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Al‐Qahtani AA. Improving outcomes of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in primary care with Chronic Care Model: A narrative review. J Gen Fam Med 2024; 25:171-178. [PMID: 38966652 PMCID: PMC11221057 DOI: 10.1002/jgf2.659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Designed and implemented over two decades ago, the Chronic Care Model is a well-established chronic disease management framework that has steered several healthcare systems in successfully improving the clinical outcomes of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Research evidence cements the role of the Chronic Care Model (with its six key elements of organization of healthcare delivery system, self-management support, decision support, delivery system design, clinical information systems, and community resources and policies) as an integrated framework to revamp the type 2 diabetes mellitus-related clinical practice and care that betters the patient care and clinical outcomes. The current review is an evidence-lit summary of importance of use of Chronic Care Model in primary care and their impact on clinical outcomes for patients afflicted with one of the most debilitating metabolic diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa Ahmed Al‐Qahtani
- Department of Family Medicine, College of MedicineAl‐Imam Mohammed Ibn Saud Islamic UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
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Alshaya OA, Korayem GB, Alghwainm M, Alyami W, Alotaibi A, Alyami MS, Almohammed OA. The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and obesity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and the description of concurrent treatments: A two-center retrospective cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharm J 2024; 32:102054. [PMID: 38590611 PMCID: PMC10999870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), heart failure (HF), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and obesity are associated with increased morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Nonetheless, their prevalence among patients with T2DM in Saudi Arabia (SA) remains unknown. As current guidelines recommend, these comorbidities require adding certain antidiabetic agents with cardiorenal benefits. However, the prescribers' adherence to these recommendations remains unclear. Methods A two-center retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted including adult patients (≥18 years) with T2DM admitted to hospital or seen at outpatient clinics between January and December 2020. Patients were classified into two groups based on the presence or absence of ASCVD. Patients with no prior ASCVD history were further classified based on the 10-year ASCVD risk estimation. Endpoints of interest included the prevalence of ASCVD, HF, CKD, and obesity in patients with T2DM. We also evaluated the characteristics of the utilized antidiabetic agents, statin, and aspirin therapies.. Results Of the 1,218 included patients with T2DM, the majority were female (57.0 %), and aged 45-64 years (53.0 %) with a mean age of 59.3 ± 13.1 years. Hypertension and dyslipidemia were the most prevalent comorbidities (67.7 % and 69.0 %, respectively). Among all patients, 18.6 % had an established ASCVD and the prevalence of HF, CKD, and obesity were 5.1 %, 8.7 %, and 58.3 %, respectively. The most common types of ASCVD witnessed were revascularization (42.3 %), myocardial infarction (36.6 %), and stroke (33.9 %); with an increased prevalence of ASCVD as the age increases (52.8 % at age ≥ 65 years). In the non-ASCVD group, the 10-year ASCVD risk was intermediate or high in 62.7 % of these patients. The rates of utilization of guidelines-recommended therapies were 83.6 % for metformin, 9.4 % for GLP-1 RA, 10.8 % for SGLT2i, 35.2 % for aspirin alone or in combination with clopidogrel, and 79.7 % for statin therapy. Conclusions ASCVD, HF, CKD, and obesity are common complications in patients with T2DM in SA, with low overall utilization of the recommended guidelines-recommended medical therapies. Multimodal strategies should be utilized to assess T2DM and its complications, and to improve prescribers' adherence to guidelines-recommended therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar A. Alshaya
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmaceutical Care Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghazwa B. Korayem
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University P.O.Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Munirah Alghwainm
- Pharmaceutical Care Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wed Alyami
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Albandari Alotaibi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed S. Alyami
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmaceutical Care Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar A. Almohammed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacoeconomics Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Assiri AA, Alahmari KA, Alqhtani NS, AlShamrani NA, Mubarak AS, Alshehri KM, Alselmi AA. Prevalence of cardiovascular events among patients with type 2 diabetes in the west region of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharm J 2022; 30:1825-1829. [PMID: 36601500 PMCID: PMC9805960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) remains a concern globally and particularly in Saudi Arabia, where its prevalence is continuously increasing among the Saudi population. DM is known to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which can progress significantly if DM is poorly controlled. Aim Determine the prevalence of cardiovascular events among patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in the west region of Saudi Arabia, and additionally the use of antidiabetic agents with cardiovascular benefits (ADc) in T2DM patients with cardiovascular events (CVEs). Method A retrospective cohort study was conducted among all patients with T2DM who presented to the diabetic center of Prince Mansour Military Hospital (PMMH), Taif city, between the 1st of January and 30th of June 2021. Data extracted from patient medical records included demographics, home medications, medications used to treat T2DM, lab results, and ECG data. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze and compare the results. The study was approved by the Research and Ethics Committee of Medical Services General Directorate, Armed Forces Hospitals, Taif region. Result A total of 349 patients with T2DM were recruited and included in the final analysis. Of this study population, 132 patients had experienced at least one cardiovascular event while 54 were considered to be at risk of future cardiovascular events due to having risk factors for cardiovascular diseases above and beyond the presence of diabetes. A subgroup analysis was conducted to examine HbA1c% among all groups; interestingly, all were similar, with p > 0.05. Of all diabetic patients with CVEs, only 34.8 % were on at least one anti-diabetic agent known to have cardiovascular benefits; the remainder were on other anti-diabetic agents. A similar analysis was conducted on diabetic patients with risk of CVEs, of which only 13 % were on at least one anti-diabetic agent having known cardiovascular benefits; the remainder were on other anti-diabetic agents. Conclusion The prevalence of CVEs among T2DM patients in Saudi Arabia is very close to the global prevalence, but ADcs are underutilized in this population. Tighter glycemic control is warranted to help rein in and reduce the CVE incidence among patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A. Assiri
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid A. Alahmari
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawaf S. Alqhtani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Adhari A. Alselmi
- Department of Clinical Science, Fakeeh College for Medical Science, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Jatoi NA, Elamin YA, Said AH, Al-Namer B, Al-Muallim FA, Al-Nemer FF, Al-Halal FM. Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among Patients With Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 at King Fahad University Hospital, Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2022; 14:e29489. [PMID: 36299951 PMCID: PMC9588283 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.29489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes mellitus is considered a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM-II) are at twice as high risk for the development of cardiovascular diseases than the general population. Thus, we aimed to assess the most prevalent cardiovascular risk (CVR) factors among DM-II patients in the Eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Method This is a cross-sectional, retrospective, and observational study conducted on DM-II patients at King Fahad University Hospital (KFUH) Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia, from January 2016 to December 2021. The total number of participants was 373 who were patients with DM-II. The patients' demographic information (age, sex, marital status, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist, hip circumference, and waist-hip ratio were calculated or obtained from hospital electronic records as were the CVR factors, age, gender, smoking habits, physical activity, BMI, haemodynamic measurements, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C) levels and lipid profile. The collected data were analyzed by using SPSS Statistics v.28 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). The descriptive statistics were reported using mean±SD for numerical data and relative frequencies (%) for categorical data. P < 0.05 were counted significant. Quantitative data were analyzed using the ANOVA test to compare the means of the three groups. Qualitative data were analyzed and compared using the chi-square test. Fisher’s exact test was also used to study the statistical significance of variables. Spearman rank correlation was used to study the relationship between HbA1C and other CV risk factors. Results The mean age was 58 (± 13) years; females were 57% of the sample. Around 92% were smokers, 84% had a sedentary lifestyle, 72% had dyslipidemia, 58% were obese, 30% were overweight, 58% reported poorly control of their diabetes, 50% had hypertension and 32% had pre-hypertension. Furthermore, 89% of participants had two or more CVR factors other than DM-II. We found a significant association between high body mass index, dyslipidemia, high systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure (p<0.05) with HbA1C. Conclusion The majority of participants had two or more cardiovascular risk factors in addition to DM-II. Poor control of DM-II and cardiovascular risk factors cannot be ignored and primary to tertiary prevention must be the top priority when managing the diabetic population in order to prevent devastating outcomes and progression of reversible morbidity.
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Tsai HH, Shen CY, Ho CC, Hsu SY, Tantoh DM, Nfor ON, Chiu SL, Chou YH, Liaw YP. Interaction between a diabetes-related methylation site (TXNIP cg19693031) and variant (GLUT1 rs841853) on fasting blood glucose levels among non-diabetics. J Transl Med 2022; 20:87. [PMID: 35164795 PMCID: PMC8842527 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03269-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is caused by a combination of environmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors including, fasting blood glucose (FBG), genetic variant rs841853, and cg19693031 methylation. We evaluated the interaction between rs841853 and cg19693031 on the FBG levels of non-diabetic Taiwanese adults. Methods We used Taiwan Biobank (TWB) data collected between 2008 and 2016. The TWB data source contains information on basic demographics, personal lifestyles, medical history, methylation, and genotype. The study participants included 1300 people with DNA methylation data. The association of cg19693031 methylation (stratified into quartiles) with rs841853 and FBG was determined using multiple linear regression analysis. The beta-coefficients (β) and p-values were estimated. Results The mean ± standard deviation (SD) of FBG in rs841853-CC individuals (92.07 ± 7.78) did not differ significantly from that in the CA + AA individuals (91.62 ± 7.14). However, the cg19693031 methylation levels were significantly different in the two groups (0.7716 ± 0.05 in CC individuals and 0.7631 ± 0.05 in CA + AA individuals (p = 0.002). The cg19693031 methylation levels according to quartiles were β < 0.738592 (< Q1), 0.738592 ≤ 0.769992 (Q1–Q2), 0.769992 ≤ 0.800918 (Q2–Q3), and β ≥ 0.800918 (≥ Q3). FBG increased with decreasing cg19693031 methylation levels in a dose–response manner (ptrend = 0.005). The β-coefficient was − 0.0236 (p = 0.965) for Q2–Q3, 1.0317 (p = 0.058) for Q1–Q2, and 1.3336 (p = 0.019 for < Q1 compared to the reference quartile (≥ Q3). The genetic variant rs841853 was not significantly associated with FBG. However, its interaction with cg19693031 methylation was significant (p-value = 0.036). Based on stratification by rs841853 genotypes, only the CC group retained the inverse and dose–response association between FBG and cg19693031 methylation. The β (p-value) was 0.8082 (0.255) for Q2–Q3, 1.6930 (0.022) for Q1–Q2, and 2.2190 (0.004) for < Q1 compared to the reference quartile (≥ Q3). The ptrend was 0.002. Conclusion Summarily, methylation at cg19693031 was inversely associated with fasting blood glucose in a dose-dependent manner. The inverse association was more prominent in rs841853-CC individuals, suggesting that rs841853 could modulate the association between cg19693031 methylation and FBG. Our results suggest that genetic variants may be involved in epigenetic mechanisms associated with FBG, a hallmark of diabetes. Therefore, integrating genetic and epigenetic data may provide more insight into the early-onset of diabetes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-022-03269-y.
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Khan MAB, Hashim MJ, King JK, Govender RD, Mustafa H, Al Kaabi J. Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes - Global Burden of Disease and Forecasted Trends. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2021; 10:107-111. [PMID: 32175717 PMCID: PMC7310804 DOI: 10.2991/jegh.k.191028.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1211] [Impact Index Per Article: 403.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The rising burden of type 2 diabetes is a major concern in healthcare worldwide. This research aimed to analyze the global epidemiology of type 2 diabetes. We analyzed the incidence, prevalence, and burden of suffering of diabetes mellitus based on epidemiological data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) current dataset from the Institute of Health Metrics, Seattle. Global and regional trends from 1990 to 2017 of type 2 diabetes for all ages were compiled. Forecast estimates were obtained using the SPSS Time Series Modeler. In 2017, approximately 462 million individuals were affected by type 2 diabetes corresponding to 6.28% of the world’s population (4.4% of those aged 15–49 years, 15% of those aged 50–69, and 22% of those aged 70+), or a prevalence rate of 6059 cases per 100,000. Over 1 million deaths per year can be attributed to diabetes alone, making it the ninth leading cause of mortality. The burden of diabetes mellitus is rising globally, and at a much faster rate in developed regions, such as Western Europe. The gender distribution is equal, and the incidence peaks at around 55 years of age. Global prevalence of type 2 diabetes is projected to increase to 7079 individuals per 100,000 by 2030, reflecting a continued rise across all regions of the world. There are concerning trends of rising prevalence in lower-income countries. Urgent public health and clinical preventive measures are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moien Abdul Basith Khan
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muhammad Jawad Hashim
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jeffrey Kwan King
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Romona Devi Govender
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Halla Mustafa
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Juma Al Kaabi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Robert AA, Al Dawish MA. Cardiovascular Disease among Patients with Diabetes: The Current Scenario in Saudi Arabia. Curr Diabetes Rev 2021; 17:180-185. [PMID: 32459609 DOI: 10.2174/1573399816666200527135512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
One of the well-recognized conditions linked to diabetes mellitus (DM) is cardiovascular disease (CVD). Those affected by DM face greater risk for early onset of CVD. Although huge strides have been made in cardiovascular therapy and prevention, with striking results in decreasing diabetesrelated coronary mortality in developed countries, the morbidity and mortality due to CVD continue to remain high among patients with diabetes. While there is an increasing incidence of cardiovascular event survivors with DM across the world, the number of DM patients with higher cardiovascular risk is predicted to soar, presenting a massive challenge for health care systems globally, including Saudi Arabia. A report of the Saudi Scientific Diabetes Society indicates that more than 50% of patients with DM die due to cardiovascular causes. In fact, Saudi Arabia globally ranks among the top 10 countries in the prevalence of diabetes. However, the incidence of CVD and its risk factors among patients with diabetes in Saudi Arabia have not yet been well documented. This review aims to present an overview of CVD among patients with DM in Saudi Arabia, through a comprehensive review of currently available published literature. The findings indicate that diabetes linked CVD burden in Saudi Arabia is expected to exponentially increase to a very high degree unless a wide-ranging epidemic control program is initiated. The findings emphasize the need for maintenance of a healthy diet accompanied by exercise, an active lifestyle and weight control measures among the population. It is essential that the health care system focus on raising awareness among the population, and implement appropriate measures for prevention, early detection and suitable management of CVD among patients with DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asirvatham Alwin Robert
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Diabetes Treatment Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Abdulaziz Al Dawish
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Diabetes Treatment Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Gelhorn HL, Boye KS, Shalhoub H, Matza LS, Jordan JB, Alhammad A, Anand SB, Ekhzaimy AA, Strizek A. Patient-Reported Outcomes and Impact of Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Patient Prefer Adherence 2020; 14:2231-2242. [PMID: 33204074 PMCID: PMC7667182 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s265126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has the second highest prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the Middle East. There is a paucity of research on the experiences and treatment preferences of patients with T2DM in KSA. This study explored Saudi patients' health-related quality of life, eating habits, experiences during Ramadan, and preference between two glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) treatment devices. METHODS A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted in three cities in KSA. Participants completed sociodemographic and clinical forms, EQ-5D-5L, Impact of Weight on Self-Perceptions, and a diabetes treatment survey. Participants also viewed instructional videos on GLP-1 RA injection devices and indicated their device preference. RESULTS Of the 310 participants, 53% were male. The mean age was 43 years (range: 30.0-75.0), duration since diabetes diagnosis was 6.3 years (range: 0.2-27.1), the most commonly reported last HbA1c level was between ≥7.1% and 8% (45%). The mean EQ-5D-5L index score was 0.90, with some participants reporting problems with pain/discomfort (34.5%) and usual activities (33.2%). Patients reported a low-to-moderate impact of weight on self-perception. In preparation for Ramadan, participants sought physician advice on diabetes management (37%) and/or increased checks of their blood glucose (37%). After watching the videos, 89% (n=277) of participants indicated a device preference, with significantly more preferring the dulaglutide device (n=186, 67%) over the semaglutide device (n=91, 33%) (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION This study indicates that T2DM has a significant social, emotional, and behavioral impact on the lives of patients in KSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Gelhorn
- Evidera, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Correspondence: Heather L Gelhorn Evidera, 7101 Wisconsin Avenue, Suite 1400, Bethesda, MD20814, USATel +1 970-363-7333 Email
| | | | | | | | | | - Ali Alhammad
- Eli Lilly and Company, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Aishah A Ekhzaimy
- King Saud University, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Manarvi IA, Matta NM. Investigating Information Needs of Saudi Diabetic Patients. Curr Diabetes Rev 2019; 15:149-157. [PMID: 29895254 DOI: 10.2174/1573399814666180612080718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown that newly diagnosed diabetic patients need a lot of information about medical examinations, checkups, tests and precautions for its control besides its disastrous effects on heart, kidneys, eyes, foot and nerves. Patients in Saudi Arabia are generally not aware of most of the information they may need which is one the major reasons for its increasing number of patients. Past studies conducted are based on clinical data of hospitals and healthcare centers only discussed its effects. METHODS Present research was conducted through a survey questionnaire in the Arabic language from Type 1 and Type 2 patients to establish if they knew about this disease and its criticality in the day to day activities and were they being provided sufficient information about its requirements. Data for checkups, tests, management by food and nutrition and physical activity education were collected for this purpose. Approximately 25% female and 33% male patients reported that diabetes affected their day to day activities. RESULTS Analysis of results showed that awareness of importance of tests including blood glucose level test HbA1c was only among 50% patients, 51% Type 1 did not have cholesterol test, 31% Type 1 and 16% Type 2 % never had eye test, 97% Type 1 and 60% Type 2 were unaware of barefoot examination, 34% Type 1 and 70% Type 2 never went to a dietician to ascertain their nutrition needs, 24% Type 2 did not know importance of exercise for diabetes control. CONCLUSION It was concluded that Saudi patients suffering from diabetes seriously lacked information about its monitoring, control and treatment in form of tests to be conducted and requirements of diet control and physical activities. Therefore, a national level awareness campaign for providing this information could be considered as a key requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan A Manarvi
- Department of Engineering Management, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nader M Matta
- Department of Endocrinology, Dallah Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Fallatah MO. Knowledge, Awareness, and Eye Care-Seeking Behavior in Diabetic Retinopathy: A Cross-Sectional Study in Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Ophthalmol Ther 2018; 7:377-385. [PMID: 30232621 PMCID: PMC6258583 DOI: 10.1007/s40123-018-0147-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM) is common metabolic disorder that is characterized by increased circulating blood glucose levels. Long-term, continuous hyperglycemia leads to vasculature-related disorders, including those affecting the eyes, such as retinopathy. The objective of this study was to assess the awareness of diabetic complications, specifically diabetic retinopathy, among diabetic patients attending the Jeddah Eye Hospital. Methods This was a cross-sectional study targeting the outpatient clinics of Jeddah Eye Hospital for a period of 2 months. A total of 380 participants were randomly selected based on sample size calculations. A closed-ended questionnaire, generated after an extensive literature review, was distributed among the selected individuals. The questions focused on the participants’ clinical status of DM, socio-demographic characteristics, awareness of eye complications secondary to DM, eye screening, and eye care-seeking behavior. Results The mean age of the patients was 58.3 (standard deviation 10.9) years, and 52.4% of patients were female. The majority (89.7%) of participants had type II DM (T2DM). The level of awareness was satisfactory (92.4%); however, only 10.5% of participants knew the recommended frequency for eye check-ups. The level of awareness of related complications was directly influenced by education level, source of patient information, place of residence, and frequency of follow-up visits. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that although the awareness of diabetes-related eye complications was satisfactory in the patient population, eye care-seeking behavior and frequency of eye check-ups were not optimal. Efforts are needed to promote eye care-seeking behavior in this patient group. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s40123-018-0147-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Alavudeen SS, Dhanapal C, Khan NA, Al Akhali KM, Paulliah SD. Prevalence and control of cardiovascular risk factors among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in southern region of Saudi Arabia. J Young Pharm 2013; 5:144-7. [PMID: 24563593 PMCID: PMC3930121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jyp.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Dyslipidemia is a significant predictor of cardiovascular events and mortality in diabetes patients. The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence rates, characteristics of dyslipidemia and their control in outpatient population in a Diabetic Centre. METHODS A cross sectional prospective study design was used to collect data from 255 patients which included patient characteristics, past medical history of CVD, medications and parameters related to DM and cardiovascular risk factor control. Blood pressure and laboratory measurements for glycosylated hemoglobin and lipoprotein panel were recorded. RESULTS Body mass index (BMI) of the dyslipidemic diabetic patients was significantly higher for females. In terms of age, duration of diabetes, family history, diabetes treatment offered did not differed significantly among genders. Clinical characteristics of HDL values were significantly higher for female in comparison to men (P = 0.02) whereas glycosylated hemoglobin and blood pressure appeared not to differ significantly. Among the three factors studied BMI, duration of diabetes mellitus and drug therapy on lipoprotein levels of diabetes patients, except for the influence of drug therapy which influenced significantly the total cholesterol level (P = 0.02). Number of females with normolipid were more than males (P = 0.009) and number of males with abnormal cholesterol and triglyceride patients were significantly more than females (0.0002). CONCLUSION Dyslipidemia among males were higher than females which could be a significant risk factor for causing low glycemic control culminating in cardiovascular events. Control of hyperglycaemia and other CVD risk factor appears to be suboptimal in Saudi Arabia. Addressing health system components such as providing medical staff training, incentive to health professionals and better patient education may improve quality of DM care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirajudeen S. Alavudeen
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - C.K. Dhanapal
- Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Department of Pharmacy, Annamalai University, Chidambaram 608 002, India
| | - Noohu Abdulla Khan
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid M. Al Akhali
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sam Daniel Paulliah
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61441, Saudi Arabia
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