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Ward IL, Raven EP, de la Rosa S, Jones DK, Teufel C, von dem Hagen E. White matter microstructure in face and body networks predicts facial expression and body posture perception across development. Hum Brain Mapp 2023; 44:2307-2322. [PMID: 36661194 PMCID: PMC10028674 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Facial expression and body posture recognition have protracted developmental trajectories. Interactions between face and body perception, such as the influence of body posture on facial expression perception, also change with development. While the brain regions underpinning face and body processing are well-defined, little is known about how white-matter tracts linking these regions relate to perceptual development. Here, we obtained complementary diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures (fractional anisotropy [FA], spherical mean Ṧμ ), and a quantitative MRI myelin-proxy measure (R1), within white-matter tracts of face- and body-selective networks in children and adolescents and related these to perceptual development. In tracts linking occipital and fusiform face areas, facial expression perception was predicted by age-related maturation, as measured by Ṧμ and R1, as well as age-independent individual differences in microstructure, captured by FA and R1. Tract microstructure measures linking posterior superior temporal sulcus body region with anterior temporal lobe (ATL) were related to the influence of body on facial expression perception, supporting ATL as a site of face and body network convergence. Overall, our results highlight age-dependent and age-independent constraints that white-matter microstructure poses on perceptual abilities during development and the importance of complementary microstructural measures in linking brain structure and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel L Ward
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Erika P Raven
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Derek K Jones
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Christoph Teufel
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Elisabeth von dem Hagen
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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2
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Hong J, Su Y, Wang J, Xu X, Qu W, Fan H, Tan Y, Wang Z, Zhao Y, Tan S. Association between video gaming time and cognitive functions: A cross-sectional study of Chinese children and adolescents. Asian J Psychiatr 2023; 84:103584. [PMID: 37075676 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to explore relationships between video gaming time and cognitive functioning in children and adolescents to provide a scientific reference for a reasonable time range of game use. A total of 649 participants aged 6-18 years were recruited through an online survey using convenience sampling. We used a combination of multiple linear regression models, smoothing splines, piecewise linear regression models, and log-likelihood ratio tests to comprehensively analyze the linear and nonlinear relationships between video gaming time and cognitive functions. Neurocognitive functioning was assessed using the digit symbol test, spatial span back test, Stroop task, and Wisconsin card sorting test. Facial and voice emotion recognition tests were used to evaluate social cognitive functioning. Video gaming time had a saturation effect on improving correct answers to the digit symbol test, which means that performance did not increase with increasing video gaming time when the video gaming duration reached 20 h/week (adjusted β = -0.58; 95% CI: -1.22, 0.05). Furthermore, both the relationship between video gaming time and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and the facial emotion recognition score showed a threshold effect. The completed categories of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test began to decline after 17 h/week of playtime, and a decline in facial emotion recognition occurred after playing video games for over 20 h/week. These results suggest that children and adolescents should restrict their video gaming time to within a certain range, which could help reduce the negative effects of video games and retain their positive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyue Hong
- Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilonguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Su
- Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilonguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghan Wang
- Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilonguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejing Xu
- Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19122, USA
| | - Wei Qu
- Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilonguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Hongzhen Fan
- Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilonguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Yunlong Tan
- Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilonguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiren Wang
- Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilonguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Yanli Zhao
- Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilonguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Shuping Tan
- Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilonguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China.
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Ke H, Vuong QC, Geangu E. Three- and six-year-old children are sensitive to natural body expressions of emotion: An event-related potential emotional priming study. J Exp Child Psychol 2022; 224:105497. [PMID: 35850023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2022.105497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Body movements provide a rich source of emotional information during social interactions. Although the ability to perceive biological motion cues related to those movements begins to develop during infancy, processing those cues to identify emotions likely continues to develop into childhood. Previous studies used posed or exaggerated body movements, which might not reflect the kind of body expressions children experience. The current study used an event-related potential (ERP) priming paradigm to investigate the development of emotion recognition from more naturalistic body movements. Point-light displays (PLDs) of male adult bodies expressing happy or angry emotional movements while narrating a story were used as prime stimuli, whereas audio recordings of the words "happy" and "angry" spoken with an emotionally neutral prosody were used as targets. We recorded the ERPs time-locked to the onset of the auditory target from 3- and 6-year-old children, and we compared amplitude and latency of the N300 and N400 responses between the two age groups in the different prime-target conditions. There was an overall effect of prime for the N300 amplitude, with more negative-going responses for happy PLDs compared with angry PLDs. There was also an interaction between prime and target for the N300 latency, suggesting that all children were sensitive to the emotional congruency between body movements and words. For the N400 component, there was only an interaction among age, prime, and target for latency, suggesting an age-dependent modulation of this component when prime and target did not match in emotional information. Overall, our results suggest that the emergence of more complex emotion processing of body expressions occurs around 6 years of age, but it is not fully developed at this point in ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Ke
- Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YF, UK.
| | - Quoc C Vuong
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Elena Geangu
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
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4
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Interactive situations reveal more about children's emotional knowledge. J Exp Child Psychol 2020; 198:104879. [PMID: 32590198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2020.104879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Research examining children's emotion judgments has generally used nonsocial tasks that do not resemble children's daily experiences in judging others' emotions. Here, younger children (4- to 6-year-olds) and older children (7- to 9-year-olds) participated in a socially interactive task where an experimenter opened boxes and made an expression (happy, sad, scared, or disgust) based on the object inside. Children guessed which of four objects (a sticker, a broken toy car, a spider, or toy poop) was in the box. Subsequently, children opened a set of boxes and generated facial expressions for the experimenter. Children also labeled the emotion elicited by the objects and static facial expressions. Children's ability to guess which object caused the experimenter's expression increased with age but did not predict their ability to generate a recognizable expression. Children's demonstration of emotion knowledge also varied across tasks, suggesting that when emotion judgment tasks more closely mimic their daily experiences, children demonstrate broader emotion knowledge.
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5
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Children’s recognition of emotion expressed by own-race versus other-race faces. J Exp Child Psychol 2019; 182:102-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Nelson NL, Mondloch CJ. Children's perception of emotions in the context of live interactions: Eye movements and emotion judgements. Behav Processes 2019; 164:193-200. [PMID: 31075385 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Research examining children's understanding of emotional expressions has generally used static, isolated facial expressions presented in a non-interactive context. However, these tasks do not resemble children's experiences with expressions in daily life, where they must attend to a range of information, including others' facial expressions, movements, and the situation surrounding the expression. In this research, we examine the development of visual attention to another's emotional expressions during a live interaction. Via an eye-tracker, children (4-11 years old) and adults viewed an experimenter open a series of opaque boxes and make an expression (happiness, sadness, fear, or disgust) based on the object inside. Participants determined which of four possible objects (stickers, a broken toy, a spider, or dog poop) was in the box. We examined the proportion of the trial in which participants looked to three areas of the face (the eyes, mouth, and nose area), and the available contextual information (the box held by the experimenter, the four objects). Although children spent less time looking to the face than adults did, their pattern of visual attention within the face and to object AOIs did not differ from that of adults. Finally, for adults, increased accuracy was linked to spending less time looking to the objects whereas increased accuracy for children was not strongly linked to any emotion cue. These data indicate that although children spend less time looking to the face during live interactions than adults do, the proportion of time spent looking to areas of the face and context are generally adult-like.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Nelson
- Brock University, Department of Psychology, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, L2S3A1, St. Catharines, ON, United States; University of Queensland, School of Psychology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Catherine J Mondloch
- Brock University, Department of Psychology, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, L2S3A1, St. Catharines, ON, United States.
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7
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Children’s visual attention to emotional expressions varies with stimulus movement. J Exp Child Psychol 2018; 172:13-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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8
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Balas B, Auen A, Saville A, Schmidt J. Body emotion recognition disproportionately depends on vertical orientations during childhood. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0165025417690267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Children’s ability to recognize emotional expressions from faces and bodies develops during childhood. However, the low-level features that support accurate body emotion recognition during development have not been well characterized. This is in marked contrast to facial emotion recognition, which is known to depend upon specific spatial frequency and orientation sub-bands during adulthood, biases that develop during childhood. Here, we examined whether children’s reliance on vertical vs. horizontal orientation energy for recognizing emotional expressions in static images of bodies changed during middle childhood (5 to 10 years old). We found that while children of all ages had an adult-like bias favoring vertical orientation energy, this effect was larger at younger ages. We conclude that in terms of information use, a key feature of the development of emotion recognition is improved performance with sub-optimal features for recognition – that is, learning to use less diagnostic features of the image is a slower process than learning to use more useful features.
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Vesker M, Bahn D, Degé F, Kauschke C, Schwarzer G. Perceiving arousal and valence in facial expressions: Differences between children and adults. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/17405629.2017.1287073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Vesker
- Faculty 06 Psychology and Sports Science, Department of Developmental Psychology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Daniela Bahn
- Institut für Germanistische Sprachwissenschaft, Klinische Linguistik, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Degé
- Faculty 06 Psychology and Sports Science, Department of Developmental Psychology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christina Kauschke
- Institut für Germanistische Sprachwissenschaft, Klinische Linguistik, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Gudrun Schwarzer
- Faculty 06 Psychology and Sports Science, Department of Developmental Psychology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Giessen, Germany
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11
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Wiggins JL, Adleman NE, Kim P, Oakes AH, Hsu D, Reynolds RC, Chen G, Pine DS, Brotman MA, Leibenluft E. Developmental differences in the neural mechanisms of facial emotion labeling. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2015; 11:172-81. [PMID: 26245836 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsv101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a time of increased risk for the onset of psychological disorders associated with deficits in face emotion labeling. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine age-related differences in brain activation while adolescents and adults labeled the emotion on fearful, happy and angry faces of varying intensities [0% (i.e. neutral), 50%, 75%, 100%]. Adolescents and adults did not differ on accuracy to label emotions. In the superior temporal sulcus, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and middle temporal gyrus, adults show an inverted-U-shaped response to increasing intensities of fearful faces and a U-shaped response to increasing intensities of happy faces, whereas adolescents show the opposite patterns. In addition, adults, but not adolescents, show greater inferior occipital gyrus activation to negative (angry, fearful) vs positive (happy) emotions. In sum, when subjects classify subtly varying facial emotions, developmental differences manifest in several 'ventral stream' brain regions. Charting the typical developmental course of the brain mechanisms of socioemotional processes, such as facial emotion labeling, is an important focus for developmental psychopathology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Lee Wiggins
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,
| | - Nancy E Adleman
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, Department of Psychology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C., 20064, USA
| | - Pilyoung Kim
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, 80208, USA, and
| | - Allison H Oakes
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Derek Hsu
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard C Reynolds
- Scientific and Statistical Computing Core, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gang Chen
- Scientific and Statistical Computing Core, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel S Pine
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Melissa A Brotman
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ellen Leibenluft
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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12
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Widen SC, Russell JA. Do Dynamic Facial Expressions Convey Emotions to Children Better Than Do Static Ones? JOURNAL OF COGNITION AND DEVELOPMENT 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/15248372.2014.916295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Ménétrier E, Didierjean A, Vieillard S. Is boundary extension emotionally selective? Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2013; 66:635-41. [DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2013.764332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
When they have to memorize a picture, people usually build a memory trace including more extensive boundaries than the original picture, a phenomenon known as boundary extension or BE. This article looks at whether the emotion category expressed (i.e., happiness, pleasure, irritation, or anger) by actors in short films could have an influence on the BE effect. The results showed that positively valenced emotions (happiness, pleasure) led to an extension effect, while the negatively valenced ones (anger, irritation) did not produce any significant memory distortion. The arousal dimension of emotions had no significant effect on BE. The current results were discussed in the light of previous studies on the links between BE and emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Ménétrier
- Laboratoire de Psychologie EA 3188, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - André Didierjean
- Laboratoire de Psychologie EA 3188, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, France
| | - Sandrine Vieillard
- Laboratoire de Psychologie EA 3188, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
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Nelson NL, Hudspeth K, Russell JA. A story superiority effect for disgust, fear, embarrassment, and pride. BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013; 31:334-48. [PMID: 23901846 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Past studies found that, for preschoolers, a story specifying a situational cause and behavioural consequence is a better cue to fear and disgust than is the facial expression of those two emotions, but the facial expressions used were static. Two studies (Study 1: N = 68, 36-68 months; Study 2: N = 72, 49-90 months) tested whether this effect could be reversed when the expressions were dynamic and included facial, postural, and vocal cues. Children freely labelled emotions in three conditions: story, still face, and dynamic expression. Story remained a better cue than still face or dynamic expression for fear and disgust and also for the later emerging emotions of embarrassment and pride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Nelson
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada.
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15
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Dellacherie D, Bigand E, Molin P, Baulac M, Samson S. Multidimensional scaling of emotional responses to music in patients with temporal lobe resection. Cortex 2011; 47:1107-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Revised: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Sad or fearful? The influence of body posture on adults' and children's perception of facial displays of emotion. J Exp Child Psychol 2011; 111:180-96. [PMID: 21939983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The current research investigated the influence of body posture on adults' and children's perception of facial displays of emotion. In each of two experiments, participants categorized facial expressions that were presented on a body posture that was congruent (e.g., a sad face on a body posing sadness) or incongruent (e.g., a sad face on a body posing fear). Adults and 8-year-olds made more errors and had longer reaction times on incongruent trials than on congruent trials when judging sad versus fearful facial expressions, an effect that was larger in 8-year-olds. The congruency effect was reduced when faces and bodies were misaligned, providing some evidence for holistic processing. Neither adults nor 8-year-olds were affected by congruency when judging sad versus happy expressions. Evidence that congruency effects vary with age and with similarity of emotional expressions is consistent with dimensional theories and "emotional seed" models of emotion perception.
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17
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Putting motion in emotion: Do dynamic presentations increase preschooler's recognition of emotion? COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Comparaison de l’effet de deux interventions prosociales sur l’évolution des capacités d’identification des expressions faciales et du raisonnement social d’enfants avec un syndrome d’Asperger ou autisme de haut niveau. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurenf.2010.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Gao X, Maurer D, Nishimura M. Similarities and differences in the perceptual structure of facial expressions of children and adults. J Exp Child Psychol 2010; 105:98-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Revised: 09/05/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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