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Ferrandino G, Ricciardi F, Murgia A, Banda I, Manhota M, Ahmed Y, Sweeney K, Nicholson-Scott L, McConville L, Gandelman O, Allsworth M, Boyle B, Smolinska A, Ginesta Frings CA, Contreras J, Asenjo-Lobos C, Barrientos V, Clavo N, Novoa A, Riviotta A, Jerez M, Méndez L. Exogenous Volatile Organic Compound (EVOC ®) Breath Testing Maximizes Classification Performance for Subjects with Cirrhosis and Reveals Signs of Portal Hypertension. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2957. [PMID: 38001958 PMCID: PMC10669625 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cirrhosis detection in primary care relies on low-performing biomarkers. Consequently, up to 75% of subjects with cirrhosis receive their first diagnosis with decompensation when causal treatments are less effective at preserving liver function. We investigated an unprecedented approach to cirrhosis detection based on dynamic breath testing. Methods: We enrolled 29 subjects with cirrhosis (Child-Pugh A and B), and 29 controls. All subjects fasted overnight. Breath samples were taken using Breath Biopsy® before and at different time points after the administration of 100 mg limonene. Absolute limonene breath levels were measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results: All subjects showed a >100-fold limonene spike in breath after administration compared to baseline. Limonene breath kinetics showed first-order decay in >90% of the participants, with higher bioavailability in the cirrhosis group. At the Youden index, baseline limonene levels showed classification performance with an area under the roc curve (AUROC) of 0.83 ± 0.012, sensitivity of 0.66 ± 0.09, and specificity of 0.83 ± 0.07. The best performing timepoint post-administration was 60 min, with an AUROC of 0.91, sensitivity of 0.83 ± 0.07, and specificity of 0.9 ± 0.06. In the cirrhosis group, limonene bioavailability showed a correlation with MELD and fibrosis indicators, and was associated with signs of portal hypertension. Conclusions: Dynamic limonene breath testing enhances diagnostic performance for cirrhosis compared to static testing. The correlation with disease severity suggests potential for monitoring therapeutic interventions. Given the non-invasive nature of breath collection, a dynamic limonene breath test could be implemented in primary care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Ferrandino
- Owlstone Medical, 183 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GJ, UK
| | - Federico Ricciardi
- Owlstone Medical, 183 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GJ, UK
| | - Antonio Murgia
- Owlstone Medical, 183 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GJ, UK
| | - Iris Banda
- Owlstone Medical, 183 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GJ, UK
| | - Menisha Manhota
- Owlstone Medical, 183 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GJ, UK
| | - Yusuf Ahmed
- Owlstone Medical, 183 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GJ, UK
| | - Kelly Sweeney
- Owlstone Medical, 183 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GJ, UK
| | | | - Lucinda McConville
- Owlstone Medical, 183 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GJ, UK
| | - Olga Gandelman
- Owlstone Medical, 183 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GJ, UK
| | - Max Allsworth
- Owlstone Medical, 183 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GJ, UK
| | - Billy Boyle
- Owlstone Medical, 183 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GJ, UK
| | - Agnieszka Smolinska
- Owlstone Medical, 183 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GJ, UK
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Carmen A. Ginesta Frings
- Unidad de Gastroenterología y Endoscopía, Clínica Alemana, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad de Desarrollo, Santiago 7650568, Chile
- Unidad de Endoscopia, Hospital Padre Hurtado, Santiago 8880465, Chile
| | - Jorge Contreras
- Unidad de Gastroenterología y Endoscopía, Clínica Alemana, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad de Desarrollo, Santiago 7650568, Chile
| | - Claudia Asenjo-Lobos
- Centro de Estudios Clínicos, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina (ICIM), Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610315, Chile
| | | | - Nataly Clavo
- Unidad de Endoscopia, Hospital Padre Hurtado, Santiago 8880465, Chile
| | - Angela Novoa
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Digestiva, Clínica Alemana, Santiago 7650568, Chile
| | - Amy Riviotta
- Centro de Estudios Clínicos, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina (ICIM), Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610315, Chile
| | - Melissa Jerez
- Nursing School, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago 8242125, Chile
| | - Luis Méndez
- Unidad de Gastroenterología y Endoscopía, Clínica Alemana, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad de Desarrollo, Santiago 7650568, Chile
- Unidad de Endoscopia, Hospital Padre Hurtado, Santiago 8880465, Chile
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Li Y, Wei X, Zhou Y, Wang J, You R. Research progress of electronic nose technology in exhaled breath disease analysis. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:129. [PMID: 37829158 PMCID: PMC10564766 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00594-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Exhaled breath analysis has attracted considerable attention as a noninvasive and portable health diagnosis method due to numerous advantages, such as convenience, safety, simplicity, and avoidance of discomfort. Based on many studies, exhaled breath analysis is a promising medical detection technology capable of diagnosing different diseases by analyzing the concentration, type and other characteristics of specific gases. In the existing gas analysis technology, the electronic nose (eNose) analysis method has great advantages of high sensitivity, rapid response, real-time monitoring, ease of use and portability. Herein, this review is intended to provide an overview of the application of human exhaled breath components in disease diagnosis, existing breath testing technologies and the development and research status of electronic nose technology. In the electronic nose technology section, the three aspects of sensors, algorithms and existing systems are summarized in detail. Moreover, the related challenges and limitations involved in the abovementioned technologies are also discussed. Finally, the conclusion and perspective of eNose technology are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192 China
- Laboratory of Intelligent Microsystems, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192 China
| | - Xiangyang Wei
- School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192 China
- Laboratory of Intelligent Microsystems, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192 China
| | - Yumeng Zhou
- School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192 China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022 China
| | - Rui You
- School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192 China
- Laboratory of Intelligent Microsystems, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192 China
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Banga I, Paul A, Poudyal DC, Muthukumar S, Prasad S. Recent Advances in Gas Detection Methodologies with a Special Focus on Environmental Sensing and Health Monitoring Applications─A Critical Review. ACS Sens 2023; 8:3307-3319. [PMID: 37540230 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
With the expansion of the Internet-of-Things (IoT), the use of gas sensors in the field of wearable technology, smart devices, and smart homes has increased manifold. These gas sensors have two key applications─one is the detection of gases present in the environment and the other is the detection of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) that are found in the breath. In this review, we focus systematically on the advancements in the field of various spectroscopic methods such as mass spectrometry-based analysis and point-of-care approach to detect VOCs and gases for environmental monitoring and disease diagnosis. Additionally, we highlight the development of smart sensors that work on the principle of electrochemical detection and provide examples of the same through an extensive literature review. At the end of this review, we highlight various challenges and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivneet Banga
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Anirban Paul
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Durgasha C Poudyal
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Sriram Muthukumar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
- EnLiSense LLC, 1813 Audubon Pondway, Allen, Texas 75013, United States
| | - Shalini Prasad
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
- EnLiSense LLC, 1813 Audubon Pondway, Allen, Texas 75013, United States
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Rossi A, Spagnoli E, Tralli F, Marzocchi M, Guidi V, Fabbri B. New Approach for the Detection of Sub-ppm Limonene: An Investigation through Chemoresistive Metal-Oxide Semiconductors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6291. [PMID: 37514586 PMCID: PMC10383529 DOI: 10.3390/s23146291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
R-(+)-limonene, one of the major constituents of citrus oils, is a monoterpene that is widely used as a fragrance additive in cosmetics, foods, and industrial solvents. Nowadays, its detection mainly relies on bulky and expensive analytical methods and only a few research works proved its revelation through affordable and portable sensors, such as electrochemical and quartz crystal microbalance sensors. In response to the demand for effective miniaturized sensing devices to be integrated into Internet of Things systems, this study represents a pioneering investigation of chemoresistive gas sensor capabilities addressed to R-(+)-limonene detection. An array of seven metal-oxide sensors was exploited to perform a complete electrical characterization of the target analyte. The experimental evidence allowed us to identify the WO3-based sensor as the most promising candidate for R-(+)-limonene detection. The material was highly sensitive already at sub-ppm concentrations (response of 2.5 at 100 ppb), consistent with applicative parameters, and it resulted in selective vs. different gases at a lower operating temperature (200 °C) than the other sensors tested. Furthermore, it exhibited a humidity-independent behavior under real-life conditions (relative humidity > 20%). Finally, the WO3 sensor also demonstrated a remarkable cross-selectivity, thus enabling its exploitation in cutting-edge applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Rossi
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1/C, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elena Spagnoli
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1/C, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Tralli
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1/C, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marco Marzocchi
- Sacmi Imola S.C., Olfactory Systems, Via Selice Prov.le, 17/a, 40026 Imola, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Guidi
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1/C, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Barbara Fabbri
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1/C, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
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Weber IC, Oosthuizen DN, Mohammad RW, Mayhew CA, Pratsinis SE, Güntner AT. Dynamic Breath Limonene Sensing at High Selectivity. ACS Sens 2023. [PMID: 37377394 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Liver diseases (e.g., cirrhosis, cancer) cause more than two million deaths per year worldwide. This is partly attributed to late diagnosis and insufficient screening techniques. A promising biomarker for noninvasive and inexpensive liver disease screening is breath limonene that can indicate a deficiency of the cytochrome P450 liver enzymes. Here, we introduce a compact and low-cost detector for dynamic and selective breath limonene sensing. It comprises a chemoresistive sensor based on Si/WO3 nanoparticles pre-screened by a packed bed Tenax separation column at room temperature. We demonstrate selective limonene detection down to 20 parts per billion over up to three orders of magnitude higher concentrated acetone, ethanol, hydrogen, methanol, and 2-propanol in gas mixtures, as well as robustness to 10-90% relative humidity. Most importantly, this detector recognizes the individual breath limonene dynamics of four healthy volunteers following the ingestion (swallowing or chewing) of a limonene capsule. Limonene release and subsequent metabolization are monitored from breath measurements in real time and in excellent agreement (R2 = 0.98) with high-resolution proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry. This study demonstrates the potential of the detector as a simple-to-use and noninvasive device for the routine monitoring of limonene levels in exhaled breath to facilitate early diagnosis of liver dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines C Weber
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zürich (USZ) and University of Zürich (UZH), CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dina N Oosthuizen
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rawan W Mohammad
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Chris A Mayhew
- Institute for Breath Research, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Sotiris E Pratsinis
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas T Güntner
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zürich (USZ) and University of Zürich (UZH), CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
- Human-centered Sensor Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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Nohut Maslakci N, Eren E, Dulgerbaki C, Yıldırım F, Uygun Oksuz A. Investigation of the electrochemical behaviors of fibers containing new pyrazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazine derivatives. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2023.2169159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Neslihan Nohut Maslakci
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Gelendost Vocational School, Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Esin Eren
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
- Department of Material Production and Characterization, Innovative Technologies Application and Research Center, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Cigdem Dulgerbaki
- Department of Engineering Fundamental Sciences, Rafet Kayış Faculty of Engineering, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Fati Yıldırım
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Processing Technologies, Denizli Technical Sciences Vocational School, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Uygun Oksuz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
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7
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Amini K, Sepehrifard A, Angelone D. Letter to the Editor: Electrochemical Sensor Technologies for Terpene Detection in Cannabis: Potentials, Opportunities, and Challenges. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2022. [PMID: 36074088 DOI: 10.1089/can.2022.0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Amini
- Selective Lab, Inc., Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada
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Niculae AR, Stefan-van Staden RI, van Staden JF, Georgescu State R. Sulfur-Doped Graphene-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Fast and Sensitive Determination of (R)-(+)-Limonene from Beverages. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:5851. [PMID: 35957408 PMCID: PMC9371248 DOI: 10.3390/s22155851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Two sensors based on sulfur-doped graphene, a gold nanoparticle paste modified with 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-21H,23H-porphine and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl chloride)-21H,23H-iron (III) porphyrin, were proposed for the determination of R-limonene in beverages (triple sec liqueur and limoncello). Differential pulse voltammetry was the method used to characterize and validate the proposed sensors. The response characteristics showed that the detection limits for both sensors were 3 × 10-6 mol L-1, while the quantification limits were 1 × 10-5 mol L-1. Both sensors can be used to determine R-limonene in a concentration range between 1 × 10-5-6 × 10-4 mol L-1 for TPP/AuNPs-S-Gr and 1 × 10-5-1 × 10-3 mol L-1 for Fe(TPFPP)Cl/AuNPs-S-Gr. The highest sensitivity (0.7068 µA/mol L-1) was recorded when the TPP/AuNPs-S-Gr sensor was used, proving that the electrocatalytic effect of this electrocatalyst is higher compared to that of Fe(TPFPP)Cl/AuNPs-S-Gr. High recoveries (values greater than 99.00%) and low RSD values (%) (below 5.00%) were recorded for both sensors when used to determine R-limonene in triple sec liqueur and limoncello.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea-Roxana Niculae
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB, National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, 202 Splaiul Independentei Str., 060021 Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Raluca-Ioana Stefan-van Staden
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB, National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, 202 Splaiul Independentei Str., 060021 Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Jacobus Frederick van Staden
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB, National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, 202 Splaiul Independentei Str., 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ramona Georgescu State
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB, National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, 202 Splaiul Independentei Str., 060021 Bucharest, Romania
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