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Kalita N, Gogoi S, Minteer SD, Goswami P. Advances in Bioelectrode Design for Developing Electrochemical Biosensors. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2023; 3:404-433. [PMID: 38145027 PMCID: PMC10740130 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
The critical performance factors such as selectivity, sensitivity, operational and storage stability, and response time of electrochemical biosensors are governed mainly by the function of their key component, the bioelectrode. Suitable design and fabrication strategies of the bioelectrode interface are essential for realizing the requisite performance of the biosensors for their practical utility. A multifaceted attempt to achieve this goal is visible from the vast literature exploring effective strategies for preparing, immobilizing, and stabilizing biorecognition elements on the electrode surface and efficient transduction of biochemical signals into electrical ones (i.e., current, voltage, and impedance) through the bioelectrode interface with the aid of advanced materials and techniques. The commercial success of biosensors in modern society is also increasingly influenced by their size (and hence portability), multiplexing capability, and coupling in the interface of the wireless communication technology, which facilitates quick data transfer and linked decision-making processes in real-time in different areas such as healthcare, agriculture, food, and environmental applications. Therefore, fabrication of the bioelectrode involves careful selection and control of several parameters, including biorecognition elements, electrode materials, shape and size of the electrode, detection principles, and various fabrication strategies, including microscale and printing technologies. This review discusses recent trends in bioelectrode designs and fabrications for developing electrochemical biosensors. The discussions have been delineated into the types of biorecognition elements and their immobilization strategies, signal transduction approaches, commonly used advanced materials for electrode fabrication and techniques for fabricating the bioelectrodes, and device integration with modern electronic communication technology for developing electrochemical biosensors of commercial interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabajyoti Kalita
- Department
of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Sudarshan Gogoi
- Department
of Chemistry, Sadiya College, Chapakhowa, Assam 786157, India
| | - Shelley D. Minteer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Kummer
Institute Center for Resource Sustainability, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Pranab Goswami
- Department
of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
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2
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Chatard C, Meiller A, Marinesco S. Microelectrode Biosensors forin vivoAnalysis of Brain Interstitial Fluid. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201700836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Chatard
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Team TIGER
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Lyon France
| | - Anne Meiller
- AniRA-Neurochem Technological Platform; Lyon France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Lyon France
| | - Stéphane Marinesco
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Team TIGER
- AniRA-Neurochem Technological Platform; Lyon France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Lyon France
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Team TIGER; Faculty of Medicine; 8 Avenue Rockefeller 69373 Lyon Cedex 08 France
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3
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Hu D, Yang H, Liu J, Lei Z. Synthesis of pH-responsive β-CD-based star polymer and impact of its self-assembly behavior on pectinase activity. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2016; 64:187-194. [PMID: 26749579 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A novel type of pH-responsive star polymer based on β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) was synthesized and further covalently conjugated with enzyme. The impact of its self-assembly behavior on enzyme activity was investigated. In our design, azide containing the polymer (N3 )7 -β-CD-(PtBA)14 was synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization of tert-butyl acrylate using (N3 )7 -β-CD-(Br)14 as the multifunctional initiator. The final product (N3 )7 -β-CD-(PAA)14 was obtained via hydrolysis and covalently conjugating pectinase onto pH-responsive polyacrylic acid (PAA) arms. PAA can change its conformation with the self-assembly by altered pH, leading its nanostructure into micellar nanoparticles in aqueous solution and further affecting the activity of immobilized pectinase. The results were proved by fluorescence spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering. This system proves that the activity of immobilized enzyme can be tailored predictably, and this pH-responsive polymer holds great potential for controllable delivery of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Yang
- Basic Experimental Teaching Center, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangtao Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongli Lei
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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4
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Silicon/SU8 multi-electrode micro-needle for in vivo neurochemical monitoring. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 72:148-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zhang Z, Tang Z, Su T, Li W, Wang Q. Hydrogel-coated enzyme electrodes formed by GOx-mediated polymerization for glucose detecting. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra05495h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This communication reports the mild fabrication of a hydrogel-coated enzyme electrode for glucose detecting with high sensitivity (35.19 μA mM−1 cm−2) and robust stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Advanced Research Institute
- Tongji University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Zhou Tang
- Department of Chemistry
- Advanced Research Institute
- Tongji University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Teng Su
- Department of Chemistry
- Advanced Research Institute
- Tongji University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Wenjun Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Advanced Research Institute
- Tongji University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Qigang Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Advanced Research Institute
- Tongji University
- Shanghai
- China
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6
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Farina D, Alvau MD, Puggioni G, Calia G, Bazzu G, Migheli R, Sechi O, Rocchitta G, Desole MS, Serra PA. Implantable (Bio)sensors as new tools for wireless monitoring of brain neurochemistry in real time. World J Pharmacol 2014; 3:1-17. [DOI: 10.5497/wjp.v3.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Implantable electrochemical microsensors are characterized by high sensitivity, while amperometric biosensors are very selective in virtue of the biological detecting element. Each sensor, specific for every neurochemical species, is a miniaturized high-technology device resulting from the combination of several factors: electrode material, shielding polymers, applied electrochemical technique, and in the case of biosensors, biological sensing material, stabilizers, and entrapping chemical nets. In this paper, we summarize the available technology for the in vivo electrochemical monitoring of neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and glutamate), bioenergetic substrates (glucose, lactate, and oxygen), neuromodulators (ascorbic acid and nitric oxide), and exogenous molecules such as ethanol. We also describe the most represented biotelemetric technologies in order to wirelessly transmit the signals of the above-listed neurochemicals. Implantable (Bio)sensors, integrated into miniaturized telemetry systems, represent a new generation of analytical tools that could be used for studying the brain’s physiology and pathophysiology and the effects of different drugs (or toxic chemicals such as ethanol) on neurochemical systems.
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Secchi O, Zinellu M, Spissu Y, Pirisinu M, Bazzu G, Migheli R, Desole MS, O′Neill RD, Serra PA, Rocchitta G. Further in-vitro characterization of an implantable biosensor for ethanol monitoring in the brain. SENSORS 2013; 13:9522-35. [PMID: 23881145 PMCID: PMC3758661 DOI: 10.3390/s130709522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ethyl alcohol may be considered one of the most widespread central nervous system (CNS) depressants in Western countries. Because of its toxicological and neurobiological implications, the detection of ethanol in brain extracellular fluid (ECF) is of great importance. In a previous study, we described the development and characterization of an implantable biosensor successfully used for the real-time detection of ethanol in the brain of freely-moving rats. The implanted biosensor, integrated in a low-cost telemetry system, was demonstrated to be a reliable device for the short-time monitoring of exogenous ethanol in brain ECF. In this paper we describe a further in-vitro characterization of the above-mentioned biosensor in terms of oxygen, pH and temperature dependence in order to complete its validation. With the aim of enhancing ethanol biosensor performance, different enzyme loadings were investigated in terms of apparent ethanol Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters, viz. IMAX, KM and linear region slope, as well as ascorbic acid interference shielding. The responses of biosensors were studied over a period of 28 days. The overall findings of the present study confirm the original biosensor configuration to be the best of those investigated for in-vivo applications up to one week after implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottavio Secchi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy; E-Mails: (O.S.); (M.Z.); (Y.P.); (M.P.); (G.B.); (R.M.); (M.S.D.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Manuel Zinellu
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy; E-Mails: (O.S.); (M.Z.); (Y.P.); (M.P.); (G.B.); (R.M.); (M.S.D.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Ylenia Spissu
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy; E-Mails: (O.S.); (M.Z.); (Y.P.); (M.P.); (G.B.); (R.M.); (M.S.D.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Marco Pirisinu
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy; E-Mails: (O.S.); (M.Z.); (Y.P.); (M.P.); (G.B.); (R.M.); (M.S.D.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Gianfranco Bazzu
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy; E-Mails: (O.S.); (M.Z.); (Y.P.); (M.P.); (G.B.); (R.M.); (M.S.D.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Rossana Migheli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy; E-Mails: (O.S.); (M.Z.); (Y.P.); (M.P.); (G.B.); (R.M.); (M.S.D.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Maria Speranza Desole
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy; E-Mails: (O.S.); (M.Z.); (Y.P.); (M.P.); (G.B.); (R.M.); (M.S.D.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Robert D. O′Neill
- UCD School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; E-Mail:
| | - Pier Andrea Serra
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy; E-Mails: (O.S.); (M.Z.); (Y.P.); (M.P.); (G.B.); (R.M.); (M.S.D.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Gaia Rocchitta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy; E-Mails: (O.S.); (M.Z.); (Y.P.); (M.P.); (G.B.); (R.M.); (M.S.D.); (P.A.S.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-079-228-526; Fax: +39-079-228-525
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8
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Lee SW, Lopez J, Saraf RF. Fabrication and Properties of Redox Ion Doped Few Monolayer Thick Polyelectrolyte Film for Electrochemical Biosensors at High Sensitivity and Specificity. ELECTROANAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201300076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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A New Trend on Biosensor for Neurotransmitter Choline/Acetylcholine—an Overview. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 169:1927-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Vasylieva N, Marinesco S. Enzyme Immobilization on Microelectrode Biosensors. NEUROMETHODS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-370-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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11
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Hydroxyapatite coating on selectively passivated and sensitively polymer-protected surgical grade stainless steel. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-012-0508-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Khan A, Ab Ghani S. Multienzyme microbiosensor based on electropolymerized o-phenylenediamine for simultaneous in vitro determination of acetylcholine and choline. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 31:433-8. [PMID: 22154168 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical biosensors based on poly(o-phenylenediamine) (PoPD) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline oxidase (ChO) enzymes were fabricated on carbon fibre (CF) substrate. The electropolymerized PoPD was used to reduce the interfering substances. The electrode assembly was completed by depositing functionalized carbon nano tubes (FCNTs) and Nafion (Naf). Amperometric detection of acetylcholine (ACh) and choline (Ch) were realized at an applied potential of +750 mV vs Ag/AgCl (saturated KCl). At pH 7.4, the final assembly, Naf-FCNTs/AChE-ChO((10:1))/PoPD/CF(Elip), was observed to have high sensitivity towards Ch (6.3±0.3 μA mM(-1)) and ACh (5.8±0.3 μA mM(-1)), linear range for Ch (K(M)=0.52±0.03 mM) and ACh (K(M)=0.59±0.07 mM), and for Ch the highest ascorbic acid blocking capacity (97.2±2 1mM AA). It had a response time of <5s and with 0.045 μM limit of detection. Studies on different ratio (ACh/Ch) revealed that 10:1, gave best overall response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Khan
- Pusat Pengajian Sains Kimia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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13
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Glucose biosensor based on glucose oxidase immobilized on a nanofilm composed of mesoporous hydroxyapatite, titanium dioxide, and modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Mikrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-011-0693-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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14
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Liu L, Cheng Y, Sun F, Yang J, Wu Y. Enhanced direct electron transfer of glucose oxidase based on a protic ionic liquid modified electrode and its biosensing application. J Solid State Electrochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-011-1382-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Vasylieva N, Barnych B, Meiller A, Maucler C, Pollegioni L, Lin JS, Barbier D, Marinesco S. Covalent enzyme immobilization by poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (PEGDE) for microelectrode biosensor preparation. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:3993-4000. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Qiang L, Vaddiraju S, Patel D, Papadimitrakopoulos F. Edge-plane microwire electrodes for highly sensitive H₂O₂ and glucose detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:3755-60. [PMID: 21482099 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The promise of implantable electrochemical sensors is often undermined by the critical requirement of device miniaturization that inadvertently degrades sensor performance in terms of sensitivity and selectivity. Herein, we report a novel miniaturized and flexible amperometric sensor grown at the 'edge plane' of a 25-μm gold wire. Such geometry affords extreme miniaturization along with ease of fabrication, minimal iR drop and 3-D diffusion for effective mass transfer. This together with electrochemical rebuilding of the Au working electrode and subsequent Pt nanoparticles deposition resulted in the highest H2O2 sensitivity (33 mA mM(-1) cm(-2)), reported thus far. Concurrent electrodeposition of o-phenylenediamine with glucose oxidase afforded glucose detection at these edge-plane microsensors with a six fold improvement in sensitivity (1.2 mA mM(-1) cm(-2)) over previous reports. In addition, these sensors exhibit low operation potential (0.3 V), high selectivity (more than 95%) against in vivo interferences, and an apparent Michealis-Menten constant (K(m)(app)) of 17 and 75 mM of glucose in the absence and presence of an outer polyurethane coating, respectively. These features render the edge-plane sensor architecture as a powerful platform for next-generation implantable biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Qiang
- Nanomaterials Optoelectronics Laboratory, Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - Santhisagar Vaddiraju
- Nanomaterials Optoelectronics Laboratory, Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States; Biorasis Inc., 23 Fellen Road, Storrs, CT 06268, United States
| | - Dipesh Patel
- Nanomaterials Optoelectronics Laboratory, Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - Fotios Papadimitrakopoulos
- Nanomaterials Optoelectronics Laboratory, Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
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Vaddiraju S, Burgess DJ, Tomazos I, Jain FC, Papadimitrakopoulos F. Technologies for continuous glucose monitoring: current problems and future promises. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2010; 4:1540-62. [PMID: 21129353 PMCID: PMC3005068 DOI: 10.1177/193229681000400632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Devices for continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) are currently a major focus of research in the area of diabetes management. It is envisioned that such devices will have the ability to alert a diabetes patient (or the parent or medical care giver of a diabetes patient) of impending hypoglycemic/hyperglycemic events and thereby enable the patient to avoid extreme hypoglycemic/hyperglycemic excursions as well as minimize deviations outside the normal glucose range, thus preventing both life-threatening events and the debilitating complications associated with diabetes. It is anticipated that CGM devices will utilize constant feedback of analytical information from a glucose sensor to activate an insulin delivery pump, thereby ultimately realizing the concept of an artificial pancreas. Depending on whether the CGM device penetrates/breaks the skin and/or the sample is measured extracorporeally, these devices can be categorized as totally invasive, minimally invasive, and noninvasive. In addition, CGM devices are further classified according to the transduction mechanisms used for glucose sensing (i.e., electrochemical, optical, and piezoelectric). However, at present, most of these technologies are plagued by a variety of issues that affect their accuracy and long-term performance. This article presents a critical comparison of existing CGM technologies, highlighting critical issues of device accuracy, foreign body response, calibration, and miniaturization. An outlook on future developments with an emphasis on long-term reliability and performance is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhisagar Vaddiraju
- Nanomaterials Optoelectronics Laboratory, Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of ConnecticutStorrs, Connecticut
- Biorasis Inc., Technology Incubation Program, University of ConnecticutStorrs, Connecticut
| | - Diane J Burgess
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of ConnecticutStorrs, Connecticut
| | - Ioannis Tomazos
- Biorasis Inc., Technology Incubation Program, University of ConnecticutStorrs, Connecticut
| | - Faquir C Jain
- Nanomaterials Optoelectronics Laboratory, Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of ConnecticutStorrs, Connecticut
| | - Fotios Papadimitrakopoulos
- Nanomaterials Optoelectronics Laboratory, Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of ConnecticutStorrs, Connecticut
- Department of Chemistry, University of ConnecticutStorrs, Connecticut
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18
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Shi K, Lei Y, Wang S, Shiu KK. Electrochemically Induced Free-Radical Polymerization for the Fabrication of Amperometric Glucose Biosensors. ELECTROANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201000165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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19
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Salazar P, Martín M, Roche R, O’Neill R, González-Mora J. Prussian Blue-modified microelectrodes for selective transduction in enzyme-based amperometric microbiosensors for in vivo neurochemical monitoring. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Enzyme immobilization strategies and electropolymerization conditions to control sensitivity and selectivity parameters of a polymer-enzyme composite glucose biosensor. SENSORS 2010; 10:6439-62. [PMID: 22163559 PMCID: PMC3231131 DOI: 10.3390/s100706439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In an ongoing programme to develop characterization strategies relevant to biosensors for in-vivo monitoring, glucose biosensors were fabricated by immobilizing the enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx) on 125 μm diameter Pt cylinder wire electrodes (Pt(C)), using three different methods: before, after or during the amperometric electrosynthesis of poly(ortho-phenylenediamine), PoPD, which also served as a permselective membrane. These electrodes were calibrated with H(2)O(2) (the biosensor enzyme signal molecule), glucose, and the archetypal interference compound ascorbic acid (AA) to determine the relevant polymer permeabilities and the apparent Michaelis-Menten parameters for glucose. A number of selectivity parameters were used to identify the most successful design in terms of the balance between substrate sensitivity and interference blocking. For biosensors electrosynthesized in neutral buffer under the present conditions, entrapment of the GOx within the PoPD layer produced the design (Pt(C)/PoPD-GOx) with the highest linear sensitivity to glucose (5.0 ± 0.4 μA cm(-2) mM(-1)), good linear range (K(M) = 16 ± 2 mM) and response time (< 2 s), and the greatest AA blocking (99.8% for 1 mM AA). Further optimization showed that fabrication of Pt(C)/PoPD-GOx in the absence of added background electrolyte (i.e., electropolymerization in unbuffered enzyme-monomer solution) enhanced glucose selectivity 3-fold for this one-pot fabrication protocol which provided AA-rejection levels at least equal to recent multi-step polymer bilayer biosensor designs. Interestingly, the presence of enzyme protein in the polymer layer had opposite effects on permselectivity for low and high concentrations of AA, emphasizing the value of studying the concentration dependence of interference effects which is rarely reported in the literature.
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Vaddiraju S, Tomazos I, Burgess DJ, Jain FC, Papadimitrakopoulos F. Emerging synergy between nanotechnology and implantable biosensors: a review. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 25:1553-65. [PMID: 20042326 PMCID: PMC2846767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The development of implantable biosensors for continuous monitoring of metabolites is an area of sustained scientific and technological interests. On the other hand, nanotechnology, a discipline which deals with the properties of materials at the nanoscale, is developing as a potent tool to enhance the performance of these biosensors. This article reviews the current state of implantable biosensors, highlighting the synergy between nanotechnology and sensor performance. Emphasis is placed on the electrochemical method of detection in light of its widespread usage and substantial nanotechnology based improvements in various aspects of electrochemical biosensor performance. Finally, issues regarding toxicity and biocompatibility of nanomaterials, along with future prospects for the application of nanotechnology in implantable biosensors, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhisagar Vaddiraju
- Nanomaterials Optoelectronics Laboratory, Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
- Biorasis Inc., 23 Fellen Road, Storrs, CT 06268
| | | | - Diane J Burgess
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Faquir C Jain
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Fotios Papadimitrakopoulos
- Nanomaterials Optoelectronics Laboratory, Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
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Zain ZM, O’Neill RD, Lowry JP, Pierce KW, Tricklebank M, Dewa A, Ghani SA. Development of an implantable d-serine biosensor for in vivo monitoring using mammalian d-amino acid oxidase on a poly (o-phenylenediamine) and Nafion-modified platinum–iridium disk electrode. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 25:1454-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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23
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Effects of polymerization potential on the permselectivity of poly(o-phenylenediamine) coatings deposited on Pt–Ir electrodes for biosensor applications. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Liu Y, Chu Z, Zhang Y, Jin W. Amperometric glucose biosensor with high sensitivity based on self-assembled Prussian Blue modified electrode. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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25
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Rothwell SA, Kinsella ME, Zain ZM, Serra PA, Rocchitta G, Lowry JP, O'Neill RD. Contributions by a novel edge effect to the permselectivity of an electrosynthesized polymer for microbiosensor applications. Anal Chem 2009; 81:3911-8. [PMID: 19371060 DOI: 10.1021/ac900162c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pt electrodes of different sizes (2 x 10(-5)-2 x 10(-2) cm(2)) and geometries (disks and cylinders) were coated with the ultrathin non-conducting form of poly(o-phenylenediamine), PPD, using amperometric electrosynthesis. Analysis of the ascorbic acid (AA) and H(2)O(2) apparent permeabilities for these Pt/PPD sensors revealed that the PPD deposited near the electrode insulation (Teflon or glass edge) was not as effective as the bulk surface PPD for blocking AA access to the Pt substrate. This discovery impacts on the design of implantable biosensors where electrodeposited polymers, such as PPD, are commonly used as the permselective barrier to block electroactive interference by reducing agents present in the target medium. The undesirable "edge effect" was particularly marked for small disk electrodes which have a high edge density (ratio of PPD-insulation edge length to electrode area), but was essentially absent for cylinder electrodes with a length of >0.2 mm. Sample biosensors, with a configuration based on these findings (25 microm diameter Pt fiber cylinders) and designed for brain neurotransmitter L-glutamate, behaved well in vitro in terms of Glu sensitivity and AA blocking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A Rothwell
- UCD School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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26
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Merchant SA, Tran TO, Meredith MT, Cline TC, Glatzhofer DT, Schmidtke DW. High-sensitivity amperometric biosensors based on ferrocene-modified linear poly(ethylenimine). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:7736-7742. [PMID: 19382795 DOI: 10.1021/la9004938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Amperometric biosensors for glucose and hydrogen peroxide have been built by immobilizing glucose oxidase (GOX) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in cross-linked films of ferrocene-modified linear poly(ethylenimine). At pH 7, the glucose sensors generated limiting catalytic current densities of 1.2 mA/cm2. These current densities are approximately 4 times higher than those with other ferrocene-based redox polymers and are comparable to the highest reported values for osmium-based redox polymers with GOX. Because of the high sensitivity of these films (73 nA/cm2.microM), glucose concentrations in the micromolar range could be detected. Similarly, sensors were constructed with HRP-generated current densities of 0.9 mA/cm2 under saturation conditions and sensitivities of 500 nA/cm2.microM. The results show that the ability of Fc-LPEI to effectively communicate with a variety of enzymes has potential applications in measuring low substrate concentrations in implantable biosensors and producing high current outputs in enzymatic biofuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Merchant
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma Bioengineering Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
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27
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Vaddiraju S, Singh H, Burgess DJ, Jain FC, Papadimitrakopoulos F. Enhanced glucose sensor linearity using poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2009; 3:863-74. [PMID: 20144336 PMCID: PMC2769944 DOI: 10.1177/193229680900300434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High linearities, sensitivities, and low oxygen dependence constitute prime requisites for electrochemical glucose sensors. However, for implantable sensors the need to control tissue inflammation requires the use outer membranes that permit inward analyte diffusion while continuously releasing anti-inflammatory drugs and other tissue response-modifying (TRM) agents. We have shown previously that while outer membranes based on layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly enhance linearity, poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA) hydrogels loaded with TRM-containing microspheres enable a significant reduction in tissue inflammation. This article discusses amperometric performance of glucose sensors coated with stacked LBL/PVA hydrogel outer membranes. METHODS Sensors were fabricated by immobilizing glucose oxidase enzyme on a 50-microm platinum wire followed by deposition of stacked LBL/PVA hydrogel outer membranes. The sensor response to various glucose concentrations was determined by applying 0.7 V vs an Ag/AgCl reference electrode in phosphate-buffered saline (37 degrees C). Michaelis-Menten analysis was performed to quantify sensor performance in terms of linearity (K(m,glu)(app)) and oxygen dependence (K(m,O(2))(app)/[Glucose]). RESULTS When overlaid onto LBL-assembled outer membranes, PVA hydrogels improved sensor linearity by 60% from 10 to 16 mM of glucose and resulted in a twofold decrease in oxygen dependence. CONCLUSIONS Enhancement in the performance of a PVA-coated sensor is attributed to the oxygen-storing capability of PVA hydrogel due to the formation of hydrophobic domains during its freezing and thawing employed to physical cross-link the PVA. Such membranes with the capability to release TRMs continuously while storing oxygen constitute a major improvement over current outer membrane technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- SanthiSagar Vaddiraju
- Nanomaterials Optoelectronics Laboratory, Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Hardeep Singh
- Nanomaterials Optoelectronics Laboratory, Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Diane J. Burgess
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Faquir C. Jain
- Nanomaterials Optoelectronics Laboratory, Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Fotios Papadimitrakopoulos
- Nanomaterials Optoelectronics Laboratory, Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
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28
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The role of H2O2 outer diffusion on the performance of implantable glucose sensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2008; 24:1557-62. [PMID: 18823767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Revised: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The performance of an implantable glucose sensor is strongly dependent on the ability of their outer membrane to govern the diffusion of the various participating species. In this contribution, using a series of layer-by-layer (LBL) assembled outer membranes, the role of outwards of H(2)O(2) diffusion through the outer membrane of glucose sensors has been correlated to sensor sensitivity. Glucose sensors with highly permeable humic acids/ferric cations (HAs/Fe(3+)) outer membranes displayed a combination of lower sensitivities and better linearities when compared with sensors coated with lesser permeable outer membranes (namely HAs/poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) and poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS)/PDDA). On the basis of a comprehensive evaluation of the oxygen dependence of these sensors in conjunction with the permeability of H(2)O(2) through these membranes, it was concluded that the outer diffusion of H(2)O(2) is crucial to attain optimized sensor performance. This finding has important implications to the design of various bio-sensing elements employing perm-selective membranes.
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29
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Kumar SA, Chen S. Nanostructured Zinc Oxide Particles in Chemically Modified Electrodes for Biosensor Applications. ANAL LETT 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710701792612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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30
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Designing sensitive and selective polymer/enzyme composite biosensors for brain monitoring in vivo. Trends Analyt Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2007.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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31
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McMahon CP, Rocchitta G, Serra PA, Kirwan SM, Lowry JP, O'Neill RD. Control of the oxygen dependence of an implantable polymer/enzyme composite biosensor for glutamate. Anal Chem 2007; 78:2352-9. [PMID: 16579619 DOI: 10.1021/ac0518194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors for glutamate (Glu) were fabricated from Teflon-coated Pt wire (cylinders and disks), modified with the enzyme glutamate oxidase (GluOx) and electrosynthesized polymer PPD, poly(o-phenylenediamine). The polymer/enzyme layer was deposited in two configurations: enzyme before polymer (GluOx/PPD) and enzyme after polymer (PPD/GluOx). These four biosensor designs were characterized in terms of response time, limit of detection, Michaelis-Menten parameters for Glu (J max and K(M)(Glu)), sensitivity to Glu in the linear response region, and dependence on oxygen concentration, K(M)(O2). Analysis showed that the two polymer/enzyme configurations behaved similarly on both cylinders and disks. Although the two geometries showed different behaviors, these differences could be explained in terms of higher enzyme loading density on the disks; in many analyses, the four designs behaved like a single population with a range of GluOx loading. Enzyme loading was the key to controlling the K(M)(O2) values of these first generation biosensors. The counterintuitive, and beneficial, behavior that biosensors with higher GluOx loading displayed a lower oxygen dependence was explained in terms of the effects of enzyme loading on the affinity of GluOx for its anionic substrate. Some differences between the properties of surface immobilized GluOx and glucose oxidase are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colm P McMahon
- UCD School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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32
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Zang J, Li C, Cui X, Wang J, Sun X, Dong H, Sun C. Tailoring Zinc Oxide Nanowires for High Performance Amperometric Glucose Sensor. ELECTROANAL 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200603808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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33
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McMahon CP, Rocchitta G, Kirwan SM, Killoran SJ, Serra PA, Lowry JP, O'Neill RD. Oxygen tolerance of an implantable polymer/enzyme composite glutamate biosensor displaying polycation-enhanced substrate sensitivity. Biosens Bioelectron 2006; 22:1466-73. [PMID: 16887344 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2006.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2006] [Revised: 06/17/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Biosensors were fabricated at neutral pH by sequentially depositing the polycation polyethyleneimine (PEI), the stereoselective enzyme L-glutamate oxidase (GluOx) and the permselective barrier poly-ortho-phenylenediamine (PPD) onto 125-microm diameter Pt wire electrodes (Pt/PEI/GluOx/PPD). These devices were calibrated amperometrically at 0.7 V versus SCE to determine the Michaelis-Menten parameters for enzyme substrate, l-glutamate (Glu) and co-substrate, dioxygen. The presence of PEI produced a 10-fold enhancement in the detection limit for Glu (approximately 20 nM) compared with the corresponding PEI-free configurations (Pt/GluOx/PPD), without undermining their fast response time (approximately 2 s). Most remarkable was the finding that, although some designs of PEI-containing biosensors showed a 10-fold increase in linear region sensitivity to Glu, their oxygen dependence remained low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colm P McMahon
- UCD School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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35
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McMahon CP, Rocchitta G, Serra PA, Kirwan SM, Lowry JP, O'Neill RD. The efficiency of immobilised glutamate oxidase decreases with surface enzyme loading: an electrostatic effect, and reversal by a polycation significantly enhances biosensor sensitivity. Analyst 2006; 131:68-72. [PMID: 16365665 DOI: 10.1039/b511643k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The apparent Michaelis constant, K(M), for glutamate oxidase (GluOx) immobilised on Pt electrodes increased systematically with enzyme loading. The effect was due, at least in part, to electrostatic repulsion between neighbouring oxidase molecules and the anionic substrate, glutamate (Glu). This understanding has allowed us to increase the Glu sensitivity of GluOx-based amperometric biosensors in the linear response region (100+/-11 nA cm(-2)microM(-1) at pH 7.4; SD, n=23) by incorporating a polycation (polyethyleneimine, PEI) to counterbalance the polyanionic protein. Differences in the behaviour of glucose biosensors of a similar configuration highlight a limitation of using glucose oxidase as a model enzyme in biosensor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colm P McMahon
- UCD School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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