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Rossato J, Hug F, Tucker K, Gibbs C, Lacourpaille L, Farina D, Avrillon S. I-Spin live, an open-source software based on blind-source separation for real-time decoding of motor unit activity in humans. eLife 2024; 12:RP88670. [PMID: 39356736 PMCID: PMC11446545 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Decoding the activity of individual neural cells during natural behaviours allows neuroscientists to study how the nervous system generates and controls movements. Contrary to other neural cells, the activity of spinal motor neurons can be determined non-invasively (or minimally invasively) from the decomposition of electromyographic (EMG) signals into motor unit firing activities. For some interfacing and neuro-feedback investigations, EMG decomposition needs to be performed in real time. Here, we introduce an open-source software that performs real-time decoding of motor neurons using a blind-source separation approach for multichannel EMG signal processing. Separation vectors (motor unit filters) are optimised for each motor unit from baseline contractions and then re-applied in real time during test contractions. In this way, the firing activity of multiple motor neurons can be provided through different forms of visual feedback. We provide a complete framework with guidelines and examples of recordings to guide researchers who aim to study movement control at the motor neuron level. We first validated the software with synthetic EMG signals generated during a range of isometric contraction patterns. We then tested the software on data collected using either surface or intramuscular electrode arrays from five lower limb muscles (gastrocnemius lateralis and medialis, vastus lateralis and medialis, and tibialis anterior). We assessed how the muscle or variation of contraction intensity between the baseline contraction and the test contraction impacted the accuracy of the real-time decomposition. This open-source software provides a set of tools for neuroscientists to design experimental paradigms where participants can receive real-time feedback on the output of the spinal cord circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Rossato
- Nantes Université, Laboratory “Movement, Interactions, Performance” (UR 4334)NantesFrance
| | - François Hug
- Université Côte d'Azur, LAMHESSNiceFrance
- The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical SciencesBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Kylie Tucker
- The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical SciencesBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Ciara Gibbs
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Lilian Lacourpaille
- Nantes Université, Laboratory “Movement, Interactions, Performance” (UR 4334)NantesFrance
| | - Dario Farina
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Simon Avrillon
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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Contreras-Hernandez I, Arvanitidis M, Falla D, Negro F, Martinez-Valdes E. Achilles tendon morpho-mechanical parameters are related to triceps surae motor unit firing properties. J Neurophysiol 2024; 132:1198-1210. [PMID: 39230338 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00391.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies combining high-density surface electromyography (HD-sEMG) and ultrasound imaging have yielded valuable insights into the relationship between motor unit activity and muscle contractile properties. However, limited evidence exists on the relationship between motor unit firing properties and tendon morpho-mechanical properties. This study aimed to determine the relationship between triceps surae motor unit firing properties and the morpho-mechanical properties of the Achilles tendon (AT). Motor unit firing properties [i.e. mean discharge rate (DR) and coefficient of variation of the interspike interval (COVisi)] and motor unit firing-torque relationships [cross-correlation between cumulative spike train (CST) and torque, and the delay between motor unit firing and torque production (neuromechanical delay)] of the medial gastrocnemius (MG), lateral gastrocnemius (LG), and soleus (SO) muscles were assessed using HD-sEMG during isometric plantarflexion contractions at 10% and 40% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). The morpho-mechanical properties of the AT (i.e. length, thickness, cross-sectional area, and resting stiffness) were determined using B-mode ultrasonography and shear-wave elastography. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that at 10% MVC, the DR of the triceps surae muscles explained 41.7% of the variance in resting AT stiffness. In addition, at 10% MVC, COVisi SO predicted 30.4% of the variance in AT length. At 40% MVC, COVisi MG and COVisi SO explained 48.7% of the variance in AT length. Motor unit-torque relationships were not associated with any morpho-mechanical parameter. This study provides novel evidence of a contraction intensity-dependent relationship between motor unit firing parameters of the triceps surae muscle and the morpho-mechanical properties of the AT. NEW & NOTEWORTHY By employing HD-sEMG, conventional B-mode ultrasonography, and shear-wave elastography, we showed that the resting stiffness of the Achilles tendon is related to mean discharge rate of triceps surae motor units during low-force isometric plantarflexion contractions, providing relevant information about the complex interaction between rate coding and the muscle-tendon unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Contreras-Hernandez
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine), School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michail Arvanitidis
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine), School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Falla
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine), School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Negro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Eduardo Martinez-Valdes
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine), School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Besomi M, Devecchi V, Falla D, McGill K, Kiernan MC, Merletti R, van Dieën JH, Tucker K, Clancy EA, Søgaard K, Hug F, Carson RG, Perreault E, Gandevia S, Besier T, Rothwell JC, Enoka RM, Holobar A, Disselhorst-Klug C, Wrigley T, Lowery M, Farina D, Hodges PW. Consensus for experimental design in electromyography (CEDE) project: Checklist for reporting and critically appraising studies using EMG (CEDE-Check). J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2024; 76:102874. [PMID: 38547715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2024.102874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The diversity in electromyography (EMG) techniques and their reporting present significant challenges across multiple disciplines in research and clinical practice, where EMG is commonly used. To address these challenges and augment the reproducibility and interpretation of studies using EMG, the Consensus for Experimental Design in Electromyography (CEDE) project has developed a checklist (CEDE-Check) to assist researchers to thoroughly report their EMG methodologies. Development involved a multi-stage Delphi process with seventeen EMG experts from various disciplines. After two rounds, consensus was achieved. The final CEDE-Check consists of forty items that address four critical areas that demand precise reporting when EMG is employed: the task investigated, electrode placement, recording electrode characteristics, and acquisition and pre-processing of EMG signals. This checklist aims to guide researchers to accurately report and critically appraise EMG studies, thereby promoting a standardised critical evaluation, and greater scientific rigor in research that uses EMG signals. This approach not only aims to facilitate interpretation of study results and comparisons between studies, but it is also expected to contribute to advancing research quality and facilitate clinical and other practical applications of knowledge generated through the use of EMG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Besomi
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Valter Devecchi
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine), School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Deborah Falla
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine), School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Kevin McGill
- US Department of Veterans Affairs, United States
| | - Matthew C Kiernan
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Roberto Merletti
- LISiN, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Jaap H van Dieën
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kylie Tucker
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Karen Søgaard
- Department of Clinical Research and Department of Sports Sciences and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - François Hug
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; LAMHESS, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Richard G Carson
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK; School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Eric Perreault
- Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Simon Gandevia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Thor Besier
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute and Department of Engineering Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John C Rothwell
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Roger M Enoka
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Aleš Holobar
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 46, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Catherine Disselhorst-Klug
- Department of Rehabilitation and Prevention Engineering, Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tim Wrigley
- Centre for Health, Exercise and Sports Medicine, Department of Physiotherapy, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Madeleine Lowery
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dario Farina
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul W Hodges
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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Caillet AH, Phillips ATM, Modenese L, Farina D. NeuroMechanics: Electrophysiological and computational methods to accurately estimate the neural drive to muscles in humans in vivo. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2024; 76:102873. [PMID: 38518426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2024.102873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The ultimate neural signal for muscle control is the neural drive sent from the spinal cord to muscles. This neural signal comprises the ensemble of action potentials discharged by the active spinal motoneurons, which is transmitted to the innervated muscle fibres to generate forces. Accurately estimating the neural drive to muscles in humans in vivo is challenging since it requires the identification of the activity of a sample of motor units (MUs) that is representative of the active MU population. Current electrophysiological recordings usually fail in this task by identifying small MU samples with over-representation of higher-threshold with respect to lower-threshold MUs. Here, we describe recent advances in electrophysiological methods that allow the identification of more representative samples of greater numbers of MUs than previously possible. This is obtained with large and very dense arrays of electromyographic electrodes. Moreover, recently developed computational methods of data augmentation further extend experimental MU samples to infer the activity of the full MU pool. In conclusion, the combination of new electrode technologies and computational modelling allows for an accurate estimate of the neural drive to muscles and opens new perspectives in the study of the neural control of movement and in neural interfacing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew T M Phillips
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Luca Modenese
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Dario Farina
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, UK.
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De la Fuente C, Neira A, Machado ÁS, Delgado-Bravo M, Kunzler MR, de Andrade AGP, Carpes FP. Local experience of laboratory activities in a BS physical therapy course: integrating sEMG and kinematics technology with active learning across six cohorts. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1377222. [PMID: 38725644 PMCID: PMC11081031 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1377222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Integrating technology and active learning methods into Laboratory activities would be a transformative educational experience to familiarize physical therapy (PT) students with STEM backgrounds and STEM-based new technologies. However, PT students struggle with technology and feel comfortable memorizing under expositive lectures. Thus, we described the difficulties, uncertainties, and advances observed by faculties on students and the perceptions about learning, satisfaction, and grades of students after implementing laboratory activities in a PT undergraduate course, which integrated surface-electromyography (sEMG) and kinematic technology combined with active learning methods. Methods Six cohorts of PT students (n = 482) of a second-year PT course were included. The course had expositive lectures and seven laboratory activities. Students interpreted the evidence and addressed different motor control problems related to daily life movements. The difficulties, uncertainties, and advances observed by faculties on students, as well as the students' perceptions about learning, satisfaction with the course activities, and grades of students, were described. Results The number of students indicating that the methodology was "always" or "almost always," promoting creative, analytical, or critical thinking was 70.5% [61.0-88.0%]. Satisfaction with the whole course was 97.0% [93.0-98.0%]. Laboratory grades were linearly associated to course grades with a regression coefficient of 0.53 and 0.43 R-squared (p < 0.001). Conclusion Integrating sEMG and kinematics technology with active learning into laboratory activities enhances students' engagement and understanding of human movement. This approach holds promises to improve teaching-learning processes, which were observed consistently across the cohorts of students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos De la Fuente
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Postgraduate, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Neira
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Álvaro S. Machado
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Delgado-Bravo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Carrera de Kinesiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcos R. Kunzler
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - André Gustavo P. de Andrade
- Departamento de Esportes, Escola de Educaçao Física, Fisioterapía e Terapía Ocupacional, EEFFTO-UFMG, Universidade Federal do Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Felipe P. Carpes
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
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Valli G, Ritsche P, Casolo A, Negro F, De Vito G. Tutorial: Analysis of central and peripheral motor unit properties from decomposed High-Density surface EMG signals with openhdemg. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2024; 74:102850. [PMID: 38065045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2023.102850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
High-Density surface Electromyography (HD-sEMG) is the most established technique for the non-invasive analysis of single motor unit (MU) activity in humans. It provides the possibility to study the central properties (e.g., discharge rate) of large populations of MUs by analysis of their firing pattern. Additionally, by spike-triggered averaging, peripheral properties such as MUs conduction velocity can be estimated over adjacent regions of the muscles and single MUs can be tracked across different recording sessions. In this tutorial, we guide the reader through the investigation of MUs properties from decomposed HD-sEMG recordings by providing both the theoretical knowledge and practical tools necessary to perform the analyses. The practical application of this tutorial is based on openhdemg, a free and open-source community-based framework for the automated analysis of MUs properties built on Python 3 and composed of different modules for HD-sEMG data handling, visualisation, editing, and analysis. openhdemg is interfaceable with most of the available recording software, equipment or decomposition techniques, and all the built-in functions are easily adaptable to different experimental needs. The framework also includes a graphical user interface which enables users with limited coding skills to perform a robust and reliable analysis of MUs properties without coding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Valli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Paul Ritsche
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Andrea Casolo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Francesco Negro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe De Vito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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Mendez-Rebolledo G, Guzmán-Venegas R, Cruz-Montecinos C, Watanabe K, Calatayud J, Martinez-Valdes E. Individuals with chronic ankle instability show altered regional activation of the peroneus longus muscle during ankle eversion. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14535. [PMID: 37957808 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) present muscular weakness and potential changes in the activation of the peroneus longus muscle, which likely explains the high recurrence of ankle sprains in this population. However, there is conflicting evidence regarding the role of the peroneus longus activity in CAI, possibly due to the limited spatial resolution of the surface electromyography (sEMG) methods (i.e., bipolar sEMG). Recent studies employing high-density sEMG (HD-sEMG) have shown that the peroneus longus presents differences in regional activation, however, it is unknown whether this regional activation is maintained under pathological conditions such as CAI. This study aimed to compare the myoelectric activity, using HD-sEMG, of each peroneus longus compartment (anterior and posterior) between individuals with and without CAI. Eighteen healthy individuals (No-CAI group) and 18 individuals with CAI were recruited. In both groups, the center of mass (COM) and the sEMG amplitude at each compartment were recorded during ankle eversion at different force levels. For the posterior compartment, the sEMG amplitude of CAI group was significantly lower than the No-CAI group (mean difference = 5.6% RMS; 95% CI = 3.4-7.6; p = 0.0001). In addition, it was observed a significant main effect for group (F1,32 = 9.608; p = 0.0040) with an anterior displacement of COM for the CAI group. These findings suggest that CAI alters the regional distribution of muscle activity of the peroneus longus during ankle eversion. In practice, altered regional activation may impact strengthening programs, prevention, and rehabilitation of CAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Mendez-Rebolledo
- Laboratorio de Investigación Somatosensorial y Motora, Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Talca, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Guzmán-Venegas
- Laboratorio Integrativo de Biomecánica y Fisiología del Esfuerzo (LIBFE), Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Cruz-Montecinos
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Kohei Watanabe
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Biomechanics, School of Health and Sport Science, Chukyo University, Toyota, Japan
| | - Joaquín Calatayud
- Exercise Intervention for Health Research Group (EXINH-RG), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eduardo Martinez-Valdes
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine), School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Petrovic I, Amiridis IG, Kannas T, Tsampalaki Z, Holobar A, Sahinis C, Kellis E, Stankovic D, Enoka RM. Footedness but not dominance influences force steadiness during isometric dorsiflexion in young men. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2023; 73:102828. [PMID: 37782992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2023.102828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the potential influence of footedness and dominance on maximal force, force fluctuations and neural drive during dorsiflexion. Fifteen left-footed (LF) and fifteen right-footed (RF) young adults performed 2 maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) and 3 steady submaximal isometric contractions at five target forces (5, 10, 20, 40 and 60% MVC) with the dorsiflexors of both legs. High-density electromyography (EMG) was used to record the discharge characteristics of motor units (MUs) of Tibialis Anterior. MVC force and EMG amplitude (root mean square) were similar between the two legs and groups (p > 0.05). Force fluctuations (Coefficient of Variation, CoV for force), mean discharge rate of MUs, discharge variability (CoV of interspike interval), and variability in neural drive (standard deviation of filtered cumulative spike train) were greater (p < 0.05) and the input-output gain of the MUs (ΔDR/ΔF) was lower (p < 0.05) for the LF relative to the RF group. The differences in force fluctuations during steady contractions with the dorsiflexors were associated with footedness but not with dominance. They reflect greater variability in motor neuron output, as suggested by coefficient of variation for interspike interval (independent input) and the standard deviation of the smoothed discharge times (common input).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Petrovic
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Serbia
| | - Ioannis G Amiridis
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Theodoros Kannas
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Zoi Tsampalaki
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ales Holobar
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Chrysostomos Sahinis
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Kellis
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Daniel Stankovic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Serbia
| | - Roger M Enoka
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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