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Tsuji Y, Kanazawa S, Yamaguchi MK. The other-race effect of pupil contagion in infancy. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9418. [PMID: 38658628 PMCID: PMC11043439 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59937-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Pupil contagion refers to the observer's pupil-diameter changes in response to changes in the pupil diameter of others. Recent studies on the other-race effect on pupil contagion have mainly focused on using eye region images as stimuli, revealing the effect in adults but not in infants. To address this research gap, the current study used whole-face images as stimuli to assess the pupil-diameter response of 5-6-month-old and 7-8-month-old infants to changes in the pupil-diameter of both upright and inverted unfamiliar-race faces. The study initially hypothesized that there would be no pupil contagion in either upright or inverted unfamiliar-race faces, based on our previous finding of pupil contagion occurring only in familiar-race faces among 5-6-month-old infants. Notably, the current results indicated that 5-6-month-old infants exhibited pupil contagion in both upright and inverted unfamiliar-race faces, while 7-8-month-old infants showed this effect only in upright unfamiliar-race faces. These results demonstrate that the face inversion effect of pupil contagion does not occur in 5-6-month-old infants, thereby suggesting the presence of the other-race effect in pupil contagion among this age group. Overall, this study provides the first evidence of the other-race effect on infants' pupil contagion using face stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Tsuji
- Organization for the Strategic Coordination of Research and Intellectual Properties, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan.
| | - So Kanazawa
- Department of Psychology, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Masami K Yamaguchi
- Department of Psychology, Chuo University, 742-1 Higashi-Nakano, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0393, Japan
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2
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Chai W, Zhang P, Zhang X, Wu J, Chen C, Li F, Xie X, Shi G, Liang J, Zhu C, Dong M. Feasibility study of functional near-infrared spectroscopy in the ventral visual pathway for real-life applications. NEUROPHOTONICS 2024; 11:015002. [PMID: 38192584 PMCID: PMC10773254 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.11.1.015002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Significance fNIRS-based neuroenhancement depends on the feasible detection of hemodynamic responses in target brain regions. Using the lateral occipital complex (LOC) and the fusiform face area (FFA) in the ventral visual pathway as neurofeedback targets boosts performance in visual recognition. However, the feasibility of utilizing fNIRS to detect LOC and FFA activity in adults remains to be validated as the depth of these regions may exceed the detection limit of fNIRS. Aim This study aims to investigate the feasibility of using fNIRS to measure hemodynamic responses in the ventral visual pathway, specifically in the LOC and FFA, in adults. Approach We recorded the hemodynamic activities of the LOC and FFA regions in 35 subjects using a portable eight-channel fNIRS instrument. A standard one-back object and face recognition task was employed to elicit selective brain responses in the LOC and FFA regions. The placement of fNIRS optodes for LOC and FFA detection was guided by our group's transcranial brain atlas (TBA). Results Our findings revealed selective activation of the LOC target channel (CH2) in response to objects, whereas the FFA target channel (CH7) did not exhibit selective activation in response to faces. Conclusions Our findings indicate that, although fNIRS detection has limitations in capturing FFA activity, the LOC region emerges as a viable target for fNIRS-based detection. Furthermore, our results advocate for the adoption of the TBA-based method for setting the LOC target channel, offering a promising solution for optrode placement. This feasibility study stands as the inaugural validation of fNIRS for detecting cortical activity in the ventral visual pathway, underscoring its ecological validity. We suggest that our findings establish a pivotal technical groundwork for prospective real-life applications of fNIRS-based research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilu Chai
- Xidian University, School of Life Science and Technology, Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
- Xidian University, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of trans-Scale Life Information, Xi'an, China
- Xidian University, School of Artificial Intelligence, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
| | - Peiming Zhang
- Xidian University, School of Life Science and Technology, Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
- Xidian University, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of trans-Scale Life Information, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Xidian University, School of Life Science and Technology, Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
- Xidian University, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of trans-Scale Life Information, Xi'an, China
| | - Jia Wu
- Northwestern Polytechnical University, School of Foreign Languages, Xi'an, China
| | - Chao Chen
- PLA Funding Payment Center, Beijing, China
| | - Fu Li
- Xidian University, School of Artificial Intelligence, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuemei Xie
- Xidian University, School of Artificial Intelligence, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
| | - Guangming Shi
- Xidian University, School of Artificial Intelligence, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
| | - Jimin Liang
- Xidian University, School of Electronics and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
| | - Chaozhe Zhu
- Beijing Normal University, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing, China
| | - Minghao Dong
- Xidian University, School of Life Science and Technology, Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
- Xidian University, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of trans-Scale Life Information, Xi'an, China
- Xidian University, School of Artificial Intelligence, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
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3
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Kobayashi M, Kanazawa S, Yamaguchi MK. The role of scenic context on upright face preference in infancy. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288253. [PMID: 37440545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Scenic information plays an important role in face processing, whereas it has received limited attention in the field of developmental research. In the current study, we investigated whether infants, like adults, utilize scenic information for face processing by the preferential-looking method. In Experiment 1, we examined 4-5 and 6-7-month-olds' visual preferences for upright faces compared to inverted faces in two surrounding scene conditions: intact (in which a face occurs in an intact scene) and scrambled (in which a face occurs in a jumbled scene). We found that 6- to 7-month-olds preferred the upright face in the intact scene, but not in the scrambled scene. Meanwhile, 4- to 5-month-olds showed significant upright face preference in both scenes. The results of Experiment 2 ruled out the possibility that the lack of preference for upright faces in the scrambled scene in 6- to 7-month-olds resulted from more distraction by the scrambledness of the image than occurs with 4- to 5-month-olds, by showing no developmental changes in preference either for the scrambled images or the intact images when faces did not appear. Our results suggest that infants aged 6 months or more utilize scenic information for face processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - So Kanazawa
- Department of Psychology, Japan Women's University, Bunkyo City, Japan
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4
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Wardle SG, Ewing L, Malcolm GL, Paranjape S, Baker CI. Children perceive illusory faces in objects as male more often than female. Cognition 2023; 235:105398. [PMID: 36791506 PMCID: PMC10085858 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Face pareidolia is the experience of seeing illusory faces in inanimate objects. While children experience face pareidolia, it is unknown whether they perceive gender in illusory faces, as their face evaluation system is still developing in the first decade of life. In a sample of 412 children and adults from 4 to 80 years of age we found that like adults, children perceived many illusory faces in objects to have a gender and had a strong bias to see them as male rather than female, regardless of their own gender identification. These results provide evidence that the male bias for face pareidolia emerges early in life, even before the ability to discriminate gender from facial cues alone is fully developed. Further, the existence of a male bias in children suggests that any social context that elicits the cognitive bias to see faces as male has remained relatively consistent across generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan G Wardle
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Louise Ewing
- School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, UK
| | | | - Sanika Paranjape
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Chris I Baker
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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5
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Romagnano V, Sokolov AN, Fallgatter AJ, Pavlova MA. Do subtle cultural differences sculpt face pareidolia? SCHIZOPHRENIA (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 9:28. [PMID: 37142598 PMCID: PMC10160123 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-023-00355-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Face tuning to non-face images such as shadows or grilled toasts is termed face pareidolia. Face-pareidolia images represent a valuable tool for investigation of social cognition in mental disorders. Here we examined (i) whether, and, if so, how face pareidolia is affected by subtle cultural differences; and (ii) whether this impact is modulated by gender. With this purpose in mind, females and males from Northern Italy were administered a set of Face-n-Thing images, photographs of objects such as houses or waves to a varying degree resembling a face. Participants were presented with pareidolia images with canonical upright orientation and display inversion that heavily affects face pareidolia. In a two-alternative forced-choice paradigm, beholders had to indicate whether each image resembled a face. The outcome was compared with the findings obtained in the Southwest of Germany. With upright orientation, neither cultural background nor gender affected face pareidolia. As expected, display inversion generally mired face pareidolia. Yet, while display inversion led to a drastic reduction of face impression in German males as compared to females, in Italians, no gender differences were found. In a nutshell, subtle cultural differences do not sculpt face pareidolia, but instead affect face impression in a gender-specific way under unusual viewing conditions. Clarification of the origins of these effects requires tailored brain imaging work. Implications for transcultural psychiatry, in particular, for schizophrenia research, are highlighted and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Romagnano
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander N Sokolov
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas J Fallgatter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marina A Pavlova
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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6
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Filippetti ML, Andreu-Perez J, de Klerk C, Richmond C, Rigato S. Are advanced methods necessary to improve infant fNIRS data analysis? An assessment of baseline-corrected averaging, general linear model (GLM) and multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) based approaches. Neuroimage 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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7
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Kubon J, Romagnano V, Sokolov AN, Fallgatter AJ, Braun C, Pavlova MA. Neural circuits underpinning face tuning in male depression. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:3827-3839. [PMID: 35989312 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reading bodies and faces is essential for efficient social interactions, though it may be thought-provoking for individuals with depression. Yet aberrations in the face sensitivity and underwriting neural circuits are not well understood, in particular, in male depression. Here, we use cutting-edge analyses of time course and dynamic topography of gamma oscillatory neuromagnetic cortical activity during administration of a task with Arcimboldo-like images. No difference in face tuning was found between individuals with depression and their neurotypical peers. Furthermore, this behavioral outcome nicely dovetails with magnetoencephalographic data: at early processing stages, the gamma oscillatory response to images resembling a face was rather similar in patients and controls. These bursts originated primarily from the right medioventral occipital cortex and lateral occipital cortex. At later processing stages, however, its topography altered remarkably in depression with profound engagement of the frontal circuits. Yet the primary difference in depressive individuals as compared with their neurotypical peers occurred over the left middle temporal cortices, a part of the social brain, engaged in feature integration and meaning retrieval. The outcome suggests compensatory recruitment of neural resources in male depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Kubon
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Calwerstr. 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Valentina Romagnano
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Calwerstr. 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander N Sokolov
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Calwerstr. 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas J Fallgatter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Calwerstr. 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Braun
- MEG Center, Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Otfried Müller Str. 47, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marina A Pavlova
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Calwerstr. 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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8
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Leleu A, Rekow D. L’odeur maternelle aide le nourrisson à catégoriser des objets ressemblant à des visages. Med Sci (Paris) 2022; 38:541-544. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2022067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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9
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Tsuji Y, Kanazawa S, Yamaguchi MK. Infants’ Hemodynamic Modulation in the Temporal Region. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:821539. [PMID: 35370581 PMCID: PMC8965581 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.821539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined whether 8-month-old infants’ hemodynamic responses in the temporal region were modulated by repeated presentation of “Peekaboo” by using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Previous studies have shown that infants’ temporal region responds to faces (e.g., Otsuka et al., 2007). A recent electroencephalography study showed that the neural activity of infants was modulated by repeated presentation of “Peekaboo.” Some fNIRS studies also revealed that the movie of “Peekaboo” activated the hemodynamic response of the temporal region in infancy. However, no studies have shown the hemodynamic modulation of the temporal region according to the repeated presentation of “Peekaboo” in infants. In order to examine whether the hemodynamic responses of the temporal region were modulated by repeated presentation of “Peekaboo,” we compared the activity of the temporal region between the early and late trials. We set long and short delays before face-presentation. The results showed that the concentration of oxy-hemoglobin in the right occipitotemporal region (Ch 21) in both conditions increased after the presentation of “Peekaboo” relative to the baseline. Moreover, in the long delay condition, the hemodynamic modulation of the right occipitotemporal region was induced according to the repeated presentation of “Peekaboo” in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Tsuji
- Research and Development Initiative, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yuki Tsuji,
| | - So Kanazawa
- Department of Psychology, Japan Women’s University, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Yamanaka N, Kanazawa S, Yamaguchi MK. Infants' brain activity to cartoon face using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262679. [PMID: 35171920 PMCID: PMC8849497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, to investigate whether infants showed face-specific brain activity to a cartoon human face, we conducted a functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) experiment and a behavioral experiment. In the fNIRS experiment, we measured the hemodynamic responses of 5- and 6-month-old infants to cartoon female and cartoon character faces using fNIRS. The results showed that the concentration of oxy-Hb increased for cartoon female faces but not for cartoon character faces. This indicates that face-specific brain activity occurred for cartoon female faces but not cartoon character faces, despite the fact that both are faces. In the behavioral experiment, we examined whether the 5- and 6-month-old infants preferred cartoon female faces to cartoon character faces in the upright and inverted conditions. The results showed a preference for cartoon female faces in the upright but not in the inverted condition. This indicates that 5- and 6-month-old infants can perceive cartoon female faces, but not cartoon character faces, as faces. The results of the two experiments indicated that face-specific brain activity occurred for cartoon female faces. This indicates that infants can perceive cartoon female faces as faces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - So Kanazawa
- Department of Psychology, Japan Women’s University, Kanagawa, Japan
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11
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Abstract
Faces hold a substantial value for effective social interactions and sharing. Covering faces with masks, due to COVID-19 regulations, may lead to difficulties in using social signals, in particular, in individuals with neurodevelopmental conditions. Daily-life social participation of individuals who were born preterm is of immense importance for their quality of life. Here we examined face tuning in individuals (aged 12.79 ± 1.89 years) who were born preterm and exhibited signs of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), a dominant form of brain injury in preterm birth survivors. For assessing the face sensitivity in this population, we implemented a recently developed experimental tool, a set of Face-n-Food images bordering on the style of Giuseppe Arcimboldo. The key benefit of these images is that single components do not trigger face processing. Although a coarse face schema is thought to be hardwired in the brain, former preterms exhibit substantial shortages in the face tuning not only compared with typically developing controls but also with individuals with autistic spectrum disorders. The lack of correlations between the face sensitivity and other cognitive abilities indicates that these deficits are domain-specific. This underscores impact of preterm birth sequelae for social functioning at large. Comparison of the findings with data in individuals with other neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric conditions provides novel insights into the origins of deficient face processing.
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Abstract
Understanding how the young infant brain starts to categorize the flurry of ambiguous sensory inputs coming in from its complex environment is of primary scientific interest. Here, we test the hypothesis that senses other than vision play a key role in initiating complex visual categorizations in 20 4-mo-old infants exposed either to a baseline odor or to their mother's odor while their electroencephalogram (EEG) is recorded. Various natural images of objects are presented at a 6-Hz rate (six images/second), with face-like object configurations of the same object categories (i.e., eliciting face pareidolia in adults) interleaved every sixth stimulus (i.e., 1 Hz). In the baseline odor context, a weak neural categorization response to face-like stimuli appears at 1 Hz in the EEG frequency spectrum over bilateral occipitotemporal regions. Critically, this face-like-selective response is magnified and becomes right lateralized in the presence of maternal body odor. This reveals that nonvisual cues systematically associated with human faces in the infant's experience shape the interpretation of face-like configurations as faces in the right hemisphere, dominant for face categorization. At the individual level, this intersensory influence is particularly effective when there is no trace of face-like categorization in the baseline odor context. These observations provide evidence for the early tuning of face-(like)-selective activity from multisensory inputs in the developing brain, suggesting that perceptual development integrates information across the senses for efficient category acquisition, with early maturing systems such as olfaction driving the acquisition of categories in later-developing systems such as vision.
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13
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Kubon J, Sokolov AN, Popp R, Fallgatter AJ, Pavlova MA. Face Tuning in Depression. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:2574-2585. [PMID: 33350440 PMCID: PMC7799219 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The latest COVID-19 pandemic reveals that unexpected changes elevate depression bringing people apart, but also calling for social sharing. Yet the impact of depression on social cognition and functioning is not well understood. Assessment of social cognition is crucial not only for a better understanding of major depressive disorder (MDD), but also for screening, intervention, and remediation. Here by applying a novel experimental tool, a Face-n-Food task comprising a set of images bordering on the Giuseppe Arcimboldo style, we assessed the face tuning in patients with MDD and person-by-person matched controls. The key benefit of these images is that single components do not trigger face processing. Contrary to common beliefs, the outcome indicates that individuals with depression express intact face responsiveness. Yet, while in depression face sensitivity is tied with perceptual organization, in typical development, it is knotted with social cognition capabilities. Face tuning in depression, therefore, may rely upon altered behavioral strategies and underwriting brain mechanisms. To exclude a possible camouflaging effect of female social skills, we examined gender impact. Neither in depression nor in typical individuals had females excelled in face tuning. The outcome sheds light on the origins of the face sensitivity and alterations in social functioning in depression and mental well-being at large. Aberrant social functioning in depression is likely to be the result of deeply-rooted maladaptive strategies rather than of poor sensitivity to social signals. This has implications for mental well-being under the current pandemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Kubon
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander N Sokolov
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rebecca Popp
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas J Fallgatter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,LEAD Graduate School & Research Network, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders (DZNE), Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marina A Pavlova
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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14
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Do you see the “face”? Individual differences in face pareidolia. JOURNAL OF PACIFIC RIM PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/prp.2019.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
People tend to see faces from non-face objects or meaningless patterns. Such illusory face perception is called face pareidolia. Previous studies have revealed an interesting fact that there are huge individual differences in face pareidolia experience among the population. Here, we review previous findings on individual differences in face pareidolia experience from four categories: sex differences, developmental factors, personality traits and neurodevelopmental factors. We further discuss underlying cognitive or neural mechanisms to explain why some perceive the objects as faces while others do not. The individual differences in face pareidolia could not only offer scientific insights on how the brain works to process face information, but also suggest potential clinical applications.
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15
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Pavlova MA, Romagnano V, Fallgatter AJ, Sokolov AN. Face pareidolia in the brain: Impact of gender and orientation. PLoS One 2021; 15:e0244516. [PMID: 33382767 PMCID: PMC7774913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on face sensitivity is of particular relevance during the rapidly evolving Covid-19 pandemic leading to social isolation, but also calling for intact interaction and sharing. Humans possess high sensitivity even to a coarse face scheme, seeing faces in non-face images where real faces do not exist. The advantage of non-face images is that single components do not trigger face processing. Here by implementing a novel set of Face-n-Thing images, we examined (i) how face tuning alters with changing display orientation, and (ii) whether it is affected by observers’ gender. Young females and males were presented with a set of Face-n-Thing images either with canonical upright orientation or inverted 180° in the image plane. Face impression was substantially impeded by display inversion. Furthermore, whereas with upright display orientation, no gender differences were found, with inversion, Face-n-Thing images elicited face impression in females significantly more often. The outcome sheds light on the origins of the face inversion effect in general. Moreover, the findings open a way for examination of face sensitivity and underwriting brain networks in neuropsychiatric conditions related to the current pandemic (such as depression and anxiety), most of which are gender/sex-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A. Pavlova
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Valentina Romagnano
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas J. Fallgatter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- LEAD Graduate School & Research Network, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders (DZNE), Medical School and University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander N. Sokolov
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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16
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The Brain’s Asymmetric Frequency Tuning: Asymmetric Behavior Originates from Asymmetric Perception. Symmetry (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/sym12122083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To construct a coherent multi-modal percept, vertebrate brains extract low-level features (such as spatial and temporal frequencies) from incoming sensory signals. However, because frequency processing is lateralized with the right hemisphere favouring low frequencies while the left favours higher frequencies, this introduces asymmetries between the hemispheres. Here, we describe how this lateralization shapes the development of several cognitive domains, ranging from visuo-spatial and numerical cognition to language, social cognition, and even aesthetic appreciation, and leads to the emergence of asymmetries in behaviour. We discuss the neuropsychological and educational implications of these emergent asymmetries and suggest future research approaches.
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17
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Kobayashi M, Kakigi R, Kanazawa S, Yamaguchi MK. Infants' recognition of their mothers' faces in facial drawings. Dev Psychobiol 2020; 62:1011-1020. [PMID: 32227340 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the development of ability to recognize familiar face in drawings in infants aged 6-8 months. In Experiment 1, we investigated infants' recognition of their mothers' faces by testing their visual preference for their mother's face over a stranger's face under three conditions: photographs, cartoons produced by online software that simplifies and enhances the contours of facial features of line drawings, and veridical line drawings. We found that 7- and 8-month-old infants showed a significant preference for their mother's face in photographs and cartoons, but not in veridical line drawings. In contrast, 6-month-old infants preferred their mother's face only in photographs. In Experiment 2, we investigated a visual preference for an upright face over an inverted face for cartoons and veridical line drawings in 6- to 8-month-old infants, finding that infants aged older than 6 months showed the inversion effect in face preference in both cartoons and veridical line drawings. Our results imply that the ability to utilize the enhanced information of a face to recognize familiar faces may develop aged around 7 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Kobayashi
- Department of Functioning and Disability, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Kakigi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - So Kanazawa
- Department of Psychology, Japan Women's University, Kawasaki, Japan
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18
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Rolf R, Sokolov AN, Rattay TW, Fallgatter AJ, Pavlova MA. Face pareidolia in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2020; 218:138-145. [PMID: 32057538 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Faces convey valuable daily life social signals. As in most psychiatric conditions, non-verbal social cognition or its components including face processing may be aberrant in schizophrenia (SZ). Social participation of individuals with SZ is vital for their quality of life, and remediation of social abilities in this population is of high relevance both for society and clinical care. METHOD Tuning to faces in non-face images such as shadows, grilled toasts, or ink blots is called face pareidolia. Humans possess high sensitivity to facial signals: even fetuses and infants are well tuned to coarse face cues. Here we assessed face tuning in individuals with SZ and person-by-person matched controls by using a new experimental tool, a set of food-plate images bordering on the Giuseppe Arcimboldo style. The key benefit of these images is that single components do not trigger face processing. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The outcome indicates that individuals with SZ exhibit aberrant face tuning in face-like non-face images (χ2(1) = 17.44, p = 0.0001) that can hamper adaptive interaction with peers and social participation hindering, in turn, clinical remediation. Face response rate in SZ patients was related to the scores on the event arrangement task tapping social cognition (Pearson product-moment correlation, r = 0.602, p = 0.01) and on picture completion task assessing visual perceptual organization (Spearman's rho = 0.614, p = 0.009). Therefore, poor performance on the face tuning task is unlikely to be accounted for by deviant general cognitive abilities, but rather by impairments in perceptual integration and social cognition. Comparison of these findings with data in autism and other neuropsychiatric conditions provides novel insights on the origins of face tuning in SZ and triggers brain imaging research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rolf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander N Sokolov
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tim W Rattay
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Center for Neurology, Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas J Fallgatter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marina A Pavlova
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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19
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Tsurumi S, Kanazawa S, Yamaguchi MK, Kawahara JI. Rapid identification of the face in infants. J Exp Child Psychol 2019; 186:45-58. [PMID: 31195210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Our visual system can rapidly process stimuli relevant to our current behavioral goal within various irrelevant stimuli in natural scenes. This ability to detect and identify target stimuli during nontarget stimuli has been mainly studied in adults, so that the development of this high-level visual function has been unknown among infants, although it has been shown that 15-month-olds' temporal thresholds of face visibility are close to those of adults. However, we demonstrate here that infants younger than 15 months can identify a target face among nontarget but meaningful scene images. In the current study, we investigated infants' ability to detect and identify a face in a rapid serial visual presentation. Experiment 1 examined whether 5- to 8-month-olds could discriminate the difference in the presentation duration of visual streams (100 vs. 11 ms). Results showed that 7- and 8-month-olds successfully discriminated between the presentation durations. In Experiment 2, we examined whether 5- to 8-month-olds could detect the face presented for 100 ms and found that 7- and 8-month-olds could detect the face embedded in rapid serial visual streams. To further clarify the face processing at this age of infants, we tested whether infants could identify upright and inverted faces in rapid visual streams in Experiments 3a and 3b. The results showed that 7- and 8-month-olds identified upright faces, but not inverted faces, during the visual stream, which reflected face inversion effects. Overall, we suggest that the temporal speed of face processing at 7 and 8 months of age would be comparable to that of adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuma Tsurumi
- Department of Psychology, Chuo University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0393, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan.
| | - So Kanazawa
- Department of Psychology, Japan Women's University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8565, Japan
| | - Masami K Yamaguchi
- Department of Psychology, Chuo University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0393, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichiro Kawahara
- Department of Psychology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
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20
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Pavlova MA, Galli J, Pagani F, Micheletti S, Guerreschi M, Sokolov AN, Fallgatter AJ, Fazzi EM. Social Cognition in Down Syndrome: Face Tuning in Face-Like Non-Face Images. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2583. [PMID: 30618997 PMCID: PMC6305370 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) are widely believed to possess considerable socialization strengths. However, the findings on social cognition capabilities are controversial. In the present study, we investigated whether individuals with DS exhibit shortage in face tuning, one of the indispensable components of social cognition. For this purpose, we implemented a recently developed Face-n-Food paradigm with food-plate images composed of food ingredients such as fruits and vegetables. The key benefit of such face-like non-face images is that single elements do not facilitate face processing. In a spontaneous recognition task, 25 children with DS aged 9 to 18 years were presented with a set of Face-n-Food images bordering on the Giuseppe Arcimboldo style. The set of images was administered in a predetermined order from the least to most resembling a face. In DS individuals, thresholds for recognition of the Face-n-Food images as a face were drastically higher as compared not only with typically developing controls, but also with individuals with autistic spectrum disorders and Williams-Beuren syndrome. This outcome represents a significant step toward better conceptualization of the visual social world in DS and neurodevelopmental disorders in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Pavlova
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jessica Galli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Unit of Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Federica Pagani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Serena Micheletti
- Unit of Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Michele Guerreschi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alexander N Sokolov
- Women's Health Research Institute, Department of Women's Health, Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas J Fallgatter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,LEAD Graduate School and Research Network, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elisa M Fazzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Unit of Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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21
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Abstract
Culture shapes social cognition in many ways. Yet cultural impact on face tuning remains largely unclear. Here typically developing females and males from the French-speaking part of Switzerland were presented with a set of Arcimboldo-like Face-n-Food images composed of food ingredients and in different degree resembling a face. The outcome had been compared with previous findings obtained in young adults of the South-West Germany. In that study, males exhibit higher thresholds for face tuning on the Face-n-Food task than females. In Swiss participants, no gender differences exist in face tuning. Strikingly, males from the French-speaking part of Switzerland possess higher sensitivity to faces than their German peers, whereas no difference in face tuning occurs between females. The outcome indicates that even relatively subtle cultural differences as well as culture by gender interaction can modulate social cognition. Clarification of the nature of cultural impact on face tuning as well as social cognition at large is of substantial value for understanding a wide range of neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental conditions.
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22
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Maria A, Shekhar S, Nissilä I, Kotilahti K, Huotilainen M, Karlsson L, Karlsson H, Tuulari JJ. Emotional Processing in the First 2 Years of Life: A Review of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Studies. J Neuroimaging 2018; 28:441-454. [PMID: 29883005 PMCID: PMC6175097 DOI: 10.1111/jon.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotional stimuli processing during childhood helps us to detect salient cues in our environment and prepares us for our social life. In early childhood, the emotional valences of auditory and visual input are salient and relevant cues of social aspects of the environment, and it is of special interest to understand how exactly the processing of emotional stimuli develops. Near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a noninvasive neuroimaging tool that has proven valuable in studying emotional processing in children. After conducting a systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases, we examined 50 NIRS studies performed to study emotional stimuli processing in children in the first 2 years of age. We found that the majority of these studies are done in infants and the most commonly used stimuli are visual and auditory. Many of the reviewed studies suggest the involvement of bilateral temporal areas in emotional processing of visual and auditory stimuli. It is unclear which neural activation patterns reflect maturation and at what age the emotional encoding reaches those typically seen in adults. Our review provides an overview of the database on emotional processing in children up to 2 years of age. Furthermore, it demonstrates the need to include the less‐studied age range of 1 to 2 years, and suggests the use of combined audio‐visual stimuli and longitudinal studies for future research on emotional processing in children. Thus, NIRS might be a vital tool to study the associations between the early pattern of neural responses and socioemotional development later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambika Maria
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Shashank Shekhar
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Ilkka Nissilä
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, School of Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - Kalle Kotilahti
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, School of Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - Minna Huotilainen
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Cognitive Brain Research Unit and Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Linnea Karlsson
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Hasse Karlsson
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jetro J Tuulari
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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23
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Pavlova MA, Guerreschi M, Tagliavento L, Gitti F, Sokolov AN, Fallgatter AJ, Fazzi E. Social cognition in autism: Face tuning. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2734. [PMID: 28578379 PMCID: PMC5457440 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02790-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Faces convey valuable information for social cognition, effective interpersonal interaction, and non-verbal communication. Face perception is believed to be atypical in autism, but the origin of this deficit is controversial. Dominant featural face encoding is suggested to be responsible for face tuning scarcity. Here we used a recently developed Face-n-Food paradigm for studying face tuning in individuals with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD). The key benefit of these images is that single components do not explicitly trigger face processing. In a spontaneous recognition task, adolescents with autism and typically developing matched controls were presented with a set of Face-n-Food images in different degree resembling a face (slightly bordering on the Giuseppe Arcimboldo style). The set of images was shown in a predetermined order from the least to most resembling a face. Thresholds for recognition of the Face-n-Food images as a face in ASD individuals were substantially higher than in typically developing controls: they did not report seeing a face on the images, which controls easily recognized as a face, and gave overall fewer face responses. This outcome not only lends support to atypical face tuning, but provides novel insights into the origin of face encoding deficits in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Pavlova
- Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Medical School, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. .,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Michele Guerreschi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Lucia Tagliavento
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Filippo Gitti
- Unit of Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, Asst Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alexander N Sokolov
- Women's Health Research Institute, Department of Women's Health, Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas J Fallgatter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elisa Fazzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Unit of Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, Asst Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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24
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Pavlova MA. Sex and gender affect the social brain: Beyond simplicity. J Neurosci Res 2016; 95:235-250. [PMID: 27688155 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina A. Pavlova
- Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Medical School; Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
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25
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Pavlova MA, Heiz J, Sokolov AN, Barisnikov K. Social Cognition in Williams Syndrome: Face Tuning. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1131. [PMID: 27531986 PMCID: PMC4969628 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Many neurological, neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and psychosomatic disorders are characterized by impairments in visual social cognition, body language reading, and facial assessment of a social counterpart. Yet a wealth of research indicates that individuals with Williams syndrome exhibit remarkable concern for social stimuli and face fascination. Here individuals with Williams syndrome were presented with a set of Face-n-Food images composed of food ingredients and in different degree resembling a face (slightly bordering on the Giuseppe Arcimboldo style). The primary advantage of these images is that single components do not explicitly trigger face-specific processing, whereas in face images commonly used for investigating face perception (such as photographs or depictions), the mere occurrence of typical cues already implicates face presence. In a spontaneous recognition task, participants were shown a set of images in a predetermined order from the least to most resembling a face. Strikingly, individuals with Williams syndrome exhibited profound deficits in recognition of the Face-n-Food images as a face: they did not report seeing a face on the images, which typically developing controls effortlessly recognized as a face, and gave overall fewer face responses. This suggests atypical face tuning in Williams syndrome. The outcome is discussed in the light of a general pattern of social cognition in Williams syndrome and brain mechanisms underpinning face processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Pavlova
- Cognitive and Social Neuroscience Unit, Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Medical School, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen Germany
| | - Julie Heiz
- Child Clinical Neuropsychology Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva Switzerland
| | - Alexander N Sokolov
- Department of Women's Health, Women's Health Research Institute, University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen Germany
| | - Koviljka Barisnikov
- Child Clinical Neuropsychology Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva Switzerland
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26
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Pavlova MA, Mayer A, Hösl F, Sokolov AN. Faces on Her and His Mind: Female and Likable. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157636. [PMID: 27352016 PMCID: PMC4924832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Faces are a valuable source of non-verbal information for daily life social interaction. Mounting evidence points to gender specificity in face perception. Here we search for the factors that can potentially trigger gender differences in tuning to faces. By using a set of Face-n-Food images slightly bordering on the Giuseppe Arcimboldo style, we examine: (i) whether face resemblance is linked to gender specific face impression, and, if so, whether this association is perceiver gender specific; and (ii) whether images most resembling a face are also most likable for female and male perceivers. First, in a spontaneous recognition task, participants were shown a set of Face-n-Food images in a predetermined order from the least to most resembling a face. Then in a two-alternative forced-choice (2AFC) task, participants judged whether each face appeared for them (i) either female or male (Exp. 1); or (ii) either likable or unlikable (Exp. 2). Remarkably, face resemblance is closely connected to gender specific impressions: images more resembling a face elicit also more female-face responses. This link is not perceiver gender specific as it occurs for both females and males. Moreover, face resemblance is positively linked to face likability, but this holds true only for female perceivers. The findings shed light on gender specificity in tuning to faces, and help to clarify abnormalities of the social brain in neurodevelopmental, psychiatric and psychosomatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A. Pavlova
- Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Medical School, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Annika Mayer
- Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Medical School, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Franziska Hösl
- Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Medical School, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander N. Sokolov
- Department of Women’s Health, Women’s Health Research Institute, University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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27
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Guillon Q, Rogé B, Afzali MH, Baduel S, Kruck J, Hadjikhani N. Intact perception but abnormal orientation towards face-like objects in young children with ASD. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22119. [PMID: 26912096 PMCID: PMC4766445 DOI: 10.1038/srep22119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
There is ample behavioral evidence of diminished orientation towards faces as well as the presence of face perception impairments in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but the underlying mechanisms of these deficits are still unclear. We used face-like object stimuli that have been shown to evoke pareidolia in typically developing (TD) individuals to test the effect of a global face-like configuration on orientation and perceptual processes in young children with ASD and age-matched TD controls. We show that TD children were more likely to look first towards upright face-like objects than children with ASD, showing that a global face-like configuration elicit a stronger orientation bias in TD children as compared to children with ASD. However, once they were looking at the stimuli, both groups spent more time exploring the upright face-like object, suggesting that they both perceived it as a face. Our results are in agreement with abnormal social orienting in ASD, possibly due to an abnormal tuning of the subcortical pathway, leading to poor orienting and attention towards faces. Our results also indicate that young children with ASD can perceive a generic face holistically, such as face-like objects, further demonstrating holistic processing of faces in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Guillon
- URI Octogone, University of Toulouse, 5 Allée Antonio Machado, 31058 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Bernadette Rogé
- URI Octogone, University of Toulouse, 5 Allée Antonio Machado, 31058 Toulouse Cedex 9, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) 1, Rue Descartes, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Mohammad H Afzali
- URI Octogone, University of Toulouse, 5 Allée Antonio Machado, 31058 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Sophie Baduel
- URI Octogone, University of Toulouse, 5 Allée Antonio Machado, 31058 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Jeanne Kruck
- URI Octogone, University of Toulouse, 5 Allée Antonio Machado, 31058 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Nouchine Hadjikhani
- URI Octogone, University of Toulouse, 5 Allée Antonio Machado, 31058 Toulouse Cedex 9, France.,Harvard Medical School/MGH/MIT, Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Building 75, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.,Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Center, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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28
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Balconi M, Molteni E. Past and future of near-infrared spectroscopy in studies of emotion and social neuroscience. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2015.1102919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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29
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de Heering A, Rossion B. Rapid categorization of natural face images in the infant right hemisphere. eLife 2015; 4:e06564. [PMID: 26032564 PMCID: PMC4450157 DOI: 10.7554/elife.06564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Human performance at categorizing natural visual images surpasses automatic algorithms, but how and when this function arises and develops remain unanswered. We recorded scalp electrical brain activity in 4–6 months infants viewing images of objects in their natural background at a rapid rate of 6 images/second (6 Hz). Widely variable face images appearing every 5 stimuli generate an electrophysiological response over the right hemisphere exactly at 1.2 Hz (6 Hz/5). This face-selective response is absent for phase-scrambled images and therefore not due to low-level information. These findings indicate that right lateralized face-selective processes emerge well before reading acquisition in the infant brain, which can perform figure-ground segregation and generalize face-selective responses across changes in size, viewpoint, illumination as well as expression, age and gender. These observations made with a highly sensitive and objective approach open an avenue for clarifying the developmental course of natural image categorization in the human brain. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06564.001 Putting names to faces can sometimes be challenging, but humans are generally extremely good at recognising faces. Computers, on the other hand, often find it difficult to categorize a face as a face. Indeed, a major challenge in face recognition arises because faces come in many different shapes and sizes. Moreover, both the lighting conditions and the orientation of the head can change, which makes the challenge even more difficult. Young infants also show a preference for pictures of human faces over nonsense images, which suggests that the ability to recognise faces is at least partly hard-wired. Neuroimaging studies have revealed that face recognition depends on activity in specific regions of the right hemisphere of the brain, and adults who sustain damage to these regions lose their face recognition skills. De Heering and Rossion have now provided the first evidence that the right hemisphere is specialized for distinguishing between natural images of faces and ‘non-face objects’ in infants as young as 4 to 6 months. By using scalp electrodes to record electrical activity in the brain as the infants viewed images on a screen, De Heering and Rossion showed that photographs of human faces triggered a distinct pattern of electrical activity in the right hemisphere: this pattern was clearly different to the patterns triggered by photographs of animals or objects. A consistent response was triggered by faces of different genders and expressions, and by faces presented from various viewpoints and under different lighting conditions. In a control experiment, De Heering and Rossion demonstrated that low-level visual features such as differences in luminance or contrast do not contribute to this selective response to faces. These results argue against the idea that face perception only becomes assigned to the right hemisphere of the brain when children learn to read (that is, when language processing begins to occupy parts of the left hemisphere). By generating significant responses in a short period of time (just five minutes or less), the protocol developed by De Heering and Rossion has the potential to prove very useful to researchers investigating developmental changes to the perception of visual images during childhood. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06564.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Adélaïde de Heering
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, University of Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Bruno Rossion
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, University of Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Abstract
Faces convey primal information for our social life. This information is so primal that we sometimes find faces in non-face objects. Such illusory perception is called pareidolia. In this study, using infants’ orientation behavior toward a sound source, we demonstrated that infants also perceive pareidolic faces. An image formed by four blobs and an outline was shown to infants with or without pure tones, and the time they spent looking at each blob was compared. Since the mouth is the unique sound source in a face and the literature has shown that infants older than 6 months already have sound-mouth association, increased looking time towards the bottom blob (pareidolic mouth area) during sound presentation indicated that they illusorily perceive a face in the image. Infants aged 10 and 12 months looked longer at the bottom blob under the upright-image condition, whereas no differences in looking time were observed for any blob under the inverted-image condition. However, 8-month-olds did not show any difference in looking time under both the upright and inverted conditions, suggesting that the perception of pareidolic faces, through sound association, comes to develop at around 8 to 10 months after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Kato
- Human Information Science Laboratory, NTT Communication Science Laboratories, Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Ryoko Mugitani
- Human Information Science Laboratory, NTT Communication Science Laboratories, Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan
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Cashon CH, Holt NA. Developmental origins of the face inversion effect. ADVANCES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR 2015; 48:117-50. [PMID: 25735943 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acdb.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark of adults' expertise for faces is that they are better at recognizing, discriminating, and processing upright faces compared to inverted faces. We investigate the developmental origins of "the face inversion effect" by reviewing research on infants' perception of upright and inverted faces during the first year of life. We review the effects of inversion on infants' face preference, recognition, processing (holistic and second-order configural), and scanning as well as face-related neural responses. Particular attention is paid to the developmental patterns that emerge within and across these areas of face perception. We conclude that the developmental origins of the inversion effect begin in the first few months of life and grow stronger over the first year, culminating in effects that are commonly thought to indicate adult-like expertise. We posit that by the end of the first year, infants' face-processing system has become specialized to upright faces and a foundation for adults' upright-face expertise has been established. Developmental mechanisms that may facilitate the emergence of this upright-face specialization are discussed, including the roles that physical and social development may play in upright faces' becoming more meaningful to infants during the first year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara H Cashon
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.
| | - Nicholas A Holt
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Kobayashi M, Otsuka Y, Kanazawa S, Yamaguchi MK, Kakigi R. The processing of faces across non-rigid facial transformation develops at 7 month of age: a fNIRS-adaptation study. BMC Neurosci 2014; 15:81. [PMID: 24965204 PMCID: PMC4230271 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-15-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), our previous neural adaptation studies found that infants' bilateral temporal regions process facial identity (FiHN 5:153, 2011). In addition, we revealed that size-invariant processing of facial identity develops by 5 months of age (NR 23:984-988, 2012), while view-invariant processing develops around 7 months of age (FiHN 5:153, 2011). The aim in the current study was to examine whether infants' brains process facial identity across the non-rigid transformation of facial features by using the neural adaptation paradigm. We used NIRS to compare hemodynamic changes in the bilateral temporal areas of 5- to 6-month-olds and 7- to 8-month-olds during presentations of an identical face and of different faces. RESULTS We found that (1) the oxyhemoglobin concentration around the T5 and T6 positions increased significantly during the presentation of different faces only in 7- to 8-month-olds and (2) 7- to 8-month-olds, but not 5- to 6-month-olds, showed attenuation in these channels to the presentation of the same face rather than to the presentation of different faces, regardless of non-rigid changes in facial features. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the processing of facial identity with non-rigid facial transformation develops around 7 months after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Kobayashi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 38 Nishigo-Naka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1, Koujimachi, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Yumiko Otsuka
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - So Kanazawa
- Department of Psychology, Japan Women’s University, 1-1-1, Nishi-ikuta, Tama, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8565, Japan
| | - Masami K Yamaguchi
- Department of Psychology, Chuo University, 742-1, Higashi-nakano, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0393, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Kakigi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 38 Nishigo-Naka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
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Ding XP, Fu G, Lee K. Neural correlates of own- and other-race face recognition in children: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. Neuroimage 2014; 85 Pt 1:335-44. [PMID: 23891903 PMCID: PMC3859716 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study used the functional Near-infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) methodology to investigate the neural correlates of elementary school children's own- and other-race face processing. An old-new paradigm was used to assess children's recognition ability of own- and other-race faces. FNIRS data revealed that other-race faces elicited significantly greater [oxy-Hb] changes than own-race faces in the right middle frontal gyrus and inferior frontal gyrus regions (BA9) and the left cuneus (BA18). With increased age, the [oxy-Hb] activity differences between own- and other-race faces, or the neural other-race effect (NORE), underwent significant changes in these two cortical areas: at younger ages, the neural response to the other-race faces was modestly greater than that to the own-race faces, but with increased age, the neural response to the own-race faces became increasingly greater than that to the other-race faces. Moreover, these areas had strong regional functional connectivity with a swath of the cortical regions in terms of the neural other-race effect that also changed with increased age. We also found significant and positive correlations between the behavioral other-race effect (reaction time) and the neural other-race effect in the right middle frontal gyrus and inferior frontal gyrus regions (BA9). These results taken together suggest that children, like adults, devote different amounts of neural resources to processing own- and other-race faces, but the size and direction of the neural other-race effect and associated functional regional connectivity change with increased age.
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Boot FH, Pel JJM, Vermaak MP, van der Steen J, Evenhuis HM. Delayed visual orienting responses in children with developmental and/or intellectual disabilities. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2013; 57:1093-1103. [PMID: 22974197 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2012.01610.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessment of higher visual processing functions mostly requires active cooperation of participants, which is problematic in children with intellectual disabilities (ID). To circumvent this, we applied remote eye tracking to quantify (ab)normal visual orienting responses in children with ID in terms of reaction times to visual stimuli. METHODS We presented visual stimuli (cartoon, coherent form, and coherent motion) to 127 children (2-14 years) with developmental and/or ID (risk group) and simultaneously measured their orienting ocular motor responses. Reaction times to fixation (RTF) in the risk group were compared with RTF values of an age-matched control group. RESULTS Overall, in 72% of the children in the risk group, RTF values to cartoon were delayed, in 47% to form, and in 38% to motion. The presence of delayed reaction times was highest in the group of children >4 years with ID. CONCLUSION Our data show that a majority of children with developmental and/or ID have delayed visual orienting responses. This suggests that this group has increased risk for higher visual processing dysfunctions. Future studies are planned to correlate abnormal orienting responses to type of brain damage and to dissociate the responses from ocular motor disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H Boot
- Vestibular and Ocular Motor Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Intellectual Disability Medicine, Department of General Practice, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Otsuka Y. Face recognition in infants: A review of behavioral and near-infrared spectroscopic studies. JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jpr.12024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
We studied whether 5-month-old to 8-month-old infants process faces in a size-invariant manner by applying the fNIRS-adaptation paradigm used in our previous study. We used near-infrared spectroscopy to measure hemodynamic responses in the temporal regions of infants' brains during the repeated presentation of an identical face and different faces while changing the size of the faces. As a result, we found that (a) the hemodynamic responses in the channels around the T5 and T6 positions increased significantly during the presentation of different faces and (b) the hemodynamic responses in these channels showed attenuation to the presentation of the same face compared with the presentation of different faces even when the size of the faces altered. Our findings indicated that infants could show adaptation to the same face despite size alterations and that this processing occurred in the bilateral temporal areas.
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Kobayashi M, Otsuka Y, Nakato E, Kanazawa S, Yamaguchi MK, Kakigi R. Do infants represent the face in a viewpoint-invariant manner? Neural adaptation study as measured by near-infrared spectroscopy. Front Hum Neurosci 2011; 5:153. [PMID: 22164142 PMCID: PMC3230256 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2011.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent adult functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies reported that face-sensitive cortical areas showed attenuated responses to the repeated presentation of an identical facial image compared to the presentation of different facial images (fMRI-adaptation effects: e.g., Andrews and Ewbank, 2004). Building upon this finding, the current study, employing the adaptation paradigm, used near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to explore the neural basis of face processing in infants. In Experiment 1, we compared hemodynamic responses in the bilateral temporal regions during the repeated presentation of the same face (the same-face condition) and the sequential presentation of different faces (the different-face condition). We found that (1) hemodynamic responses in the channels around the T5 and T6 regions increased during the presentation of different faces compared to those during the presentation of different objects; and that (2) these channels showed significantly lower response in the same-face condition than in the different-face condition, demonstrating the neural adaptation effect in 5- to 8-month-olds as measured by NIRS. In Experiment 2, when faces in both the same-face and different-face conditions were changed in viewpoint, lower hemodynamic responses in the same-face condition were found in 7- to 8-month-olds but not in 5- to 6-month-olds. Our results suggest that faces are represented in a viewpoint-invariant manner in 7- and 8-month-old infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Kobayashi
- Department of Psychology, Chuo UniversityHachioji, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences, Chiyoda WardTokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Otsuka
- School of Psychology, The University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Psychology, Japan Women’s UniversityKawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Emi Nakato
- Department of Integrative Physiology, National Institute for Physical SciencesOkazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - So Kanazawa
- Department of Psychology, Japan Women’s UniversityKawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Ryusuke Kakigi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, National Institute for Physical SciencesOkazaki, Aichi, Japan
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