1
|
Ngambo G, Hanna EG, Gannon J, Marcus H, Lomazzi M, Azari R. A scoping review on e-cigarette environmental impacts. Tob Prev Cessat 2023; 9:30. [PMID: 37789930 PMCID: PMC10542855 DOI: 10.18332/tpc/172079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of e-cigarettes has grown in popularity worldwide. From their manufacturing, use, and disposal, the environmental impacts of e-cigarettes present a novel public health concern that needs to be urgently investigated. However, very limited studies have focused on the subject matter. The present study aims to review available studies to identify the environmental impacts of e-cigarettes. METHODS In this scoping review, we undertook a search in two databases (PubMed and Web of Science) from inception until 21 March 2023, and a gray literature search in Google Scholar. Reference lists of publications included in the scoping review were screened manually for additional relevant publications. Scientific publications that were in English and focused on the potential impacts of e-cigarettes on the environment were included. RESULTS A total of 693 publications were identified, of which 33 were subjected to full-text review and 9 publications were finally included in the review. The impacts on air quality, water, land use, and animals, water and energy consumption, with associated environmental impacts, increased pollution and emissions due to greater e-cigarette production, having harmful and toxic components, creating pollution and waste issues, and global environmental impacts due to manufacturing and importing ingredients and components from low- and middle-income countries, were identified as the environmental impacts of e-cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS Despite the emphasis on the environmental threat of e-cigarettes, there are limited scientific studies on the environmental impacts of the e-cigarette life cycle. Considering the rapid expansion of e-cigarette usage, there is an urgent need for a rigorous assessment of their life-cycle environmental burden of the various potential health, environmental, and other consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Ngambo
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elizabeth G. Hanna
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- World Federation of Public Health Associations, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - John Gannon
- World Federation of Public Health Associations, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hannah Marcus
- World Federation of Public Health Associations, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marta Lomazzi
- World Federation of Public Health Associations, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Razieh Azari
- World Federation of Public Health Associations, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty of Translation and Interpreting, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alrabeah G, Habib SR, Alamro NM, Alzaaqi MA. Evaluation of the Effect of Electronic Cigarette Devices/Vape on the Color of Dental Ceramics: An In Vitro Investigation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:3977. [PMID: 37297113 PMCID: PMC10253884 DOI: 10.3390/ma16113977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The use of vaping or electronic cigarette devices (ECDs) has recently increased as an alternative to conventional tobacco smoking products. By recording the CIELAB coordinates (L*a*b*) and computing the total color difference (ΔE) values using a spectrophotometer, the effect of ECDs on contemporary aesthetic dental ceramics was investigated in this in-vitro study. A total of seventy-five (N = 75) specimens from five different (n = 15) dental ceramic materials (Pressable ceramics (PEmax); Pressed and layered ceramics (LEmax); Layered zirconia (LZr); Monolithic zirconia (MZr) and Porcelain fused to metal (PFM)) were prepared and exposed to aerosols produced by the ECDs. The color assessment was performed using a spectrophotometer at six time intervals (0 = baseline; 250-puff exposures; 500-puff exposures; 750-puff exposures; 1000-puff exposures; 1250-puff exposures; and 1500-puff exposures). By recording L*a*b* and computing total color difference (ΔE) values, the data were processed. A one-way ANOVA and Tukey procedure for pairwise comparisons were used to assess color differences between tested ceramics (p < 0.05). All test materials demonstrated significant color differences (ΔE) after exposure to vaping (p < 0.05). The LZr group displayed noticeably high ΔE values at all the distinct puff exposure intervals, with the highest ΔE value of (13.67) after 1500 puffs. The lowest (ΔE) values were observed in the PFM group after 250 and 500 puffs (0.85 and 0.97, respectively). With the exception of the group PEmax (p = 0.999), all groups produced readings of "ΔE" that indicated significant differences (p < 0.05) at various degrees of puff exposures. ECDs can noticeably alter the color of the dental ceramics affecting the esthetics of the patients. All the materials tested demonstrated significant color changes (ΔE > 3.33) above the clinically acceptable threshold, except for the PFM and PEmax group (ΔE < 3.33) which showed color stability after exposure to the ECDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Alrabeah
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Rashid Habib
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawaf M. Alamro
- Intern, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia (M.A.A.)
| | - Meshari A. Alzaaqi
- Intern, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia (M.A.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Maan M, Abuzayeda M, Kaklamanos EG, Jamal M, Dutta M, Moharamzadeh K. Molecular insights into the role of electronic cigarettes in oral carcinogenesis. Crit Rev Toxicol 2023; 53:1-14. [PMID: 37051806 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2023.2190764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarette (EC) usage or vaping has seen a significant rise in recent years across various parts of the world. They have been publicized as a safe alternative to smoking; however, this is not supported strongly by robust research evidence. Toxicological analysis of EC liquid and aerosol has revealed presence of several toxicants with known carcinogenicity. Oral cavity is the primary site of exposure of both cigarette smoke and EC aerosol. Role of EC in oral cancer is not as well-researched as that of traditional smoking. However, several recent studies have shown that it can lead to a wide range of potentially carcinogenic molecular events in oral cells. This review delineates the oral carcinogenesis potential of ECs at the molecular level, providing a summary of the effects of EC usage on cancer therapy resistance, cancer stem cells (CSCs), immune evasion, and microbiome dysbiosis, all of which may lead to increased tumor malignancy and poorer patient prognosis. This review of literature indicates that ECs may not be as safe as they are perceived to be, however further research is needed to definitively determine their oncogenic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meenu Maan
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, UAE
| | - Moosa Abuzayeda
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, UAE
| | - Eleftherios G Kaklamanos
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, UAE
- School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- School of Dentistry, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Mohamed Jamal
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, UAE
| | - Mainak Dutta
- Department of Biotechnology, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus, Academic City, Dubai, UAE
| | - Keyvan Moharamzadeh
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, UAE
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shi J, Dai W, Chavez J, Carreno J, Zhao L, Kleinman MT, Arechavala RJ, Hasen I, Ting A, Bliss B, Monterrosa Mena JE, Kloner RA. One Acute Exposure to E-Cigarette Smoke Using Various Heating Elements and Power Levels Induces Pulmonary Inflammation. Cardiol Res 2022; 13:323-332. [PMID: 36660061 PMCID: PMC9822672 DOI: 10.14740/cr1425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Electronic cigarettes (eC) may not be entirely benign. There is a lack of data on the effect of a single acute exposure of eC vapor using various heating sources and power settings upon lung injury. The purpose of this study was to determine if an acute exposure with eC vapor heated with different heating elements and power levels induced inflammatory changes in the lungs and heart. Methods Rats were exposed to pure air or received a single, 4-h exposure to eC vapor. The devices used either a stainless steel (SS) or nichrome (NC) heating element randomized to a low or high atomization power (45 versus 70 W). Rats were euthanized within 48 h of exposure. Results The eC groups showed accumulation of inflammatory cells in bronchial lumen, near the pleura, and within the alveolar spaces. The numbers of inflammatory cells per field in the lung parenchyma were significantly greater in the rats exposed to eC groups vs. the air group. There were significantly higher inflammatory gene expression changes in the lungs of animals assigned to 70 W power. We observed that eC vapor generated using burnt coils were toxic and could cause acute respiratory distress and myocarditis. Conclusion In conclusion, one 4-h exposure to eC vapor, in the absence of vitamin E oil or nicotine, significantly increased lung inflammation. Effects were seen after exposures to vapor generated using SS and NC heating elements at either high or low power. Vapor from devices with burnt coils can negatively affect the heart and lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianru Shi
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA 91105, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine of the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90017-2395, USA
| | - Wangde Dai
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA 91105, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine of the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90017-2395, USA
| | - Jesus Chavez
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA 91105, USA
| | - Juan Carreno
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA 91105, USA
| | - Lifu Zhao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA 91105, USA
| | - Michael T. Kleinman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California, Irvine, CA 92717, USA
| | - Rebecca J. Arechavala
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California, Irvine, CA 92717, USA
| | - Irene Hasen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California, Irvine, CA 92717, USA
| | - Amanda Ting
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California, Irvine, CA 92717, USA
| | - Bishop Bliss
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California, Irvine, CA 92717, USA
| | | | - Robert A. Kloner
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA 91105, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine of the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90017-2395, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lucchiari C, Masiero M, Mazzocco K, Veronesi G, Maisonneuve P, Jemos C, Salè EO, Spina S, Bertolotti R, Busacchio D, Pravettoni G. Nicotine-Free E-Cigarettes Might Promote Tobacco Smoking Reduction Better Than Nicotine Delivery Devices: Results of a Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial at 1 Year. Curr Oncol 2022; 29:8579-8590. [PMID: 36421329 PMCID: PMC9717729 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29110676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the use of e-cigarettes to aid in quitting contributed to the increase in the pulmonary health of chronic smokers. The efficacy of e-cigarettes to support a successful smoking cessation attempt was also investigated. A total of 210 smokers (78 women) were enrolled in a screening program for the early detection of lung cancer and distributed in three arms: nicotine e-cigarette plus support, nicotine-free e-cigarette plus support, and support. Results showed that participants in the nicotine e-cigarette arm had a significant and fast decrease in daily cigarettes, but that later they resume smoking more than the other two groups. Conversely, participants in the other two arms showed similar daily consumption at the two evaluation points. Among abstinent participants, only 12.5% reported cough, while 48% of current smokers had pulmonary symptoms. Our study suggests that, in the long run, the use of a nicotine-free liquid may favor reducing smoking and could be considered a good option in a clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marianna Masiero
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (K.M.); (G.P.)
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-9437-2099
| | - Ketti Mazzocco
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (K.M.); (G.P.)
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy;
| | - Giulia Veronesi
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy;
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Patrick Maisonneuve
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy;
| | - Costantino Jemos
- Division of Pharmacy, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy; (C.J.); (E.O.S.)
| | - Emanuela Omodeo Salè
- Division of Pharmacy, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy; (C.J.); (E.O.S.)
| | - Stefania Spina
- Division of Thoracic and General Surgery, Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Milan, Italy;
| | - Raffaella Bertolotti
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy;
| | - Derna Busacchio
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy;
| | - Gabriella Pravettoni
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (K.M.); (G.P.)
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Effects on Health of Passive Smoking and Vape on Terraces in the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review. OPEN RESPIRATORY ARCHIVES 2022. [PMID: 37496956 PMCID: PMC9467932 DOI: 10.1016/j.opresp.2022.100204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The health damage caused by passive smoking is well known in closed public spaces such as workplaces, inside homes and restaurants. However, at present, the number of smokers in open public spaces such as terraces has increased and consequently a loss of the quality of the air breathed, increasing the concentration of particles and other contaminating agents, affecting the health of workers and customers, of these spaces. Multiple studies show that high exposure to tobacco smoke in these environments augments the risk of developing cardiorespiratory diseases, especially in the vulnerable population, but also respiratory infections. Tobacco smoke can be an excellent vehicle for transmitting viral particles, favoring coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Collapse
|
7
|
van der Eijk Y, Tan Ping Ping G, Ong SE, Tan Li Xin G, Li D, Zhang D, Min Shuen L, Kee Seng C. E-Cigarette Markets and Policy Responses in Southeast Asia: A Scoping Review. Int J Health Policy Manag 2022; 11:1616-1624. [PMID: 33906338 PMCID: PMC9808234 DOI: 10.34172/ijhpm.2021.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global e-cigarette market has proliferated and is increasingly dominated by transnational tobacco companies. While Southeast Asian countries have received relatively little attention in e-cigarette research, the region represents an area of potentially untapped growth for the industry. We review the e-cigarette situation in Southeast Asia in terms of the e-cigarette markets, advertising and promotion of e-cigarettes, reported health impacts of e-cigarette use, and policy responses in the region. METHODS We examined e-cigarette market data from the Euromonitor Global Market Information Database (GMID) Passport database, searched in the academic literature, grey literature and news archives for any reports or studies of e-cigarette related diseases or injuries, e-cigarette marketing, and e-cigarette policy responses in Southeast Asian countries, and browsed the websites of online e-cigarette retailers catering to the region's active e-cigarette markets. RESULTS In 2019, e-cigarettes were sold in six Southeast Asian markets with a total market value of $595 million, projected to grow to $766 million by 2023. E-commerce is a significant and growing sales channel in the region, with most of the popular or featured brands in online shops originating from China. Southeast Asian youth are targeted with a wide variety of flavours, trendy designs and point of sale promotions, and several e-cigarette related injuries and diseases have been reported in the region. Policy responses vary considerably between countries, ranging from strict bans to no or partial regulations. CONCLUSION Although Southeast Asia's e-cigarette market is relatively nascent, this is likely to change if transnationals invest more heavily in the region. Populous countries with weak e-cigarette regulations, notably Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam and the Philippines, are desirable targets for the transnationals. Regulatory action is needed to prevent e-cigarette use from becoming entrenched into these societies, especially among young people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvette van der Eijk
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Grace Tan Ping Ping
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Suan Ee Ong
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Research for Impact, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Grace Tan Li Xin
- Department of Political Science, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Dijin Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Loo Min Shuen
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chia Kee Seng
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yu SJ, Kwon MK, Choi W, Son YS. Preliminary study on the effect of using heat-not-burn tobacco products on indoor air quality. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113217. [PMID: 35381261 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of the use of heat-not-burn (HnB) products on indoor air quality (IAQ) was evaluated. To do this, the concentrations of nicotine, propylene glycol (PG), and vegetable glycerin (VG) directly emitted when using HnB products were analyzed and compared to those from conventional cigarettes. Furthermore, the levels of VOCs, aldehydes, nanoparticle, and particulate matter (PM) detected when subjects used HnB products in the exposure chamber were evaluated the effect on IAQ. As a result, the range of nicotine levels transferred by HnB products (0.8-1.2 mg cigarette-1) is lower than that by conventional cigarettes (2.4-3.6 mg cigarette-1). On the other hand, the range of VG levels emitted from HnB products (3.1-5.9 mg cigarette-1) were higher than that emitted from conventional cigarettes (0.6-3.0 mg cigarette-1). In addition, although the amount generated from HnB products was small compared to those from conventional cigarettes, various kinds of VOCs, aldehydes, nanoparticle and PM were produced, and these were confirmed to affect IAQ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Ji Yu
- Division of Earth Environmental System Science, Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Min-Ku Kwon
- Division of Earth Environmental System Science, Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Wonsik Choi
- Department of Environmental Atmospheric Sciences, Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Youn-Suk Son
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
de Granda-Orive JI, Solano-Reina S, Jiménez-Ruiz CA. Tobacco as a Source of Microplastics. Tobacco and Environment: World No Tobacco Day 2022. Arch Bronconeumol 2022; 58:395-397. [PMID: 35570088 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carlos A Jiménez-Ruiz
- Unidad Especializada de Tabaquismo de la Comunidad de Madrid, Hospital Clínico San Carlos Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bhattacharya B, Narain V, Bondesson M. E-cigarette vaping liquids and the flavoring chemical cinnamaldehyde perturb bone, cartilage and vascular development in zebrafish embryos. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 240:105995. [PMID: 34673467 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) become increasingly popular smoking devices, there is an increased risk for unintended exposure to e-cigarette liquids through improper disposal resulting in leaching into the environment, third hand vapor exposure through air, or embryonic exposure through maternal vaping. Thus, the safety of e-cigarettes for wildlife and developing embryos need to be thoroughly investigated. We examined perturbations in zebrafish embryonic development after exposures to two cinnamon flavored vaping liquids (with 12 mg/ml nicotine and without nicotine) for e-cigarettes from two different vendors, as well as the flavoring chemical cinnamaldehyde. We focused on the effects of the vaping liquids on hatching success and bone, cartilage and blood vessel development in 3-4 days old transgenic zebrafish larvae. We found that exposures to both of the vaping liquids perturbed the development of the cleithrum and craniofacial cartilage. Exposure to the liquids further caused non-overlapping and partially or completely missing intersegmental vessels. Hatching success was also reduced. Exposure to pure cinnamaldehyde replicated the effects of the vaping liquids with a 50% effect concentration (EC50) of 34-41 µM. Quantification of the amount of cinnamaldehyde in the vaping liquids by mass spectrometry revealed EC50s around 10-40 times lower than for pure cinnamaldehyde, suggesting that additional compounds or metabolites present in the vaping liquids mediate toxicity. Presence of nicotine in one of the vaping liquids decreased its EC50s about two fold compared to the liquid without nicotine. Exposure to the humectants propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin did not affect the vascular, cartilage or bone development in zebrafish embryos. In conclusion, our study shows that exposure to cinnamaldehyde containing vaping liquids causes severe tissue-specific defects in developing embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beas Bhattacharya
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Vedang Narain
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Maria Bondesson
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Improving valuable metal ions capturing from spent Li-ion batteries with novel materials and approaches. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
12
|
AL-Qaysi WW, Abdulla FH. Analytical methods for the identification of micro/nano metals in e-cigarette emission samples: a review. CHEMICKE ZVESTI 2021; 75:6169-6180. [PMID: 34421189 PMCID: PMC8370834 DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01779-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In this review, numerous analytical methods to quantify the heavy and trace elements emitted from electronic cigarettes, cigarettes liquid and atomizer. The selection of a method was dependent upon the purpose, e.g., quantification or identification of elements only. The introductory part of this review focuses on describing the importance of setting up an electronic cigarettes- associated safety profile. The review dealt with studies that assessed elements in sizes ranging from nano to micro. The formation of different degradation chemical substances as well as impurity trends can be indicated through chemical investigation of metals in electronic cigarettes. Some studies have been covered that show the uses and benefits of. It is noticeable from all the collected sources that the minerals emitted from the smoke of e- cigs do not constitute any significant damage, as the percentage is very small, with the exception of minerals that may be emitted from the components of the device after heating it if the components of the e- cig are of poor specifications, except in the case of long-term accumulation. For this reason, an electronic cigarette can help smokers to quit smoking tobacco and replace it with electronic cigarettes smoke with distinctive flavors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa Waleed AL-Qaysi
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Al-Jadriya campus, 10071 Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Fatma H. Abdulla
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Al-Jadriya campus, 10071 Baghdad, Iraq
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Henderson BJ, Cooper SY. Nicotine formulations impact reinforcement-related behaviors in a mouse model of vapor self-administration. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 224:108732. [PMID: 33930641 PMCID: PMC8180495 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) differ from combustible cigarettes given that nicotine-salt or nicotine-freebase may be used depending on the product. We have investigated how nicotine-salt and freebase formulations alter e-Vape® self-administration (EVSA) behavior and plasma cotinine levels in male and female mice. METHODS Adult C57/BL6 J mice were used in EVSA and assigned vaping e-liquids (50:50 PGVG, 6 mg/mL nicotine-freebase, or 6 mg/mL nicotine-salt). Mice were escalated on a fixed ratio 1 (FR1) schedule in daily 2 h sessions and then transitioned to a FR3 to examine reinforcement-related behaviors. RESULTS Here we observed that mice assigned nicotine-salt exhibited increased EVSA on a FR3 schedule compared to nicotine-freebase. Additionally, mice assigned nicotine-salt exhibited higher plasma cotinine concentrations following delivery-controlled passive-inhalation sessions. CONCLUSIONS These data provide evidence nicotine-salt formulations may contribute to greater reinforcement-related behavior and highlight the need for further investigations regarding nicotine formulation in ENDS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J. Henderson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, 1700 3rd ave, Huntington, WV 25703, USA,Corresponding Author: Brandon J. Henderson, PhD, Department of Biomedical Sciences Joan C Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University 1700 3rd Ave, 410 BBSC, Huntington, WV 25703 Phone: 304-696-7316
| | - Skylar Y. Cooper
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, 1700 3rd ave, Huntington, WV 25703, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ross CP, Lin J, Hefner K, Waters AJ. Use of electronic cigarettes in the United States service member and Veteran populations: A narrative review (2019). MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2021.1897493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles P. Ross
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jie Lin
- Murtha Cancer Center Research Program, USU Walter Reed Surgery, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kathryn Hefner
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Data and Statistics Center, The Emmes Company, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Andrew J. Waters
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Altered mRNA Levels of Stress-Related Peptides in Mouse Hippocampus and Caudate-Putamen in Withdrawal after Long-Term Intermittent Exposure to Tobacco Smoke or Electronic Cigarette Vapour. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020599. [PMID: 33435320 PMCID: PMC7827390 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotine addiction is a severe public health problem. The aim of this study was to investigate the alterations in key neurotransmissions after 60 days of withdrawal from seven weeks of intermittent cigarette smoke, e-cigarette vapours, or an e-cigarette vehicle. In the nicotine withdrawal groups, increased depressive and anxiety/obsessive–compulsive-like behaviours were demonstrated in the tail suspension, sucrose preference and marble burying tests. Cognitive impairments were detected in the spatial object recognition test. A significant increase in Corticotropin-releasing factor (Crf) and Crf1 mRNA levels was observed, specifically after cigarette withdrawal in the caudate-putamen nucleus (CPu). The nociceptin precursor levels were reduced by cigarette (80%) and e-cigarette (50%) withdrawal in the CPu. The delta opioid receptor showed a significant reduction in the hippocampus driven by the exposure to an e-cigarette solubilisation vehicle, while the mRNA levels doubled in the CPu of mice that had been exposed to e-cigarettes. Withdrawal after exposure to e-cigarette vapour induced a 35% Bdnf mRNA decrease in the hippocampus, whereas Bdnf was augmented by 118% by cigarette withdrawal in the CPu. This study shows that long-term withdrawal-induced affective and cognitive symptoms associated to lasting molecular alterations in peptidergic signalling may determine the impaired neuroplasticity in the hippocampal and striatal circuitry.
Collapse
|
16
|
Kalayci M, Cetinkaya E, Suren E, Yigit K, Duman F, Erol MK. The effect of electronic cigarette smoking on retinal microcirculation: Enlargement of the foveal avascular zone. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 32:102068. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
17
|
Dalrymple A, Badrock TC, Terry A, Bean EJ, Barber M, Hall PJ, Coburn S, McAughey J, Murphy J. Development of a novel method to measure material surface staining by cigarette, e-cigarette or tobacco heating product aerosols. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05012. [PMID: 32995648 PMCID: PMC7511806 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoke (CS) may visually stain indoor surfaces including ceilings, walls and soft furnishings over time. Potentially reduced risk products (PRRPs) such as e-cigarettes (EC) and tobacco heating products (THP) produce chemically less complex aerosols with significantly reduced levels of toxicants, particles and odour. However, the potential effects of EC and THP aerosols on the staining of indoor surfaces are currently unknown. In this study, an exposure chamber was developed as a model system to enable the accelerated staining of wallpaper and cotton samples by a scientific reference cigarette (3R4F), three THP (glo™, glo™ pro, glo™ sens) and an e-cigarette (iSwitch Maxx). Exposure to 3R4F reference cigarettes caused the greatest level of staining, which was significantly higher than glo™, glo™ pro, glo™ sens or iSwitch Maxx aerosols, all of which showed relatively little colour change. Exposure to 200–1000 puffs of 3R4F cigarette smoke resulted in a visible dose response effect to wallpaper and cotton samples which was not observed following exposure to glo™, glo™ pro, glo™ sens or iSwitch Maxx aerosols. Aging of the samples for 4 weeks post-exposure resulted in changes to the staining levels, however PRRP staining levels were minimal and significantly lower than 3R4F exposed samples. For the first time, diverse PRRPs across the tobacco and nicotine products risk continuum have been assessed in vitro for their impact on surface staining. CS exposure significantly increased the level of wallpaper and cotton staining, whereas exposure to glo™, glo™ pro, glo™ sens or iSwitch Maxx aerosols resulted in significantly reduced levels of staining, staining levels were also comparable to untreated control samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annette Dalrymple
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
- Corresponding author.
| | | | - Anya Terry
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Emma-Jayne Bean
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Mark Barber
- Borgwaldt KC GmbH Schnackenburgallee 15, 22525, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter J. Hall
- Intertek Clinical Research Services, Hooton, Cheshire, CH66 7NZ, UK
| | - Steven Coburn
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - John McAughey
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - James Murphy
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Papaefstathiou E, Stylianou M, Andreou C, Agapiou A. Breath analysis of smokers, non-smokers, and e-cigarette users. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1160:122349. [PMID: 32920481 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Solid phase micro extraction-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS) analysis was performed in exhaled breath samples of 48 healthy volunteers: 20 non-smokers, 10 smokers and 18 e-cigarette (EC, vape) users. Each volunteer provided 1 L of exhaled breath in a pre-cleaned Tedlar bag, in which an SPME fiber was exposed to absorb the emitted breath volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The acquired data were processed using multivariate data analysis (MDA) methods in order to identify the characteristic chemicals of the three groups. The results revealed that the breath of non-smokers demonstrated inverse correlation with a variety of molecules related to the breath from smokers including furan, toluene, 2-butanone and other organic substances. Vapers were distinguished from smokers by the chemical speciation of the e-liquids, such as that of esters (e.g. ethyl acetate), terpenes (e.g. α-pinene, β-pinene, d-limonene, p-cymene, etc.) and oxygenated compounds (e.g. 3-hexen-1-ol, benzaldehyde, hexanal, decanal, etc). Two classification models were developed (a) using principal component analysis (PCA) with hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and (b) using partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Both models were validated using 8 new samples (4 vapers and 4 smokers), collected in addition to the 48 samples of the calibration set. The combination of GC/MS breath analysis and MDA contributed successfully in classifying the volunteers into their respective groups and highlighted the relevant characteristic VOCs. The respective dynamic combination (SPME-GC/MS and MDA) provides a means for long term non-invasive monitoring of the population's health status for early detection purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Papaefstathiou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O.Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - M Stylianou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O.Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - C Andreou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Cyprus, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - A Agapiou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O.Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Peruzzi M, Cavarretta E, Frati G, Carnevale R, Miraldi F, Biondi-Zoccai G, Sciarretta S, Versaci F, Cammalleri V, Avino P, Protano C, Vitali M. Comparative Indoor Pollution from Glo, Iqos, and Juul, Using Traditional Combustion Cigarettes as Benchmark: Evidence from the Randomized SUR-VAPES AIR Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17176029. [PMID: 32825020 PMCID: PMC7504617 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Modified risk products (MRP) such as electronic vaping cigarettes (EVC) and heat-not-burn cigarettes (HNBC) are appealing alternatives to combustion cigarettes. Limited between- and within-device comparative data are available on MRP. We aimed at comparing indoor particulate matter (PM) emissions measured in a randomized trial enforcing standardized smoking sessions, testing different devices and flavors of MRP, using traditional combustion cigarettes (TCC) as benchmark. Overall, MRP yielded significantly lower levels of indoor PM in comparison to TCC (with median PM levels during smoking for MRP < 100 μg/m3, and for TCC > 1000 μg/m3). Despite this, significant differences among MRP were found, with Iqos appearing associated with a significantly lower burden of emissions for all the monitored fractions of PM, including total PM (all p < 0.05). Precisely, during use, PM ≤1 µm (PM1) emissions were 28 (16; 28) μg/m3 for Glo, 25 (15; 57) μg/m3 for Iqos, and 73 (15; 559) μg/m3 for Juul (p < 0.001 for Glo vs. Iqos, p < 0.001 for Glo vs. Juul, and p = 0.045 for Iqos vs. Juul). Exploratory within-MRP analyses suggested significant differences between flavors, favoring, for instance, Ultramarine for Glo, Bronze for Iqos, and Mango for Juul, even if results varied substantially according to individual smoker. In conclusion, leading MRP have significantly less intense and persistent effects on indoor pollution in comparison to TCC. Yet, when focusing solely on MRP, between-product and between-flavor differences appear, with quantitative estimates suggesting lower polluting effects with Iqos. These results, if confirmed externally, could be used to individualize product and flavor choice to minimize the untoward effects of EVC and HNBC on indoor pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Peruzzi
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 74, 04100 Latina, Italy; (E.C.); (G.F.); (R.C.); (G.B.-Z.); (S.S.)
- Mediterranea Cardiocentro, 80122 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: or
| | - Elena Cavarretta
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 74, 04100 Latina, Italy; (E.C.); (G.F.); (R.C.); (G.B.-Z.); (S.S.)
- Mediterranea Cardiocentro, 80122 Naples, Italy
| | - Giacomo Frati
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 74, 04100 Latina, Italy; (E.C.); (G.F.); (R.C.); (G.B.-Z.); (S.S.)
- IRCCS NEUROMED, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Roberto Carnevale
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 74, 04100 Latina, Italy; (E.C.); (G.F.); (R.C.); (G.B.-Z.); (S.S.)
- Mediterranea Cardiocentro, 80122 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Miraldi
- Department of Clinical, Internal Medicine, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Biondi-Zoccai
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 74, 04100 Latina, Italy; (E.C.); (G.F.); (R.C.); (G.B.-Z.); (S.S.)
- Mediterranea Cardiocentro, 80122 Naples, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 74, 04100 Latina, Italy; (E.C.); (G.F.); (R.C.); (G.B.-Z.); (S.S.)
- IRCCS NEUROMED, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Francesco Versaci
- UOC UTIC Emodinamica e Cardiologia, Ospedale Santa Maria Goretti, Via Antonio Canova, 04100 Latina, Italy;
| | - Vittoria Cammalleri
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (V.C.); (C.P.); (M.V.)
| | - Pasquale Avino
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences (DiAAA), University of Molise, via De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy;
| | - Carmela Protano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (V.C.); (C.P.); (M.V.)
| | - Matteo Vitali
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (V.C.); (C.P.); (M.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zervas E, Matsouki N, Kyriakopoulos G, Poulopoulos S, Ioannides T, Katsaounou P. Transfer of metals in the liquids of electronic cigarettes. Inhal Toxicol 2020; 32:240-248. [PMID: 32538207 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2020.1776801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: E-cigarettes are electronic devices containing a liquid that usually consists of a mixture of glycerol, propylene glycol and nicotine, with or without flavorings, in various concentrations. A vapor or aerosol is produced, and inhaled from the user, when this liquid is heated by a heating coil. This work examines the impact of three parameters (e-liquid composition, nicotine content and air flow) on the transfer of metals' from the heating coils to the e-liquids.Materials and methods: A distillation unit was used, where 20ml of an e-liquid were boiled with two commercial heating elements. Four e-liquids: 100% Propylene Glycol, 100% Glycerol, 50/50% Propylene Glycol/Glycerol, 33.3/33.3/33.3% Propylene Glycol/Glycerol/Water, three nicotine contents: 0, 0.4 and 0.8% per volume and three air flows: 0, 0.5 and 1.0 L/min, were used. The liquids were analyzed by Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometry to determine the final content of metals.Results and discussion: Five metals, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb, were found to be transferred from the heating coils to the e-liquids. The transfer of those metals increases with air flow and nicotine concentration, while e-liquid composition also has a significant impact. Glycerol enhances the transfer of metals compared to propylene glycol and their mixtures. The boiling temperature of the e-liquids increases significantly the transfer of metals in the e-liquids.Conclusions: There is a transfer of metals from the heating coils to the e-liquids. This transfer depends on the e-liquid composition and on the boiling temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Efthimios Zervas
- School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece.,Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), Patra, Greece
| | - Niki Matsouki
- School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece.,Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), Patra, Greece
| | - Grigorios Kyriakopoulos
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Athens, Greece
| | - Stavros Poulopoulos
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Theophilos Ioannides
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), Patra, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Katsaounou
- Department of Critical Care and Pulmonary Services, "Evangelismos" Hospital, Athens Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Traboulsi H, Cherian M, Abou Rjeili M, Preteroti M, Bourbeau J, Smith BM, Eidelman DH, Baglole CJ. Inhalation Toxicology of Vaping Products and Implications for Pulmonary Health. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3495. [PMID: 32429092 PMCID: PMC7278963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
E-cigarettes have a liquid that may contain flavors, solvents, and nicotine. Heating this liquid generates an aerosol that is inhaled into the lungs in a process commonly referred to as vaping. E-cigarette devices can also contain cannabis-based products including tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive component of cannabis (marijuana). E-cigarette use has rapidly increased among current and former smokers as well as youth who have never smoked. The long-term health effects are unknown, and emerging preclinical and clinical studies suggest that e-cigarettes may not be harmless and can cause cellular alterations analogous to traditional tobacco smoke. Here, we review the historical context and the components of e-cigarettes and discuss toxicological similarities and differences between cigarette smoke and e-cigarette aerosol, with specific reference to adverse respiratory outcomes. Finally, we outline possible clinical disorders associated with vaping on pulmonary health and the recent escalation of acute lung injuries, which led to the declaration of the vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) outbreak. It is clear there is much about vaping that is not understood. Consequently, until more is known about the health effects of vaping, individual factors that need to be taken into consideration include age, current and prior use of combustible tobacco products, and whether the user has preexisting lung conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Traboulsi
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (H.T.); (M.A.R.); (M.P.); (J.B.); (B.M.S.)
| | - Mathew Cherian
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (M.C.); (D.H.E.)
| | - Mira Abou Rjeili
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (H.T.); (M.A.R.); (M.P.); (J.B.); (B.M.S.)
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Matthew Preteroti
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (H.T.); (M.A.R.); (M.P.); (J.B.); (B.M.S.)
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Jean Bourbeau
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (H.T.); (M.A.R.); (M.P.); (J.B.); (B.M.S.)
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Benjamin M. Smith
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (H.T.); (M.A.R.); (M.P.); (J.B.); (B.M.S.)
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (M.C.); (D.H.E.)
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - David H. Eidelman
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (M.C.); (D.H.E.)
| | - Carolyn J. Baglole
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (H.T.); (M.A.R.); (M.P.); (J.B.); (B.M.S.)
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (M.C.); (D.H.E.)
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cromwell B, Mota LC, Levine M. Detection of Potentially Toxic Additives in Electronic Cigarettes and Cigarette Flavourings. ANAL LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2019.1708922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Cromwell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Lisa Cid Mota
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Mindy Levine
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kastner
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rydhwana Hossain
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Cardiothoracic Imaging, Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | | |
Collapse
|