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Yan H, Zhu DZ, Loewen MR, Zhang W, Zhao S, van Duin B, Chen L, Mahmood K. Effects of mixed land use on urban stormwater quality under different rainfall event types. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 950:175124. [PMID: 39089374 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
The joint effect of mixed land uses and rainfall event types was studied using a two-year field monitoring program in four urban catchments in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Event mean concentration (EMC) and event pollutant load (EPL) were employed to evaluate the total suspended sediment (TSS), nitrogen and phosphorus. The correlation analysis showed that most nitrogen and phosphorus components (except for NO2-/NO3- and TDP) predominantly exist in particulate form in the study areas. The correlation for EPL was notably stronger than EMC, which can be attributed to varying rainfall characteristics. The differences in EMCs and EPLs of TSS, nitrogen and phosphorus across catchments indicated that the complexity and spatial distribution of mixed land use can influence the generation and transportation of pollutants in urban runoff. The impacts of rainfall characteristics on stormwater quality are integrated rather than driven by a single rainfall characteristic. Brief but intense events tended to elevate TSS, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, especially in complex land-use catchments. Events with long antecedent dry days and short duration also resulted in increased pollutant concentrations, while events with long duration and low intensity could result in higher EPLs. The effect of mixed land use on water quality can vary depending on rainfall event types. Seasonal variations were found in EMC and EPL of TSS, nitrogen and phosphorus, with higher values in the spring and summer than the fall. Seasonal variations are mainly influenced by rainfall conditions, temperature and anthropogenic activities (e.g. lawn fertilization and de-icing with sands). MLR considering rainfall characteristics is an effective method for predicting stormwater quality within a single catchment. Considering complexity and spatial distribution of mixed land use can improve the accuracy of the harmonized MLR model. This research provided insights into understanding the complexities introduced by mixed land use and rainfall event types in urban stormwater quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Yan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - David Z Zhu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Zhejiang 315211, China.
| | - Mark R Loewen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Wenming Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Stacey Zhao
- Climate & Environment, City of Calgary, AB T2P 2M5, Canada
| | - Bert van Duin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada; City & Regional Planning, City of Calgary, AB T2P 2M5, Canada
| | - Lei Chen
- Climate & Environment, City of Calgary, AB T2P 2M5, Canada
| | - Khizar Mahmood
- Climate & Environment, City of Calgary, AB T2P 2M5, Canada
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Yang Y, Zhu DZ, Loewen MR, Zhang W, van Duin B, Mahmood K. Impacts of climate change on urban stormwater runoff quantity and quality in a cold region. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 954:176439. [PMID: 39341248 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
Climate change poses significant challenges to urban environments affecting both flood risks and stormwater pollutant loadings. However, studies on variations in stormwater runoff quantity and quality in cold regions, which are highly sensitive to climate change, are notably limited. Integrating climatic, hydrologic, and hydraulic modelling, the study assesses the potential impacts of climate change on stormwater runoff volume and pollutant dynamics in a Canadian urban watershed (Calgary). A two-year field program was conducted to support the calibration and validation of the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). Intensity-duration-frequency curves were employed to evaluate the impacts of climate change on peak flow rate and flooding duration. In addition, typical dry, average, and wet years were applied to continuously simulate stormwater runoff quantity and quality during the 2050s and 2080s. The results suggest substantial increases in peak flow rates and flooding durations, particularly for the 5-year return period rainfall, with 1-h, 4-h, and 24-h peak inflow rates increasing by 74.3% (170.7%), 89.2% (158.4%), and 64.1% (102.8%) in the 2050s (2080s) Furthermore, the runoff quantity is projected to rise by 2.4-10.2% in the 2050s and 11.8-17.5% in the 2080s. Total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) loadings are anticipated to increase by 2.0-36.1%, 3.1-21.4%, and 4.1-20.7%, respectively. As a result, the current stormwater system could overload and stormwater quality is likely to deteriorate under the impact of climate change. The findings are beneficial for cold regions to develop adaptive strategies that enhance urban water security and environmental sustainability under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - David Z Zhu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Zhejiang 315211, China.
| | - Mark R Loewen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Wenming Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Bert van Duin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada; City & Regional Planning, City of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2P 2M5, Canada
| | - Khizar Mahmood
- Climate & Environment, City of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2P 2M5, Canada
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Yan H, Zhu DZ, Loewen MR, Zhang W, Yang Y, Zhao S, van Duin B, Chen L, Mahmood K. Particle size distribution of total suspended sediments in urban stormwater runoff: Effect of land uses, precipitation conditions, and seasonal variations. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 365:121467. [PMID: 38908149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Understanding particle size distribution (PSD) of total suspended sediments in urban runoff is essential for pollutant fate and designing effective stormwater treatment measures. However, the PSDs from different land uses under different weather conditions have yet to be sufficiently studied. This research conducted a six-year water sampling program in 15 study sites to analyze the PSD of total suspended sediments in runoff. The results revealed that the median particle size decreased in the order: paved residential, commercial, gravel lane residential, mixed land use, industrial, and roads. Fine particles less than 125 μm are the dominant particles (over 75%) of total suspended sediments in runoff in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Roads have the largest percentage of particles finer than 32 μm (49%). Gravel lane residential areas have finer particle sizes than paved residential areas. The results of PSD were compared with previous literature to provide more comprehensive information about PSD from different land uses. The impact of rainfall event types can vary depending on land use types. A long antecedent dry period tends to result in the accumulation of fine particles on urban surfaces. High rainfall intensity and long duration can wash off more coarse particles. The PSD in spring exhibits the finest particles, while fall has the largest percentage of coarse particles. Snowmelt particles are finer for the same land use than that during rainfall events because the rainfall-runoff flows are usually larger than the snowmelt flows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Yan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - David Z Zhu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, 315211, China.
| | - Mark R Loewen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Wenming Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Stacey Zhao
- Climate & Environment, City of Calgary, AB, T2P 2M5, Canada
| | - Bert van Duin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada; City & Regional Planning, City of Calgary, AB, T2P 2M5, Canada
| | - Lei Chen
- Climate & Environment, City of Calgary, AB, T2P 2M5, Canada
| | - Khizar Mahmood
- Climate & Environment, City of Calgary, AB, T2P 2M5, Canada
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Yang L, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wang S, Yue J, Guan G, Guo Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Q. Water quality improvement project for initial rainwater pollution and its performance evaluation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:116987. [PMID: 37633636 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Efficiently addressing initial rainwater pollution is crucial for mitigating urban water pollution. However, the performance evaluation of initial rainwater pollution control project is rarely introduced. In this study, the architecture of effective comprehensive engineering measures for improving the water quality of initial rainwater in Anhui Province, China, was described. Three water quality indicators, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total phosphorus (TP), were selected to explore the severity of urban pollution caused by initial rainwater under various rainfall scenarios. A single-factor evaluation method was used to contrast and assess the benefits of the initial rainfall interception project in terms of water quality enhancement. Results showed that initial rainfall pollution was gentler under light rainfall conditions but more prominent under moderate and heavy conditions. The percentages of NH3-N, COD, and TP in Lotus Pond that met the tertiary drinking water standard were 100%, 74.91%, and 100% with great improvement, and the average concentrations of NH3-N, COD, and TP in Fushan Road Drainage have decreased by 91.43%, 10.49%, and 57.33% respectively, after the construction of the interception project. These indicated that the nitrogen and phosphorus pollution were successfully controlled by the control techniques in both locations, but COD concentration has to be addressed with more specialized strategies. Overall, the water quality improvement project for initial rainwater pollution plays a great role in effectively governing initial rainwater pollution and improving river water quality, and provides an effective technical reference for urban water ecological environment management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Ecology and Environmental Change, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yingshan Wang
- Anhui Qingluo Digital Technology Limited Company, Hefei, 230093, China
| | - Yonggui Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Ecology and Environmental Change, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Shaofei Wang
- Yantai Centre for Promotion of Science and Technology Innovation, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, China
| | - Jinzhao Yue
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Ecology and Environmental Change, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Guoliang Guan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Ecology and Environmental Change, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yanqi Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Ecology and Environmental Change, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Ecology and Environmental Change, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Qingdong Zhang
- Anhui Qingluo Digital Technology Limited Company, Hefei, 230093, China
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Zhuang Q, Li M, Lu Z. Assessing runoff control of low impact development in Hong Kong's dense community with reliable SWMM setup and calibration. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 345:118599. [PMID: 37423185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Low impact development (LID) is a sustainable practice to managing urban runoff. However, its effectiveness in densely populated areas with intense rainfall, such as Hong Kong, remains unclear due to limited studies with similar climate conditions and urban patterns. The highly mixed land use and complicated drainage network present challenges for preparing a Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). This study proposed a reliable framework for setting up and calibrating SWMM by integrating multiple automated tools to address these issues. With a validated SWMM, we examined LID's effects on runoff control in a densely built catchment of Hong Kong. A designed full-scale LID implementation can reduce total and peak runoffs by around 35-45% for 2, 10 and 50-year return rainfalls. However, LID alone may not be adequate to handle the runoff in densely built areas of Hong Kong. As the rainfall return period increases, total runoff reduction increases, but peak runoff reduction remains close. Percentages of reduction in total and peak runoffs decline. The marginal control diminishes for total runoff while remaining constant for peak runoff when increasing the extent of LID implementation. In addition, the study identifies the crucial design parameters of LID facilities using global sensitivity analysis. Overall, our study contributes to accelerating the reliable application of SWMM and deepening the understanding of the effectiveness of LID in ensuring water security in densely built urban communities located near the humid-tropical climate zone, such as Hong Kong.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinru Zhuang
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Mengru Li
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Zhongming Lu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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Gao Z, Zhang Q, Li J, Wang Y, Dzakpasu M, Wang XC. First flush stormwater pollution in urban catchments: A review of its characterization and quantification towards optimization of control measures. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 340:117976. [PMID: 37121004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Identification, quantification, and control of First-Flush (FF) are considered extremely crucial in urban stormwater management. This paper reviews the methods for FF phenomenon identification, characteristics of pollutants flushes, technologies for FF pollution control, and the relationships among these factors. It further discusses FF quantification methods and optimization of control measures, aiming to reveal directions for future studies on FF management. Results showed that statistical analyses and Runoff Pollutographs Applying Curve (RPAC) fitting modelling of wash-off processes are the most applicable FF identification methods currently available. Furthermore, deep insights into the pollutant mass flushing of roof runoff may be a critical approach to characterizing FF stormwater. Finally, a novel strategy for FF control is established comprising multi-stage objectives, coupling LID/BMPs optimization schemes and Information Feedback (IF) mechanisms, aiming towards its application for the management of urban stormwater at the watershed scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zan Gao
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment, and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Qionghua Zhang
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment, and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an, 710055, China.
| | - Jie Li
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment, and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment, and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Mawuli Dzakpasu
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an, 710055, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment, and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an, 710055, China
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Yan H, Zhu DZ, Loewen MR, Zhang W, Liang S, Ahmed S, van Duin B, Mahmood K, Zhao S. Impact of rainfall characteristics on urban stormwater quality using data mining framework. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160689. [PMID: 36473661 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the impact of rainfall characteristics on urban stormwater quality is important for stormwater management. Even though significant attempts have been undertaken to study the relationship between rainfall and urban stormwater quality, the knowledge developed may be difficult to apply in commercial stormwater management models. A data mining framework was proposed to study the impacts of rainfall characteristics on stormwater quality. A rainfall type-based calibration approach was developed to improve water quality model performance. Specifically, the relationship between rainfall characteristics and stormwater quality was studied using principal component analysis and correlation analysis. Rainfall events were classified using a K-means clustering method based on the selected rainfall characteristics. A rainfall type-based (RTB) model was independently calibrated for each rainfall type to obtain optimal parameter sets of stormwater quality models. The results revealed that antecedent dry days, average rainfall intensity, and rainfall duration were the most critical rainfall characteristics affecting the event mean concentrations (EMCs) of total suspended solids, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus, while total rainfall was found to be of negligible importance. The K-means method effectively clustered the rainfall events into four types that could represent the rainfall characteristics in the study areas. The rainfall type-based calibration approach can considerably improve water quality model accuracy. Compared to the traditional continuous simulation model, the relative error of the RTB model was reduced by 11.4 % to 16.4 % over the calibration period. The calibrated stormwater quality parameters can be transferred to adjacent catchments with similar characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Yan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - David Z Zhu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China 315211.
| | - Mark R Loewen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Wenming Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Shuntian Liang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Sherif Ahmed
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Bert van Duin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada; City & Regional Planning, City of Calgary, Mail Code #437, P.O. Box 2100, Station M, Calgary, AB T2P 2M5, Canada
| | - Khizar Mahmood
- Climate & Environment Business Unit, City of Calgary, Mail Code #437, P.O. Box 2100, Station M, Calgary, AB T2P 2M5, Canada
| | - Stacey Zhao
- Climate & Environment Business Unit, City of Calgary, Mail Code #437, P.O. Box 2100, Station M, Calgary, AB T2P 2M5, Canada
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