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Ghosh A, Dutta M, Chatterjee A. Contrasting features of winter-time PM 2.5 pollution and PM 2.5-toxicity based on oxidative potential: A long-term (2016-2023) study over Kolkata megacity at eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 954:176640. [PMID: 39362548 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/29/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
The present study is an attempt to understand the level of PM2.5 pollution and its toxicity based on the oxidative potential (OP) during the winter-time pollution period over Kolkata, a megacity at the eastern most parts of Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) during the period of 2016-2023. We have assessed the effectiveness of the Government of India's national mission, the National Clean Air Program (NCAP) in PM2.5 reduction over this city, and the study revealed that the mission has been efficacious in lessening the PM2.5 load by 28 % from pre-NCAP (2016-2019) to post-NCAP (2021-2023) periods. Several policy interventions reduced the contributions from various anthropogenic sources; however, biomass/solid waste burning remained a major concern with no significant reduction. The results revealed that the volume-weighted OP (OPv) remains mass-independent and the same when PM2.5 remains within 70 μg m-3 (OPv range between 2.7 and 3.1 nmol DTT min-1 m-3). With the rise in PM2.5 mass from 70 μg m-3, OPv boosts up sharply and reaches its peak (at ∼145 μg m-3 during pre-NCAP and ∼105 μg m-3 during post-NCAP) followed by an insignificant change with the further rise in PM2.5. We observed that biomass/solid waste burning is the major concern over Kolkata in the current scenario (post-NCAP) even after NCAP policy interventions. Such high OP-based toxicity of PM2.5 during post-NCAP periods could be minimized if actions are taken against this particular source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinandan Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bose Institute, EN Block, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700091, India
| | - Monami Dutta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bose Institute, EN Block, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700091, India
| | - Abhijit Chatterjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bose Institute, EN Block, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700091, India.
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2
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Mentes D, Jordán A, Farkas L, Muránszky G, Fiser B, Viskolcz B, Póliska C. Evaluating emissions and air quality implications of residential waste incineration. Sci Rep 2024; 14:21314. [PMID: 39266580 PMCID: PMC11393318 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-72173-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In Europe mainly at winter season the PM levels exceed air quality limits, which correlated with the operation of solid-fired boilers. More and more people are returning to using these devices due to energy shortage caused by the pandemic and regional conflicts. In addition, the phenomena of co-burning fuels and municipal waste in residential boilers in primarily fuel poverty households increases further the amount of pollutants in the atmosphere. This study aims to correlate the quantity and quality of air pollutants with the type of fuel (wood and wastes) burned. Combustion experiments were conducted using oak fuel mixed with three waste groups: (1) plastics (PP, HDPE, PET); (2) textiles (polyester-PES, cotton-COT); and (3) papers (cardboard-CARD, glossy coated paper-GCP, 84C/PAP). The addition of waste to wood fuel altered the morphology of emitted particles. While waste burning doesn't always increase particle quantity, it significantly raises PAH concentrations. A strong relationship exists between waste type, particle morphology, and PAH quality, where with lower molecular weight PAHs linked to tar agglomerates and higher ones to soot agglomerates with inorganic crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Mentes
- Institute of Energy and Quality, University of Miskolc, 3515, Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary.
- Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, 3515, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary.
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, 3515, Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary.
| | - Anikó Jordán
- Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, 3515, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, 3515, Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary
| | - László Farkas
- Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, 3515, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary
| | - Gábor Muránszky
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, 3515, Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary
| | - Béla Fiser
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, 3515, Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary.
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
- Ferenc Rakoczi II Transcarpathian Hungarian College of Higher Education, Beregszász, 90200, Transcarpathia, Ukraine.
| | - Béla Viskolcz
- Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, 3515, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, 3515, Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary
| | - Csaba Póliska
- Institute of Energy and Quality, University of Miskolc, 3515, Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary
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Wu X, Kong Q, Lan Y, Sng J, Yu LE. Refined Sea Salt Markers for Coastal Cities Facilitating Quantification of Aerosol Aging and PM 2.5 Apportionment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:8432-8443. [PMID: 38699990 PMCID: PMC11097965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Sea salt (ss) aerosols in PM2.5 are often quantified through source apportionment by applying sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) as the markers, but both markers can be substantially emitted from anthropogenic sources. In this study, we differentiate ss from nonss (nss) portions of Na+ and Cl- to better apportion PM2.5 in a coastal tropical urban environment. Size-resolved ionic profiles accounting for Cl- depletion of aged ss were applied to 162-day measurements during 2012 and 2018-2019. Results show that the nss (likely anthropogenic) portions, on average, account for 50-80% of total Na+ and Cl- in submicron aerosols (PM1). This corresponds to up to 2.5 μg/m3 of ss in submicron aerosols that can be ∼10 times overestimated if one attributes all Na+ and Cl- in PM1 to ss. Employing the newly speciated ss- and nss-portions of Na+ and Cl- to source apportionment of urban PM2.5 via positive matrix factorization uncovers a new source of transported anthropogenic emissions during the southwest monsoon, contributing to 12-15% of PM2.5. This increases anthropogenic PM2.5 by ≥19% and reduces ss-related PM2.5 by >30%. In addition to demonstrating Cl- depletion (aging) in submicron aerosols and quantifying ssNa+, nssNa+, ssCl-, as well as nssCl- therein, the refined PM2.5 apportionment resolves new insights on PM2.5 of anthropogenic origins in urban environments, useful to facilitate policy making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Wu
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576 Singapore, Singapore
- NUS
Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Quan Kong
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576 Singapore, Singapore
- NUS
Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yang Lan
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576 Singapore, Singapore
- NUS
Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Judy Sng
- Saw
Swee Hock School of Public Health, National
University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liya E. Yu
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576 Singapore, Singapore
- NUS
Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411 Singapore, Singapore
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4
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Ghosh A, Dutta M, Das SK, Sharma M, Chatterjee A. Acidity and oxidative potential of atmospheric aerosols over a remote mangrove ecosystem during the advection of anthropogenic plumes. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141316. [PMID: 38296213 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
To investigate the acidity and the water-soluble oxidative potential of PM10, during the continental biomass-burning plume transport, a three-year (2018-2020) winter-time campaign was conducted over a pristine island (21.35°N, 88.32°E) of Sundarban mangrove ecosystem situated at the shore of Bay of Bengal. The average PM10 concentration over Sundarban was found to be 98.3 ± 22.2 μg m-3 for the entire study period with a high fraction of non-sea-salt- SO42- and water-soluble organic carbons (WSOC) that originated from the regional solid fuel burning. The thermodynamic E-AIM(IV) model had estimated that the winter-time aerosols over Sundarban were acidic (pH:2.4 ± 0.6) and mainly governed by non-sea-salt-SO42-. The volume and mass normalized oxidative potential of PM10 was found to be 1.81 ± 0.40 nmol DTT min-1 m-3 and 18.4 ± 6.1 pmol DTT min-1 μg-1 respectively which are surprisingly higher than several urban atmospheres across the world including IGP. The acid-digested water-soluble transition metals (Cu, Mn) show higher influences in the oxidative potential (under high aerosol acidity) compared to the WSOC. The study revealed that the advection of regional solid fuel burning plume and associated non-sea-salt-SO42- is enhancing aerosol acidity and oxidative stress that in turn alters the intrinsic properties of aerosols over such marine ecosystems rich in ecology and bio-geochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinandan Ghosh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Monami Dutta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bose Institute, EN Block, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700091, India
| | - Sanat K Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bose Institute, EN Block, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700091, India
| | - Mukesh Sharma
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Abhijit Chatterjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bose Institute, EN Block, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700091, India.
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Tehrani MW, Fortner EC, Robinson ES, Chiger AA, Sheu R, Werden BS, Gigot C, Yacovitch T, Van Bramer S, Burke T, Koehler K, Nachman KE, Rule AM, DeCarlo PF. Characterizing metals in particulate pollution in communities at the fenceline of heavy industry: combining mobile monitoring and size-resolved filter measurements. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:1491-1504. [PMID: 37584085 PMCID: PMC10510330 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00142c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Exposures to metals from industrial emissions can pose important health risks. The Chester-Trainer-Marcus Hook area of southeastern Pennsylvania is home to multiple petrochemical plants, a refinery, and a waste incinerator, most abutting socio-economically disadvantaged residential communities. Existing information on fenceline community exposures is based on monitoring data with low temporal and spatial resolution and EPA models that incorporate industry self-reporting. During a 3 week sampling campaign in September 2021, size-resolved particulate matter (PM) metals concentrations were obtained at a fixed site in Chester and on-line mobile aerosol measurements were conducted around Chester-Trainer-Marcus Hook. Fixed-site arsenic, lead, antimony, cobalt, and manganese concentrations in total PM were higher (p < 0.001) than EPA model estimates, and arsenic, lead, and cadmium were predominantly observed in fine PM (<2.5 μm), the PM fraction which can penetrate deeply into the lungs. Hazard index analysis suggests adverse effects are not expected from exposures at the observed levels; however, additional chemical exposures, PM size fraction, and non-chemical stressors should be considered in future studies for accurate assessment of risk. Fixed-site MOUDI and nearby mobile aerosol measurements were moderately correlated (r ≥ 0.5) for aluminum, potassium and selenium. Source apportionment analyses suggested the presence of four major emissions sources (sea salt, mineral dust, general combustion, and non-exhaust vehicle emissions) in the study area. Elevated levels of combustion-related elements of health concern (e.g., arsenic, cadmium, antimony, and vanadium) were observed near the waste incinerator and other industrial facilities by mobile monitoring, as well as in residential-zoned areas in Chester. These results suggest potential co-exposures to harmful atmospheric metal/metalloids in communities surrounding the Chester-Trainer-Marcus Hook industrial area at levels that may exceed previous estimates from EPA modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina W Tehrani
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Ellis S Robinson
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrea A Chiger
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Risk Sciences and Public Policy Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Roger Sheu
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Carolyn Gigot
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas Burke
- Risk Sciences and Public Policy Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kirsten Koehler
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Keeve E Nachman
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Risk Sciences and Public Policy Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ana M Rule
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter F DeCarlo
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Risk Sciences and Public Policy Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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6
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Lepistö T, Barreira LMF, Helin A, Niemi JV, Kuittinen N, Lintusaari H, Silvonen V, Markkula L, Manninen HE, Timonen H, Jalava P, Saarikoski S, Rönkkö T. Snapshots of wintertime urban aerosol characteristics: Local sources emphasized in ultrafine particle number and lung deposited surface area. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116068. [PMID: 37149021 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Urban air fine particles are a major health-relating problem. However, it is not well understood how the health-relevant features of fine particles should be monitored. Limitations of PM2.5 (mass concentration of sub 2.5 μm particles), which is commonly used in the health effect estimations, have been recognized and, e.g., World Health Organization (WHO) has released good practice statements for particle number (PN) and black carbon (BC) concentrations (2021). In this study, a characterization of urban wintertime aerosol was done in three environments: a detached housing area with residential wood combustion, traffic-influenced streets in a city centre and near an airport. The particle characteristics varied significantly between the locations, resulting different average particle sizes causing lung deposited surface area (LDSA). Near the airport, departing planes had a major contribution on PN, and most particles were smaller than 10 nm, similarly as in the city centre. The high hourly mean PN (>20 000 1/cm3) stated in the WHO's good practices was clearly exceeded near the airport and in the city centre, even though traffic rates were reduced due to a SARS-CoV-2-related partial lockdown. In the residential area, wood combustion increased both BC and PM2.5, but also PN of sub 10 and 23 nm particles. The high concentrations of sub 10 nm particles in all the locations show the importance of the chosen lower size limit of PN measurement, e.g., WHO states that the lower limit should be 10 nm or smaller. Furthermore, due to ultrafine particle emissions, LDSA per unit PM2.5 was 1.4 and 2.4 times higher near the airport than in the city centre and the residential area, respectively, indicating that health effects of PM2.5 depend on urban environment as well as conditions, and emphasizing the importance of PN monitoring in terms of health effects related to local pollution sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu Lepistö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, 33014, Finland.
| | - Luis M F Barreira
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00101, Finland
| | - Aku Helin
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00101, Finland
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority HSY, Helsinki, 00066, Finland
| | - Niina Kuittinen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, 33014, Finland
| | - Henna Lintusaari
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, 33014, Finland
| | - Ville Silvonen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, 33014, Finland
| | - Lassi Markkula
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, 33014, Finland
| | - Hanna E Manninen
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority HSY, Helsinki, 00066, Finland
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00101, Finland
| | - Pasi Jalava
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Sanna Saarikoski
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00101, Finland
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, 33014, Finland
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7
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Parvez MA, Rana IA, Nawaz A, Arshad HSH. The impact of brick kilns on environment and society: a bibliometric and thematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:48628-48653. [PMID: 36829095 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Bricks have a long history of being utilized as a construction material across the globe. The production processes involved in the manufacture of bricks have a significant impact on the environment, human health, economy, and society. This study conducts a thematic and bibliometric analysis to provide an in-depth review of the effects of brick kilns on humans and the environment. The PRISMA framework was used to identify relevant articles from the Web of Science database, resulting in the selection and critical review of 348 articles. The bibliometric analysis included an evaluation of historical growth, keywords, citation and co-citation, organizations, and countries. The articles were published in 213 journals, written by 1396 authors from 670 institutions in 66 countries. Thematic analysis revealed that brick kilns have a negative impact on the environment, including soil damage, and cause health problems for kiln workers and animals. Modern slavery and societal issues also persist in developing countries. The current research is focused on finding alternative materials for brick manufacturing, improving industry energy efficiency, managing waste, and technological advancements, such as the implementation of the zigzag or Hoffmann kiln to reduce pollution. In developing countries, utilizing waste from other industries in brick production can effectively lower production costs. While developed countries have embraced advanced technologies for brick production, it is recommended that developing countries adopt awareness campaigns to encourage the upgrading of kilns to cleaner and more sustainable systems. Future research directions should aim to support brick kiln owners in adopting such systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Arham Parvez
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector, Islamabad, H-1244000, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Ahmad Rana
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector, Islamabad, H-1244000, Pakistan.
| | - Adnan Nawaz
- Department of Civil Engineering, COMSATS University, Wah Campus, Islamabad, 47040, Wah Cantt, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Syed Hamid Arshad
- Department of City and Regional Planning, University of Management and Technology, Phase 1, Johar Town, Lahore, Pakistan
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8
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Mentes D, Kováts N, Muránszky G, Hornyák-Mester E, Póliska C. Evaluation of flue gas emission factor and toxicity of the PM-bounded PAH from lab-scale waste combustion. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 324:116371. [PMID: 36202035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) has a significant threat not only to human health but also to our environment. In Hungary, 54% of PM10 comes from residential combustion, which also includes the practice of household waste burning. Therefore, this work aims to investigate the quality of combustion through the flue gas concentrations (CO, CO2, O2) and to identify and evaluate the negative impacts of PM and PAHs generated during controlled lab-scale combustion of different mixed wastes (cardboard and glossy paper, polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate, polyester and cotton). Mixed wastes were burnt in a lab-scale tubular furnace at different temperatures with 180 dm3/h air flow rate. Chemical analyses were coupled with ecotoxicological tests using the bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri. Ecotoxicity was expressed as toxic unit (TU) values, toxic equivalent factors (TEF) were also presented. During the combustion same amount of O2 enters the reaction, but a different amount CO2 is generated due to the C content of the sample. The waste with highest C-content related to the highest CO2 emission. Increasing the combustion temperature produces more PM-bound PAHs, which remains the same composition in the case of plastic and textile groups. The TU of solid contaminants decreases with increasing combustion temperature and increases with the minerals which are left behind in the water from the solid contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Mentes
- Institute of Energy and Quality, University of Miskolc, 3515, Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary; Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary.
| | - Nóra Kováts
- Centre for Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, 8200, Veszprém, Egyetem Str. 10, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Muránszky
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, 3515, Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary.
| | - Enikő Hornyák-Mester
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, 3515, Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary; Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary.
| | - Csaba Póliska
- Institute of Energy and Quality, University of Miskolc, 3515, Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary.
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9
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Mentes D, Tóth CE, Nagy G, Muránszky G, Póliska C. Investigation of gaseous and solid pollutants emitted from waste tire combustion at different temperatures. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 149:302-312. [PMID: 35760016 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Consumer society requires the continuous evolution of products, thus generating a lot of waste. The automotive industry has also undergone significant development, generating 1.5 billion used tires worldwide every year. Landfilling of tires is prohibited and their disposal is therefore a major issue. Although many studies deal with the utilization of tire as a fuel, there is limited research that would specifically describe the relationship between pollutant emissions from tire combustion and the relationship between emitted pollutants and firebox temperature. Based on this, this work aims to investigate flue gas concentrations (CO, CO2, NOx, and SO2) and solid pollutants from tire burned in a lab-scale electrical furnace at firebox temperature from 650 to 900 °C. The decomposition of the CaCO3 filler during the combustion of the tire has been detected with thermal analytical investigation and combustion experiments. In the case of the CO flue gas pollutant, a second maximum concentration is observed due to the presence of CaCO3. With the increasing firebox temperature, the size of solid particles decreases, and the mesh structure formed becomes denser. At the same time, the concentration of emitted solid PAHs decreases, dominated by aromatic compounds with smaller number of rings. However, the variation of firebox temperature does not affect the amount of benzo(b)fluoranthene and fluoranthene relative to the total concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Mentes
- Institute of Energy and Quality, University of Miskolc, 3515, Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary.
| | - Csenge Emese Tóth
- Institute of Energy and Quality, University of Miskolc, 3515, Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Nagy
- Institute of Energy and Quality, University of Miskolc, 3515, Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Muránszky
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, 3515, Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary.
| | - Csaba Póliska
- Institute of Energy and Quality, University of Miskolc, 3515, Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary.
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10
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Kováts N, Hubai K, Sainnokhoi TA, Eck-Varanka B, Hoffer A, Tóth Á, Kakasi B, Teke G. Ecotoxic emissions generated by illegal burning of household waste. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 298:134263. [PMID: 35271903 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The practice of burning household waste including different types of plastic is illegal in Hungary, still an existing problem. As environmental consequences are hardly known, this study attempts to give an initial estimation of the ecotoxicity generated during controlled combustion of different waste types. These samples included polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethane (PU), oriented strand board (OSB) and rag (RAG). Ecotoxicological profiling was completed using the following test battery: Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition assay, Daphnia magna immobility test and the seedling emergence assay. Also, genotoxicity of plastic waste samples was assessed using the SOS Chromotest. Concerning main pollutants in the samples, the samples could be distinguished as 'PAH-type' and 'heavy metal-type' samples. PVC, PU and PS samples showed the highest toxicity in the Vibrio and Daphnia assays. The PVC sample was characterized by an extremely high cadmium concentration (22.4 μg/L), PS, PP and PU samples on the contrary had high total PAH content. While Vibrio and Daphnia showed comparable sensitivity, the phytotoxicity assay had no response for any of the samples tested. Samples originating from the controlled burning of different plastic types such as PU, PVC, PS and PP were classified as genotoxic, PS sample showed extremely high genotoxicity. Genotoxicity expressed as SOSIF showed strong correlation with most of the PAHs detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Kováts
- University of Pannonia, Centre for Natural Sciences, 8200, Veszprém, Egyetem Str. 10, Hungary.
| | - Katalin Hubai
- University of Pannonia, Centre for Natural Sciences, 8200, Veszprém, Egyetem Str. 10, Hungary
| | - Tsend-Ayush Sainnokhoi
- University of Pannonia, Centre for Natural Sciences, 8200, Veszprém, Egyetem Str. 10, Hungary; Mongolian University of Life Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Khan-Uul District, Zaisan, 17042, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Bettina Eck-Varanka
- University of Pannonia, Centre for Natural Sciences, 8200, Veszprém, Egyetem Str. 10, Hungary
| | - András Hoffer
- University of Pannonia, MTA-PE Air Chemistry Research Group, 8200, Veszprém, Egyetem Str. 10, Hungary
| | - Ádám Tóth
- University of Pannonia, MTA-PE Air Chemistry Research Group, 8200, Veszprém, Egyetem Str. 10, Hungary
| | - Balázs Kakasi
- University of Pannonia, Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, 8200, Veszprém, Egyetem Str. 10, Hungary
| | - Gábor Teke
- ELGOSCAR-2000 Environmental Technology and Water Management Ltd., 8184, Balatonfűzfő, Hungary
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