1
|
Wilson DC. Learning from the past to plan for the future: An historical review of the evolution of waste and resource management 1970-2020 and reflections on priorities 2020-2030 - The perspective of an involved witness. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2023; 41:1754-1813. [PMID: 37732707 PMCID: PMC10693744 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x231178025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Improving waste and resource management (WaRM) around the world can halve the weight of plastics entering the oceans, significantly mitigate global heating and contribute directly to 12 of 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs). Achieving such results demands understanding and learning from historical evolution of WaRM. The baseline is 1970, prior to environmental legislation. Early steps in the Global North focused on the 'technical fix' within strictly enforced legal frameworks, first bringing hazardous wastes and municipal solid wastes (MSW) under control, then gradually ramping up environmental standards. Using modern technologies to the Global South often failed due to institutional and financial constraints. From 1990, focus switched to integrating technical and governance aspects: local institutional coherence, financial sustainability, provider inclusivity, user inclusivity, national legislative and policy framework. The Global North rediscovered recycling, using policy measures to promote segregation at source; this relied on new markets in emerging economies, which had largely disappeared by 2020. The Global South is making progress on bringing wastes under control, but around 2.7 billion people lack access to waste collection, while ~40% of collected MSW is open dumped or burned - a continuing global waste emergency. So, much remains to be done to move further towards a circular economy. Three policy priorities are critical for all countries: access to sustainable financing, rethinking sustainable recycling and worldwide extended producer responsibility with teeth. Extending services to unserved communities (SDG11.6.1) requires a people-centred approach, working with communities to provide both quality services and decent livelihoods for collection and recycling workers.
Collapse
|
2
|
Kumar A, Thakur AK, Gaurav GK, Klemeš JJ, Sandhwar VK, Pant KK, Kumar R. A critical review on sustainable hazardous waste management strategies: a step towards a circular economy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:105030-105055. [PMID: 37725301 PMCID: PMC10579135 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29511-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Globally, industrialisation and urbanisation have led to the generation of hazardous waste (HW). Sustainable hazardous waste management (HWM) is the need of the hour for a safe, clean, and eco-friendly environment and public health. The prominent waste management strategies should be aligned with circular economic models considering the economy, environment, and efficiency. This review critically discusses HW generation and sustainable management with the strategies of prevention, reduction, recycling, waste-to-energy, advanced treatment technology, and proper disposal. In this regard, the major HW policies, legislations, and international conventions related to HWM are summarised. The global generation and composition of hazardous industrial, household, and e-waste are analysed, along with their environmental and health impacts. The paper critically discusses recently adapted management strategies, waste-to-energy conversion techniques, treatment technologies, and their suitability, advantages, and limitations. A roadmap for future research focused on the components of the circular economy model is proposed, and the waste management challenges are discussed. This review stems to give a holistic and broader picture of global waste generation (from many sources), its effects on public health and the environment, and the need for a sustainable HWM approach towards the circular economy. The in-depth analysis presented in this work will help build cost-effective and eco-sustainable HWM projects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi 110016 India
- School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to Be University, Tirmalaisamudram, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613401 India
| | - Amit K. Thakur
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Energy Cluster, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248007 Uttarakhand India
| | - Gajendra Kumar Gaurav
- Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, SPIL, NETME Centre, Brno University of Technology, VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Jaromír Klemeš
- Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, SPIL, NETME Centre, Brno University of Technology, VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vishal Kumar Sandhwar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Parul Institute of Technology, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat 391760 India
| | - Kamal Kishore Pant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Energy Cluster, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248007 Uttarakhand India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li R, Liu M, Shan Y, Shi Y, Zheng H, Zhang W, Yang J, Fang W, Ma Z, Wang J, Bi J, Hubacek K. Large Virtual Transboundary Hazardous Waste Flows: The Case of China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:8161-8173. [PMID: 37192406 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The Basel Convention and prior studies mainly focused on the physical transboundary movements of hazardous waste (transporting waste from one region to another for cheaper disposal). Here, we take China, the world's largest waste producer, as an example and reveal the virtual hazardous waste flows in trade (outsourcing waste by importing waste-intensive products) by developing a multiregional input-output model. Our model characterizes the impact of international trade between China and 140 economies and China's interprovincial trade on hazardous waste generated by 161,599 Chinese enterprises. We find that, in 2015, virtual hazardous waste flows in China's trade reached 26.6 million tons (67% of the national total), of which 31% were generated during the production of goods that were ultimately consumed abroad. Trade-related production is much dirtier than locally consumed production, generating 26% more hazardous waste per unit of GDP. Under the impact of virtual flows, 40% of the waste-intensive production and relevant disposal duty is unequally concentrated in three Chinese provinces (including two least-developed ones, Qinghai and Xinjiang). Our findings imply the importance of expanding the scope of transboundary waste regulations and provide a quantitative basis for introducing consumer responsibilities. This may help relieve waste management burdens in less-developed "waste havens".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruoqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuli Shan
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Yufan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Heran Zheng
- The Bartlett School of Sustainable Construction, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, U.K
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Planning and Policy Simulation, Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing 100041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongwei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinnan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Planning and Policy Simulation, Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing 100041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Klaus Hubacek
- Integrated Research on Energy, Environment and Society (IREES), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ali I, Islam A, Ali SM, Adnan S. Identification and selection of suitable landfill sites using GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis in the Peshawar District, Pakistan. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2023; 41:608-619. [PMID: 36190162 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x221124069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Managing municipal solid waste (MSW) is indispensable for public health and quality living standards in urban and rural environments. Suitable landfill site selection (LSS) requires the consideration of many diverse criteria. This study uses various environmental, social and economic criteria in a sophisticated multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) within the geographical information system (GIS) and aims to provide a scientific basis for the identification of suitable landfill sites which can efficiently be used for MSW in one of the most urbanized cities (Peshawar district) in Pakistan. The methodology involves pairwise comparisons of the selected and ranked criteria using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). A weighted linear combination (WLC) was applied to generate the most suitable landfill site for MSW disposal within the study area. The results show that approximately 11.4% (14,485.15 ha) and 16.6% (21,211.95 ha) of the total study area are either very highly suitable or highly suitable, 20.8% (26,525.56 ha) area is unsuitable and the remaining areas are either low (27.3%; 34,834.84 ha) or moderately suitable (23.8%; 30,356.84 ha) for the construction of landfill sites. It is recommended that using the proposed landfill sites would have the least consequences of public health risks and environmental degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iftikhar Ali
- Ministry of Planning Development and Special Initiatives, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aneeza Islam
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Basic and Applied Science, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Maria Ali
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Basic and Applied Science, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Adnan
- School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ye M, Liang X, Lin S, Lin H, Deng F. Efficiency Assessment of Hazardous Waste Disposal in EU Countries: A Three-Stage Super-Efficiency Data Envelopment Analysis Model. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 70:650-665. [PMID: 35907030 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-022-01675-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hazardous waste pollutes the air, soil, and water and adversely affects human health if not disposed of safely. Analysis of the efficiency of hazardous waste disposal is essential to sustainable development. This paper uses the three-stage super-efficiency Data Envelopment Analysis model to measure the efficiency of 28 EU countries from 2004 to 2016. To ensure the reliability of the results, the article utilizes a one-way ANOVA statistical test to verify whether DEA results vary significantly across various EU countries. This article discusses "how inputs and outputs can be adjusted to eliminate inefficiencies" to suggest a targeted improvement. The third stage supper efficiency DEA results shows that the efficiency varies significantly across different EU countries. The main reasons for the low efficiency are high generated hazardous waste, management expenditure, greenhouse gas emissions, and inadequate waste disposal volume. Targeted proposals from three aspects are given for policymakers in EU countries: Build a resource recycling system to reduce hazardous waste. Establish a sound fee management system to reduce expenses. Optimization of disposal technology to improve incineration efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Ye
- Business School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xuedong Liang
- Business School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Shifeng Lin
- Business School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Huirong Lin
- National Environmental Protection Hazardous Waste Disposal Engineering Technology Center, Chongqing, 400060, China
| | - Fumin Deng
- Business School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li Z, Deng Q, Bai J, Li Y, Wang Y, Liu N, Gong Y. Management system for engineering and decoration waste: An exploratory study in Shenzhen. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 314:115085. [PMID: 35462254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rapid urban development and renewal have caused large amounts of engineering and decoration waste to be produced. These wastes pose serious risks to the environment. Disposal and management of this waste have become problematic. A mean of 11.4 × 106 m3 of engineering and decoration waste will be produced each year in Shenzhen between 2018 and 2035. Engineering and decoration waste are currently mainly sent to landfill, but this requires large amounts of land and can cause serious environmental pollution. There are problems including irregular emissions, a disorderly transportation market, and inadequate disposal facilities, so policies for managing engineering and decoration waste need to be established. In this study, a hybrid approach was used to develop a system for managing the whole engineering and decoration waste system (generation, collection & transportation, and disposal). The system was developed after determining waste emission and disposal requirements through site visits, clarifying problems involved in waste collection and transportation through interviews, identifying suitable management practices in an expert seminar, and developing a management system through desktop surveys. It was found that new buildings produce 0.02-0.04 (m3 waste)/(m2 building) and 0.11-0.13 (m3 decoration waste)/(m2 building) and that emission limits are required. Construction enterprises employ private trucks to transport waste, and illegal dumping occurs. Directed collection and transportation is required. Public welfare requires a mechanism for managing engineering and decoration waste with clear responsibilities. Government-authorized construction and operation should be explored and implemented. A propagable engineering and decoration waste management system is proposed with three management modules, generation, collection & transportation, and disposal, to act as a strategy for improving engineering and decoration waste.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuohua Li
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Quanxue Deng
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Jing Bai
- The Institute for Sustainable Development, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Yu Li
- Shenzhen Nature Reserve Management Center, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yingzhu Wang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Nanxi Liu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yunxuan Gong
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shahab Y, Gull AA, Rind AA, Alias Sarang AA, Ahsan T. Do corporate governance mechanisms curb the anti-environmental behavior of firms worldwide? An illustration through waste management. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 310:114707. [PMID: 35192979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Driven by the current surge in environmental and climate issues and the pressure of the government and regulatory bodies on corporations to diminish their carbon trails, this study uniquely examines the impact of distinct corporate governance mechanisms on the level of waste produced on a global sample of firms during 2002-2019. Our findings show that corporate governance mechanisms are important predictors of the level of waste produced by firms worldwide. In particular, the board size, board independence, and sustainability committees are linked to a higher level of waste produced. Conversely, the board gender diversity reduces the waste produced, and CEO duality is not associated with the level of waste produced. Our results are robust to alternate proxies of main variables, potential endogeneity concerns (using propensity score matching, two-stage least squares, and generalized system method of moments technique), and additional analyses. Further analysis shows that larger and gender-diverse boards improve the firm's waste recycling behavior, whereas board independence and the presence of a sustainability committee are negatively related to waste recycling. The study has vital insinuations in developing efficient, ethical regulations and guidelines for corporate boards specifically from the perspective of waste management, environmental protection, and restoration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Shahab
- School of Accounting, Xijing University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Ammar Ali Gull
- Ecole Supérieure des Sciences Commerciales D'Angers (ESSCA), Lyon, France.
| | - Asad Ali Rind
- Department of Management Sciences, IQRA University, Karachi, 75300, Pakistan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
A Multi-Commodity Mathematical Modelling Approach—Hazardous Waste Treatment Infrastructure Planning in the Czech Republic. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14063536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an analysis of infrastructure for the processing of Czech hazardous waste and pays attention to predictions of waste management development in the upcoming years. For this purpose, a unique complex approach to modelling future waste management changes is applied. The method uses a multi-commodity network flow model with reverse flows between treatment facilities to consider complete waste management of hazardous waste. The future outlook (2030) for the forecasted generation of different types of hazardous waste in the Czech Republic requires decisions on waste treatment facility infrastructure. The uniqueness lies in using real data for such a wide scope of a task, further enhanced by concurrent analysis of more types of waste interconnected through limited processing capacities. The results indicate the insufficiency in hazardous waste thermal treatment and stabilization. A suggestion is to extend the incineration capacity because it influences the stabilization units, which must process the remaining waste. The recommended increase is 100% with different proportions in individual regions.
Collapse
|
9
|
Xin C, Wang J, Wang Z, Wu CH, Nawaz M, Tsai SB. Reverse logistics research of municipal hazardous waste: a literature review. ENVIRONMENT, DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY 2022; 24:1495-1531. [PMID: 34099959 PMCID: PMC8172365 DOI: 10.1007/s10668-021-01526-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The reverse logistics of municipal hazardous waste (RLMHW) have received close attention from researchers and practitioners alike, given the essential impact of safe transportation and effective management of hazardous waste on public health and environmental sustainability. There are a great number of studies in the extant literature on RLMHW, with many and diverse research topics; however, a concise and complete overview of the research works already conducted in this particular area is conspicuous by its absence. This paper strives to fill the gap through the conduct of rigorous systematic literature review of RLMHW in the past three decades, and then establish a framework of studies on RLMHW. The main contributions of this study are as follows: (1) to identify the trend of journals publishing research papers on RLMHW; (2) to extract the main topics in studies on RLMHW; (3) to locate the most popular research areas of RLMHW; (4) to summarize the methods adopted in studies on RLMHW; (5) to identify research deficiencies in certain categories of RLMHW; and (6) to establish the future research directions of RLMHW. The main implications of the study are to offer a better understanding of RLMHW by systematic crystallization of archival data in a systematic chronological order across central issues. This study contributes to scholarly debate in this field by serving as a snapshot paper to document the development of the field and gives input to policymakers in process design and policy making in the domain of RLMHW.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Xin
- School of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North 3rd Ring Rd. E., Chaoyang, Beijing, 100029 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North 3rd Ring Rd. E., Chaoyang, Beijing, 100029 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziping Wang
- Earl G. Graves School of Business and Management, Morgan State University, 1700 East Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, MD 21251 USA
| | - Chia-Huei Wu
- Department of Hotel Management and Culinary Creativity, Minghsin University of Science and Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 304 China
| | - Muhammad Nawaz
- School of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North 3rd Ring Rd. E., Chaoyang, Beijing, 100029 People’s Republic of China
| | - Sang-Bing Tsai
- Regional Green Economy Development Research Center, School of Business, WUYI University, Wuyishan, 354300 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yankovych H, Novoseltseva V, Kovalenko O, Marcin Behunova D, Kanuchova M, Vaclavikova M, Melnyk I. New perception of Zn(II) and Mn(II) removal mechanism on sustainable sunflower biochar from alkaline batteries contaminated water. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 292:112757. [PMID: 34000452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The combination of several methods (X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, infrared spectroscopy) was applied to study the changes that have occurred during the adsorption of Zn(II) and Mn(II) ions on a carbonized sunflower sample for understanding a mechanism of heavy metals adsorption. Sunflower biochar was obtained from the stem and inflorescences sunflower wastes through pyrolysis at 600 °C for 30 min. According to the infrared spectroscopy and Boehm titration data, this carbonized material has acidic and basic functional groups on its surface, but they do not participate in the metal ions adsorption. However, the synthesized carbon proved to be a sustainable high-effective adsorbent for zinc(II) and manganese(II) ions removal with adsorption capacity 138.3 mg g-1 of Zn2+ and 45.4 mg g-1 for Mn2+. Surface analysis of the carbonized material by energy dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated the presence of soluble and insoluble inorganic salts, such as KCl, NaCl, NaHCO3, KHCO3, CaCO3, MgCO3. It was established, that during the adsorption process, soluble salts are washed away, and new insoluble ones are formed assisting by Zn(II) and Mn(II) ions. It has been revealed that the adsorptive removal of Zn2+ and Mn2+ is caused by the precipitation mechanism. The efficiency of removing Zn(II) and Mn(II) ions from water contaminated with battery waste by the same mechanism is shown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Halyna Yankovych
- Department of Physical and Physico-chemical Methods of Mineral Processing, Institute of Geotechnics SAS, Watsonova 45, Kosice, 04001, Slovak Republic; Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling of the Technical University of Košice, Letná 9, Košice, 04200, Slovak Republic
| | - Viktoriia Novoseltseva
- Department of Bioengineering and Water, Odesa National Academy of Food Technologies, Kanatna 112, Odesa, 65039, Ukraine
| | - Olena Kovalenko
- Department of Bioengineering and Water, Odesa National Academy of Food Technologies, Kanatna 112, Odesa, 65039, Ukraine
| | - Dominika Marcin Behunova
- Department of Physical and Physico-chemical Methods of Mineral Processing, Institute of Geotechnics SAS, Watsonova 45, Kosice, 04001, Slovak Republic
| | - Maria Kanuchova
- Institute of Earth Resources, Technical University of Kosice, Park Komenskeho 19, Kosice, 04001, Slovak Republic
| | - Miroslava Vaclavikova
- Department of Physical and Physico-chemical Methods of Mineral Processing, Institute of Geotechnics SAS, Watsonova 45, Kosice, 04001, Slovak Republic
| | - Inna Melnyk
- Department of Physical and Physico-chemical Methods of Mineral Processing, Institute of Geotechnics SAS, Watsonova 45, Kosice, 04001, Slovak Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chanthakett A, Arif MT, Khan MMK, Oo AMT. Performance assessment of gasification reactors for sustainable management of municipal solid waste. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 291:112661. [PMID: 33962284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The issue of waste management has received considerable critical attention due to the increase of waste generation worldwide. One of the solutions for waste disposal that has been widely implemented is through the use of the landfill due to its economic benefits. Landfill, however, results in many adverse impacts on the environment and human health. Recycling can extract some useful materials from waste, however not every waste can be recycled and a significant volume of waste, particularly the municipal solid waste (MSW) goes to landfill even though it has extractable energy potentials. Extraction of energy from MSW has been a key focus of research due to the scope of energy recovery, environmental and economic benefits. The principal concept of waste to energy is to convert waste into energy through thermal and/or biological processes. In addition, thermochemical processes such as gasification have been found as a promising technology offering several benefits. This paper presents a critical assessment of waste to energy gasification technology for MSW on processing, energy recovery, environmental performance and economic perspectives. These aspects have been analyzed for the landfill as well. The review also explored and identified suitable simulation tools for optimizing gasification. Subsequently, an assessment and comparison of different gasification reactors were carried out which indicate that the plasma gasification can be a feasible technology for MSW management due to higher energy efficiency (816 kWh/tonne) with minimum emission and lowest residue. Although plasma gasification is an energy intensive application which has relatively higher investment cost, it can be built as a large system (up to several 1000 MW system), which can make it economically competitive too. Other technologies such as; fluidized bed gasifier, fixed bed gasifier also have good energy efficiency (547-571 kWh/tonne) however, they contribute to higher CO2 emission. Considering overall waste management, it was found that gasification technology is beneficial to economy, environment and energy extraction compared to the landfill option. A number of tools and their relevant properties have been identified to develop appropriate gasifier model. It is expected that this study will advance further research and innovation that will be helpful to manage waste efficiently as well as to improve the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Apinya Chanthakett
- School of Engineering, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia.
| | - M T Arif
- School of Engineering, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia.
| | - M M K Khan
- School of Engineering and Technology, CQUniversity, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.
| | - Aman M T Oo
- School of Engineering, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dal Mas F, Zeng X, Huang Q, Li J. Quantifying material flow of oily sludge in China and its implications. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 287:112115. [PMID: 33714732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oily sludge is classified as hazardous waste. If not treated properly, it can cause negative impacts on human health and the ecological environment. However, the current lack of macro and micro scientific understanding of the treatment of oily sludge hinders its sound management. In this study, at the microlevel, we selected two of the most common treatment processes of oily sludge and establish a database through data collection and estimation. Material flow analysis was adopted to reveal the generation, pretreatment, recycling, and disposal processes of mechanical separation and incineration. At the macrolevel, this article predicted the material flow of China's whole process management of oily sludge and analyzed the typical flow characteristics of valuable resources in the whole process to guide the formulation of relevant policies in the future. The annual generation of oily sludge in China was between 4.45 and 6.22 Tg, and the average comprehensive utilization rate was approximately 36%. We are still far away from a sound management system despite new legislative revisions. Close supervision and technical processes should be further enhanced shortly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Dal Mas
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Xianlai Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Qifei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Vardopoulos I, Konstantopoulos I, Zorpas AA, Limousy L, Bennici S, Inglezakis VJ, Voukkali I. Sustainable metropolitan areas perspectives through assessment of the existing waste management strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:24305-24320. [PMID: 32072414 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07930-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Human activities are considered among the main producers of any kind of pollution. This paper, through a Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) model analyses, focuses on the evaluation and assessment of the existing practices, procedures, and results obtained in order to determine whether the municipal solid waste (MSW) management implemented in three major Greek municipalities in the greater urban area of Attica, namely the municipalities of Nea Smirni, Vyronas, and Piraeus, could be considered viable and sustainable. The evaluation indicated that MSW in Greek cities have reduced over the last years, also suggesting a steady downward trend, which could be considered consistent with that of the per capita incomes in Greece due to the extended economic austerity, while at the same time the recycling indicator seems to optimize. The results are very useful for policymakers and local authorities towards taking actions related to the targets set from the circular economy strategies as well as the targets set from United Nation Development Program and the European Green Deal Strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Vardopoulos
- Department of Home Economics and Ecology, School of Environment, Geography and Applied Economics, Harokopio University, 70 Eleftheriou Venizelou Avenue, 17676, Kallithea, Attica, Greece.
| | - Ioannis Konstantopoulos
- Department of Environmental Inspectorate, Hellenic Ministry of Environment and Energy, 119 Mesogeion Avenue, 11526, Athens, Attica, Greece
| | - Antonis A Zorpas
- Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Engineering Sustainability, Environmental Conservation and Management, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Open University of Cyprus, 33 Giannou Kranidioti, Nicosia, 2252, Latsia, Cyprus.
| | - Lionel Limousy
- Mulhouse Materials Science Institute (IS2M), Joint Research Unit (UMR), French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) - University of Upper Alsace (UHA), 15 Jean Starcky, F-68100, Mulhouse, France
- University of Strasbourg, 67081, 4 Blaise Pascal, Strasbourg, 67081, France
| | - Simona Bennici
- Mulhouse Materials Science Institute (IS2M), Joint Research Unit (UMR), French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) - University of Upper Alsace (UHA), 15 Jean Starcky, F-68100, Mulhouse, France
- University of Strasbourg, 67081, 4 Blaise Pascal, Strasbourg, 67081, France
| | - Vassilis J Inglezakis
- Environmental Science and Technology Group (ESTg), Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University Astana, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, 010000
| | - Irene Voukkali
- Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Engineering Sustainability, Environmental Conservation and Management, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Open University of Cyprus, 33 Giannou Kranidioti, Nicosia, 2252, Latsia, Cyprus
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abylkhani B, Guney M, Aiymbetov B, Yagofarova A, Sarbassov Y, Zorpas AA, Venetis C, Inglezakis V. Detailed municipal solid waste composition analysis for Nur-Sultan City, Kazakhstan with implications for sustainable waste management in Central Asia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:24406-24418. [PMID: 32266616 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08431-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
A detailed characterization of municipal solid waste (MSW) beyond a standard compositional analysis may offer insights useful for improving waste management systems. The present paper contributes to the scarce literature in the field by presenting new data from a rapidly developing Central Asian city, the capital of Kazakhstan, Nur-Sultan. Three sampling campaigns (each 1 week long) have been conducted at the city landfill over a 1-year period (2018-2019), and a detailed characterization for selected waste components and sub-components has been performed. The major fractions of MSW were organics (46.3%), plastics (15.2%), paper (12.8%), and diapers (5.9%). The detailed composition analysis showed high LDPE (low-density polyethylene) content (5.5%) mostly comprised of plastic bags (4.5%), transparent glass (3.2%), pharmaceuticals (0.4%), and fine (i.e., < 12 mm) organic fraction content (29%). The MSW generation rate of Nur-Sultan was estimated as 1.47 kg capita-1 day-1 based on the field collection as well as literature data. Among sustainable waste management recommendations addressed for Nur-Sultan and applicable to other cities in Central Asia, composting is recommended due to high organics fraction in MSW and its great potential to reduce the landfilled waste volume and to help valorizing the waste.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bexultan Abylkhani
- Laboratory of Green Energy & Environment, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
- Environmental Science & Technology Group (ESTg), Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Mert Guney
- Environmental Science & Technology Group (ESTg), Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
- The Environment & Resource Efficiency Cluster (EREC), Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Berik Aiymbetov
- Laboratory of Green Energy & Environment, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Almira Yagofarova
- Laboratory of Green Energy & Environment, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
- Environmental Science & Technology Group (ESTg), Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Yerbol Sarbassov
- Laboratory of Green Energy & Environment, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
- Environmental Science & Technology Group (ESTg), Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Antonis A Zorpas
- Faculty of Pure & Applied Science, Lab of Chemical Engineering & Engineering Sustainability, Open University of Cyprus, Giannou Kranidioti 33, 2220, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Vassilis Inglezakis
- Environmental Science & Technology Group (ESTg), Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.
- The Environment & Resource Efficiency Cluster (EREC), Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Camacho JA, Ruíz-Peñalver SM, Rodríguez M. Identification of leading hazardous waste generating industries with high improvement potential in Spain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 731:139207. [PMID: 32422437 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper employs Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Assessment and Data Envelopment Analysis to attribute total (direct and indirect) hazardous waste generation to the different industries and to connect total hazardous waste generation to the value added generated by each industry in Spain. In difference with previous studies we include all the industries of the economy and we focus on one specific type of environmental burden: the generation of hazardous waste. The results show that there is a very high concentration in total hazardous waste generation: only three industries accounted for almost 80% of total hazardous waste generation. This concentration also affects the type of hazardous waste generated. Thus, we find two main types of waste that account for 93% of total hazardous waste. Overall, the greatest hazardous waste generating industries are also the least efficient ones and exhibit a high improvement potential. Prevention measures directed to these industries should be implemented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José A Camacho
- Department of International and Spanish Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Granada, Granada E-18071, Spain; Institute of Regional Development, University of Granada, Granada E-18071, Spain
| | - Soraya María Ruíz-Peñalver
- Institute of Regional Development, University of Granada, Granada E-18071, Spain; Department of General Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Cádiz, Cádiz E-11405, Spain
| | - Mercedes Rodríguez
- Department of International and Spanish Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Granada, Granada E-18071, Spain; Institute of Regional Development, University of Granada, Granada E-18071, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang S, Wang J, Yang S, Li J, Zhou K. From intention to behavior: Comprehending residents' waste sorting intention and behavior formation process. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 113:41-50. [PMID: 32505110 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Waste sorting is essential to address the current predicament of waste management. Though it is important, insufficient attention has been paid to explore residents' waste sorting intention and behavior and understand its formation process. To narrow the research gap, this research built a theoretical research model by adding personal moral norms and waste sorting knowledge into the theory of planned behavior to explicate residents' waste sorting intention and behavior formation process. Meanwhile, given the discrepancy between waste sorting intention and actual behavior, this research also explored the effect of external conditions, such as incentive measures, on this discrepancy. Based on survey data from 397 Chinese residents, this research found that attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, personal moral norms and waste sorting knowledge were directly and significantly related to residents' waste sorting intention. Waste sorting knowledge also had an indirect influence on residents' waste sorting intention through attitudes and perceived behavioral control. Additionally, this research corroborated the discrepancy between waste sorting intention and behavior, and suggested that the link between intention and behavior was contingent on incentive measures. Incentive measures strengthened the effect of intention on behavior. This research is useful for understanding residents' waste sorting intention and behavior and valuable for encouraging residents to sort waste in their daily lives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanyong Wang
- School of Public Affairs, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province 230026, PR China
| | - Jinpeng Wang
- School of Public Affairs, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province 230026, PR China
| | - Shu Yang
- College of Economics and Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China.
| | - Jun Li
- School of Economics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, PR China
| | - Kaile Zhou
- School of Management, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zand AD, Heir AV, Tabrizi AM. Investigation of knowledge, attitude, and practice of Tehranian women apropos of reducing, reusing, recycling, and recovery of urban solid waste. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:481. [PMID: 32617691 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08445-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper aimed to explore knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of women towards the municipal solid waste (MSW) management in Tehran, Iran, to provide a basis for experts and decision-makers to develop or improve practical waste management strategies. Women's contribution could markedly promote accomplishment of MSW management strategies, which has been neglected in many developing countries. A cross-sectional study was conducted in two stages: first, a random sample of 384 respondent women was selected from the 22 urban districts of Tehran, then 64 of them were randomly selected and trained face-to-face. The second phase was aimed at determining the effectiveness of face-to-face training and its impact on women's performance in waste management. In both stages, data were collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire containing 21 questions in four categories. Chi square (χ2) and Pearson correlation tests were applied to identify the association among variables. Results indicated that 69.6% and 72.9% of the women had adequate knowledge and attitude, respectively, while only 46.0% performed moderate practice on MSW management. Overall, significant association between education level, occupation, and marital status of the women with KAP towards reduction, reuse, recycling, and recovery of MSW were yielded (p < 0.05). Adequate knowledge and positive attitude did not necessarily lead to the proper practice in this study. However, face-to-face training positively affected women's practice in solid waste recycling and source separation. Conducting training programs and motivation of women by municipalities and decision-makers to elevate women's environmental performance could substantially promote MSW management strategies in developing nations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Daryabeigi Zand
- School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, No 23, Ghods St., Enghelab Ave, P.O. Box 14155-6135, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azar Vaezi Heir
- School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, No 23, Ghods St., Enghelab Ave, P.O. Box 14155-6135, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Alireza Mikaeili Tabrizi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources, Golestan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Hazardous waste materials and their management are of prime importance to society. This article gives an overview of the current practices that relate to hazardous waste management. It looks at issues concerning the transboundary or international movement of harmful materials from industrialized nations to the developing and emerging world. This study has shown that Africa, most notably Nigeria, has become a dumping ground for hazardous waste materials as a result of the high importation of scrap computers and electronic devices into the country. The public health hazards, such as birth deficiencies, cancers, and even infectious diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Hepatitis B and C, respectively, have been traced to the improper management of these waste materials. The review highlights a few models on hazardous waste management as developed by previous literature, which gives a hierarchy, ranging from source reduction, recycling, and landfill options. Studies reveal that hazardous waste management in Africa must revolve around wealth creation, economic, and environmental sustainability. The study provided evidence that the recycling option has high potentials in the areas of energy recovery. The data collected show South Africa to be the most advanced in the African continent in the field of hazardous waste management. For a sustainable environment, keen attention must be paid to hazardous waste management globally.
Collapse
|
19
|
Manggali AA, Susanna D. Current management of household hazardous waste (HHW) in the Asian region. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2019; 34:415-426. [PMID: 31675350 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2019-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Background This review intends to explore the household hazardous waste (HHW) generation rates, HHW management, and people's awareness regarding HHW in Asian countries based on the economic levels using the available published articles. Methods This is a systematic review of the scientific literature based on several databases, namely Scopus, ProQuest, PubMed, Sage Journals, and Elsevier's Science Direct from 2008 to 2018. Results HHW generation rates in various Asian cities do not seem to be influenced by the countries' financial status, except for e-waste. The variety in HHW generation rates among Asian countries might be due to various reasons, which include differences in (1) sampling frame/locations; (2) sampling size; (3) study duration; (4) seasons; (5) study year; and (6) HHW definition/composition. Governmental intervention programs on HHW management have been implemented in some of the Asian countries, mostly in high and upper-middle income groups although misconducts are still found. There is a tendency for economically developed countries to ship their e-waste to less-developed countries, where the system relies heavily on the informal sectors where unsafe treatments are often discovered. Low level of awareness regarding HHW risks is mostly identified in the lower-middle income group. However, even though high and upper-middle income groups have a better awareness of HHW, many people do not entirely follow the recommended practices. Conclusion The lack of enforced regulation and proper treatment infrastructure may lead to HHW being mixed with general household waste, which is found in many Asian countries, despite their income levels. In addition, a good awareness of HHW does not guarantee proper handling of it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agni Amurbatami Manggali
- Universitas Indonesia, Department of Environmental Health, Depok, Indonesia
- Curtin University of Technology, Department of Public Health, Perth, Australia
| | - Dewi Susanna
- Universitas Indonesia, Department of Environmental Health, Depok, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ariffin M, Zakili TST. Household Pharmaceutical Waste Disposal in Selangor, Malaysia-Policy, Public Perception, and Current Practices. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 64:509-519. [PMID: 31399770 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-019-01199-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although pharmaceuticals treat illnesses and prevent diseases in humans and animals, ironically, they are now among the emerging pollutants in the environment. As individuals continue to consume medicines, households can become a primary source of pharmaceutical pollutants. This paper explains relevant Malaysian law and policy on the issue. Using a questionnaire survey, it also assesses public perception concerning the environmental impact of pharmaceutical waste and the current methods of disposal that are practiced in Selangor. The survey used a convenience sampling and the data collected were analysed using statistical descriptive analysis. Most of the participants were aware that pharmaceutical waste can have an adverse impact on the environment and public health. Half of the participants disposed of their pharmaceutical waste in trash bins. About 2.9% of the respondents poured their household pharmaceutical waste (HPW) directly down the drain, while 8.8% poured them down the sink in the kitchen or toilet. The study also discovered that while 73.8% of the respondents felt that HPW should be separated from other household solid waste, only 25.2% returned their medicinal waste through the medicine return-back programme. The majority of the respondents (82.5%) agreed that information concerning the proper disposal of HPW is insufficient. The study concludes that while the respondents were aware of the adverse impact of HPW, their practices to ensure proper disposal is discouraging. There is a need for effective unwanted medicines return-back programme as a more prudent disposal method of HPW to avoid any risk to the environment or human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariani Ariffin
- Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Tengku Sahbanun Tengku Zakili
- Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hammani S, Barhoum A, Nagarajan S, Bechelany M. Toner Waste Powder (TWP) as a Filler for Polymer Blends (LDPE/HIPS) for Enhanced Electrical Conductivity. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E3062. [PMID: 31547086 PMCID: PMC6804035 DOI: 10.3390/ma12193062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rapid urbanization proportionally increases the waste products which force humankind to find a suitable waste management system. This study aims at identifying the possibility of using toner waste powder (TWP) as a filler for fabricating polymer composites for enhanced electrical conductivity of polymer blends. TWP was successfully incorporated into a polymer blend of low-density polyethylene/high impact polystyrene (LDPE/HIPS) at a high loading percentage of up to 20 wt %. Elemental analysis (SEM-EDS and XRF) showed that the main constituents of TWP are carbon and iron with traces of other metals such as Ca, Cs, Ti, Mn, Si. The electrical conductivity of LDPE/HIPS is significantly enhanced by loading the TWP into the polymer blend. The addition of TWP to LDPE/HIPS blend decreases the electrical resistivity of the LDPE/HIPS/TWP composite to ~2.9 × 107 Ohm.cm at 10 wt % of TWP, which is several orders of magnitude lower than that of the neat blend with maintaining the thermal stability of the polymer composite. The prepared polymer composite is lightweight and shows electrical conductivity, thus it can have potential applications in electronic materials and automotive industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salim Hammani
- Laboratoire d'Analyse Fonctionnelle des Procédés Chimiques, Faculté des Sciences de l'ingénieur, Université BLIDA1, BLIDA B.P 270, ALGERIE.
| | - Ahmed Barhoum
- Institut Europeen des Membranes, IEM - UMR 5635, ENSCM, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier 34090, France.
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt.
| | - Sakthivel Nagarajan
- Institut Europeen des Membranes, IEM - UMR 5635, ENSCM, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier 34090, France.
| | - Mikhael Bechelany
- Institut Europeen des Membranes, IEM - UMR 5635, ENSCM, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier 34090, France.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Waste Mismanagement in Developing Countries: A Review of Global Issues. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16061060. [PMID: 30909625 PMCID: PMC6466021 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16061060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Environmental contamination due to solid waste mismanagement is a global issue. Open dumping and open burning are the main implemented waste treatment and final disposal systems, mainly visible in low-income countries. This paper reviews the main impacts due to waste mismanagement in developing countries, focusing on environmental contamination and social issues. The activity of the informal sector in developing cities was also reviewed, focusing on the main health risks due to waste scavenging. Results reported that the environmental impacts are pervasive worldwide: marine litter, air, soil and water contamination, and the direct interaction of waste pickers with hazardous waste are the most important issues. Many reviews were published in the scientific literature about specific waste streams, in order to quantify its effect on the environment. This narrative literature review assessed global issues due to different waste fractions showing how several sources of pollution are affecting the environment, population health, and sustainable development. The results and case studies presented can be of reference for scholars and stakeholders for quantifying the comprehensive impacts and for planning integrated solid waste collection and treatment systems, for improving sustainability at a global level.
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang S, Wang J, Zhao S, Yang S. Information publicity and resident's waste separation behavior: An empirical study based on the norm activation model. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 87:33-42. [PMID: 31109533 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Waste separation is beneficial to minimize the negative environmental effects of waste and to promote the recycling use of waste. Based on the norm activation model framework, this study mainly focused on examining how information publicity about waste separation affects resident's waste separation intention. A questionnaire survey was conducted in China to collect the research data, and the data were analyzed by using the structural equation modeling technique. The results indicated that resident's awareness of consequences of not separating waste is positively and significantly associated with ascription of responsibility, and both of them are positively and significantly related to personal norm. Personal norm is positively associated with resident's waste separation intention. Furthermore, information publicity has a direct and positive effect on resident's waste separation intention. However, the effect is relatively small. Meanwhile, it is worth noting that the effect of information publicity on waste separation intention depends on information quality. Information quality positively moderates the effect of information publicity on waste separation intention. The current study enriched the research on resident's waste separation behavior and highlighted the role of information publicity. Based on the results, policy implications about how to motivate residents to separate waste were discussed and the research limitations were pointed out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanyong Wang
- School of Management, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Jinpeng Wang
- School of Management, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Shuliang Zhao
- School of Public Affairs, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, PR China.
| | - Shu Yang
- Energy Research Institute, State Grid Corporation of China, Changping District, Beijing, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang B, Lai KH, Wang B, Wang Z. From intention to action: How do personal attitudes, facilities accessibility, and government stimulus matter for household waste sorting? JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 233:447-458. [PMID: 30593004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
There is a notable discrepancy between intention on household waste sorting and the actions taken to support this environmental initiative among residents in China. This study aims to explore the influences of personal attitudes, facilities accessibility, and government stimulus on this discrepancy. Built on an integrated framework of Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and Norm Activation Model (NAM), this study examines the relationship between intention and household waste sorting behaviour considering the psychological behavioural antecedents and circumstantial constraints among Chinese residents. Results from a questionnaire survey administered in China confirm the discrepancy, and show that the link between intention and behaviour on waste sorting is weakened after adding the influencing paths from the factors of facilities accessibility and government stimulus to waste sorting behaviour: however, the presence of these two factors directly promote waste sorting behaviour, but do not moderate the intention-behaviour relationship as their interaction items with behavioural intention are not significantly related to waste sorting behaviour. Furthermore, the personal norm is found to be the major factor influencing intentions of Chinese residents towards waste sorting while both subjective norms and perceived behavioural control were unexpectedly found to have no significant influence thereon. These findings are useful for promotion and planning of waste sorting by policy-makers to ease the waste disposal problem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; Center for Energy & Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; Department of Logistics and Maritime Studies, Faculty of Business, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing 100081, China; Sustainable Development Research Institute for Economy and Society of Beijing, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Kee-Hung Lai
- Department of Logistics and Maritime Studies, Faculty of Business, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; Center for Energy & Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhaohua Wang
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; Center for Energy & Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing 100081, China; Sustainable Development Research Institute for Economy and Society of Beijing, Beijing 100081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Callao C, Martinez-Nuñez M, Latorre MP. European Countries: Does common legislation guarantee better hazardous waste performance for European Union member states? WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 84:147-157. [PMID: 30691887 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The study of efficiency in hazardous waste management has been proved to be a driving factor for sustainable development (SD). This study focuses on a performance assessment of European countries, most of them European Union (EU) member states and candidate countries that share a common legislative framework through European regulations, in order to provide a general understanding of hazardous waste performance. In this paper, we use Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to examine the efficiency of 32 countries in Europe by using novel input/output environmental parameters to study the efficiency of the different waste management operations from an environmental point of view. This analysis contrasts the efficiency in the management of total waste versus hazardous waste and studies three operations with hazardous wastes: incineration and incineration with energy recovery, disposal and recovery. Results show that there are differences in the achievement of efficiency, not only among countries, but also among the different waste management operations analysed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Callao
- Legal Department, Universidad San Jorge, Autovía A-23 Zaragoza-Huescak, Km 299, 50830 Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Margarita Martinez-Nuñez
- Department of Management Engineering, Business Administration and Statistics, ETSI Sistemas de Telecomunicación, Technical University of Madrid, Ctra de Valencia, Km. 7, 28031 Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Pilar Latorre
- Department of Business & Administration, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y del Trabajo, University of Zaragoza, Violante de Hungría 23, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
A Practical Approach to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Open Dumps through Infrastructure Restructuring: A Case Study in Nanjing City, China. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10082804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new environmental ban has forced the restructure of open dumps in China since 1 July 2011. A technical process was established in this study that is feasible for the upgrade of open dumps through restructuring. The feasibility of restructuring and the benefit of greenhouse gas emission reductions were assessed according to field surveys of five landfills and four dumps in Nanjing. The results showed that the daily processing capacities of the existing landfills have been unable to meet the growth of municipal solid waste (MSW), making restructuring of the landfills imperative. According to an assessment of the technical process, only four sites in Nanjing were suitable for upgrading. Restructuring the Jiaozishan landfill effectively reduced the leachate generation rate by 5.84% under its scale when expanded by 60.7% in 2015. CO2 emissions were reduced by approximately 55,000–86,000 tons per year, in which biogas power generation replaced fossil fuels Fossil fuels accounted for the largest proportion, up to 45,000–60,000 tons. Photovoltaic power generation on the overlying land has not only reduced CO2 emissions to 26,000–30,000 tons per year but has also brought in continuing income from the sale of electricity. The funds are essential for developing countries such as China, which lack long-term financial support for landfill management after closure.
Collapse
|
27
|
Cao X, Ji L, Lin X, Stevens WR, Tang M, Shang F, Tang S, Lu S. Comprehensive diagnosis of PCDD/F emission from three hazardous waste incinerators. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:172056. [PMID: 30109050 PMCID: PMC6083712 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive diagnosis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) emissions was systematically conducted on three hazardous waste incinerators (HWIs). Results indicated that PCDD/F mainly existed in the solid phase before the bag filter. This was especially true for higher chlorinated dioxin and furan congeners (hexa-, hepta- and octa-). The aged bag filters tended to increase the gas-phase PCDD/F. Emissions also increased due to PCDD/F desorption from circulated scrubbing solution and plastic packing media used in the wet scrubber. The PCDD/F concentrations were elevated during the start-up process, reaching up to 5.4 times higher than those measured during the normal operating period. The ratios of PCDFs/PCDDs revealed that the surface-catalysed de novo synthesis was the dominant pathway of PCDD/F formation. Installation of more efficient fabric filters, intermittent replacement of circulated scrubbing solution will result in reduced PCDD/F emission. Additionally, 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF correlated well with the international toxic equivalent quantity (I-TEQ) value, which suggests that 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF could act as an I-TEQ indicator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Fuchunjiang Environmental Technology Research Co. Ltd, Hangzhou 311401, People's Republic of China
| | - Longjie Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Site Remediation Technologies, Beijing Construction Engineering Group Environmental Remediation Co. Ltd, Beijing 100015, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - William R. Stevens
- Zhejiang Fuchunjiang Environmental Technology Research Co. Ltd, Hangzhou 311401, People's Republic of China
- College of Health Sciences, Kentucky Christian University, Grayson, KY 41143, USA
| | - Minghui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanjie Shang
- Zhejiang Fuchunjiang Environmental Technology Research Co. Ltd, Hangzhou 311401, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaofu Tang
- Zhejiang Fuchunjiang Environmental Technology Research Co. Ltd, Hangzhou 311401, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengyong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
An Exploration of the Impacts of Compulsory Source-Separated Policy in Improving Household Solid Waste-Sorting in Pilot Megacities, China: A Case Study of Nanjing. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10051327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
29
|
Romo LA, López-Fernández A, García-Díaz I, Fernández P, Urbieta A, López FA. From spent alkaline batteries to ZnxMn3−xO4 by a hydrometallurgical route: synthesis and characterization. RSC Adv 2018; 8:33496-33505. [PMID: 35548165 PMCID: PMC9086476 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra06789a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of Zn/Mn binary oxides with different molar ratios were synthesized via co-precipitation from a solution obtained through the leaching of a black mass originating from the mechanical recycling of spent alkaline and Zn–C batteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Alcaraz Romo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Metalúrgicas (CENIM-CSIC)
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Ana López-Fernández
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Metalúrgicas (CENIM-CSIC)
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Irene García-Díaz
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Metalúrgicas (CENIM-CSIC)
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Paloma Fernández
- Facultad de Ciencias Físicas
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- Ciudad Universitaria
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Ana Urbieta
- Facultad de Ciencias Físicas
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- Ciudad Universitaria
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Félix A. López
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Metalúrgicas (CENIM-CSIC)
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Effect of the secondary product of semi-solid phase Fenton on the flotability of electrode material from spent lithium-ion battery. POWDER TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2017.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
31
|
Mönkäre TJ, Palmroth MRT, Rintala JA. Screening biological methods for laboratory scale stabilization of fine fraction from landfill mining. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 60:739-747. [PMID: 27865763 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Increasing interest for the landfill mining and the amount of fine fraction (FF) in landfills (40-70% (w/w) of landfill content) mean that sustainable treatment and utilization methods for FF are needed. For this study FF (<20mm) was mined from a municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill operated from 1967 to 1989. FF, which resembles soil, was stabilized in laboratory scale reactors in two phases: first, anaerobically for 101days and second, for 72days using four different methods: anaerobic with the addition of moisture (water) or inoculum (sewage sludge) and aerobic with continuous water washing, with, or without, bulking material. The aim was to evaluate the effect on the stability of mined FF, which has been rarely reported, and to study the quality and quantity of gas and leachate produced during the stabilization experiment. The study showed that aerobic treatment reduced respiration activity (final values 0.9-1.1mgO2/gTS) and residual methane potential (1.1LCH4/kgTS) better than anaerobic methods (1.8-2.3mg O2/g TS and 1.3-2.4L CH4/kg TS, respectively). Bulking material mixed in FF in one aerobic reactor had no effect on the stability of FF. The benefit of anaerobic treatment was the production of methane, which could be utilized as energy. Even though the inoculum addition increased methane production from FF about 30%, but the methane production was still relatively low (in total 1.5-1.7L CH4/kg TS). Continuous water washing was essential to remove leachable organic matter and soluble nutrients from FF, while increasing the volume of leachate collected. In the aerobic treatment, nitrogen was oxidized into nitrite and nitrate and then washed out in the leachate. Both anaerobic and aerobic methods could be used for FF stabilization. The use of FF, in landscaping for example, is possible because its nutrient content (4gN/kg TS and 1g P/kg TS) can increase the nutrient content of soil, but this may have limitations due to the possible presence of heavy metal and other contaminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiina J Mönkäre
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 541, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Marja R T Palmroth
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 541, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Jukka A Rintala
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 541, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chang PL, Hsieh MM, Chiu TC. Recent Advances in the Determination of Pesticides in Environmental Samples by Capillary Electrophoresis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:409. [PMID: 27070634 PMCID: PMC4847071 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13040409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, owing to the increasing population and the attempts to satisfy its needs, pesticides are widely applied to control the quantity and quality of agricultural products. However, the presence of pesticide residues and their metabolites in environmental samples is hazardous to the health of humans and all other living organisms. Thus, monitoring these compounds is extremely important to ensure that only permitted levels of pesticide are consumed. To this end, fast, reliable, and environmentally friendly methods that can accurately analyze dilute, complex samples containing both parent substances and their metabolites are required. Focusing primarily on research published since 2010, this review summarizes the use of various sample pretreatment techniques to extract pesticides from various matrices, combined with on-line preconcentration strategies for sensitivity improvement, and subsequent capillary electrophoresis analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Ling Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Mu Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry, National Kaohsiung Normal University, 62, Shenjhong Road, Yanchao District, Kaohsiung 82446, Taiwan.
| | - Tai-Chia Chiu
- Department of Applied Science, National Taitung University, 369, Section 2, University Road, Taitung 95092, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|