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Lee JS, Oh E, Oh H, Kim S, Ok S, Sa J, Lee JH, Shin YC, Bae YS, Choi CY, Lee S, Kwon HK, Yang S, Choi WI. Tacrolimus-loaded chitosan-based nanoparticles as an efficient topical therapeutic for the effective treatment of atopic dermatitis symptoms. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:133005. [PMID: 38866268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic cutaneous disease with a complex underlying mechanism, and it cannot be completely cured. Thus, most treatment strategies for AD aim at relieving the symptoms. Although corticosteroids are topically applied to alleviate AD, adverse side effects frequently lead to the withdrawal of AD therapy. Tacrolimus (TAC), a calcineurin inhibitor, has been used to treat AD, but its high molecular weight and insolubility in water hinder its skin permeability. Herein, we developed and optimized TAC-loaded chitosan-based nanoparticles (TAC@CNPs) to improve the skin permeability of TAC by breaking the tight junctions in the skin. The prepared nanoparticles were highly loadable and efficient and exhibited appropriate characteristics for percutaneous drug delivery. TAC@CNP was stable for 4 weeks under physiological conditions. CNP released TAC in a controlled manner, with enhanced skin penetration observed. In vitro experiments showed that CNP was non-toxic to keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells, and TAC@CNP dispersed in an aqueous solution was as anti-proliferative as TAC solubilized in a good organic solvent. Importantly, an in vivo AD mouse model revealed that topical TAC@CNP containing ~1/10 of the dose of TAC found in commercially used Protopic® Ointment exhibited similar anti-inflammatory activity to that of the commercial product. TAC@CNP represents a potential therapeutic strategy for the management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Sil Lee
- Center for Bio-Healthcare Materials, Bio-Convergence Materials R&D Division, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, 202, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Cheomdan-gwagiro, 123, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjeong Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeryeon Oh
- Center for Bio-Healthcare Materials, Bio-Convergence Materials R&D Division, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, 202, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Cheomdan-gwagiro, 123, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghyun Kim
- Center for Bio-Healthcare Materials, Bio-Convergence Materials R&D Division, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, 202, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Subin Ok
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Junseo Sa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Yong Chul Shin
- SKINMED Co Ltd., Daejeon 34028, Republic of Korea; Amicogen Inc, 64 Dongburo 1259, Jinsung, Jinju 52621, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Yong Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangho Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Keun Kwon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Siyoung Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Won Il Choi
- Center for Bio-Healthcare Materials, Bio-Convergence Materials R&D Division, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, 202, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea.
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Kawai R, Ichimasu N, Katagiri K. IL-4 and IL-13 are not involved in IL-31-induced itch-associated scratching behaviour in mice. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e15115. [PMID: 38855893 DOI: 10.1111/exd.15115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Itchy skin or pruritus is a common cutaneous symptom that causes an urge to scratch, and the role of interleukins (IL) in itchy skin has been widely studied. IL-4 and IL-13 are known to induce chronic itch. Similarly, the direct role of IL-31 in inducing itch has been demonstrated in clinical situations such as atopic dermatitis and prurigo nodularis. Moreover, IL-4 receptor α antibodies (dupilumab) and IL-31 receptor A antibodies (nemolizumab) inhibit pruritus. However, the interplay between these ILs in pruritus remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the reciprocal effects of these cytokines on pruritus in mice. The intradermal administration of IL-31 induced itch-associated scratching behaviour in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, the amount of IL-31 and IL-4/IL-13, co-administration or 30 min pre-administration of IL-4/IL-13 and intradermal or intravenous pre-administration of IL-4 did not affect IL-31-induced itch-associated scratching behaviour when it was observed for 30 min, 2 h, 24 h or 48 h. Pre-administration of neutralising antibodies against IL-4 and IL-13 also did not affect IL-31-induced itch-associated scratching behaviour. These results suggest that IL-31 can induce itching independently of IL-4 and IL-13 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Kawai
- Department of Dermatology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nao Ichimasu
- Department of Dermatology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazumoto Katagiri
- Department of Dermatology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
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Canbolat P, Wilzopolski J, Kaessmeyer S, Filor V, Vidak J, Rüger M, Mägert HJ, Forssmann WG, Bäumer W. LEKTI domain 6 displays anti-inflammatory action in vitro and in a murine atopic dermatitis model. J Dermatol Sci 2024:S0923-1811(24)00050-1. [PMID: 38849289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lympho-epithelial Kazal-type-related inhibitor (LEKTI) is a serine protease inhibitor consisting of multiple domains. A loss of function mutation is described in Netherton patients that show severe symptoms of atopic lesions and itch. OBJECTIVES LEKTI domain 6 (LD6) has shown strong serine protease-inhibitory action in in vitro assays and thus it was tested in vitro and in vivo for potential anti-inflammatory action in models of atopic skin disease. METHODS Human skin equivalents were treated with LD6 and an inflammatory reaction was challenged by kallikrein-related endopeptidase 5 (KLK5). Furthermore, LD6 was tested on dorsal root ganglia cells stimulated with KLK5, SLIGRL and histamine by calcium imaging. The effect of topically administered LD6 (0.4-0.8%) in lipoderm was compared to a topical formulation of betamethasone-diproprionate (0.1%) in a therapeutic setting on atopic dermatitis-like lesions in NC/Nga mice sensitized to house dust mite antigen. Endpoints were clinical scoring of the mice as well as determination of scratching behaviour. RESULTS KLK5 induced an upregulation of CXCL-8, CCL20 and IL-6 in skin equivalents. This upregulation was reduced by pre-incubation with LD6. KLK5 as well as histamine induced calcium influx in a population of neurons. LD6 significantly reduced the calcium response to both stimuli. When administered onto lesional skin of NC/Nga mice, both LD6 and betamethasone-dipropionate significantly reduced the inflammatory reaction. The effect on itch behaviour was less pronounced. CONCLUSION Topical administration of LD6 might be a new therapeutic option for treatment of lesional atopic skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Canbolat
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Jenny Wilzopolski
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany; German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Experimental Toxicology and ZEBET, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Kaessmeyer
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Viviane Filor
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan Vidak
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc Rüger
- Anhalt University of Applied Science, Köthen, Germany
| | | | | | - Wolfgang Bäumer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.
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Xu Y, Qu Y, Zhang C, Niu C, Tang X, Sun X, Wang K. Selective inhibition of overactive warmth-sensitive Ca 2+-permeable TRPV3 channels by antispasmodic agent flopropione for alleviation of skin inflammation. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105595. [PMID: 38154600 PMCID: PMC10828444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The temperature-sensitive Ca2+-permeable TRPV3 ion channel is robustly expressed in the skin keratinocytes, and its gain-of-function mutations are involved in the pathology of skin lesions. Here, we report the identification of an antispasmodic agent flopropione that alleviates skin inflammation by selective inhibition of TRPV3. In whole-cell patch clamp recordings, flopropione selectively inhibits macroscopic TRPV3 currents in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 17.8 ± 3.5 μM. At the single-channel level, flopropione inhibits TRPV3 channel open probability without alteration of its unitary conductance. In an in vivo mouse model of skin inflammation induced by the skin sensitizer DNFB, flopropione also alleviates dorsal skin lesions and ear skin swelling. Further molecular docking combined with site-directed mutagenesis reveals that two residues E501 and I505 in the channel S2-helix are critical for flopropione-mediated inhibition of TRPV3. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the spasmolytic drug flopropione as a selective inhibitor of TRPV3 channel not only provides a valuable tool molecule for understanding of TRPV3 channel pharmacology but also holds repurposing potential for therapy of skin disorders, such as dermatitis and pruritus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimei Xu
- Department of Pharmacology School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Yaxuan Qu
- Department of Pharmacology School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Congxiao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China.
| | - Canyang Niu
- Department of Pharmacology School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaowen Tang
- Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoying Sun
- Department of Pharmacology School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China; Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | - KeWei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China; Institute of Innovative Drugs, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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The Therapeutic Effect of Tacrolimus in a Mouse Psoriatic Model is Associated with the Induction of Myeloid-derived Suppressor Cells. RHEUMATOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2022; 3:190-197. [PMID: 36879838 PMCID: PMC9984933 DOI: 10.2478/rir-2022-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Topical administration of Tacrolimus (TAC) is efective in the treatment of psoriasis in human patients and in mouse models. Previously, we showed that, though promoting the proliferative expansion of CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), TNFR2 was protective in mouse psoriasis model. We thus examined the role of TNFR2 signal in the efect of TAC in the treatment of mouse psoriasis. Methods To this end, psoriasis was induced in WT, or TNFR1 KO, or TNFR2 KO mice, and the psoriatic mice were treated with or without IMQ. Results The results showed that TAC treatment potently inhibited the development of psoriasis in WT and TNFR1 KO mice, but not in TNFR2 KO mice. However, the treatment of TAC failed to induce the expansion of Tregs in psoriatic mice. In addition to playing a decisive role in the activation of Tregs, TNFR2 stimulates the generation and activation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). This led us to found that the topical treatment with TAC markedly increased the number of MDSCs in the spleen of WT and TNFR1 KO mice, but not in TNFR2 KO mice. Consequently, TAC potently decreased serum levels of IL-17A, INF-γ, and TNF and their mRNA levels in the inflamed skin lesion. Conclusion Therefore, our study for the first time found that the therapeutic efect of TAC in psoriasis is associated with the expansion of MDSCs in a TNFR2-dependent manner.
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Gil TY, Jin BR, An HJ. Peucedanum japonicum Thunberg alleviates atopic dermatitis-like inflammation via STAT/MAPK signaling pathways in vivo and in vitro. Mol Immunol 2022; 144:106-116. [PMID: 35219015 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, pruritic inflammatory skin disorder that exhibits clinical relapse. The disruption of the skin barrier increases the symptoms of AD, which is accompanied by a reduction in skin integrity. As an immune barrier, the skin plays a crucial role in regulating the inflammatory responses in AD. In this study, we used murine atopic dermatitis model using 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzen (DNCB), which is one of haptens to disrupt the skin barrier and generate the inflammation. As the small molecule, DNCB is easily penetrate the epidermis and binds to tissue proteins provoking immune responses. We evaluated the effects of an aqueous extract of Peucedanum japonicum Thunberg (PJT) in an experimental model of AD by measuring the mRNA and protein expression of cytokines and their related biomarkers. We examined the dorsal skin lesions, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), scratching behavior, expression of molecules related to skin barrier integrity, and histological changes in a murine model of DNCB- induced AD. We found out the down-regulatory effects of PJT on the AD-like symptoms or inflammatory dorsal lesions. For in vitro study, we used a mixture of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in human keratinocytes. The protein and mRNA expressions of skin barrier molecules and inflammatory markers were measured with western blotting and qRT-PCR assays, respectively. As a result, PJT alleviated the AD-like symptoms, and suppressed the inflammation caused by a TNF-α and IFN-γ in human keratinocytes. The regulatory effects of PJT appeared to be mediated via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) signaling pathways both in vivo and in vitro. Altogether, the results indicated that PJT could serve as a promising therapeutic candidate for suppressing AD by inhibiting inflammation and improving the integrity of the skin barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Young Gil
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do 26339, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Ram Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do 26339, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin An
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do 26339, Republic of Korea.
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Uchida H, Kamata M, Egawa S, Nagata M, Fukaya S, Hayashi K, Fukuyasu A, Tanaka T, Ishikawa T, Ohnishi T, Tada Y. Effectiveness of tacrolimus ointment on facial lesions refractory to topical corticosteroid in patients with atopic dermatitis receiving dupilumab. JOURNAL OF CUTANEOUS IMMUNOLOGY AND ALLERGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cia2.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Uchida
- Department of Dermatology Teikyo University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Masahiro Kamata
- Department of Dermatology Teikyo University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Shota Egawa
- Department of Dermatology Teikyo University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Mayumi Nagata
- Department of Dermatology Teikyo University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Saki Fukaya
- Department of Dermatology Teikyo University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Kotaro Hayashi
- Department of Dermatology Teikyo University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Atsuko Fukuyasu
- Department of Dermatology Teikyo University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Takamitsu Tanaka
- Department of Dermatology Teikyo University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Takeko Ishikawa
- Department of Dermatology Teikyo University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Takamitsu Ohnishi
- Department of Dermatology Teikyo University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Yayoi Tada
- Department of Dermatology Teikyo University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
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Al Kindi A, Williams H, Matsuda K, Alkahtani AM, Saville C, Bennett H, Alshammari Y, Tan SY, O'Neill C, Tanaka A, Matsuda H, Arkwright PD, Pennock JL. Staphylococcus aureus second immunoglobulin-binding protein drives atopic dermatitis via IL-33. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 147:1354-1368.e3. [PMID: 33011245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus is the dominant infective trigger of atopic dermatitis (AD). How this bacterium drives type 2 allergic pathology in the absence of infection in patients with AD is unclear. OBJECTIVE We sought to identify the S aureus-derived virulence factor(s) that initiates the cutaneous type 2-promoting immune response responsible for AD. METHODS In vitro human keratinocyte cell culture, ex vivo human skin organ explants, and the eczema-prone Nishiki-nezumi Cinnamon/Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology strain mouse were used as model systems to assess type 2-promoting immune responses to S aureus. Identification of the bioactive factor was accomplished using fast protein liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Bioactivity was confirmed by cloning and expression in an Escherichia coli vector system, and S aureus second immunoglobulin-binding protein (Sbi) mutant strains confirming loss of activity. RESULTS S aureus was unique among staphylococcal species in its ability to induce the rapid release of constitutive IL-33 from human keratinocytes independent of the Toll-like receptor pathway. Using the eczema-prone Nishiki-nezumi Cinnamon/Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology strain mouse model, we showed that IL-33 was essential for inducing the immune response to S aureus in vivo. By fractionation and candidate testing, we identified Sbi as the predominant staphylococcus-derived virulence factor that directly drives IL-33 release from human keratinocytes. Immunohistology of skin demonstrated that corneodesmosin, a component of corneodesmosomes that form key intercellular adhesive structures in the stratum corneum, was disrupted, resulting in reduction of skin barrier function. CONCLUSIONS S aureus-derived Sbi is a unique type 2-promoting virulence factor capable of initiating the type 2-promoting cytokine activity underlying AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa Al Kindi
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Williams
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kenshiro Matsuda
- Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Abdullah M Alkahtani
- Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Parasitology, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Charis Saville
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley Bennett
- Genome Editing Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Yasmine Alshammari
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Soo Y Tan
- National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Catherine O'Neill
- Division of Dermatological and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Akane Tanaka
- Laboratory of Comparative Animal Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsuda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Molecular Pathology and Therapeutics, Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Peter D Arkwright
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
| | - Joanne L Pennock
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Perkins SE, Hankenson FC. Nonexperimental Xenobiotics: Unintended Consequences of Intentionally Administered Substances in Terrestrial Animal Models. ILAR J 2020; 60:216-227. [PMID: 32574354 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilaa003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Review of the use of nonexperimental xenobiotics in terrestrial animal models and the potential unintended consequences of these compounds, including drug-related side effects and adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Perkins
- Tufts Comparative Medicine Services, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Environmental and Population Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts
| | - F Claire Hankenson
- Campus Animal Resources, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Therapeutic anti-psoriatic effects of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in combination with systemic tacrolimus (FK-506) in an imiquimod-induced mouse model of psoriasis. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 86:106553. [PMID: 32563057 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although tacrolimus (FK-506) has been shown to be an effective monotherapy for psoriasis, it does not always work well. Currently, combination therapy is frequently used to manage psoriasis because clinical trials have shown it may provide additive or synergistic benefits and reduce risks of adverse effects. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have potent immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties in autoimmune diseases. We previously reported that MDSCs had protective effects in a murine model of imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis. The present study was undertaken to investigate the systemic immunomodulatory and therapeutic efficacy effects of MDSC plus FK-506 in an IMQ-induced mouse model of psoriasis and to investigate the immunomodulatory mechanisms involved. Systemic MDSC plus FK-506 therapy was found to have a significant anti-psoriatic effect in the murine model, to reduce levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines Th1 cytokines (TNF-α and IFN-γ) and Th17 cytokines (IL-17A and IL-23) in serum and skin. However, treatment with MDSCs or FK-506 alone had little impact. Furthermore, the anti-psoriatic effects of MDSC plus FK-506 were associated with histopathological reductions in inflammatory infiltration, epidermal hyperplasia, and hyperkeratosis. In addition, this combined treatment also attenuated IMQ-induced splenomegaly, and increased the proportion of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells and decreased the proportions of CD4+IFN-γ+ Th1 cells and CD4+IL-17+ Th17 cells in spleen. Taken together, our results show systemic combination therapy with MDSCs and FK-506 had a better therapeutic effect in our IMQ-induced psoriasis model than either agent alone, and suggest that this combinatorial therapy might be useful for the management of autoimmune skin diseases like psoriasis.
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Assem M, Khowessah OM, Ghorab D. Nano-crystallization as a tool for the enhancement of beclomethasone dipropionate dermal deposition: Formulation, in vitro characterization and ex vivo study. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Qu Y, Wang G, Sun X, Wang K. Inhibition of the Warm Temperature–Activated Ca2+-Permeable Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid TRPV3 Channel Attenuates Atopic Dermatitis. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 96:393-400. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.116962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Assem M, Khowessah OM, Ghorab D. Optimization and Evaluation of Beclomethasone Dipropionate Micelles Incorporated into Biocompatible Hydrogel Using a Sub-Chronic Dermatitis Animal Model. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:152. [PMID: 30911861 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1355-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study is concerned with the development and characterization of mixed micelles intended for the dermal delivery of beclomethasone dipropionate, which is a topical corticosteroid used in the management of atopic dermatitis. Mixed micelles were prepared using thin-film hydration technique, employing different concentrations of pluronic L121 with either poloxamer P84 or pluronic F127 with different surfactant mixture-to-drug ratios. The prepared formulae were characterized concerning entrapment efficiency, particle size, and zeta potential. Two formulae were chosen for ex vivo skin deposition studies: one formulated using pluronic L121/poloxamer P84 mixture while the other using pluronic L121/pluronic F127 mixture. The optimum formula with the highest dermal deposition was subjected to morphological examination and was formulated as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose hydrogel. The hydrogel was evaluated regarding viscosity and was subjected to ex vivo deposition study in comparison with the commercially available cream Beclozone®. In vivo histopathological study was conducted for both the hydrogel and Beclozone® in order to evaluate their healing efficiency. In vivo histopathological study results showed that the prepared hydrogel successfully treated sub-chronic dermatitis in an animal model within a shorter period of time compared to Beclozone®, resulting in better patient compliance and fewer side effects.
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Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Chloroform Fraction of Pyrus Ussuriensis Maxim. Leaf Extract on 2, 4-Dinitrochlorobenzene-Induced Atopic Dermatitis in nc/nga Mice. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020276. [PMID: 30691219 PMCID: PMC6412787 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim, a pear commonly known as "Sandolbae" in Korea, is used as a traditional herbal medicine for asthma, cough, and fever in Korea, China, and Japan. P. ussuriensis Maxim leaves (PUL) have therapeutic effects on atopic dermatitis (AD). However, there are no reports on the efficacy of specific components of PUL. In the present study, activity-guided isolation of PUL was used to determine the compounds with potent activity. Astragalin was identified as the major component of the chloroform-soluble fraction of PUL (PULC) using High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Astragalin and PULC were tested in vitro and in vivo for their effects against AD. PULC and astragalin dose-dependently inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) in mouse macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells, and interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β in tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α)/interferon γ (IFNγ) induced HaCaT cells. In the AD mice model, PULC and astragalin application significantly reduced dermatitis severity, scratching behavior, and trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) when compared to that of 2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene-treated NC/Nga mice. Additionally, they normalized skin barrier function by decreasing immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels in the serum. Filaggrin and involucrin protein levels were normalized by PULC treatment in HaCaT cells and skin lesions. These results indicate that PULC and astragalin ameliorate AD-like symptoms by alleviating both pro-inflammatory cytokines and immune stimuli in vitro and in vivo in animal models. Therefore, PULC and astragalin might be effective therapeutic agents for the treatment of AD.
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Huang K, Ran L, Wang W, Zhou R, Cai X, Li R, Li Y, Zhou C, He W, Wang R. Glucocorticoid insensitivity by staphylococcal enterotoxin B in keratinocytes of allergic dermatitis is associated with impaired nuclear translocation of the Glucocorticoid Receptor α. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 92:272-280. [PMID: 30522881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND staphylococcal enterotoxin plays an important role in patients with glucocorticoid (GC)-resistant atopic dermatitis (AD), but the exact mechanism is not fully understood. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms underlying the ability of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) to induce steroid insensitivity through impaired nuclear translocation of GRα in keratinocytes. METHODS The steroid-resistant AD induced by SEB was assessed by analyzing dermatitis score, dermal thickness, scratching behavior, infiltrating cells/HPF, levels of SEB-specific IgE and IgG2a antibody. In addition, dexamethasone (DEX)-induced GRα nuclear translocation and keratinocyte-derived cytokines and chemokines were analyzed in the lesional keratinocytes of AD and in HaCaT cells. Furthermore, the expressions of immunophilins FKBP51, FKBP52 and HSP90 responsive to GC in HaCaT cells were determined in the presence of SEB. RESULTS SEB dose-dependently diminished the inhibitory effect of DEX on dermatitis score, dermal thickness, scratching behavior, infiltrating cells/HPF, keratinocyte-derived cytokines and chemokines such as RANTES, MCP-1, TSLP and GM-CSF. In vivo and in vitro data showed that in the presence of DEX, SEB dose-dependently caused a marked decrease of GRα nuclear translocation in lesional keratinocytes of AD and in HaCaT cells. Importantly, in the presence of DEX, SEB increased the expression of FKBP51 and the product of keratinocyte-derived cytokines and chemokines in HaCaT cells. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that GC insensitivity by SEB in keratinocytes of AD is associated with impaired nuclear translocation of the GRα. Increased DEX-induced FKBP51 by SEB may contribute to accumulation of the GRα in cytoplasm of keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Huang
- Department of Dermatology and Rheumatology Immunology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, PR China
| | - Lei Ran
- Department of Dermatology and Rheumatology Immunology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Rheumatology Immunology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, PR China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Department of Dermatology and Rheumatology Immunology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Cai
- Department of Dermatology and Rheumatology Immunology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, PR China
| | - Ran Li
- Department of Dermatology and Rheumatology Immunology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, PR China
| | - Yuanchao Li
- Department of Dermatology and Rheumatology Immunology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, PR China
| | - Chunli Zhou
- Department of Dermatology and Rheumatology Immunology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, PR China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Dermatology and Rheumatology Immunology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, PR China
| | - Rupeng Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Rheumatology Immunology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, PR China.
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Cho K, Parveen A, Kang MC, Subedi L, Lee JH, Park SY, Jin MR, Yoon H, Son YK, Kim SY. Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim. leaves extract ameliorates DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis-like symptoms in NC/Nga mice. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 48:76-83. [PMID: 30195883 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim. has been reported to treat the fever, cough, asthma, and chronic skin disease in Korean Medicine. However, there is no scientific evidence for the use of Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim. Leaves (PUL) extract or its mechanism of action in atopic dermatitis (AD). This study was performed to find the potential therapeutic effects of PUL on the progression of AD using in vitro and in vivo experimental models. METHODS We examined the effects of PUL on the production of nitric oxide (NO) in RAW 264.7, Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and Interleukin 1β (IL-1β) in tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) -induced HaCaT cells, respectively. The PUL extract was topically administered to the 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) -treated NC/Nga mice. The potential effects of PUL extract were evaluated by measuring the dermatitis score, scratching behavior and serum levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE). The Interleukin 4 (IL-4) and Interleukin 13 (IL-13) cytokines levels were also measured in the splenocytes. In addition, the major components from PUL were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS PUL extract significantly reduced the level of NO in RAW 264.7 cells, as well as IL-6 and IL-1β in TNF-α-induced HaCaT cells. It also reduced IL-4 and IL-13 levels in splenocytes. In DNCB-treated NC/Nga mice, PUL extract significantly ameliorated the dermatitis severity, scratching tendency and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) compared to the negative control. Also, it normalized skin barriers with decreased production of IgE in mice serum. The arbutin, chlorogenic acid, and rutin were identified as major constituents of the extract by HPLC analysis. These constituents may be involved either alone or together in the regulation of atopic dermatitis. CONCLUSION Our studies indicate that PUL ameliorates atopic dermatitis-like symptoms by suppressing the proinflammatory cytokines and immune stimuli in both in vitro and in vivo animal models. Therefore, these data suggest that PUL might be an effective natural resource for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- KyoHee Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, 191, Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Amna Parveen
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, 191, Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Min Cheol Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, 191, Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Lalita Subedi
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, 191, Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyuk Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, 191, Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Park
- College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Rim Jin
- College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeokjun Yoon
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, 42, Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Kyoung Son
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, 42, Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Yeou Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, 191, Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea.
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Nakahara T, Morimoto H, Murakami N, Furue M. Mechanistic insights into topical tacrolimus for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2018; 29:233-238. [PMID: 29205511 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
More than 15 years have passed since the clinical launch of topical tacrolimus for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Its efficacy and safety have been clearly demonstrated in many global and domestic short-term and long-term clinical trials. Although the prolonged external application of steroids causes many adverse reactions including cutaneous atrophy, no such reactions occur with the use of topical tacrolimus. Therefore, the therapeutic guidelines recommend a combined topical treatment with tacrolimus and steroids. Tacrolimus is a potent immunosuppressant. However, recent studies have revealed its diverse action on the cardinal pathomechanisms of atopic dermatitis. In this review, we summarize the mechanistic role of tacrolimus in various aspects of allergic inflammation including mast cell activation, innate allergic response, pruritus, sensory nerve activation, and skin barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nakahara
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Division of Skin Surface Sensing, Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | - Masutaka Furue
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Lu J, Chen M, Gao L, Cheng Q, Xiang Y, Huang J, Wu K, Huang J, Li M. A preliminary study on topical ozonated oil in the therapeutic management of atopic dermatitis in murine. J DERMATOL TREAT 2018; 29:676-681. [PMID: 29466894 DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2018.1443199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore whether ozonated oil recovery atopic dermatitis (AD) via immunoregulation. METHODS Mice were repeatedly challenged with the triplex allergens of staphylococcal enterotoxin B, ovalbumin and calcipotriol ointment on the back to develop AD lesions, and were treated with ozonated oil. The lesional skins were scanned by reflectance confocal microscopy to measure the thickness of epidermis. The skin tissues were stained. Th1-type and Th2-type cytokines in serum and in tissues were detected by ELISA and real-time PCR, respectively. RESULTS Ozonated oil significantly inhibited inflammation and healed the lesions in 7 d. Ozonated oil inhibited NGF expression as compared to the groups treated with vehicle or PBS (p < .01).The serum proteins and lesional transcripts of Th2 cytokines including IL-4 and IL-31 were lower in the ozonated oil treated group than the groups treated with vehicle or PBS (p < .05). The IL-10 level was increased with treatment of ozonated oil (p < .01). On the other hand, the expressions of Th1 cytokines including IL-2, TNF-α, and IFN-γ in the serum were not regulated by ozonated oil. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that ozonated oil could suppress inflammation in an AD murine via decreasing Th2-dominant cytokines response and increasing IL-10 expression. These suggest that ozonated oil may be a potential remedy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lu
- a Department of Dermatology , The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University , Changsha , PR China
| | - M Chen
- a Department of Dermatology , The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University , Changsha , PR China
| | - L Gao
- a Department of Dermatology , The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University , Changsha , PR China
| | - Q Cheng
- b Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences , Central South University , Changsha , PR China
| | - Y Xiang
- a Department of Dermatology , The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University , Changsha , PR China
| | - J Huang
- a Department of Dermatology , The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University , Changsha , PR China
| | - K Wu
- a Department of Dermatology , The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University , Changsha , PR China
| | - J Huang
- a Department of Dermatology , The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University , Changsha , PR China
| | - M Li
- c Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences , Central South University , Changsha , PR China
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Yu K, Wang Y, Wan T, Zhai Y, Cao S, Ruan W, Wu C, Xu Y. Tacrolimus nanoparticles based on chitosan combined with nicotinamide: enhancing percutaneous delivery and treatment efficacy for atopic dermatitis and reducing dose. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 13:129-142. [PMID: 29317821 PMCID: PMC5743175 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s150319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Topical application of tacrolimus (FK506) was effective in the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD); however, adverse effects frequently occurred with the increase of FK506 dose during long–term treatment. Objective The objective of this project was to develop a hybrid skin targeting system encapsulating FK506 based on nicotinamide (NIC) and chitosan nanoparticles (CS–NPs), ie, FK506–NIC–CS–NPs, which took advantages of both of NIC and CS–NPs to obtain the synergetic effects of percutaneous delivery and treatment efficacy enhancement along with dose reduction. Methods The formulation of FK506–NIC–CS–NPs was optimized and characterized. In vitro and in vivo skin permeation studies were performed. AD–like skin lesions were constructed with BALB/c mice by 1–chloro–2, 4–dinitrobenzene (DNCB)–induced, and FK506–NIC–CS–NPs containing different dose of FK506 were topically administered to treat AD–like skin lesions in comparison with Protopic. Results NIC was found to significantly increase the FK506 EE to 92.2% by CS–NPs. In comparison with commercial FK506 ointment (Protopic), in vitro and in vivo skin permeation studies demonstrated that NIC–CS–NPs system significantly enhanced FK506 permeation through and into the skin, and deposited more FK506 into the skin. The treatment efficacy on clinical symptoms, histological analysis, and molecular biology of the AD–mice demonstrated that NIC–CS–NPs with ~1/3 dose of FK506 of Protopic was superior to that of Protopic, and NIC–CS–NPs vehicle exhibited the adjuvant therapy and moderate anti–AD effects. Conclusion The system of NIC–CS–NPs enhances the permeability of FK506, plays an adjuvant role in anti-AD, reduces the dose of FK506 in treating AD, and is therefore a promising nanoscale system of FK506 for the effective treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyue Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixuan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Wan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanhao Zhai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Sisi Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyi Ruan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanbin Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuehong Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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