1
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Júnior FEB, Marin BT, Mira L, Fernandes CHM, Fortunato GV, Almeida MO, Honório KM, Colombo R, de Siervo A, Lanza MRV, Barros WRP. Monitoring Photo-Fenton and Photo-Electro-Fenton process of contaminants emerging concern by a gas diffusion electrode using Ca 10-xFe x-yW y(PO 4) 6(OH) 2 nanoparticles as heterogeneous catalyst. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 361:142515. [PMID: 38830460 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The catalytic performance of modified hydroxyapatite nanoparticles, Ca10-xFex-yWy(PO4)6(OH)2, was applied for the degradation of methylene blue (MB), fast green FCF (FG) and norfloxacin (NOR). XPS analysis pointed to the successful partial replacement of Ca by Fe. Under photo-electro-Fenton process, the catalyst Ca4FeII1·92W0·08FeIII4(PO4)6(OH)2 was combined with UVC radiation and electrogenerated H2O2 in a Printex L6 carbon-based gas diffusion electrode. The application of only 10 mA cm-2 resulted in 100% discoloration of MB and FG dyes in 50 min of treatment at pH 2.5, 7.0 and 9.0. The proposed treatment mechanism yielded maximum TOC removal of ∼80% and high mineralization current efficiency of ∼64%. Complete degradation of NOR was obtained in 40 min, and high mineralization of ∼86% was recorded after 240 min of treatment. Responses obtained from LC-ESI-MS/MS are in line with the theoretical Fukui indices and the ECOSAR data. The study enabled us to predict the main degradation route and the acute and chronic toxicity of the by-products formed during the contaminants degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausto E B Júnior
- São Carlos Instiute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo - USP, Avenida Trabalhador São Carlense 400, São Carlos, SP, 13566-590, Brazil; Faculty of Exact Sciences and Technology - FACET, Federal University of Grande Dourados - UFGD, Rodovia Dourados-Itahum, Km 12, Dourados,MS, 79804-970, Brazil
| | - Beatriz T Marin
- São Carlos Instiute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo - USP, Avenida Trabalhador São Carlense 400, São Carlos, SP, 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Leticia Mira
- São Carlos Instiute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo - USP, Avenida Trabalhador São Carlense 400, São Carlos, SP, 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Carlos H M Fernandes
- São Carlos Instiute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo - USP, Avenida Trabalhador São Carlense 400, São Carlos, SP, 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Guilherme V Fortunato
- São Carlos Instiute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo - USP, Avenida Trabalhador São Carlense 400, São Carlos, SP, 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Michell O Almeida
- São Carlos Instiute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo - USP, Avenida Trabalhador São Carlense 400, São Carlos, SP, 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Kathia M Honório
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo - EACH-USP, Rua Arlindo Béttio 1000, São Paulo, SP, 03828-000, Brazil
| | - Renata Colombo
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo - EACH-USP, Rua Arlindo Béttio 1000, São Paulo, SP, 03828-000, Brazil
| | - Abner de Siervo
- Campinas Institute of Physics, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Sérgio Buarque de Holanda 777, Campinas, SP, 13083-859, Brazil
| | - Marcos R V Lanza
- São Carlos Instiute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo - USP, Avenida Trabalhador São Carlense 400, São Carlos, SP, 13566-590, Brazil.
| | - Willyam R P Barros
- Faculty of Exact Sciences and Technology - FACET, Federal University of Grande Dourados - UFGD, Rodovia Dourados-Itahum, Km 12, Dourados,MS, 79804-970, Brazil.
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2
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Du J, Huang W, Pan Y, Xu S, Li H, Liu Q. Fluoroquinolone antibiotics in the aquatic environment: environmental distribution, the research status and eco-toxicity. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38938015 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2024.2362890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The increasing presence of fluoroquinolone (FQ) antibiotics in aquatic environments is a growing concern due to their widespread use, negatively impacting aquatic organisms. This paper provides an overview of the environmental distribution, sources, fate, and both single and mixed toxicity of FQ antibiotics in aquatic environments. It also examines the accumulation of FQ antibiotics in aquatic organisms and their transfer into the human body through the food chain. The study identifies critical factors such as metabolism characteristics, physiochemical characteristics, light, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and environmental compatibility that influence the presence of FQ antibiotics in aquatic environments. Mixed pollutants of FQ antibiotics pose significant risks to the ecological environment. Additionally, the paper critically discusses advanced treatment technologies designed to remove FQ antibiotics from wastewater, focusing on advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs). The discussion also includes the benefits and limitations of these technologies in degrading FQ antibiotics in wastewater treatment plants. The paper concludes by proposing new approaches for regulating and controlling FQ antibiotics to aid in the development of ecological protection measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Du
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
- Suzhou Fishseeds Bio-Technology Ltd., Suzhou, China
- Suzhou Health-Originated Bio-technology Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Wenfei Huang
- Eco-Environmental Science & Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Pan
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaodan Xu
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huanxuan Li
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- Suzhou Fishseeds Bio-Technology Ltd., Suzhou, China
- Suzhou Health-Originated Bio-technology Ltd., Suzhou, China
- Wisdom Lake Academy of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
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3
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Zhu Y, Wang H, Li B, Wang T, Zhu Y, Hou J. Construction of a Zero-gap Flow-Through Microfluidic Reactor with Porous RuO 2 -IrO 2 @Pt Anode for Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Antibiotics in Water. Chem Asian J 2024:e202301128. [PMID: 38323702 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202301128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a zero-gap flow-through microfluidic reactor was constructed for the degradation of tetracycline and norfloxacin in water using a porous Ti/RuO2 -IrO2 @Pt electrode as the anode and porous titanium plate as the cathode. The operation parameters included electrolyte type, electrolyte concentration, current density, initial concentration of pollutants and pH, were investigated. The degradation efficiency and energy consumption were calculated and compared with traditional electrolyzer. In the zero-gap flow-through microfluidic reactor, 100 % of both tetracycline and norfloxacin can be decomposed in 15 min, and high mineralization rate were achieved under the optimized reaction condition. And the reaction was consistent with pseudo-first-order kinetics with k value of 0.492 cm-1 and 1.010 cm-1 , for tetracycline and norfloxacin, respectively. In addition, the energy consumption was 28.33 kWh ⋅ kg-1 TC and 8.36 kWh ⋅ kg-1 NOR, for tetracycline and norfloxacin, respectively, which was much lower than that of traditional electrolyzer. The LC-MS results showed that tetracycline underwent a series of demethylation, dehydration and deamination reactions, and the norfloxacin went through ring opening reaction, decarboxylation and hydroxylation reaction, and finally both produced CO2 and H2 O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqing Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xian, 710021, PR China
| | - Huan Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xian, 710021, PR China
| | - Bingqing Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xian, 710021, PR China
| | - Tian Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xian, 710021, PR China
| | - Yunfu Zhu
- Shaanxi Haofengjingcheng Environmental Technology Co. LTD, Xian, 710021, PR China
| | - Jianing Hou
- Shaanxi Haofengjingcheng Environmental Technology Co. LTD, Xian, 710021, PR China
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4
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de Oliveira Santiago Santos G, Athie Goulart L, Sánchez-Montes I, Santos da Silva R, de Vasconcelos Lanza MR. Electrochemically enhanced iron oxide-modified carbon cathode toward improved heterogeneous electro-Fenton reaction for the degradation of norfloxacin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:118736-118753. [PMID: 37917268 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30536-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, different iron-based cathode materials were prepared using two different approaches: a novel one-step approach, which involved the incorporation of iron oxide with Printex® L6 carbon/PTFE (PL6C/PTFE) on bare carbon felt (CF) and a two-step approach, where iron oxide is deposited onto CF previously modified with PL6C/PTFE. The results obtained from the physical characterization indicated that the presence of iron oxide homogeneously dispersed on the felt fibers with the CF 3-D network kept intact in the one-step approach; whereas the formation of iron oxide aggregates between the felt fibers for material obtained using the two-step approach. Among the iron oxide-based cathodes investigated, the iron-incorporated electrode exhibited the greatest efficiency in terms of the removal and mineralization of norfloxacin (NOR) under neutral pH (complete NOR removal in less than 30 min with around 50% mineralization after 90 min). The findings of this study show that the low cost and simple-to-prepare iron-modified carbon-based materials in HEF process led to the enhanced degradation of organic contaminants in aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorena Athie Goulart
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Isaac Sánchez-Montes
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
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5
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Liu H, Hong X, Chen J, Lin X, Wang B, Xiong Y. Electrochemical oxidation of tetrahydrofurfuryl acohol on boron-doped diamond anode: Influence of current density and electrolyte solution. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 345:140396. [PMID: 37820875 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA), a widely applied raw materials, intermediate and solvent in the fields of agricultural, industry (especially in nuclear industry), is a potentially hazardous and non-biodegradable pollutant in wastewater. In this study, the electrochemical degradation pathways of THFA by a boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode with different current density (jappl = 20, 40 and 60 mA cm-2) and electrolyte solution (KNO3, KCl and K2SO4) was carefully investigated. The results exhibit that high chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and mineralization rates were achieved by rapid non-selective oxidation in electrolyte solutions mediated by hydroxyl radicals (∙OH) and active chlorine (sulfate) under constant current electrolysis. In-depth data analysis using the high performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy, the underlying removal pathways of THFA in KNO3, KCl and K2SO4 electrolyte solutions are proposed according to the effect of different mineralization mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science & Technology, Mianyang, 621010, PR China; School of Materials & Chemistry, Southwest University of Science & Technology, Mianyang, 621010, PR China
| | - Xiaofan Hong
- School of Materials & Chemistry, Southwest University of Science & Technology, Mianyang, 621010, PR China
| | - Jingshuang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science & Technology, Mianyang, 621010, PR China; School of Materials & Chemistry, Southwest University of Science & Technology, Mianyang, 621010, PR China
| | - Xu Lin
- School of Materials & Chemistry, Southwest University of Science & Technology, Mianyang, 621010, PR China
| | - Bing Wang
- School of Materials & Chemistry, Southwest University of Science & Technology, Mianyang, 621010, PR China.
| | - Ying Xiong
- State Key Laboratory for Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science & Technology, Mianyang, 621010, PR China; School of Materials & Chemistry, Southwest University of Science & Technology, Mianyang, 621010, PR China.
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6
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Larralde-Piña IA, Acuña-Askar K, Villanueva-Rodríguez M, Guzmán-Mar JL, Murillo-Sierra JC, Ruiz-Ruiz EJ. An optimized electro-fenton pretreatment for the degradation and mineralization of a mixture of ofloxacin, norfloxacin, and ciprofloxacin. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 344:140339. [PMID: 37820878 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The electro-Fenton process (EFP) is a powerful advanced oxidation process beneficial to treating recalcitrant contaminants, and there has been a continuing interest in combining this technology to enhance the efficiency of conventional wastewater treatment processes. In this work, an optimized EFP process is performed as pretreatment for the degradation and mineralization of three blank fluoroquinolones (FQs) drugs: ofloxacin (OFL), norfloxacin (NOR), and ciprofloxacin (CIP). The optimization of the experiment was carried out using a Box-Behnken experimental design. Faster and complete degradation of the drugs mixture was achieved in 90 min with 61.12 ± 2.0% of mineralization in 180 min, under the optimized conditions: j = 244.0 mA cm-2, [Fe2+] = 0.31 mM, and [FQs] = 87.0 mg L-1. Furthermore, a low toxicity effluent was obtained in 90 min of the experiment, according to bioassay toxicity with Vibrio fischeri. Five short-chain carboxylic acids, including oxalic, maleic, oxamic, formic, and fumaric acids, were detected and quantified, in addition to F- and NO3- inorganic ions. The inhibition of the reactive oxygen species with scavenger proof was also evaluated in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Larralde-Piña
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de Los Garza, Nuevo León, C.P. 66455, México
| | - K Acuña-Askar
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Facultad de Medicina, Depto. de Microbiología, Monterrey, Nuevo León, C.P. 64460, México
| | - M Villanueva-Rodríguez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de Los Garza, Nuevo León, C.P. 66455, México
| | - J L Guzmán-Mar
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de Los Garza, Nuevo León, C.P. 66455, México
| | - J C Murillo-Sierra
- Universidad de Concepción, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Edmundo Larenas 129, Concepción, Chile
| | - E J Ruiz-Ruiz
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de Los Garza, Nuevo León, C.P. 66455, México.
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7
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Haider MR, Jiang WL, Han JL, Mahmood A, Djellabi R, Liu H, Asif MB, Wang AJ. Boosting Hydroxyl Radical Yield via Synergistic Activation of Electrogenerated HOCl/H 2O 2 in Electro-Fenton-like Degradation of Contaminants under Chloride Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18668-18679. [PMID: 36730709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyl radical production via catalytic activation of HOCl is a new type of Fenton-like process. However, metal-chlorocomplex formation under high chloride conditions could deactivate the catalyst and reduce the process efficiency. Herein, in situ electrogenerated HOCl was activated to •OH via a metal-free, B/N-codoped carbon nanofiber cathode for the first time to degrade contaminant under high chloride condition. The results show 98% degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) within 120 min (k = 0.036 min-1) under sulfate conditions, while complete degradation (k = 0.188 min-1) was obtained in only 30 min under chloride conditions. An enhanced degradation mechanism consists of an Adsorb & Shuttle process, wherein adsorption concentrates the pollutants at the cathode surface and they are subsequently oxidized by the large amount of •OH produced via activation of HOCl and H2O2 at the cathode. Density functional theory calculations verify the pyridinic N as the active site for the activation of HOCl and H2O2. The process efficiency was also evaluated by treating tetracycline and bisphenol A as well as high chloride-containing real secondary effluents from a pesticide manufacturing plant. High yields of •OH and HOCl allow continuous regeneration of the cathode for several cycles, limiting its fast deactivation, which is promising for real application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rizwan Haider
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen518055, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Li Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen518055, P.R. China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Jing-Long Han
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen518055, P.R. China
| | - Ayyaz Mahmood
- College of Physics and Optical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, P.R. China
| | - Ridha Djellabi
- Department d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007Tarragona, Spain
| | - Huiling Liu
- School of Science, Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha410205, Hunan, China
| | - Muhammad Bilal Asif
- Advanced Membrane and Porous Materials Center (AMPMC), Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ai-Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen518055, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, P.R. China
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8
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Gong H, Li R, Zhang Y, Xu L, Gan L, Pan L, Liang M, Yang X, Chu W, Gao Y, Yan M. Occurrence and removal of antibiotics from aquaculture wastewater by solar-driven Fe(VI)/oxone process. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 340:139809. [PMID: 37579819 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the occurrence and removal of ten selected antibiotics from aquaculture wastewater by the process solar + Fe(VI)+oxone were investigated. The detection levels of the antibiotics in the aquaculture wastewater samples were at ng/L. The degradation of the selected antibiotics under the process solar + Fe(VI)+oxone followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. As the most abundant antibiotic in the studied aquaculture wastewater, norfloxacin (NFX) was used as the model compound to study the reaction mechanism and detoxification ability of the treatment system, as well as the effects of reaction parameters and environmental factors. The active species including O2•-, O21, and Fe(V)/Fe(IV) contributed to NFX degradation in the process solar + Fe(VI)+oxone. Decarboxylation, the piprazine ring opening, defluorination of the benzene ring, oxygen addition and the cleavage of the quinolone/benzene ring were main degradation pathways of NFX. Around 20% mineralization was reached and the inhibition rate of the bacteria (Escherichia Coli) growth was reduced from 95.5% to 47.1% after the NFX degradation for 60 min. Despite the suppression of NFX degradation by NO2-, PO43- and humic acid, the NFX degradation in three aquaculture wastewater samples was faster than that in ultrapure water due to the positive effect of Br-and other factors. The above results demonstrate the treatment process solar-driven Fe(VI)/oxone has a good potential in antibiotics removal from the aquaculture wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Gong
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruixue Li
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanqiong Zhang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijie Xu
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Gan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Luyi Pan
- Instrumentation Analysis & Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minxing Liang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Chu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Instrumentation and Service Center for Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China.
| | - Muting Yan
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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9
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Tang Z, Kong Y, Qin Y, Chen X, Liu M, Shen L, Kang Y, Gao P. Performance and degradation pathway of florfenicol antibiotic by nitrogen-doped biochar supported zero-valent iron and zero-valent copper: A combined experimental and DFT study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132172. [PMID: 37523963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated compounds are a class of organic substances resistant to degradation. Although zero-valent iron (Fe0) has a promising reducing capability, it still fails to degrade fluorine-containing antibiotics (i.e., florfenicol) efficiently. In this study, we applied a simple one-pot pyrolytic approach to synthesize nitrogen-doped biochar supported Fe0 and zero-valent copper (Cu0) composite (Fe/Cu@NBC) and investigated its performance on florfenicol removal. The results clearly showed that approximately 91.4% of florfenicol in the deionized water was removed by Fe/Cu@NBC within 8 h. As the reaction time was extended to 15 d, the total degradation rate of florfenicol reached 96.6%, in which the defluorination and dechlorination rates were 73.2% and 82.1%, respectively. Both experimental results and density functional theory calculation suggested that ∙OH and ·O2- triggered β-fluorine elimination, resulting in defluorination prior to dechlorination. This new finding was distinct from previous viewpoints that defluorination was more difficult to occur than dechlorination. Fe/Cu@NBC also had a favorable performance for removal of florfenicol in surface water. This study provides a new insight into the degradation mechanism and pathway of florfenicol removal in the Fe/Cu@NBC system, which can be a promising alternative for remediation of fluorinated organic compounds in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yifan Kong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yan Qin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiaoqian Chen
- Bioassay and Safety Assessment Laboratory, Shanghai Academy of Public Measurement, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Min Liu
- Bioassay and Safety Assessment Laboratory, Shanghai Academy of Public Measurement, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Bioassay and Safety Assessment Laboratory, Shanghai Academy of Public Measurement, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Yanming Kang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Pin Gao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Municipal Sewage Resource Utilization Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China; National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agroenvironmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
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10
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Peralta-Reyes E, Regalado-Méndez A, Chimeo-Sánchez AA, Robles-Gómez EE, Natividad R. Electrochemical degradation of ciprofloxacin through a DoE-driven optimization in a filter-press type reactor under batch recirculation mode. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2023; 88:1294-1316. [PMID: 37771228 PMCID: wst_2023_279 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2023.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the electrochemical degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) was studied in a filter-press-type reactor without division in a batch recirculation manner. For this purpose, two boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes (as cathode and anode) were employed. Also, the optimal operating conditions were found by response surface methodology (RSM) following a central composite face-centered design with three factors, namely current intensity (i), initial pH (pH0), and initial concentration ([C]0) with two responses, namely remotion efficiency (η) and operating cost. Optimal operating conditions were i = 3 A, pH0 = 8.49, and [C]0 = 33.26 mg L-1 within an electrolysis time of 5 h, leading to a maximum removal efficiency of 93.49% with a minimum operating cost of $0.013 USD L-1. Also, a TOC analysis shows an 80% of mineralization extent with an energy consumption of 5.11 kWh g-1 TOC. Furthermore, the CIP degradation progress was followed by mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and a degradation pathway is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ever Peralta-Reyes
- Investigation Laboratories, Universidad del Mar, Puerto Ángel, Oaxaca 70902, México E-mail:
| | | | | | - Edson E Robles-Gómez
- Investigation Laboratories, Universidad del Mar, Puerto Ángel, Oaxaca 70902, México
| | - Reyna Natividad
- Chemical Engineering Laboratory, Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable, UAEMex-UNAM, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Estado de México, Toluca 50200, México
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11
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Orimolade BO, Oladipo AO, Idris AO, Usisipho F, Azizi S, Maaza M, Lebelo SL, Mamba BB. Advancements in electrochemical technologies for the removal of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in wastewater: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 881:163522. [PMID: 37068672 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent times, the need to make water safer and cleaner through the elimination of recalcitrant pharmaceutical residues has been the aim of many studies. Fluoroquinolone antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, enrofloxacin, and levofloxacin are among the commonly detected pharmaceuticals in wastewater. Since the presence of these pharmaceuticals in water bodies poses serious risks to living organisms, it is vital to adopt effective wastewater treatment techniques for their complete removal. Electrochemical technologies such as photoelectrocatalysis, electro-Fenton, electrocoagulation, and electrochemical oxidation have been established as techniques capable of the complete removal of organics including pharmaceuticals from wastewater. Hence, this review presents discussions on the recent progress (literature within 2018-2022) in the applications of common electrochemical processes for the degradation of fluoroquinolone antibiotics from wastewater. The fundamentals of these processes are highlighted while the results obtained using the processes are critically discussed. Furthermore, the inherent advantages and limitations of these processes in the mineralization of fluoroquinolone antibiotics are clearly emphasized. Additionally, appropriate recommendations are made toward improving electrochemical technologies for the complete removal of these pharmaceuticals with minimal energy consumption. Therefore, this review will serve as a bedrock for future researchers concerned with wastewater treatments to make informed decisions in the selection of suitable electrochemical techniques for the removal of pharmaceuticals from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin O Orimolade
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida Science Campus, 1709 Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Adewale O Oladipo
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Private Bag X06, Florida 1710, South Africa
| | - Azeez O Idris
- UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology College of Graduates Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria 392, South Africa; Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation, Somerset West 7129, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Feleni Usisipho
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida Science Campus, 1709 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shohreh Azizi
- UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology College of Graduates Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria 392, South Africa; Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation, Somerset West 7129, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Malik Maaza
- UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology College of Graduates Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria 392, South Africa; Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation, Somerset West 7129, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Sogolo L Lebelo
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Private Bag X06, Florida 1710, South Africa
| | - Bhekie B Mamba
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida Science Campus, 1709 Johannesburg, South Africa
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12
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Dang G, Jia Y, Guo L, Yang Y, Zhi J, Li X. Tannin-functionalized Mn3O4 as support for FeNiB alloy to construct sono-Fenton-like reaction for the degradation of antibiotic pollutants in water. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.131088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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13
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Antonelli R, Malpass GRP, da Silva MGC, Vieira MGA. Hybrid process of adsorption and electrochemically based green regeneration of bentonite clay for ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin removal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:53648-53661. [PMID: 36862291 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26175-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Removal of emerging contaminants, such as antibiotics, from wastewater by adsorption is a simple, low-cost, and high-performance process; however, regeneration and reuse of the exhausted adsorbent are necessary to make the process economically viable. This study aimed to investigate the possibility of electrochemical-based regeneration of clay-type materials. For this, the calcined Verde-lodo (CVL) clay was saturated with the antibiotics ofloxacin (OFL) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) in one-component systems by an adsorption process and then subjected to photo-assisted electrochemical oxidation (0.45 A, 0.05 mol/L NaCl, UV-254 nm, and 60 min), which promotes both pollutant degradation and adsorbent regeneration. The external surface of the CVL clay was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy before and after the adsorption process. The influence of regeneration time was evaluated for the CVL clay/OFL and CVL clay/CIP systems, and the results demonstrate high regeneration efficiencies after 1 h of photo-assisted electrochemical oxidation. Clay stability during regeneration was investigated by four successive cycles in different aqueous matrices (ultrapure water, synthetic urine, and river water). The results indicated that the CVL clay is relatively stable under the photo-assisted electrochemical regeneration process. Furthermore, CVL clay was able to remove antibiotics even in the presence of natural interfering agents. The hybrid adsorption/oxidation process applied here demonstrated the electrochemical-based regeneration potential of CVL clay for the treatment of emerging contaminants, since it can be operated quickly (1h of treatment) and with lower consumption of energy (3.93 kWh kg-1) than the traditional method of thermal regeneration (10 kWh kg-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Raissa Antonelli
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Albert Einstein, 500, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-852, Brazil.
- Present address: Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Geoffroy Roger Pointer Malpass
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of the Triângulo Mineiro, Randolfo Borges Júnior, 1400, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, 38064-200, Brazil
| | - Meuris Gurgel Carlos da Silva
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Albert Einstein, 500, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-852, Brazil
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Shi J, Jiang J, Chen Q, Wang L, Nian K, Long T. Production of higher toxic intermediates of organic pollutants during chemical oxidation processes: A review. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
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15
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Jiang X, Wang D, Wu W, Li F. Ecotoxicological effect of enrofloxacin on Spirulina platensis and the corresponding detoxification mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:85-93. [PMID: 36511301 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00284a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Enrofloxacin is a widely used antibiotic targeting DNA gyrase and has become the commonly detected micropollutant in aquatic environments. Thus, the potential toxicity of enrofloxacin to Spirulina platensis which is a kind of prokaryote similar to Gram-negative bacteria has been hypothesized. However, little is known about the toxicity and degradation mechanism of enrofloxacin during the growth process of Spirulina platensis. Herein, the biomass accumulation of Spirulina platensis was stimulated to 115% of the control group by 0.1 mg L-1 enrofloxacin (10th day), which could be removed probably through the metabolism. Further increasing the enrofloxacin level to 5.0 mg L-1 almost inhibited the growth and remediation ability of Spirulina platensis for 35 days. Environmental stress also caused the variations of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and carotenoids) and primary biocomponents (proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates), reflecting the adaptation of Spirulina platensis for handling the negative effects of enrofloxacin. The detoxification mechanism was studied by identifying the degradation products of enrofloxacin, suggesting the occurrence of dealkylation and oxidation reactions primarily at the piperazine group. The decreased antimicrobial activity was confirmed by the reduced binding affinity of degradation products with enzymes. The obtained results could help us understand the role of enrofloxacin in the growth of Spirulina platensis, thus providing great support for employing Spirulina platensis in risk assessment and hazard reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Jiang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Dabin Wang
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Tobacco, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Weiran Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Fengmin Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
- Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572000, China
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Murrieta MF, Brillas E, Nava JL, Sirés I. Solar photoelectro-Fenton-like process with anodically-generated HClO in a flow reactor: Norfloxacin as a pollutant with a particular structure. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Electro-Chemical Degradation of Norfloxacin Using a PbO2-NF Anode Prepared by the Electrodeposition of PbO2 onto the Substrate of Nickel Foam. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12111297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel three-dimensional network nickel foam/PbO2 combination electrode (PbO2-NF) with high electrochemical degradation efficiency to norfloxacin was successfully fabricated through the electrodeposition of PbO2 on the substrate of nickel foam. The characterization of an PbO2-NF electrode, including surface morphology, elemental components, electrochemical performance, and stability was performed. In electrochemical oxidation tests, the removal efficiency of norfloxacin (initial concentration for 50 mg/L) on PbO2-NF reached 88.64% within 60 min of electrolysis, whereas that of pure nickel foam was only 30%. In the presence of PbO2-NF, the optimum current density, solution pH, electrode spacing for norfloxacin degradation were 30 mA/cm2, 11, and 3 cm, respectively. The electric energy consumption for 80% norfloxacin was approximately 5 Wh/L. Therefore, these results provide a new anode to improve the removal of norfloxacin in the wastewater with high efficiency and low energy consumption.
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Vidal J, Báez ME, Calzadilla W, Aranda M, Salazar R. Removal of chloridazon and its metabolites from soil and soil washing water by electrochemical processes. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Titchou FE, Zazou H, Afanga H, Jamila EG, Ait Akbour R, Hamdani M, Oturan MA. Comparative study of the removal of direct red 23 by anodic oxidation, electro-Fenton, photo-anodic oxidation and photoelectro-Fenton in chloride and sulfate media. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112353. [PMID: 34774509 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to compare the efficiency of anodic oxidation with electrogenerated H2O2 (AO-H2O2), electro-Fenton (EF), and their association with UV irradiation (photo anodic oxidation (PAO), and photo electro-Fenton (PEF) for the removal of Direct Red 23 from wastewater using a BDD/carbon felt cell in chloride and sulfate medium and in their combination. The effect of the supporting electrolyte was investigated in AO-H2O2 and EF processes. High discoloration efficiency was obtained in chloride media while a higher mineralization rate was achieved in sulfate media. The EF process reached higher total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency than AO-H2O2. 90% TOC removal rate was achieved by the EF against 82% by AO-H2O2 in sulfate media. The influence of using the mixt supporting electrolyte formed of 75% Na2SO4 + 25% NaCl was found to have beneficial effect on TOC removal, achieving 89% and 97% by AO-H2O2 and EF, respectively. High currents led to higher mineralization rates while low currents yielded to a higher mineralization current efficiency (MCE%) and lower energy consumption (EC). UV irradiation enhanced process efficiency. Mineralization efficiency followed the sequence: AO-H2O2 < PAO < EF < PEF. The PEF process was able to remove TOC completely at 5 mA cm-2 current density and 6 h of electrolysis with a MCE% value of 16.57% and EC value of 1.29 kWh g-1 TOC removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Ezzahra Titchou
- Ibn Zohr University, Faculty of Sciences, Chemical Department, BO 8106, Dakhla district, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Hicham Zazou
- Ibn Zohr University, Faculty of Sciences, Chemical Department, BO 8106, Dakhla district, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Hanane Afanga
- Ibn Zohr University, Faculty of Sciences, Chemical Department, BO 8106, Dakhla district, Agadir, Morocco
| | - El Gaayda Jamila
- Ibn Zohr University, Faculty of Sciences, Chemical Department, BO 8106, Dakhla district, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Rachid Ait Akbour
- Ibn Zohr University, Faculty of Sciences, Chemical Department, BO 8106, Dakhla district, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Hamdani
- Ibn Zohr University, Faculty of Sciences, Chemical Department, BO 8106, Dakhla district, Agadir, Morocco.
| | - Mehmet A Oturan
- Université Gustave Eiffel, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement (LGE), EA 4508, 77454, Marne-la-Vallée, France.
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Use of a turbulence promoter in an electrochemical filter-press reactor: Consolidated evidence of significant enhancement of organics mass transport and degradation rates. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Removal of pesticide chlorobenzene by anodic degradation: Variable effects and mechanism. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2021.101326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Unraveling the role of electrolytes during electrochemical oxidation by differential electrochemical mass spectrometry. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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23
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Hernández-Rodríguez EA, Castillo-Suárez LA, Teutli-Sequeira EA, Martínez-Miranda V, Vázquez Mejía G, Linares-Hernández I, Santoyo-Tepole F, Benavides A. Electro-oxidation and solar electro-oxidation of commercial carbamazepine: effect of the support electrolyte. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2021.1900251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Anaid Hernández-Rodríguez
- Wastewater treatment and pollution control department, Instituto Interamericano De Tecnología Y Ciencias Del Agua (IITCA), Universidad Autónoma Del Estado De México, Unidad San Cayetano, Toluca, Estado De México, México
| | - Luis Antonio Castillo-Suárez
- Wastewater treatment and pollution control department, Instituto Interamericano De Tecnología Y Ciencias Del Agua (IITCA), Universidad Autónoma Del Estado De México, Unidad San Cayetano, Toluca, Estado De México, México
| | | | - Verónica Martínez-Miranda
- Wastewater treatment and pollution control department, Instituto Interamericano De Tecnología Y Ciencias Del Agua (IITCA), Universidad Autónoma Del Estado De México, Unidad San Cayetano, Toluca, Estado De México, México
| | - Guadalupe Vázquez Mejía
- Wastewater treatment and pollution control department, Instituto Interamericano De Tecnología Y Ciencias Del Agua (IITCA), Universidad Autónoma Del Estado De México, Unidad San Cayetano, Toluca, Estado De México, México
| | - Ivonne Linares-Hernández
- Wastewater treatment and pollution control department, Instituto Interamericano De Tecnología Y Ciencias Del Agua (IITCA), Universidad Autónoma Del Estado De México, Unidad San Cayetano, Toluca, Estado De México, México
| | - Fortunata Santoyo-Tepole
- Research department, Escuela Nacional De Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (ENCB-IPN). Prolongación De Carpio Y Plan De Ayala S/n, Miguel Hidalgo, Santo Tomás, Ciudad De México, México
| | - Abraham Benavides
- Department of Public Administration, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
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