1
|
Wang Y, Liu H, Hu X, Wang A, Wang A, Kang S, Zhang L, Gu W, Dou J, Mu Y, Chen K, Wang W, Lyu Z. Association between hemoglobin glycation index and 5-year major adverse cardiovascular events: the REACTION cohort study. Chin Med J (Engl) 2023; 136:2468-2475. [PMID: 37265382 PMCID: PMC10586840 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hemoglobin glycation index (HGI) was developed to quantify glucose metabolism and individual differences and proved to be a robust measure of individual glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) bias. Here, we aimed to explore the relationship between different HGIs and the risk of 5-year major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) by performing a large multicenter cohort study in China. METHODS A total of 9791 subjects from the Risk Evaluation of Cancers in Chinese Diabetic Individuals: a Longitudinal Study (the REACTION study) were divided into five subgroups (Q1-Q5) with the HGI quantiles (≤5th, >5th and ≤33.3th, >33.3th and ≤66.7th, >66.7th and ≤95th, and >95th percentile). A multivariate logistic regression model constructed by the restricted cubic spline method was used to evaluate the relationship between the HGI and the 5-year MACE risk. Subgroup analysis between the HGI and covariates were explored to detect differences among the five subgroups. RESULTS The total 5-year MACE rate in the nationwide cohort was 6.87% (673/9791). Restricted cubic spline analysis suggested a U-shaped correlation between the HGI values and MACE risk after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors ( χ2 = 29.5, P <0.001). After adjustment for potential confounders, subjects with HGIs ≤-0.75 or >0.82 showed odds ratios (ORs) for MACE of 1.471 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.027-2.069) and 2.222 (95% CI, 1.641-3.026) compared to subjects with HGIs of >-0.75 and ≤-0.20. In the subgroup with non-coronary heart disease, the risk of MACE was significantly higher in subjects with HGIs ≤-0.75 (OR, 1.540 [1.039-2.234]; P = 0.027) and >0.82 (OR, 2.022 [1.392-2.890]; P <0.001) compared to those with HGIs of ≤-0.75 or >0.82 after adjustment for potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS We found a U-shaped correlation between the HGI values and the risk of 5-year MACE. Both low and high HGIs were associated with an increased risk of MACE. Therefore, the HGI may predict the 5-year MACE risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Hongzhou Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xiaodong Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Anping Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Anning Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Shaoyang Kang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Lingjing Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Weijun Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jingtao Dou
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yiming Mu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Kang Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Weiqing Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhaohui Lyu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guo R, Wang X, Liu Y, Huang M, Ma M, He Y, Yang R, Gao S, Luo M, Zhao G, Li L, Yu C. The Association Between Hemoglobin Glycation Index and Carotid Artery Plaque in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease. Angiology 2023:33197231198688. [PMID: 37641559 DOI: 10.1177/00033197231198688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the association between the hemoglobin glycation index (HGI) and carotid artery plaque (CAP) in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 10,778 patients with CHD. The participants were divided into three groups by HGI tertiles (T1 HGI<-0.44, T2 -0.44 ≤ HGI ≤ 0.15, T3 HGI>0.15). The presence of CAP was used to diagnose by carotid ultrasonography. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the association between the HGI and CAP. The association between HGI and CAP was also assessed according to sex, age, smoking status, and drinking status. We further assessed the association between HGI and the ultrasound characteristics of CAP. The baseline analysis showed substantial differences in relevant parameters between the three groups of patients with CHD according to the tertiles of the HGI. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that HGI was significantly associated with CAP (odds ratio [OR] 1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.26-1.39). The association between HGI and CAP exists among different sex, age, smoking, and drinking status. Furthermore, there was a significant and positive association between HGI and all four different echogenicities of the CAP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiying Guo
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yijia Liu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengnan Huang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Mei Ma
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuanyuan He
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Rongrong Yang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shan Gao
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingchi Luo
- Second Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Guoyuan Zhao
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Li
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunquan Yu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sakane N, Hirota Y, Yamamoto A, Miura J, Takaike H, Hoshina S, Toyoda M, Saito N, Hosoda K, Matsubara M, Tone A, Kawashima S, Sawaki H, Matsuda T, Domichi M, Suganuma A, Sakane S, Murata T. Factors associated with hemoglobin glycation index in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus: The FGM-Japan study. J Diabetes Investig 2023; 14:582-590. [PMID: 36789495 PMCID: PMC10034957 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION The discrepancy between HbA1c and glucose exposure may have significant clinical implications; however, the association between the hemoglobin glycation index (HGI) and clinical parameters in type 1 diabetes remains controversial. This study aimed to find the factors associated with HGI (laboratory HbA1c - predicted HbA1c derived from the continuous glucose monitoring [CGM]). MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study of adults with type 1 diabetes (n = 211, age 50.9 ± 15.2 years old, female sex = 59.2%, duration of CGM use = 2.1 ± 1.0 years). All subjects wore the CGM for 90 days before HbA1c measurement. Data derived from the FreeStyle Libre sensor were used to calculate the glucose management indicator (GMI) and glycemic variability (GV) parameters. HGI was defined as the difference between the GMI and the laboratory HbA1c levels. The participants were divided into three groups according to the HGI tertile (low, moderate, and high). Multivariate regression analyses were performed. RESULTS The female sex ratio, HbA1c, and % coefficient of variation (%CV) significantly increased over the HGI tertile, while eGFR and Hb decreased over the HGI tertile. In multivariate analysis, the factors associated with HGI were %CV and eGFR, after adjusting for HbA1c level and sex (R2 = 0.44). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that HGI is associated with female sex, eGFR, and some glycemic variability indices, independently of HbA1c. Minimizing glycemic fluctuations might reduce HGI. This information provides diabetic health professionals and patients with personalized diabetes management for adults with type 1 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Sakane
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yushi Hirota
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, The Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Akane Yamamoto
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, The Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Junnosuke Miura
- Division of Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Takaike
- Division of Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sari Hoshina
- Division of Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masao Toyoda
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Nobumichi Saito
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Kiminori Hosoda
- Division of Diabetes and Lipid Metabolism, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaki Matsubara
- Division of Diabetes and Lipid Metabolism, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
- Department of General Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Atsuhito Tone
- Department of Internal Medicine, Okayama Saiseikai General Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Hideaki Sawaki
- Sawaki Internal Medicine and Diabetes Clinic, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Masayuki Domichi
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akiko Suganuma
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Seiko Sakane
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Murata
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
- Diabetes Center, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Z, Liu Y, Xie J, Liu NF. Association between hemoglobin glycation index and subclinical myocardial injury in the general population free from cardiovascular disease. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 32:469-478. [PMID: 34895803 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2021.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The relationship between hemoglobin glycation index (HGI) and the diagnosis and prognosis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been verified by previous studies. However, it remains unknown whether HGI has a predictive effect on subclinical myocardial injury (SC-MI). The purpose of the present study was to explore the relationship between HGI and SC-MI in the general population free from CVD. METHODS AND RESULTS The present study included 6009 participants free of CVD from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Binary Logistic regression analysis was used to tested the association between HGI and SC-MI. As results, the HGI was significantly higher in participants with SC-MI compared with those without, and the HGI was positively correlated with SC-MI and other metabolic disorder parameters. Each 1-unit increase of HGI and glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was independently associated with higher risk of SC-MI (P < 0.05), while fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was no longer a predictive indicator of SC-MI with the increase of confounding factors [OR (95% CI): 1.001 (0.999-1.003), P = 0.305]. And in the subgroup analysis, HGI, only in participants without diabetes, was independently associated with higher risk of SC-MI, while HbA1c and FPG had no independent predictive role in both diabetic and non-diabetic participants. CONCLUSIONS HGI was a significant predictor of SC-MI in the general population free from CVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yihai Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jing Xie
- College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Nai-Feng Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lyu L, Yu J, Liu Y, He S, Zhao Y, Qi M, Ping F, Xu L, Li W, Zhang H, Li Y. High Hemoglobin Glycation Index Is Associated With Telomere Attrition Independent of HbA1c, Mediated by TNFα. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:462-473. [PMID: 34562085 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The hemoglobin glycation index (HGI) is correlated with metabolic diseases and inflammation. Whether the HGI is associated with the aging process and how inflammation and oxidative stress affect the relationship remain unclear. OBJECTIVE We aimed to analyze links between the HGI and aging biomarkers, and to explore a potential role of inflammation and oxidative stress in the correlations. METHODS A cross-sectional study of 434 subjects with different glucose intolerances in a rural community was enrolled. The HGI was calculated as the difference between the measured and predicted hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). The population was categorized into tertiles of the HGI. Telomere length (LTL) and mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn) determined by polymerase chain reaction assay. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α and interleukin (IL) 6, 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, and glutathione reductase (GR) were measured. RESULTS Participants in the high HGI group were older and reported a shorter LTL, higher levels of TNFα, SOD activities, and HbA1c. Correlation analyses demonstrated that HGI was correlated with LTL (r = -0.25, P < .001) and TNFα (r = 0.19, P < .001) regardless of HbA1c levels. No relationship was found between HGI and mtDNAcn. HGI (β = -0.238, 95% CI -0.430, -0.046, P = .015) and TNFα (β = -0.02, 95% CI -0.030, -0.014, P < .001) were proved to be correlated with LTL independently, using multiple linear regression analysis. Ordinal logistic regression models showed that compared with subjects the high HGI group, the possibilities of a higher-level LTL was 5.29-fold in the low HGI group (OR 5.29, 95% CI (2.45, 11.41), P < .001), 2.41-fold in the moderate HGI group (OR 2.41, 95% CI 1.35, 4.30, P = .003) after controlling for confounding variables. Mediation analyses indicated that TNFα accounted for 30.39% of the effects of the HGI on LTL. CONCLUSION HGI was negatively related to telomere attrition, independent of HbA1c. TNFα acted as a mediator of the relationship between HGI and LTL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lyu
- Department of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yiwen Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shuli He
- Department of Nutrition, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Mengya Qi
- Department of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Fan Ping
- Department of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Lingling Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Huabing Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yuxiu Li
- Department of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang Y, Sun J, Liu L, Qiao H. A review of biosensor technology and algorithms for glucose monitoring. J Diabetes Complications 2021; 35:107929. [PMID: 33902999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2021.107929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has become a serious illness in the whole world. Until now, there is no effective cure for patients with DM. It is well known that the glucose level is one key factor to determine the progress of DM. It is also an important reference to carry out the accurate and timely treatment for patients with DM. In this article, the related biosensors technology that can be utilized to identify and predict glucose level are reviewed in detail, including the algorithms that can help to achieve numerical value of glucose level. Firstly, the biosensor technology based on the physiological fluids are illustrated, including blood, sweat, interstitial fluid, ocular fluid, and other available fluids. Secondly, the algorithms for achieving numerical value of glucose level are investigated, including the physiological model-based method and the machine learning-based method. Finally, the future development trend and challenges of glucose level monitoring are given and the conclusions are drawn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaguang Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Jingxue Sun
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Liansheng Liu
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Hong Qiao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wu JD, Liang DL, Xie Y, Chen MY, Chen HH, Sun D, Hu HQ. Association Between Hemoglobin Glycation Index and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and All Cause Mortality in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Meta-Analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:690689. [PMID: 34124211 PMCID: PMC8193090 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.690689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The hemoglobin glycation index (HGI) has been proposed as a marker to quantify inter-individual variation in hemoglobin glycosylation. However, whether HGI is associated with an increased risk of diabetic complications independent of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) remains unclear. This meta-analysis aimed to determine the association between HGI and the risk of all cause mortality and composite cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods: PubMed, and EMBASE databases were searched for related studies up to March 31, 2021. Observational studies reported associations between HGI levels and composite CVD and all cause mortality were included for meta-analysis. A random effect model was used to calculate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for higher HGI. Results: A total of five studies, comprising 22,035 patients with type two diabetes mellitus were included for analysis. The median follow-up duration was 5.0 years. After adjusted for multiple conventional cardiovascular risk factors, an increased level of HGI was associated with a higher risk of composite CVD (per 1 SD increment: HR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.04–1.26) and all cause mortality (per 1 SD increment: HR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.05–1.32). However, when further adjusted for HbA1c, the association between HGI and risk of composite CVD (per 1 SD increment of HGI: HR = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.93–1.10) and all cause mortality (per 1 SD increment of HGI: HR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.96–1.10) became insignificant. Conclusions: High HGI was associated with an increased risk of composite CVD and all cause mortality after adjustment for multiple conventional cardiovascular risk factors. However, the association was mainly mediating by the level of HbA1c.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-di Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Dong-Liang Liang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Yue Xie
- Department of Cardiology, The Second People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Mei-Yu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Second People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Hai-Hong Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Second People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Dan Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The Second People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Hui-Qi Hu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| |
Collapse
|