, Atigadda V, Song Y, Raman C, Elferink CJ, Hobrath JV, Jetten AM, Reiter RJ. Melatonin and Its Metabolites Can Serve as Agonists on the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15496. [PMID: 37895177 PMCID: PMC10607054 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is widely present in Nature. It has pleiotropic activities, in part mediated by interactions with high-affinity G-protein-coupled melatonin type 1 and 2 (MT1 and MT2) receptors or under extreme conditions, e.g., ischemia/reperfusion. In pharmacological concentrations, it is given to counteract the massive damage caused by MT1- and MT2-independent mechanisms. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a perfect candidate for mediating the latter effects because melatonin has structural similarity to its natural ligands, including tryptophan metabolites and indolic compounds. Using a cell-based Human AhR Reporter Assay System, we demonstrated that melatonin and its indolic and kynuric metabolites act as agonists on the AhR with EC50's between 10-4 and 10-6 M. This was further validated via the stimulation of the transcriptional activation of the CYP1A1 promoter. Furthermore, melatonin and its metabolites stimulated AhR translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in human keratinocytes, as demonstrated by ImageStream II cytometry and Western blot (WB) analyses of cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions of human keratinocytes. These functional analyses are supported by in silico analyses. We also investigated the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ as a potential target for melatonin and metabolites bioregulation. The binding studies using a TR-TFRET kit to assay the interaction of the ligand with the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of the PPARγ showed agonistic activities of melatonin, 6-hydroxymelatonin and N-acetyl-N-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine with EC50's in the 10-4 M range showing significantly lower affinities that those of rosiglitazone, e.g., a 10-8 M range. These interactions were substantiated by stimulation of the luciferase activity of the construct containing PPARE by melatonin and its metabolites at 10-4 M. As confirmed by the functional assays, binding mode predictions using a homology model of the AhR and a crystal structure of the PPARγ suggest that melatonin and its metabolites, including 6-hydroxymelatonin, 5-methoxytryptamine and N-acetyl-N-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine, are excellent candidates to act on the AhR and PPARγ with docking scores comparable to their corresponding natural ligands. Melatonin and its metabolites were modeled into the same ligand-binding pockets (LBDs) as their natural ligands. Thus, functional assays supported by molecular modeling have shown that melatonin and its indolic and kynuric metabolites can act as agonists on the AhR and they can interact with the PPARγ at high concentrations. This provides a mechanistic explanation for previously reported cytoprotective actions of melatonin and its metabolites that require high local concentrations of the ligands to reduce cellular damage under elevated oxidative stress conditions. It also identifies these compounds as therapeutic agents to be used at pharmacological doses in the prevention or therapy of skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T. Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (Y.S.); (S.Q.); (Z.J.); (V.A.); (C.R.)
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (Y.S.); (S.Q.); (Z.J.); (V.A.); (C.R.)
| | - Radomir M. Slominski
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Data Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Yuwei Song
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (Y.S.); (S.Q.); (Z.J.); (V.A.); (C.R.)
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Data Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Shariq Qayyum
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (Y.S.); (S.Q.); (Z.J.); (V.A.); (C.R.)
- Brigham’s Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wojciech Placha
- Department of Medicinal Biochemistry, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, 31-008 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Zorica Janjetovic
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (Y.S.); (S.Q.); (Z.J.); (V.A.); (C.R.)
| | - Konrad Kleszczyński
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, 48161 Münster, Germany;
| | - Venkatram Atigadda
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (Y.S.); (S.Q.); (Z.J.); (V.A.); (C.R.)
| | - Yuhua Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Chander Raman
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (Y.S.); (S.Q.); (Z.J.); (V.A.); (C.R.)
| | - Cornelis J. Elferink
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 79567, USA;
| | | | - Anton M. Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA;
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health, Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;
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13
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Jia H, Wan H, Zhang D. Innate lymphoid cells: a new key player in atopic dermatitis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1277120. [PMID: 37908364 PMCID: PMC10613734 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1277120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common allergic inflammatory skin condition mainly caused by gene variants, immune disorders, and environmental risk factors. The T helper (Th) 2 immune response mediated by interleukin (IL)-4/13 is generally believed to be central in the pathogenesis of AD. It has been shown that innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) play a major effector cell role in the immune response in tissue homeostasis and inflammation and fascinating details about the interaction between innate and adaptive immunity. Changes in ILCs may contribute to the onset and progression of AD, and ILC2s especially have gained much attention. However, the role of ILCs in AD still needs to be further elucidated. This review summarizes the role of ILCs in skin homeostasis and highlights the signaling pathways in which ILCs may be involved in AD, thus providing valuable insights into the behavior of ILCs in skin homeostasis and inflammation, as well as new approaches to treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Jia
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Huiying Wan
- Department of Dermatology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Dingding Zhang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Disease, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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14
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Ahn YM, Shin S, Jang JH, Jung J. Bojungikgi-tang improves skin barrier function and immune response in atopic dermatitis mice fed a low aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand diet. Chin Med 2023; 18:100. [PMID: 37573390 PMCID: PMC10423424 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00806-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a transcription factor that plays a crucial role in regulating the immune system and maintaining skin barrier function. AhR signaling is pivotal in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases such as atopic dermatitis (AD), and the absence of AhR ligands further contributes to the progression or worsening of AD symptoms. METHODS AD was induced with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), and Bojungikgi-tang (BJIKT) was administered orally daily for 10 weeks. Serum IgE, splenocyte IL-4, and IFN-γ levels, skin barrier genes, and AhR target gene expressions were analyzed using RNA-sequencing analysis. Spleen tissues were extracted for fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis to analyze the effect of BJIKT on immune responses. A correlation analysis was conducted to analyze the correlation between immune markers and skin barrier genes and AhR target genes. RESULTS BJIKT effectively improved AD symptoms in AD mice fed a low AhR ligand diet by reducing neutrophil and eosinophil counts, lowering IgE levels in the blood, and decreasing IL-4 and IFN-γ levels in the splenocytes. Additionally, BJIKT significantly reduced epithelial skin thickness and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) values and reversed the decreased expression of skin barrier genes. BJIKT also considerably altered the expression of AhR target genes, including Ahr, Ahrr, cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1), and CYP1B1. Furthermore, AhR target pathway genes were negatively correlated with immune cell subtypes, including CD4 + and CD8 + T cells and macrophages (CD11b + F4/80 +) at the systemic level. CONCLUSIONS BJIKT can regulate AhR activation and may help reduce inflammation in AD by regulating the expression of skin barrier genes and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Mee Ahn
- KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Sarah Shin
- KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Jang
- KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeeyoun Jung
- KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Alangari AA, Ashoori MD, Alwan W, Dawe HR, Stockinger B, Barker JN, Wincent E, Di Meglio P. Manuka honey activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor: Implications for skin inflammation. Pharmacol Res 2023; 194:106848. [PMID: 37419256 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Manuka honey (MH) is a complex nutritional material with antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. We have previously shown that MH down regulates IL-4-induced CCL26 expression in immortalized keratinocytes. As MH contains potential ligands of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR), a key regulator of skin homeostasis, we hypothesize that this effect is mediated via AHR activation. Here, we treated HaCaT cell lines, either stable transfected with an empty vector (EV-HaCaT) or in which AHR had been stable silenced (AHR-silenced HaCaT); or primary normal human epithelial keratinocytes (NHEK) with 2% MH for 24 h. This induced a 15.4-fold upregulation of CYP1A1 in EV-HaCaTs, which was significantly reduced in AHR-silenced cells. Pre-treatment with the AHR antagonist CH223191 completely abrogated this effect. Similar findings were observed in NHEK. In vivo treatment of the Cyp1a1Cre x R26ReYFP reporter mice strain's skin with pure MH significantly induced CYP1A1 expression compared with Vaseline. Treatment of HaCaT with 2% MH significantly decreased baseline CYP1 enzymatic activity at 3 and 6 h but increased it after 12 h, suggesting that MH may activate the AHR both through direct and indirect means. Importantly, MH downregulation of IL-4-induced CCL26 mRNA and protein was abrogated in AHR-silenced HaCaTs and by pre-treatment with CH223191. Finally, MH significantly upregulated FLG expression in NHEK in an AHR-dependent manner. In conclusion, MH activates AHR, both in vitro and in vivo, thereby providing a mechanism of its IL4-induced CCL26 downregulation and upregulation of FLG expression. These results have potential clinical implications for atopic diseases and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A Alangari
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Matin D Ashoori
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Wisam Alwan
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Hannah R Dawe
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Jonathan N Barker
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Emma Wincent
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, The Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paola Di Meglio
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK.
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16
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Lai A, Owens K, Patel S, Nicholas M. The Impact of Air Pollution on Atopic Dermatitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2023; 23:435-442. [PMID: 37233850 PMCID: PMC10214316 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-023-01095-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Atopic dermatitis (AD) remains a dermatological disease that imposes a significant burden on society. Air pollution has previously been linked to both the onset and severity of atopic dermatitis. As air pollution remains a critical environmental factor impacting human health, this review seeks to provide an overview of the relationship between different air pollutants and AD. RECENT FINDINGS AD can develop from multiple causes that can be broadly grouped into epidermal barrier dysfunction and immune dysregulation. Air pollution imposes significant health risks and includes a wide variety of pollutant types. AD has been linked to outdoor air pollutants such as particulate matter (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOC), gaseous compounds, and heavy metals. Exposure to indoor pollutants such as tobacco smoke and fungal molds has also been associated with an increased incidence of AD. While different pollutants impact distinct molecular pathways in the cell, they mostly converge on ROS product, DNA damage, and dysregulated T-cell activity and cytokine production. The presented review suggests a strengthening tie between air pollution and AD. It points to opportunities for further studies to clarify, as well as potential therapeutic opportunities that leverage the mechanistic relationships between air pollution and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Lai
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Kelly Owens
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Surya Patel
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Matilda Nicholas
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- , Durham, USA.
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17
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Hergesell K, Paraskevopoulou A, Opálka L, Velebný V, Vávrová K, Dolečková I. The effect of long-term cigarette smoking on selected skin barrier proteins and lipids. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11572. [PMID: 37463939 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38178-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The negative impact of cigarette smoking on the skin includes accelerated aging, pigmentation disorders, and impaired wound healing, but its effect on the skin barrier is not completely understood. Here, we studied the changes in selected epidermal proteins and lipids between smokers (45-66 years, smoking > 10 years, > 10 cigarettes per day) and non-smokers. Volar forearm epidermal and stratum corneum samples, obtained by suction blister and tape stripping, respectively, showed increased thickness in smokers. In the epidermis of smokers, we observed a significant upregulation of filaggrin, loricrin, and a trend of increased involucrin but no differences were found in the case of transglutaminase 1 and kallikrein-related peptidase 7, on the gene and protein levels. No significant changes were observed in the major skin barrier lipids, except for increased cholesterol sulfate in smokers. Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry revealed shorter acyl chains in ceramides, and an increased proportion of sphingosine and 6-hydroxysphingosine ceramides (with C4 trans-double bond) over dihydrosphingosine and phytosphingosine ceramides in smokers, suggesting altered desaturase 1 activity. Smokers had more ordered lipid chains found by infrared spectroscopy. In conclusion, cigarette smoking perturbs the homeostasis of the barrier proteins and lipids even at a site not directly exposed to smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristýna Hergesell
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
- Contipro a.s., Dolní Dobrouč 401, 561 02, Dolní Dobrouč, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Paraskevopoulou
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Opálka
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Velebný
- Contipro a.s., Dolní Dobrouč 401, 561 02, Dolní Dobrouč, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Vávrová
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Dolečková
- Contipro a.s., Dolní Dobrouč 401, 561 02, Dolní Dobrouč, Czech Republic.
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18
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Innani S, Tomar Y, Rana V, Singhvi G. Navigating the landscape of psoriasis therapy: novel targeted pathways and emerging trends. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:1247-1256. [PMID: 37997278 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2288273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory, non-communicable skin disorder that affects a patient's social and emotional well-being. It is characterized by hyperproliferation of keratinocytes, irregular shedding of skin cells, and abnormal invasion of inflammatory mediators. The treatment strategy is designed based on the severity of the disease condition starting from topical, phototherapy, systemic, and biologics. In recent years, extensive research into the underlying mechanisms of psoriasis has led to significant advancement in treatment options from small molecules to biologics. AREA COVERED This review focuses on intracellular and molecular mechanisms such as AhR, A3AR, RIP1, CGRP, and S1P that serve as novel pharmacological targets for psoriasis. Moreover, new molecules are approved or are under clinical investigation to interfere with these target mechanisms. EXPERT OPINION A detailed understanding of signaling pathways provides potential targets and molecular mechanisms for the inflammatory cascade in psoriasis. This has led to the development of small molecules targeting specific pathways. Further, the combination of nanotechnology can assist in dose reduction leading to reduced adverse effects in the management of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinath Innani
- Industrial Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Yashika Tomar
- Industrial Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vikas Rana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi university, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Gautam Singhvi
- Industrial Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, Rajasthan, India
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19
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Smits JP, Qu J, Pardow F, van den Brink NJ, Rodijk-Olthuis D, van Vlijmen-Willems IM, van Heeringen SJ, Zeeuwen PL, Schalkwijk J, Zhou H, van den Bogaard EH. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor regulates epidermal differentiation through transient activation of TFAP2A. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.07.544032. [PMID: 37333234 PMCID: PMC10274772 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.07.544032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is an evolutionary conserved environmental sensor identified as indispensable regulator of epithelial homeostasis and barrier organ function. Molecular signaling cascade and target genes upon AHR activation and their contribution to cell and tissue function are however not fully understood. Multi-omics analyses using human skin keratinocytes revealed that, upon ligand activation, AHR binds open chromatin to induce expression of transcription factors (TFs), e.g., Transcription Factor AP-2α (TFAP2A), as a swift response to environmental stimuli. The terminal differentiation program including upregulation of barrier genes, filaggrin and keratins, was mediated by TFAP2A as a secondary response to AHR activation. The role of AHR-TFAP2A axis in controlling keratinocyte terminal differentiation for proper barrier formation was further confirmed using CRISPR/Cas9 in human epidermal equivalents. Overall, the study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanism behind AHR-mediated barrier function and potential novel targets for the treatment of skin barrier diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos P.H. Smits
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jieqiong Qu
- Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Felicitas Pardow
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Noa J.M. van den Brink
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Rodijk-Olthuis
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Simon J. van Heeringen
- Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick L.J.M. Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Schalkwijk
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Huiqing Zhou
- Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc
| | - Ellen H. van den Bogaard
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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20
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Paik SJ, Kim DJ, Jung SK. Preventive Effect of Pharmaceutical Phytochemicals Targeting the Src Family of Protein Tyrosine Kinases and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor on Environmental Stress-Induced Skin Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065953. [PMID: 36983027 PMCID: PMC10056297 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin protects our body; however, it is directly exposed to the environment and is stimulated by various external factors. Among the various environmental factors that can threaten skin health, the effects of ultraviolet (UV) and particulate matter (PM) are considered the most notable. Repetitive exposure to ultraviolet and particulate matter can cause chronic skin diseases such as skin inflammation, photoaging, and skin cancer. The abnormal activation of the Src family of protein tyrosine kinases (SFKs) and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in response to UV and/or PM exposure are involved in the development and aggravation of skin diseases. Phytochemicals, chemical compounds of natural plants, exert preventive effects on skin diseases through the regulation of various signaling pathways. Therefore, this review aims to highlight the efficacy of phytochemicals as potential nutraceuticals and pharmaceutical materials for the treatment of skin diseases, primarily by targeting SFK and AhR, and to explore the underlying mechanisms of action. Future studies are essential to validate the clinical potential for the prevention and treatment of skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Jeong Paik
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Joon Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Keun Jung
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Tailored Food Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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21
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Facheris P, Jeffery J, Del Duca E, Guttman-Yassky E. The translational revolution in atopic dermatitis: the paradigm shift from pathogenesis to treatment. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:448-474. [PMID: 36928371 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-00992-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common inflammatory skin disease, and it is considered a complex and heterogeneous condition. Different phenotypes of AD, defined according to the patient age at onset, race, and ethnic background; disease duration; and other disease characteristics, have been recently described, underlying the need for a personalized treatment approach. Recent advancements in understanding AD pathogenesis resulted in a real translational revolution and led to the exponential expansion of the therapeutic pipeline. The study of biomarkers in clinical studies of emerging treatments is helping clarify the role of each cytokine and immune pathway in AD and will allow addressing the unique immune fingerprints of each AD subset. Personalized medicine will be the ultimate goal of this targeted translational research. In this review, we discuss the changes in the concepts of both the pathogenesis of and treatment approach to AD, highlight the scientific rationale behind each targeted treatment and report the most recent clinical efficacy data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Facheris
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Jane Jeffery
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ester Del Duca
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emma Guttman-Yassky
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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22
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Rikken G, Smith KJ, van den Brink NJM, Smits JPH, Gowda K, Alnemri A, Kuzu GE, Murray IA, Lin JM, Smits JGA, van Vlijmen-Willems IM, Amin SG, Perdew GH, van den Bogaard EH. Lead optimization of aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands for treatment of inflammatory skin disorders. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 208:115400. [PMID: 36574884 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) modulating agents gained attention in dermatology as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that improve skin barrier properties. By exploiting AHR's known ligand promiscuity, we generated novel AHR modulating agents by lead optimization of a selective AHR modulator (SAhRM; SGA360). Twenty-two newly synthesized compounds were screened yielding two novel derivatives, SGA360f and SGA388, in which agonist activity led to enhanced keratinocyte terminal differentiation. SGA388 showed the highest agonist activity with potent normalization of keratinocyte hyperproliferation, restored expression of skin barrier proteins and dampening of chemokine expression by keratinocytes upon Th2-mediated inflammation in vitro. The topical application of SGA360f and SGA388 reduced acute skin inflammation in vivo by reducing cyclooxygenase levels, resulting in less neutrophilic dermal infiltrates. The minimal induction of cytochrome P450 enzyme activity, lack of cellular toxicity and mutagenicity classifies SGA360f and SGA388 as novel potential therapeutic AHR ligands and illustrates the potential of medicinal chemistry to fine-tune AHR signaling for the development of targeted therapies in dermatology and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs Rikken
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Kayla J Smith
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Noa J M van den Brink
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jos P H Smits
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Krishne Gowda
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Angela Alnemri
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Gulsum E Kuzu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Iain A Murray
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jyh-Ming Lin
- Metabolomics Facility, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jos G A Smits
- Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M van Vlijmen-Willems
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Shantu G Amin
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Gary H Perdew
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Ellen H van den Bogaard
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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23
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Atluri K, Manne S, Nalamothu V, Mantel A, Sharma PK, Babu RJ. Advances in Current Drugs and Formulations for the Management of Atopic Dermatitis. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 2023; 40:1-87. [PMID: 37585309 DOI: 10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.2023042979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory skin disease with a complex pathophysiology. Treatment of AD remains challenging owing to the presence of a wide spectrum of clinical phenotypes and limited response to existing therapies. However, recent genetic, immunological, and pathophysiological insights into the disease mechanism resulted in the invention of novel therapeutic drug candidates. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current therapies and assesses various novel drug delivery strategies currently under clinical investigation. Further, this review majorly emphasizes on various topical treatments including emollient therapies, barrier repair agents, topical corticosteroids (TCS), phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors, calcineurin inhibitors, and Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway inhibitors. It also discusses biological and systemic therapies, upcoming treatments based on ongoing clinical trials. Additionally, this review scrutinized the use of pharmaceutical inactive ingredients in the approved topical dosage forms for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - R Jayachandra Babu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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24
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Ehsan M, Rehman AU, Athar F, Mustafa B, Javed H, Cheema HA, Ayyan M, Shahid A, Jafar U, Goldust M. Benvitimod for the treatment of psoriasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Dermatol Ther 2022; 35:e15957. [PMID: 36279313 DOI: 10.1111/dth.15957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Benvitimod is a topical drug that has recently been approved for mild to moderate psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. The drug has just completed phase 3 trials for psoriasis, which calls for a systematic update of current evidence on the efficacy and safety of this drug. We searched MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, Science Direct, International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Google Scholar for all available randomized controlled trials concerning the topic. We included six randomized controlled trials evaluating the efficacy of benvitimod 1.0% with a total of 1925 patients. Our meta-analysis demonstrated that more patients in the benvitimod group achieved physician global assessment score of 0 or 1 (RR 6.53, 95% CI 4.39-9.71), psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) 75 (RR 4.34, 95% CI 2.96-6.36), PASI 90 (RR 8.83, 95% CI 5.22-14.95) and body surface area reduction (MD -3.85, 95% CI -4.83, -2.88) than placebo at week 12. Patient-reported outcomes were also analyzed, yielding a significant benefit in the benvitimod group for peak pruritus numerical rating scale (PP-NRS) score (MD -1.20, 95% CI -1.98, -0.42), ≥4-point decrease in PP-NRS score (RR 1.58, 95% CI, 1.24-2.03) and dermatology life quality index score (MD -2.54, 95% CI -4.00, -1.07). There was a significantly higher incidence of adverse events in the benvitimod group compared to placebo (RR 1.98, 95% CI 1.73-2.27), while the risk was found to be non-significant for serious adverse events. Benvitimod is an effective treatment of psoriasis as compared to a placebo. However, more large-scale, high-quality trials are needed to comment on the safety of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ehsan
- Department of Dermatology, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aqeeb Ur Rehman
- Department of Dermatology, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Farwa Athar
- Department of Dermatology, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Biah Mustafa
- Department of Dermatology, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Haseeba Javed
- Department of Dermatology, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Ayyan
- Department of Dermatology, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abia Shahid
- Department of Dermatology, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Uzair Jafar
- Department of Dermatology, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mohamad Goldust
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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25
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Zobiri O, Zucchi H, Dimitrov A, Marrot L. Repeated Exposures to UVA1 and Particulate Matter‒Associated Pollutants Trigger Epidermal Barrier Dysfunction in Skin Epithelialization Model. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:3331-3335.e8. [PMID: 35750150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.05.1091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Zobiri
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Helene Zucchi
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | | | - Laurent Marrot
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France.
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26
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From Nucleus to Organs: Insights of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Molecular Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314919. [PMID: 36499247 PMCID: PMC9738205 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a markedly established regulator of a plethora of cellular and molecular processes. Its initial role in the detoxification of xenobiotic compounds has been partially overshadowed by its involvement in homeostatic and organ physiology processes. In fact, the discovery of its ability to bind specific target regulatory sequences has allowed for the understanding of how AHR modulates such processes. Thereby, AHR presents functions in transcriptional regulation, chromatin architecture modifications and participation in different key signaling pathways. Interestingly, such fields of influence end up affecting organ and tissue homeostasis, including regenerative response both to endogenous and exogenous stimuli. Therefore, from classical spheres such as canonical transcriptional regulation in embryonic development, cell migration, differentiation or tumor progression to modern approaches in epigenetics, senescence, immune system or microbiome, this review covers all aspects derived from the balance between regulation/deregulation of AHR and its physio-pathological consequences.
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27
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Kim K, Kim H, Sung GY. Effects of Indole-3-Lactic Acid, a Metabolite of Tryptophan, on IL-4 and IL-13-Induced Human Skin-Equivalent Atopic Dermatitis Models. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13520. [PMID: 36362303 PMCID: PMC9655012 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Indole-3-lactic acid (I3LA) is a well-known metabolite involved in tryptophan metabolism. Indole derivatives are involved in the differentiation of immune cells and the synthesis of cytokines via the aryl hydrocarbon receptors for modulating immunity, and the indole derivatives may be involved in allergic responses. I3LA was selected as a candidate substance for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD), and its inhibitory effect on AD progression was investigated. Full-thickness human skin equivalents (HSEs) consisting of human-derived cells were generated on microfluidic chips and stimulated with major AD-inducing factors. The induced AD-HSEs were treated with I3LA for 7 days, and this affected the AD-associated genetic biomarkers and increased the expression of the major constituent proteins of the skin barrier. After the treatment for 14 days, the surface became rough and sloughed off, and there was no significant difference between the increased AD-related mRNA expression and the skin barrier protein expression. Therefore, the short-term use of I3LA for approximately one week is considered to be effective in suppressing AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyunghee Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program of Nano-Medical Device Engineering, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Integrative Materials Research Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Hyeju Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program of Nano-Medical Device Engineering, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Integrative Materials Research Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Gun Yong Sung
- Interdisciplinary Program of Nano-Medical Device Engineering, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Integrative Materials Research Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Major in Materials Science and Engineering, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
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28
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Yan X, Tsuji G, Hashimoto-Hachiya A, Furue M. Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate Potentiates an Anti-Inflammaging System in Keratinocytes. J Clin Med 2022; 11:6338. [PMID: 36362566 PMCID: PMC9657190 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11216338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Skincare products play a crucial role in preventing the dry skin induced by various causes. Certain ingredients can help to improve the efficacy of skincare products. Galactomyces ferment filtrate (GFF) is such a functional ingredient. Its use originated from the empirical observation that the hands of sake brewers who deal with yeast fermentation retain a beautiful and youthful appearance. Consequently, skincare products based on GFF are widely used throughout the world. Recent studies have demonstrated that GFF activates an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and upregulates the expression of filaggrin, a pivotal endogenous source of natural moisturizing factors, in epidermal keratinocytes. It also activates nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (NRF2), the antioxidative master transcription factor, and exhibits potent antioxidative activity against oxidative stress induced by ultraviolet irradiation and proinflammatory cytokines, which also accelerate inflammaging. GFF-mediated NRF2 activation downregulates the expression of CDKN2A, which is known to be overexpressed in senescent keratinocytes. Moreover, GFF enhances epidermal terminal differentiation by upregulating the expression of caspase-14, claudin-1, and claudin-4. It also promotes the synthesis of the antiinflammatory cytokine IL-37 and downregulates the expression of proallergic cytokine IL-33 in keratinocytes. In addition, GFF downregulates the expression of the CXCL14 and IL6R genes, which are involved in inflammaging. These beneficial properties might underpin the potent barrier-protecting and anti-inflammaging effects of GFF-containing skin formulae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghong Yan
- SK-II Science Communications, Kobe Innovation Center, Procter and Gamble Innovation, Kobe 651-0088, Japan
| | - Gaku Tsuji
- Research and Clinical Center for Yusho and Dioxin, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Akiko Hashimoto-Hachiya
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masutaka Furue
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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29
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Ianiri G, LeibundGut-Landmann S, Dawson TL. Malassezia: A Commensal, Pathogen, and Mutualist of Human and Animal Skin. Annu Rev Microbiol 2022; 76:757-782. [PMID: 36075093 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-040820-010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Identified in the late nineteenth century as a single species residing on human skin, Malassezia is now recognized as a diverse genus comprising 18 species inhabiting not only skin but human gut, hospital environments, and even deep-sea sponges. All cultivated Malassezia species are lipid dependent, having lost genes for lipid synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism. The surging interest in Malassezia results from development of tools to improve sampling, culture, identification, and genetic engineering, which has led to findings implicating it in numerous skin diseases, Crohn disease, and pancreatic cancer. However, it has become clear that Malassezia plays a multifaceted role in human health, with mutualistic activity in atopic dermatitis and a preventive effect against other skin infections due to its potential to compete with skin pathogens such as Candida auris. Improved understanding of complex microbe-microbe and host-microbe interactions will be required to define Malassezia's role in human and animal health and disease so as to design targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Ianiri
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental, and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Salomé LeibundGut-Landmann
- Section of Immunology, Faculty of Vetsuisse, and Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas L Dawson
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore; .,Department of Drug Discovery, College of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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30
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New and Upcoming Topical Treatments for Atopic Dermatitis: A Review of the Literature. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11174974. [PMID: 36078904 PMCID: PMC9456375 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11174974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis with periods of exacerbation and remissions. AD is characterized by intense, persistent pruritus and heterogeneity in clinical symptomatology and severity. Therapeutic goals include the amelioration of cutaneous eruptions, diminishing relapses and eventually the disease burden. To date, topical corticosteroids (TCS) and calcineurin inhibitors (TCI) have yet been deemed the mainstay of topical treatments in AD management. Nevertheless, despite their indisputable efficiency, TCS and TCI are not indicated for continuous long-term use given their safety profile. While research in AD has concentrated predominantly on systemic therapies, more than 30 novel topical compounds are under development. The existing data appear encouraging, with some regimens that are already FDA-approved (ruxolitinib was the most recent in September 2021) and several pharmaceutical pipeline products for mild-to-moderate AD that are in an advanced stage of development, such as tapinarof, difamilast and roflumilast. Larger, long-term studies are still required to evaluate the efficacy and safety of these novel compounds in the long run and weigh their advantages over present treatments. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the latest knowledge about AD topical treatments, echoing upcoming research trends.
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31
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Potential Therapeutic Skin Microbiomes Suppressing Staphylococcus aureus-Derived Immune Responses and Upregulating Skin Barrier Function-Related Genes via the AhR Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179551. [PMID: 36076953 PMCID: PMC9455615 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the skin microbial balance can exacerbate certain skin diseases and affect prognosis and treatment. Changes in the distribution and prevalence of certain microbial species on the skin, such as Staphylococcus aureus (SA), can impact the development of severe atopic dermatitis (AD) or psoriasis (Pso). A dysfunctional skin barrier develops in AD and Pso due to SA colonization, resulting in keratinization and chronic or progressive chronic inflammation. Disruption of the skin barrier following SA colonization can elevate the production of T helper 2 (Th2)-derived cytokines, which can cause an imbalance in Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells. This study examined the ability of potential therapeutic skin microbiomes, such as Cutibacterium avidum R-CH3 and Staphylococcus hominis R9, to inhibit SA biofilm formation and restore skin barrier function-related genes through the activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) downstream target. We observed that IL-4/IL-13-induced downregulation of FLG, LOR, and IVL induced by SA colonization could be reversed by dual AhR/Nrf2 activation. Further, OVOL1 expression may be modulated by functional microbiomes via dual AhR/Nrf2 activation. Our results suggest that our potential therapeutic skin microbiomes can prevent SA-derived Th2-biased skin barrier disruption via IL-13 and IL-4-dependent FLG deregulation, STAT3 activation, and AhR-mediated STAT6 expression.
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32
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Abstract
Africa is counted amongst the cosmetic market contributors; however, South Africa’s remarkable plant diversity is still largely untapped in terms of its potential for medicinal and cosmetic purposes. Thus, we aim to provide a critical assessment of the advancements made in South African cosmeceuticals with emphasis towards online local companies/brands that are manufactured by small, medium and micro enterprises (SMMEs). For the current study, we limited our search of herbal cosmeceutical products to SMMEs with online websites, or products traded in other online cosmetic directories such as ‘Faithful to Nature’ and ‘African Botanicals’ using a simple Google search. We recorded more than 50 South African SMME companies/brands involved in the trade of cosmeceuticals. Skin and hair care were the major product categories widely traded in these online platforms. Furthermore, few patents were recorded from South African researchers and institutions thereof, which is quite alarming considering the extensive research that has been undertaken to study these commercially valuable plants. Based on the increasing number of new products and the wide pool of economically important plants coupled to their associated rich indigenous knowledge systems, the cosmeceutical sector can contribute to the economy, job creation, entrepreneurship skills, socio-economic development and intellectual property generation.
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33
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Peng G, Tsukamoto S, Ikutama R, Le Thanh Nguyen H, Umehara Y, Trujillo-Paez JV, Yue H, Takahashi M, Ogawa T, Kishi R, Tominaga M, Takamori K, Kitaura J, Kageyama S, Komatsu M, Okumura K, Ogawa H, Ikeda S, Niyonsaba F. Human-β-defensin-3 attenuates atopic dermatitis-like inflammation through autophagy activation and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathway. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:156501. [PMID: 35834333 PMCID: PMC9435650 DOI: 10.1172/jci156501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human β-defensin-3 (hBD-3) exhibits antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities; however, its contribution to autophagy regulation remains unclear, and the role of autophagy in the regulation of the epidermal barrier in atopic dermatitis (AD) is poorly understood. Here, keratinocyte autophagy was restrained in the skin lesions of patients with AD and murine models of AD. Interestingly, hBD-3 alleviated the IL-4– and IL-13–mediated impairment of the tight junction (TJ) barrier through keratinocyte autophagy activation, which involved aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling. While autophagy deficiency impaired the epidermal barrier and exacerbated inflammation, hBD-3 attenuated skin inflammation and enhanced the TJ barrier in AD. Importantly, hBD-3–mediated improvement of the TJ barrier was abolished in autophagy-deficient AD mice and in AhR-suppressed AD mice, suggesting a role for hBD-3–mediated autophagy in the regulation of the epidermal barrier and inflammation in AD. Thus, autophagy contributes to the pathogenesis of AD, and hBD-3 could be used for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Peng
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saya Tsukamoto
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Risa Ikutama
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hai Le Thanh Nguyen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshie Umehara
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Juan V Trujillo-Paez
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hainan Yue
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miho Takahashi
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takasuke Ogawa
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoma Kishi
- Institute for Environmental and Gender Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Tominaga
- Institute for Environmental and Gender Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenji Takamori
- Institute for Environmental and Gender Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jiro Kitaura
- Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shun Kageyama
- Department of Physiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Komatsu
- Department of Physiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ko Okumura
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideoki Ogawa
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigaku Ikeda
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - François Niyonsaba
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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34
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Manipulating Microbiota to Treat Atopic Dermatitis: Functions and Therapies. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060642. [PMID: 35745496 PMCID: PMC9228373 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a globally prevalent skin inflammation with a particular impact on children. Current therapies for AD are challenged by the limited armamentarium and the high heterogeneity of the disease. A novel promising therapeutic target for AD is the microbiota. Numerous studies have highlighted the involvement of the skin and gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of AD. The resident microbiota at these two epithelial tissues can modulate skin barrier functions and host immune responses, thus regulating AD progression. For example, the pathogenic roles of Staphylococcus aureus in the skin are well-established, making this bacterium an attractive target for AD treatment. Targeting the gut microbiota is another therapeutic strategy for AD. Multiple oral supplements with prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, and synbiotics have demonstrated promising efficacy in both AD prevention and treatment. In this review, we summarize the association of microbiota dysbiosis in both the skin and gut with AD, and the current knowledge of the functions of commensal microbiota in AD pathogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss the existing therapies in manipulating both the skin and gut commensal microbiota to prevent or treat AD. We also propose potential novel therapies based on the cutting-edge progress in this area.
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35
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Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptors: Evidence of Therapeutic Targets in Chronic Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051087. [PMID: 35625824 PMCID: PMC9139118 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand-dependent transcription factor, is important for xenobiotic metabolism and binds to various endogenous and exogenous ligands present in the skin. AhR is known to be associated with diseases in various organs; however, its functions in chronic inflammatory skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis (PS), have recently been elucidated. Here, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of AhR related to chronic inflammatory skin diseases, such as AD and PS, and the mechanisms of action of AhR on the skin immune system. The importance of AhR molecular biological pathways, clinical features in animal models, and AhR ligands in skin diseases need to be investigated. In conclusion, the therapeutic effects of AhR ligands are demonstrated based on the relationship between AhR and skin diseases. Nevertheless, further studies are required to elucidate the detailed roles of AhR in chronic inflammatory skin diseases.
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Rodrigues de Souza I, Savio de Araujo-Souza P, Morais Leme D. Genetic variants affecting chemical mediated skin immunotoxicity. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2022; 25:43-95. [PMID: 34979876 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2021.2013372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The skin is an immune-competent organ and this function may be impaired by exposure to chemicals, which may ultimately result in immune-mediated dermal disorders. Interindividual variability to chemical-induced skin immune reactions is associated with intrinsic individual characteristics and their genomes. In the last 30-40 years, several genes influencing susceptibility to skin immune reactions were identified. The aim of this review is to provide information regarding common genetic variations affecting skin immunotoxicity. The polymorphisms selected for this review are related to xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (CYPA1 and CYPB1 genes), antioxidant defense (GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 genes), aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathway (AHR and ARNT genes), skin barrier function transepidermal water loss (FLG, CASP14, and SPINK5 genes), inflammation (TNF, IL10, IL6, IL18, IL31, and TSLP genes), major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and neuroendocrine system peptides (CALCA, TRPV1, ACE genes). These genes present variants associated with skin immune responses and diseases, as well as variants associated with protecting skin immune homeostasis following chemical exposure. The molecular and association studies focusing on these genetic variants may elucidate their functional consequences and contribution in the susceptibility to skin immunotoxicity. Providing information on how genetic variations affect the skin immune system may reduce uncertainties in estimating chemical hazards/risks for human health in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniela Morais Leme
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
- National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, Brazil
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Franciosi JP, Mougey EB, Dellon ES, Gutierrez-Junquera C, Fernandez-Fernandez S, Venkatesh RD, Gupta SK. Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapy for Eosinophilic Esophagitis: History, Mechanisms, Efficacy, and Future Directions. J Asthma Allergy 2022; 15:281-302. [PMID: 35250281 PMCID: PMC8892718 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s274524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, the role of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) medication has evolved from a diagnostic tool for Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE), by excluding patients with PPI responsive esophageal eosinophilia (PPI-REE), to a therapy for EoE. This transition resulted from the Updated International Consensus Diagnostic Criteria for Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Proceedings of the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II (AGREE) Conference to support PPI therapy for EoE in children and adults. Additional recent advances have suggested a role for genetic variations that might impact response to PPI therapy for EoE. This review article will explore a brief background of EoE, the evolution of PPI therapy for EoE and its proposed mechanisms, efficacy and safety in children and adults, and considerations for future PPI precision medicine in patients with EoE.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Franciosi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Nemours Children’s Hospital, Orlando, FL, USA
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- Correspondence: James P Franciosi, Division of Gastroenterology, Nemours Children’s Hospital, 6535 Nemours Parkway, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA, Email
| | - Edward B Mougey
- Center for Pharmacogenomics and Translational Research, Nemours Children’s Health System, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Evan S Dellon
- Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Carolina Gutierrez-Junquera
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rajitha D Venkatesh
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sandeep K Gupta
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine and Community Health Network, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Effects of the dipeptide L-glutamic acid-L-tryptophan on dermatitis in mice and human keratinocytes. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08729. [PMID: 35036609 PMCID: PMC8752900 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and atopic dermatitis (AD) are inflammatory eczematous skin diseases caused by various factors. Here, we report that topical application of the dipeptide, L-glutamic acid-L-tryptophan (L-Glu-L-Trp), improved symptoms in both ACD and AD in mice. Using a mouse model of ACD induced by repeated application of 2,4-dinitorofluorbenzene (DNFB), we demonstrated that L-Glu-L-Trp attenuated DNFB-induced skin thickening. In addition, quantification of cytokines in serum revealed that L-Glu-L-Trp suppressed the DNFB-induced increase in the interleukin (IL)-22 level. Moreover, L-Glu-L-Trp attenuated mite antigen extract-induced AD model symptoms such as the increase of skin thickening and elevation of serum IL-22. We also confirmed that the dipeptide structure rather than the individual amino acid components was important for the therapeutic effects of L-Glu-L-Trp. Furthermore, we showed that IL-22 decreased the expression level of filaggrin mRNA in human epidermal keratinocytes, and L-Glu-L-Trp attenuated that effect. These results suggested that the topical application of the dipeptide, L-Glu-L-Trp, to the skin may be useful for treating ACD and AD.
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Identification of triazolopyridine derivatives as a new class of AhR agonists and evaluation of anti-psoriasis effect in a mouse model. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 231:114122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Lu ST, Kelly KA, Feldman SR. An overview of benvitimod for the treatment of psoriasis: a narrative review. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2021; 23:327-333. [DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2021.2016699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah T Lu
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC USA
| | - Katherine A Kelly
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC USA
| | - Steven R Feldman
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC USA
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, Nc USA
- Department of Social Sciences & Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Role of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation in Inflammatory Chronic Skin Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123559. [PMID: 34944067 PMCID: PMC8700074 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) is an evolutionary transcription factor which acts as a crucial sensor of different exogenous and endogenous molecules Recent data indicate that AhR is implicated in several physiological processes such as cell physiology, host defense, proliferation and differentiation of immune cells, and detoxification. Moreover, AhR involvement has been reported in the development and maintenance of several pathological conditions. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have accumulated highlighting the regulatory role of AhR in the physiology of the skin. However, there is evidence of both beneficial and harmful effects of AHR signaling. At present, most of the evidence concerns inflammatory skin diseases, in particular atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, acne, and hidradenitis suppurativa. This review exam-ines the role of AhR in skin homeostasis and the therapeutic implication of its pharmacological modulation in these cutaneous inflammatory diseases.
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Fernández-Gallego N, Sánchez-Madrid F, Cibrian D. Role of AHR Ligands in Skin Homeostasis and Cutaneous Inflammation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113176. [PMID: 34831399 PMCID: PMC8622815 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is an important regulator of skin barrier function. It also controls immune-mediated skin responses. The AHR modulates various physiological functions by acting as a sensor that mediates environment–cell interactions, particularly during immune and inflammatory responses. Diverse experimental systems have been used to assess the AHR’s role in skin inflammation, including in vitro assays of keratinocyte stimulation and murine models of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Similar approaches have addressed the role of AHR ligands, e.g., TCDD, FICZ, and microbiota-derived metabolites, in skin homeostasis and pathology. Tapinarof is a novel AHR-modulating agent that inhibits skin inflammation and enhances skin barrier function. The topical application of tapinarof is being evaluated in clinical trials to treat psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. In the present review, we summarize the effects of natural and synthetic AHR ligands in keratinocytes and inflammatory cells, and their relevance in normal skin homeostasis and cutaneous inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Fernández-Gallego
- Immunology Service, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa (IIS-IP), 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Immunology Service, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa (IIS-IP), 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.S.-M.); (D.C.)
| | - Danay Cibrian
- Immunology Service, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa (IIS-IP), 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.S.-M.); (D.C.)
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Nagata N, Hamasaki Y, Inagaki S, Nakamura T, Horikami D, Yamamoto-Hanada K, Inuzuka Y, Shimosawa T, Kobayashi K, Narita M, Ohya Y, Murata T. Urinary lipid profile of atopic dermatitis in murine model and human patients. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21949. [PMID: 34591339 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100828r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common inflammatory skin disease in children. The serum level of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) is a useful AD index to reflect disease severity; however, it requires blood collection from young children. In comparison, urine samples are easier to collect in a pediatric clinical setting. Here, we analyzed the lipids excreted in urine to identify a diagnostic biomarker for AD. We generated a murine dermatitis model by repeated topical application of 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) or tape-stripping the dorsal skin. Lipid metabolites excreted in the urine were comprehensively analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. To corroborate our findings, we also analyzed urine samples from patients with AD. DNFB application induced AD-like skin lesions, including epidermal thickening, infiltration of eosinophils and T cells, and an increase in Th2 cytokine levels. Assessment of lipids excreted in urine showed a dominance of prostaglandins (PGs), namely, a PGF2α metabolite (13,14-dihydro-15-keto-tetranor-PGF1α ), a PGE2 metabolite (13,14-dihydro-15-keto-tetranor-PGE2 ), and a PGD2 metabolite (13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGJ2 ). mRNA and protein expression of PGF2α , PGE2 , and PGD2 synthase was upregulated in DNFB-treated skin. The tape-stripping model also caused dermatitis but without Th2 inflammation; urine PGF2α and PGD2 metabolite levels remained unaffected. Finally, we confirmed that the urinary levels of the aforementioned PG metabolites, as well as PGI2 metabolite, 6,15-diketo-13,14-dihydro-PGF1α and arachidonic acid metabolite, 17-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (17-HETE) increased in patients with AD. Our data highlights the unique urinary lipid profile in patients with AD, which may provide insight into novel urinary biomarkers for AD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanae Nagata
- Department of Animal Radiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Hamasaki
- Department of Animal Radiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Inagaki
- Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Nakamura
- Department of Animal Radiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daiki Horikami
- Department of Animal Radiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yusuke Inuzuka
- Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shimosawa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koji Kobayashi
- Department of Animal Radiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masami Narita
- Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Ohya
- Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahisa Murata
- Department of Animal Radiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a heterogeneous disorder with varying phenotypes. Although AD has long been associated with barrier dysfunction, the pathogenesis of this disease is more complex, involving many molecular markers in different functional domains. Biomarkers can be helpful in different ways, including predicting prognosis, measuring treatment response, and gauging disease severity. With the advent of targeted immunomodulators, biomarkers have the potential to take on new significance in terms of selecting appropriate therapies for patients. In this review, we have summarized the key findings related to biomarkers and AD, including the specific subtype differences. Clinicians will use this information to better understand the potential of biomarkers in AD and have a guide because more specific treatments are developed that are tailored toward individual molecular profiles.
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Cheng YC, Kuo CL, Hsu SY, Way TDER, Cheng CL, Chen JC, Liu KC, Peng SF, Ho WJ, Chueh FS, Huang WW. Tetrandrine Enhances H 2O 2-Induced Apoptotic Cell Death Through Caspase-dependent Pathway in Human Keratinocytes. In Vivo 2021; 35:2047-2057. [PMID: 34182480 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tetrandrine, a bis-benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, induces apoptosis of many types of human cancer cell. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a reactive oxygen species inducer; however, there are no reports to show whether pre-treatment of tetrandrine with H2O2 induces more cell apoptosis than H2O2 alone. Thus, the present study investigated the effects of tetrandrine on H2O2-induced cell apoptosis of human keratinocytes, HaCaT, in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS HaCaT cells were pre-treated with and without tetrandrine for 1 h, and then treated with H2O2 for examining cell morphological changes and cell viability using contrast-phase microscopy and propidium iodide (PI) exclusion assay, respectively. Cells were measured apoptotic cell death by using annexin V/PI double staining and further analyzed by flow cytometer. Cells were further assessed for DNA condensation using 2-(4-amidinophenyl)-6-indolecarbamidine staining. Western blotting was used to measure expression of apoptosis-associated proteins and confocal laser microscopy was used to measure the protein expression and nuclear translocation from the cytoplasm to nuclei. RESULTS Pre-treatment of tetrandrine for 1 h and treatment with H2O2 enhanced H2O2-induced cell morphological changes and reduced cell viability, whilst increasing apoptotic cell death and DNA condensation. Furthermore, tetrandrine significantly increased expression of reactive oxygen species-associated proteins such as superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn) and superoxide dismutase (Mn) but significantly reduced the level of catalase, which was also confirmed by confocal laser microscopy. It also increased expression of DNA repair-associated proteins ataxia telangiectasia mutated, ataxia-telangectasia and Rad3-related, phospho-P53, P53 and phosphorylated histone H2AX, and of pro-apoptotic proteins BCL2 apoptosis regulator-associated X-protein, caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9 and poly ADP ribose polymerase in HaCaT cells. CONCLUSION These are the first and novel findings showing tetrandrine enhances H2O2-induced apoptotic cell death of HaCaT cells and may provide a potent approach for the treatment of proliferated malignant keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ching Cheng
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chao-Lin Kuo
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Sheng-Yao Hsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Optometry, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tzong-DER Way
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ching-Ling Cheng
- Progam of Digital Health Innovation, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jaw-Chyun Chen
- Department of Medicinal Botanicals and Health Applications, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kuo-Ching Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shu-Fen Peng
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wai-Jane Ho
- Department of Medicinal Botanicals and Health Applications, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Fu-Shin Chueh
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Wen-Wen Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.;
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Cheng YC, Chen PY, Way TDER, Cheng CL, Huang YP, Hsia TC, Chou YC, Peng SF. Pre-Treatment of Pterostilbene Enhances H 2O 2-induced Cell Apoptosis Through Caspase-dependent Pathway in Human Keratinocyte Cells. In Vivo 2021; 35:833-843. [PMID: 33622876 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is one of the reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can induce apoptotic cell death in numerous cancer cells. Pterostilbene (PTE), a natural polyphenolic compound, induces cell apoptosis in many human cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated whether PTE could enhance H2O2-induced cell apoptosis in human keratinocyte HaCaT cells in vitro. The morphological change of HaCaT cells was observed and photographed under a contrast-phase microscope. The percentage of cell viability was measured by propidium iodide exclusion assay. Cell apoptosis was performed by Annexin V/PI double staining and assayed by flow cytometer. DNA condensation was measured by DAPI staining. The protein expression was determined by western blotting. ROS production-associated proteins were also assayed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS PTE pre-treatment enhanced H2O2 (600 μM)-induced cell morphological changes and reduced the total cell number (cell viability). The decreased cell viability in HaCaT cells was through induction of apoptotic cell death, which was confirmed by Annexin V/PI double staining and DAPI staining. Western blotting studies indicated that HaCaT cells which were pre-treated with PTE (100 μM) and then co-treated with H2O2 (600 μM) for 12 h showed significantly increased levels of SOD (Cu/Zn), SOD (Mn), Bax, caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, PARP, p53, p-p53, and p-H2A.X but decreased levels Bcl-2 and catalase. Results also showed that HaCaT cells pre-treated with PTE and then co-treated with H2O2 had increased expression of SOD (Cu/Zn) and glutathione but decreased catalase. CONCLUSION These observations suggest that PTE pre-treatment can enhance the H2O2-induced apoptotic cell death in keratinocyte cells and may be an effective candidate for the treatment of proliferative keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ching Cheng
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Po-Yuan Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tzong-DER Way
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ching-Ling Cheng
- Program of Digital Health Innovation, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Ping Huang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Te-Chun Hsia
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Cheng Chou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.; .,Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shu-Fen Peng
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.; .,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Dębińska A. New Treatments for Atopic Dermatitis Targeting Skin Barrier Repair via the Regulation of FLG Expression. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10112506. [PMID: 34198894 PMCID: PMC8200961 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10112506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common chronic, inflammatory skin disorders with a complex etiology and a broad spectrum of clinical phenotypes. Despite its high prevalence and effect on the quality of life, safe and effective systemic therapies approved for long-term management of AD are limited. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis in recent years has contributed to the development of new therapeutic approaches that target specific pathophysiological pathways. Skin barrier dysfunction and immunological abnormalities are critical in the pathogenesis of AD. Recently, the importance of the downregulation of epidermal differentiation complex (EDC) molecules caused by external and internal stimuli has been extensively emphasized. The purpose of this review is to discuss the innovations in the therapy of atopic dermatitis, including biologics, small molecule therapies, and other drugs by highlighting regulatory mechanisms of skin barrier-related molecules, such as filaggrin (FLG) as a crucial pathway implicated in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dębińska
- 1st Department and Clinic of Paediatrics, Allergology and Cardiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Chałubińskiego 2a, 50-368 Wrocław, Poland
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Ultraviolet Radiation and Chronic Inflammation-Molecules and Mechanisms Involved in Skin Carcinogenesis: A Narrative Review. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11040326. [PMID: 33917793 PMCID: PMC8068112 DOI: 10.3390/life11040326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of skin carcinogenesis is still not fully understood. Both experimental and epidemiological evidence indicate that chronic inflammation is one of the hallmarks of microenvironmental-agent-mediated skin cancers and contributes to its development. Maintaining an inflammatory microenvironment is a condition leading to tumor formation. Multiple studies focus on the molecular pathways activating tumorigenesis by inflammation and indicate several biomarkers and factors that can improve diagnostic and prognostic processes in oncology and dermatology. Reactive oxygen species produced by ultraviolet radiation, oxidizers, or metabolic processes can damage cells and initiate pro-inflammatory cascades. Considering the potential role of inflammation in cancer development and metastasis, the identification of early mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis is crucial for clinical practice and scientific research. Moreover, it could lead to the progress of advanced skin cancer therapies. We focus on a comprehensive analysis of available evidence and on understanding how chronic inflammation and ultraviolet radiation can result in skin carcinogenesis. We present the inflammatory environment as complex molecular networks triggering tumorigenesis and constituting therapeutic targets.
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Trajectory Shifts in Interdisciplinary Research of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-A Personal Perspective on Thymus and Skin. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041844. [PMID: 33673338 PMCID: PMC7918350 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying historical trajectories is a useful exercise in research, as it helps clarify important, perhaps even “paradigmatic”, shifts in thinking and moving forward in science. In this review, the development of research regarding the role of the transcription factor “aryl hydrocarbon receptor” (AHR) as a mediator of the toxicity of environmental pollution towards a link between the environment and a healthy adaptive response of the immune system and the skin is discussed. From this fascinating development, the opportunities for targeting the AHR in the therapy of many diseases become clear.
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Kou Z, Dai W. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor: Its roles in physiology. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 185:114428. [PMID: 33515530 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) was initially discovered as a cellular protein involved in mediating the detoxification of xenobiotic compounds. Extensive research in the past two decades has identified several families of physiological ligands and uncovered important functions of AHR in normal development and homeostasis. Deficiency in AHR expression disrupts major signaling systems and transcriptional programs, which appear to be responsible for the development of numerous developmental abnormalities including cardiac hypertrophy and epidermal hyperplasia. This mini review primarily summarizes recent advances in our understanding of AHR functions in normal physiology with an emphasis on the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, integumentary, nervous, and immunomodulatory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyue Kou
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, NY 10010, United States
| | - Wei Dai
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, NY 10010, United States.
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