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Barresi C, Rossiter H, Buchberger M, Pammer J, Sukseree S, Sibilia M, Tschachler E, Eckhart L. Inactivation of Autophagy in Keratinocytes Reduces Tumor Growth in Mouse Models of Epithelial Skin Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223691. [PMID: 36429119 PMCID: PMC9688105 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a ubiquitous degradation mechanism, which plays a critical role in cellular homeostasis. To test whether autophagy suppresses or supports the growth of tumors in the epidermis of the skin, we inactivated the essential autophagy gene Atg7 specifically in the epidermal keratinocytes of mice (Atg7∆ep) and subjected such mutant mice and fully autophagy-competent mice to tumorigenesis. The lack of epithelial Atg7 did not prevent tumor formation in response to 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) as the initiator and 12-O tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) as the promoter of tumor growth. However, the number of tumors per mouse was reduced in mice with epithelial Atg7 deficiency. In the K5-SOS EGFRwa2/wa2 mouse model, epithelial tumors were initiated by Son of sevenless (SOS) in response to wounding. Within 12 weeks after tumor initiation, 60% of the autophagy-competent K5-SOS EGFRwa2/wa2 mice had tumors of 1 cm diameter and had to be sacrificed, whereas none of the Atg7∆ep K5-SOS EGFRwa2/wa2 mice formed tumors of this size. In summary, the deletion of Atg7 reduced the growth of epithelial tumors in these two mouse models of skin cancer. Thus, our data show that the inhibition of autophagy limits the growth of epithelial skin tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Barresi
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidemarie Rossiter
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Buchberger
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Pammer
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Supawadee Sukseree
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Sibilia
- Center for Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: (E.T.); (L.E.)
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: (E.T.); (L.E.)
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2
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Bahamondes Lorca VA, Wu S. Role of constitutive nitric oxide synthases in the dynamic regulation of the autophagy response of keratinocytes upon UVB exposure. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 19:1559-1568. [PMID: 33030168 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00280a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation induces autophagy responses, which play a role in the regulation of the oncogenic processes of irradiated cells. However, the mechanism of autophagy responses post-UVB irradiation remains to be fully elucidated. Previous studies indicate that UVB radiation induces the activation and uncoupling of constitutive nitric oxide synthases (cNOS), which produce nitric oxide and peroxynitrite; both have been shown to regulate autophagy responses. In this study, the UVB-induced autophagy responses were analysed in cell line- and UVB dose-dependent manners, and the role of cNOS in UVB-induced autophagy responses was also studied. Our data showed that UVB induces both autophagosome formation and degradation, and that cNOS is involved in the regulation of autophagy responses post UVB exposure. Both nitric oxide and peroxynitrite, the two products that are produced in cells immediately after UVB exposure, could upregulate autophagy in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, cNOS is involved in the UVB-induced downregulation of SQSTM1/p62, a scaffold protein used as a reporter of the autophagy response. However, the cNOS-mediated reduction of SQSTM1/p62 is autophagy-independent post UVB irradiation. Our results indicated that autophagy responses post UVB exposure are a dynamic balance of autophagosome formation and degradation, with cNOS playing a role in the regulation of the balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica A Bahamondes Lorca
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA. and Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Shiyong Wu
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA.
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3
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Letsiou S. Tracing skin aging process: a mini- review of in vitro approaches. Biogerontology 2021; 22:261-272. [PMID: 33721158 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-021-09916-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Skin is a rather complex, yet useful organ of our body. Besides, skin aging is a complicated process that gains a growing interest as mediates many molecular processes in our body. Thus, an efficient skin model is important to understand skin aging function as well as to develop an effective innovative product for skin aging treatment. In this mini review, we present in vitro methods for assessments of skin aging in an attempt to pinpoint basic molecular mechanisms behind this process achieving both a better understanding of aging function and an effective evaluation of potential products or ingredients that counteract aging. Specifically, this study presents in vitro assays such as 2D or 3D skin models, to evaluate skin aging-related processes such as skin moisturization, photoaging, wound healing, menopause, and skin microbiome as novel efforts in the designing of efficacy assessments in the development of skincare products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Letsiou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Research and Development Department, APIVITA S.A., Industrial Park of Markopoulo Mesogaias, Markopoulo Attiki, 19003, Athens, Greece.
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4
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Zhang J, Zhang W, Ren L, He Y, Mei Z, Feng J, Shi T, Zhang H, Song Z, Jie Z. Astragaloside IV attenuates IL-1β secretion by enhancing autophagy in H1N1 infection. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 367:5766227. [PMID: 32108899 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive secretion of inflammatory factors (cytokine storm) plays a significant role in H1N1-induced acute pneumonia, and autophagy acts as a cell-intrinsic mechanism to regulate inflammation. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), originating from the astragalus root, possesses multiple pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammation. However, the influences of AS-IV on H1N1-induced autophagy and inflammation have remained elusive. It has been reported that H1N1 infection leads to the accumulation of autophagosomes but obstructs autophagosomes incorporating into lysosomes, whereas the present study showed that AS-IV enhanced autophagy activation in H1N1 infection. Furthermore, we found that AS-IV promoted H1N1-triggered formation of autophagosomes and autolysosomes. Additionally, it was noted that AS-IV did not affect viral replication, mRNA level of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and pro-IL-1β protein level, but significantly decreased secretion of IL-1β, and chloroquine (CQ, as an inhibitor of autophagy) increased secretion of IL-1β in H1N1 infection. In conclusion, AS-IV stimulates the formation of autophagosomes and the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes in H1N1 infection and may lead to decreased IL-1β secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wanju Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Lehao Ren
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yanchao He
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhoufang Mei
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jingjing Feng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Tianyun Shi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Huiying Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Zhigang Song
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Zhijun Jie
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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5
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Jaeger K, Sukseree S, Zhong S, Phinney BS, Mlitz V, Buchberger M, Narzt MS, Gruber F, Tschachler E, Rice RH, Eckhart L. Cornification of nail keratinocytes requires autophagy for bulk degradation of intracellular proteins while sparing components of the cytoskeleton. Apoptosis 2020; 24:62-73. [PMID: 30552537 PMCID: PMC6373260 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-018-1505-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal keratinocytes undergo cornification to form the cellular building blocks of hard skin appendages such as nails and the protective layer on the surface of the skin. Cornification requires the cross-linking of structural proteins and the removal of other cellular components to form mechanically rigid and inert corneocytes. Autophagy has been proposed to contribute to this intracellular remodelling process, but its molecular targets in keratinocytes, if any, have remained elusive. Here, we deleted the essential autophagy factor Atg7 in K14-positive epithelia of mice and determined by proteomics the impact of this deletion on the abundance of individual proteins in cornified nails. The genetic suppression of autophagy in keratinocytes resulted in a significant increase in the number of proteins that survived cornification and in alterations of their abundance in the nail proteome. A broad range of enzymes and other non-structural proteins were elevated whereas the amounts of cytoskeletal proteins of the keratin and keratin-associated protein families, cytolinker proteins and desmosomal proteins were either unaltered or decreased in nails of mice lacking epithelial autophagy. Among the various types of non-cytoskeletal proteins, the subunits of the proteasome and of the TRiC/CCT chaperonin were most strongly elevated in mutant nails, indicating a particularly important role of autophagy in removing these large protein complexes during normal cornification. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that autophagy is active during nail keratinocyte cornification and its substrate specificity depends on the accessibility of proteins outside of the cytoskeleton and their presence in large complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Jaeger
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Supawadee Sukseree
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shaomin Zhong
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Brett S Phinney
- Proteomics Core Facility, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Veronika Mlitz
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Buchberger
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marie Sophie Narzt
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory on Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Gruber
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory on Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert H Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616-8588, USA.
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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6
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Sukseree S, Schwarze UY, Gruber R, Gruber F, Quiles Del Rey M, Mancias JD, Bartlett JD, Tschachler E, Eckhart L. ATG7 is essential for secretion of iron from ameloblasts and normal growth of murine incisors during aging. Autophagy 2020; 16:1851-1857. [PMID: 31880208 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1709764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The incisors of rodents comprise an iron-rich enamel and grow throughout adult life, making them unique models of iron metabolism and tissue homeostasis during aging. Here, we deleted Atg7 (autophagy related 7) in murine ameloblasts, i.e. the epithelial cells that produce enamel. The absence of ATG7 blocked the transport of iron from ameloblasts into the maturing enamel, leading to a white instead of yellow surface of maxillary incisors. In aging mice, lack of ATG7 was associated with the growth of ectopic incisors inside severely deformed primordial incisors. These results suggest that 2 characteristic features of rodent incisors, i.e. deposition of iron on the enamel surface and stable growth during aging, depend on autophagic activity in ameloblasts. Abbreviations: ATG5: autophagy related 5; ATG7: autophagy related 7; CMV: cytomegalovirus; Cre: Cre recombinase; CT: computed tomography; FTH1: ferritin heavy polypeptide 1; GFP: green fluorescent protein; KRT5: keratin 5; KRT14: keratin 14; LGALS3: lectin, galactose binding, soluble 3; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; NCOA4: nuclear receptor coactivator 4; NRF2: nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supawadee Sukseree
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Reinhard Gruber
- Department of Oral Biology, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Gruber
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Quiles Del Rey
- Division of Genomic Stability and DNA Repair, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph D Mancias
- Division of Genomic Stability and DNA Repair, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, MA, USA
| | - John D Bartlett
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria
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7
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Gruber F, Kremslehner C, Eckhart L, Tschachler E. Cell aging and cellular senescence in skin aging - Recent advances in fibroblast and keratinocyte biology. Exp Gerontol 2019; 130:110780. [PMID: 31794850 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aging of the skin is the most visible and obvious manifestation of organismal aging and may serve as a predictor of life expectancy and health. It is, however, also the human desire for long-lasting beauty that further raises interests in the topic, and thus considerable means and efforts are put into studying the mechanisms of skin aging in basic and applied research. Both medical und non-medical interests are of benefit for skin research in general because the results from these studies help to deepen our understanding of the complex molecular, biological, cell signaling, developmental and immunological processes in this organ. In fact, the skin is an ideal organ to observe and analyze the impact of extrinsic and intrinsic drivers of aging. Within the past five years technological advances like lineage tracing of cells in model organisms, intra-vital microscopy, nucleic acid sequencing at the single cell level, and high resolution mass spectrometry have allowed to study aging and senescence of individual skin cells within the tissue context, their signaling and communication, and to derive new hypotheses for experimental studies in vitro. In this short review we will discuss very recent developments that promise to extend the existing knowledge on cell aging and senescence of dermal fibroblasts and epidermal keratinocytes in skin aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Gruber
- Division for Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for the Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christopher Kremslehner
- Division for Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for the Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- Division for Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Division for Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Eckhart L, Tschachler E, Gruber F. Autophagic Control of Skin Aging. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:143. [PMID: 31417903 PMCID: PMC6682604 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin forms the barrier to the environment. Maintenance of this barrier during aging requires orchestrated responses to variable types of stress, the continuous renewal of the epithelial compartment, and the homeostasis of long-lived cell types. Recent experimental evidence suggests that autophagy is critically involved in skin homeostasis and skin aging is associated with and partially caused by defects of autophagy. In the outer skin epithelium, autophagy is constitutively active during cornification of keratinocytes and increases the resistance to environmental stress. Experimental suppression of autophagy in the absence of stress is tolerated by the rapidly renewing epidermal epithelium, whereas long-lived skin cells such as melanocytes, Merkel cells and secretory cells of sweat glands depend on autophagy for cellular homeostasis and normal execution of their functions during aging. Yet other important roles of autophagy have been identified in the dermis where senescence of mesenchymal cells and alterations of the extracellular matrix (ECM) are hallmarks of aging. Here, we review the evidence for cell type-specific roles of autophagy in the skin and their differential contributions to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopold Eckhart
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Gruber
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Vienna, Austria
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9
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Sil P, Wong SW, Martinez J. More Than Skin Deep: Autophagy Is Vital for Skin Barrier Function. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1376. [PMID: 29988591 PMCID: PMC6026682 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is a highly organized first line of defense that stretches up to 1.8 m2 and is home to more than a million commensal bacteria. The microenvironment of skin is driven by factors such as pH, temperature, moisture, sebum level, oxidative stress, diet, resident immune cells, and infectious exposure. The skin has a high turnover of cells as it continually bares itself to environmental stresses. Notwithstanding these limitations, it has devised strategies to adapt as a nutrient-scarce site. To perform its protective function efficiently, it relies on mechanisms to continuously remove dead cells without alarming the immune system, actively purging the dying/senescent cells by immunotolerant efferocytosis. Both canonical (starvation-induced, reactive oxygen species, stress, and environmental insults) and non-canonical (selective) autophagy in the skin have evolved to perform astute due-diligence and housekeeping in a quiescent fashion for survival, cellular functioning, homeostasis, and immune tolerance. The autophagic “homeostatic rheostat” works tirelessly to uphold the delicate balance in immunoregulation and tolerance. If this equilibrium is upset, the immune system can wreak havoc and initiate pathogenesis. Out of all the organs, the skin remains under-studied in the context of autophagy. Here, we touch upon some of the salient features of autophagy active in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Sil
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sing-Wai Wong
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, United States.,Oral and Craniofacial Biomedicine Curriculum, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, United States
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Sukseree S, Bergmann S, Pajdzik K, Sipos W, Gruber F, Tschachler E, Eckhart L. Suppression of Epithelial Autophagy Compromises the Homeostasis of Sweat Glands during Aging. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:2061-2063. [PMID: 29571941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.03.1502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Supawadee Sukseree
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sophie Bergmann
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kinga Pajdzik
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sipos
- Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Herd Management, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Gruber
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory on Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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