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Liu N, Ye W, Zhao G, Liu G. Development of smartphone-controlled and machine-learning-powered integrated equipment for automated detection of bioavailable heavy metals in soils. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133140. [PMID: 38061131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Rapid and accurate on-site detection of crop-absorbable cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in soils is important for food security and human health. The automated soil sample pretreatment method, including the ultrasonic extraction of weakly acid-soluble heavy metals, suction-filtration, and UV photolysis, was proposed to achieve the high-efficiency preparation from soil sample to extract solution. Bismuth-film-modified glass carbon electrode combined with the homemade potentiostat was fabricated to implement the square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) measurements of soil extracts. The peak-information-acquisition algorithm was designed to automatically obtain peak heights and widths of Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Bi3+, and Cu2+ stripping currents, and then which were used as input variables for establishing machine-learning models to enhance the detection accuracy of SWASV to Cd2+ and Pb2+ under the coexistence of multiple heavy metal ions. Eventually, the smartphone-controlled integrated-automated detection equipment was developed and successfully applied to the automatic pretreatment of soil samples and the determination of weakly acid-soluble Cd2+ and Pb2+ in real soil samples. The detection speed was 75 min/sample, and the detection results were close to the standard method (BCR-ICP-MS). This equipment can provide powerful technical support for on-site rapid and accurate determination of crop-absorbable heavy metals in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- Key Lab of Smart Agriculture Systems, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China.
| | - Wenshuai Ye
- Key Lab of Smart Agriculture Systems, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Guo Zhao
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, PR China
| | - Gang Liu
- Key Lab of Smart Agriculture Systems, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China.
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Liu N, Ye W, Zhao G, Liu G. Release of free-state ions from fulvic acid-heavy metal complexes via VUV/H 2O 2 photolysis: Photodegradation of fulvic acids and recovery of Cd 2+ and Pb 2+ stripping voltammetry currents. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 315:120420. [PMID: 36243185 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fulvic acid (FA), a ubiquitous organic matter in the environment, can enhance the mobility and bioavailability of Cd2+ and Pb2+ through competitive complexation to form FA-heavy metal ions (FA-HMIs) complexes with excellent solubility. Because FA-HMIs are electrochemically inactive, square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) cannot accurately detect the content of bioavailable Cd2+ and Pb2+ in soils and sediments. This study ostensibly aimed to efficiently recover SWASV signals of Cd2+ and Pb2+ in FA-HMIs by disrupting FA-HMIs complexes using the combined vacuum ultraviolet and H2O2 (VUV/H2O2) process. Essentially, this study explored the photodegradation behavior and photolysis by-products of FA and their effects on the conversion of FA-HMIs complexes to free-state Cd2+ and Pb2+ using multiple characterization techniques, as well as revealed the complexation mechanism of FA with Cd2+ and Pb2+. Results showed that reactive groups such as carboxyl and hydroxyl endowed FA with the ability to complex Cd2+ and Pb2+. After FA-HMIs underwent VUV/H2O2 photolysis for 9 min at 125 mg/L of H2O2, FA was decomposed into small molecular organics while removing its functional groups, which released the free-state Cd2+ and Pb2+ and recovered their SWSAV signals. However, prolonged photolytic mineralization of FA to inorganic anions formed precipitates with Cd2+ and Pb2+, thereby decreasing their SWSAV signals. Moreover, the VUV/H2O2 photolysis significantly improved the SWASV detection accuracy toward the Cd2+ and Pb2+ in real soil and sediment samples, verifying its practicality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- Key Lab of Smart Agriculture Systems, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Wenshuai Ye
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Guo Zhao
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210031, PR China
| | - Gang Liu
- Key Lab of Smart Agriculture Systems, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
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Integrated Assessment of Affinity to Chemical Fractions and Environmental Pollution with Heavy Metals: A New Approach Based on Sequential Extraction Results. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168458. [PMID: 34444207 PMCID: PMC8391145 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To assess the affinity degree of heavy metals (HMs) to geochemical phases, many indices with several limitations are used. Thus, this study aims to develop a new complex index for assessing contamination level and affinity to chemical fractions in various solid environmental media. For this, a new integrated approach using the chemical affinity index (CAF) is proposed. Comparison of CAF with %F on the literature examples on fractionation of HMs from soils, bottom sediments, atmospheric PM10, and various particle size fractions of road dust proved a less significant role of the residual HMs fraction and a greater contribution of the rest of the chemical fractions in the pollution of all studied environments. This fact is due to the normalization relative to the global geochemical reference standard, calculations of contribution of an individual element to the total pollution by all studied HMs, and contribution of the particular chemical fraction to the total HMs content taken into account in CAF. The CAF index also shows a more significant role in pollution and chemical affinity of mobile and potentially mobile forms of HMs. The strong point of CAF is the stability of the obtained HM series according to the degree of chemical affinity and contamination. Future empirical studies are necessary for the more precise assessment of CAF taking into account the spatial distribution of HMs content, geographic conditions, geochemical factors, the intensity of anthropogenic impact, environmental parameters (temperature, humidity, precipitation, pH value, the content of organic matter, electrical conductivity, particle size distribution, etc.). The combined use of CAF along with other indices allows a more detailed assessment of the strength of HMs binding to chemical phases, which is crucial for understanding the HMs’ fate in the environment.
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Conde-Cid M, Fernández-Calviño D, Núñez-Delgado A, Fernández-Sanjurjo MJ, Arias-Estévez M, Álvarez-Rodríguez E. Influence of mussel shell, oak ash and pine bark on the adsorption and desorption of sulfonamides in agricultural soils. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 261:110221. [PMID: 32148292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Taking into account the high mobility and environmental risks due to sulfonamide antibiotics as emerging pollutants, batch-type experiments were performed to study adsorption/desorption of three sulfonamides (sulfadiazine -SDZ-, sulfamethazine -SMT- and sulfachloropyridazine -SCP-) in three agricultural soils. The study was carried out both for un-amended and amended soil samples, using different doses (0, 12, 24 and 48 Mg ha-1) of three different by-products (mussel shell, oak ash and pine bark). Adsorption on un-amended soils was rather low, with percentages between 11 and 45% for SDZ, 20-64% for SMT, and 19-65% for SCP. Both the Linear and Freundlich models fitted well to adsorption curves. In the case of un-amended soils, and regarding the Linear model, the values of the coefficient of distribution (Kd, expressed in L kg-1) were between 0.6 and 1.3 for SDZ, between 0.7 and 1.1 for SMT, and between 0.6 and 2.6 for SCP. As regards the Freundlich model, the values of the adsorption constant (KF, expressed in L1/n μmol1-1/n kg-1), were in the range 0.4-1.9 for SDZ, 0.9-2.9 for SMT, and 1.2-3.8 for SCP. Simultaneously, desorption percentages were high, reaching 13.7-47.7% for SDZ, 12.6-35.1% for SMT, and 13.7-34.3% for SCP, when the highest initial antibiotic concentration (50 μmol L-1) was added, thus indicating low retention and high mobility for these compounds in soils. Mussel shell and oak ash amendments did not increase retention of any of the three sulfonamides. However, the incorporation of pine bark resulted in an increase in the adsorption and decrease in desorption for all three antibiotics. Specifically, for soils amended with pine bark at 48 Mg ha-1, Kd values (expressed in L kg-1) were between 2.1 and 2.9 for SDZ, between 3.4 and 3.6 for SMT, and between 2.5 and 8.2 for SCP. Regarding KF (expressed in L1/n μmol1-1/n kg-1), its values ranged from 5.6 to 6.3 for SDZ, 6.2-8.8 for SMT, and 5.3-7.1 for SCP. These scores were clearly higher than those of un-amended soils, and pine bark amendment also resulted in lower desorption percentages, ranging 8.7-11.4% for SDZ, 4.0-10.7% for SMT, and 6.5-16.9% for SCP. This positive effect on the retention of sulfonamides due to pine bark can be attributed to its high organic carbon content (48.6%), as well as to its acidic pHw (4.0). Therefore, pine bark amendment can be considered an effective alternative to increase the retention of sulfonamides in soils, thus reducing their bioavailability and transport to other environmental compartments, and subsequent risks of negative impacts on human and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Conde-Cid
- Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Fac. Sciences, Univ. Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain.
| | - D Fernández-Calviño
- Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Fac. Sciences, Univ. Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - A Núñez-Delgado
- Dept. Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Engineering Polytechnic School, Univ. Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - M J Fernández-Sanjurjo
- Dept. Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Engineering Polytechnic School, Univ. Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - M Arias-Estévez
- Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Fac. Sciences, Univ. Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - E Álvarez-Rodríguez
- Dept. Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Engineering Polytechnic School, Univ. Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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Galal TM, Al-Sodany YM, Al-Yasi HM. Phytostabilization as a phytoremediation strategy for mitigating water pollutants by the floating macrophyte Ludwigia stolonifera (Guill. & Perr.) P.H. Raven. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2019; 22:373-382. [PMID: 31553230 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2019.1663487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the phytoremediation potential of the floating macrophyte Ludwigia stolonifera for removing trace metals from contaminated water bodies. Forty quadrats, distributed equally in eight sites (six polluted two unpolluted sites) were selected seasonally for water, sediment and plant investigations. The leaf area, fresh and dry biomass, chlorophyll b and carotenoids contents of L. stolonifera were significantly reduced in polluted sites. L. stolonifera plants accumulated concentrations of the investigated trace metals in their roots higher than the shoots. The roots contributed to the highest concentrations of Al and Cu during spring; Fe, Mn and Ni during summer; Cd and Zn during autumn; and Cr and Pb during winter. Compared to the unpolluted sites, the below- and above-ground parts from the polluted sites accumulated higher concentrations of most investigated trace metals, except Fe. The below-ground parts of L. stolonifera had high seasonal potential for seasonal accumulation of Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn and Pb with a bioaccumulation factor that exceeded 1, the translocation factor of the investigated metals was <1. Therefore, the study species is suitable for metals phytostabilization and thus can be considered a potential phytoremediator of these metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek M Galal
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yassin M Al-Sodany
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Hatim M Al-Yasi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
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Safari M, Ramavandi B, Sanati AM, Sorial GA, Hashemi S, Tahmasebi S. Potential of trees leaf/ bark to control atmospheric metals in a gas and petrochemical zone. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 222:12-20. [PMID: 29800859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Leaf and bark of trees are tools for assessing the effects of the heavy metals pollution and monitoring the environmental air quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of Ni, Pb, V, and Co metals in four tree/shrub species (Conocarpus erectus, Nerium oleander, Bougainvillea spectabilis willd, and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) in the heavily industrial zone of Asaloyeh, Iran. Two industrial zones (sites 1 and 2), two urban areas (sites 3 and 4), and two rural areas (sites 5 and 6) in the Asaloyeh industrial zone and an uncontaminated area as a control were selected. Sampling from leaf and bark of trees was carried out in spring 2016. The metals content in the washed and unwashed leaf and bark was investigated. The results showed that four studied metals in N. oleander, C. erectus, and B. spectabilis willd in all case sites were significantly higher than that of in the control site (p < 0.05). The highest concentration of metals was found in sites 3, 4, and 6; this was due to dispersion of the pollutants from industrial environments by dominant winds. The highest comprehensive bio-concentration index (CBCI) was found in leaf (0.37) and bark (0.12) of N. oleander. The maximum metal accumulation index (MAI) in the samples was found in leaf of N. oleander (1.58) and in bark of H. rosa-sinensis (1.95). The maximum bio-concentration factor (BCF) was seen for cobalt metal in the N. oleander leaf (0.89). The nickel concentration in washed-leaf samples of C. erectus was measured to be 49.64% of unwashed one. In general, the N. oleander and C. erectus species were found to have the highest absorption rate from the atmosphere and soil than other studied species, and are very suitable tools for managing air pollution in highly industrialized areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Safari
- Environmental Health Engineering Department, Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Bahman Ramavandi
- Environmental Health Engineering Department, Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Ali Mohammad Sanati
- Department of Environmental Science, Persian Gulf Research Institute, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - George A Sorial
- Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0012, USA
| | - Seyedenayat Hashemi
- Environmental Health Engineering Department, Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Saeid Tahmasebi
- Department of Statistics, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran
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Pathak A, Healy MG, Morrison L. Changes in the fractionation profile of Al, Ni, and Mo during bioleaching of spent hydroprocessing catalysts with Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2018; 53:1006-1014. [PMID: 29869939 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2018.1471033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Spent hydroprocessing catalysts are known to contain a variety of potentially toxic metals and therefore studies on the bioavailability and mobility of these metals are critical for understanding the possible environmental risks of the spent catalysts. This study evaluates the different chemical fractions/forms of aluminium (Al), nickel (Ni), and molybdenum (Mo) in spent hydroprocessing catalyst and the changes they undergo during bioleaching with Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. In the spent catalyst (prior to bioleaching), Al was primarily present in its residual form, suggesting its low environmental mobility. However, Ni comprised mainly an exchangeable fraction, indicating its high environmental mobility. Molybdenum was mainly in the oxidizable form (47.1%), which indicated that highly oxidizing conditions were required to liberate it from the spent catalyst. During bioleaching the exchangeable, reducible and oxidizable fractions of all the metals were leached, whereas the residual fractions remained largely unaffected. At the end of bioleaching process, the metals remaining in the bioleached sample were predominantly in the residual fraction (98.3-99.5%). The 'risk assessment code' (RAC) and IR analysis also demonstrated that the environmental risks of the bioleached residue were significantly lower compared to the untreated spent catalyst. The results of this study suggest that bioleaching is an effective method in removing the metals from spent catalysts and the bioleached residue poses little environmental risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Pathak
- a Petroleum Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research , Safat , Kuwait
- b Civil Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland Galway , Ireland
| | - Mark G Healy
- b Civil Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland Galway , Ireland
| | - Liam Morrison
- c Earth and Ocean Sciences, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway , Ireland
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Cadmium and Lead Sorption/Desorption on Non-Amended and By-Product-Amended Soil Samples and Pyritic Material. WATER 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/w9110886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Xu DM, Yan B, Chen T, Lei C, Lin HZ, Xiao XM. Contaminant characteristics and environmental risk assessment of heavy metals in the paddy soils from lead (Pb)-zinc (Zn) mining areas in Guangdong Province, South China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:24387-24399. [PMID: 28891003 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In November 2016, the total metal concentrations in nine representative locations in lead (Pb)-zinc (Zn) mining areas, located in Guangdong Province, South China, were determined experimentally by flame atomic absorption spectrometer. The results indicated that the paddy soils were heavily contaminated with Cd (20.25 mg kg-1), Pb (1093.03 mg kg-1), and Zn (867.0 mg kg-1), exceeding their corresponding soil quality standard values and background values. According to the results, the mean enrichment factor levels of the studied metals decreased in the following order: Cd > Zn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Mn > Cr. Among these metals, Cd, Pb, and Zn were predominantly influenced by widespread anthropogenic activities. The highest concentrations of the studied metal pollutants were distributed in the areas surrounding the mining activity district. Multivariate statistical analysis indicated that the major contributing sources of the studied metals were metal ore mining, smelting, and processing activities. However, the composition of soil background was another potential source. Moreover, the assessment results of environment risks showed that the potential ecological risks, in decreasing order, were Cd > Pb > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cr > Mn. Additionally, the non-carcinogenic risk represented the trend of HI Pb > HI Mn > HI Zn > HI Cu , and the carcinogenic risk ranked as CR Cr > CR Cd > CR Ni . Among the environmental risk substances, Cd and Pb were the main contributors that pose ecological harm and health hazards through their serious pollution. Consequently, greater attention should be paid to this situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Mao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100082, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Han-Zhi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100082, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Ming Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
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