1
|
Asranudin, Purnomo AS, Holilah, Prasetyoko D, El Messaoudi N, Rohmah AA, Putra Hidayat AR, Subagyo R. Adsorption and biodegradation of the azo dye methyl orange using Ralstonia pickettii immobilized in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-alginate-hectorite beads (BHec-RP). RSC Adv 2024; 14:18277-18290. [PMID: 38854831 PMCID: PMC11158117 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08692e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Biological methods are widely used to treat dye waste, particularly methyl orange (MO) dye. The importance of MO degradation stems from its classification as a toxic dye. Within the scope of this research, successful bio-decolorization of MO was achieved through the use of Ralstonia pickettii bacteria immobilized in a PVA-alginate-hectorite matrix (BHec-RP). The optimum conditions for the degradation were observed at a composition of PVA (10%), hectorite (1%), static incubation, 40 °C, and pH 7. Subsequently, the adsorption kinetics of BHec-RP (dead cells) as well as the degradation kinetics of BHec-RP (live cells) and MO using free R. pickettii cells were evaluated. The decolorization of MO using BHec-RP (dead cells) is an adsorption process following pseudo-first-order kinetics (0.6918 mg g-1 beads) and occurs in a monolayer or physical process. Meanwhile, the adoption of BHec-RP (live cells) and free R. pickettii cells shows a degradation process under pseudo-first-order kinetics, with the highest rates at an initial MO concentration of 50 mg L-1 being 0.025 mg L-1 h-1 and 0.015 mg L-1 h-1, respectively. These results show that the immobilization system is superior compared to free R. pickettii cells. Furthermore, the degradation process shows the inclusion of several enzymes, such as azoreductase, NADH-DCIP reductase, and laccase, presumed to be included in the fragmentation of molecules. This results in five fragments based on LC-QTOF/MS analysis, with m/z values of 267.12; 189.09; 179.07; 169.09; and 165.05.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asranudin
- Department of Chemistry, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya Indonesia
- Research Center or Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia (BRIN) Cibinong 16911 Indonesia
| | - Adi Setyo Purnomo
- Department of Chemistry, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya Indonesia
| | - Holilah
- Research Center or Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia (BRIN) Cibinong 16911 Indonesia
| | - Didik Prasetyoko
- Department of Chemistry, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya Indonesia
| | - Noureddine El Messaoudi
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University Agadir 80000 Morocco
| | - Alya Awinatul Rohmah
- Department of Chemistry, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya Indonesia
| | | | - Riki Subagyo
- Department of Chemistry, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Brillas E, Oliver R. Development of persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes to remove synthetic azo dyes from aqueous matrices. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 355:141766. [PMID: 38527631 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Azo dyes are largely used in many industries and discharged in large volumes of their effluents into the aquatic environment giving rise to non-esthetic pollution and health-risk problems. Due to the high stability of azo dyes in ambient conditions, they cannot be abated in conventional wastewater treatment plants. Over the last fifteen years, the decontamination of dyeing effluents by persulfate (PS)-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) has received a great attention. In these methods, PS is activated to be decomposed into sulfate radical anion (SO4•-), which is further partially hydrolyzed to hydroxyl radical (•OH). Superoxide ion (O2•-) and singlet oxygen (1O2) can also be produced as oxidants. This review summarizes the results reported for the discoloration and mineralization of synthetic and real waters contaminated with azo dyes covering up to November 2023. PS activation with iron, non-iron transition metals, and carbonaceous materials catalysts, heat, UVC light, photocatalysis, photodegradation with iron, electrochemical and related processes, microwaves, ozonation, ultrasounds, and other processes is detailed and analyzed. The principles and characteristics of each method are explained with special attention to the operating variables, the different oxidizing species generated yielding radical and non-radical mechanisms, the addition of inorganic anions and natural organic matter, the aqueous matrix, and the by-products identified. Finally, the overall loss of toxicity or partial detoxification of treated azo dye solutions during the PS-based AOPs is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enric Brillas
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcclona, Spain.
| | - Ramon Oliver
- Departament d'Enginyeria Químia, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Avinguda Eduard Maristany16, edifici I, segona planta, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xie H, Mu M, Lu G, Zhang Y. Ferrocene crosslinked and functionalized chitosan microspheres towards bio-based Fenton-like system for the removal of organic pollutants. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129699. [PMID: 38281517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Dye-containing wastewater treatment has been a major long-term global challenge. For this purpose, a novel bio-based microspheres (CS-FC) with high specific surface area (63.24 m2·g-1) and nano-channels (17.95 nm) was prepared using chitosan as the framework and ferrocene as a crosslinking active group. CS-FC not only has the ability to rapidly enrich methyl orange (MO) through hydrogen-bonding and electrostatic attraction, but also almost completely degrades it in the presence of H2O2/K2S2O8 through a synergistic radical/non-radical mechanism under the activating effect of ferrocene. Without H2O2/K2S2O8, the maximum MO adsorption capacity of CS-FC is in the range 871-1050 mg·g-1, and conforms to a Langmuir isothermal model with pseudo-second-order kinetics. In the presence of H2O2/K2S2O8, the removal of MO dramatically increased from 32 % to nearly 100 % after incubation for 60 min, due to the simultaneous formation of highly reactive 1O2 and ·OH. The significant contribution from 1O2 endowed CS-FC/H2O2/K2S2O8 with high universality for degrading various organic pollutants (including azo dyes and antibiotics), a wide pH window (2-8), and low sensitivity to co-existing ions. Such cost-effective, recyclable porous bio-based microspheres are suitable for heterogeneous Fenton-like catalysis in organic wastewater treatment that rely on synergistic radical/non-radical reaction pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Meng Mu
- Shengli Oilfeld Company, SINOPEC, Dongying City, Shandong Province 257001, PR China
| | - Guoqiang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Yongmin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sun H, Yao J, Ma B, Knudsen TS, Yuan C. Siderite's green revolution: From tailings to an eco-friendly material for the green economy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169922. [PMID: 38199373 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Siderite, extensively mined as a natural iron mineral, is often discarded as tailings due to the low grade of the ore and due to the high cost of current sorting technologies. Yet, this mineral has demonstrated significant potential in several pivotal areas of the environmental remediation. Siderite not only possesses exceptional adsorption, catalytic, and microbial carrier capabilities but also offers an eco-friendly and cost-effective solution for the environmental pollution management. This article consolidates research advancements and achievements over the past few decades concerning siderite's role in pollution control, delving deeply into its various remediation pathways. Initially, the paper contrasts the performance differences between natural and synthetic siderite, followed by a comprehensive overview of siderite's adsorption mechanisms for various inorganic pollutants. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the unique physicochemical attributes of siderite as both, a reductant and the catalyst, with a special emphasis on its use in the preparation of SCR catalysts and in the catalytic advanced oxidation processes for organic pollutants' degradation. This paper also enumerates and discusses the myriad advantages of siderite as a microbial carrier, thereby enhancing our understanding of biogeochemical cycles and pollutant transformations. In essence, this review systematically elucidates the mechanisms and intrinsic physicochemical properties of siderite in pollution control, paving the way for novel strategies to augment siderite's environmental remediation performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoxiang Sun
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Research Center of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Jun Yao
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Research Center of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100083 Beijing, China.
| | - Bo Ma
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Research Center of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Tatjana Solevic Knudsen
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11 000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Chenyi Yuan
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Research Center of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100083 Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yuan X, Yu S, Liu Y, Zhang X, Zhang S, Xue N, Hu X. Optimizing soil tetrabromobisphenol A remediation through iron-based activation of persulfate: A comparative analysis of homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 354:120302. [PMID: 38401492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) that widely exists in soil and poses a potential threat to ecological environment urgently needs economically efficient remediation techniques. This study utilized both homogeneous Fe2⁺ solution and heterogeneous iron-based nanomaterials (chemically synthesized nano zero-valence iron (nZVI) and green-synthesized iron nanoparticles (G-Fe NPs)) to activate persulfate (PS) and assess their efficacy in degrading TBBPA in soil. The results demonstrate the superior performance of heterogeneous catalytic systems (WG-Fe NPs/PS (82.07%) and WnZVI/PS (78.32%)) over homogeneous catalytic system (WFe2+/PS (71.69%)), In addition, G-Fe NPs and nZVI effectively controlled the slow release of Fe2+. The optimization analysis using response surface methodology (RSM) reveal the remarkable significance of the experimental model based on the box-behnken design. RSM show that G-Fe NPs/PS exhibited optimal process parameters and predicted the maximum soil TBBPA degradation efficiency reaching 98.77%. The results of density functional theory calculations suggest that C-Br are the primary targets for electrophilic substitution reactions. Based on the f0 value and △G, the degradation pathway of TBBPA is inferred to involve a sequential debromination process, followed by the cleavage of intermediate carbon-carbon bonds and subsequent oxidation reactions. Hence, G-Fe NPs/PS not only facilitate waste resource utilization but also hold significant application potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuehong Yuan
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China
| | - Shuntao Yu
- Technical Center for Soil, Agricultural and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Yiwei Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China
| | - Xinfei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Sai Zhang
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, PR China
| | - Nandong Xue
- Technical Center for Soil, Agricultural and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, 100012, PR China.
| | - Xiaojun Hu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lei H, Wang J, Sun Y, Wu Z, Wang X, Wang Y, Wang X. Thermally activated persulfate (TAP)-enhanced tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate removal in real-world waters based on a response-surface approach as well as toxicological evaluation on its degradation products. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 270:115924. [PMID: 38171103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
As a typical organophosphorus flame retardant, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) is refractory in aqueous environment. The application of TAP is a promising method for removing pollutants. Herein, the removal of TCEP using TAP was rigorously investigated, and the effects of some key variables were optimized by the one-factor-at-a-time approach. To further evaluate the interactions among variables, the response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design was employed. Under optimized conditions (pH 5, [PS]0: [TCEP]0 = 500:1), the maximum removal efficiency (RE) of TCEP reached up to 90.6%. In real-world waters, the RE of TCEP spanned the range of 56%- 65% in river water, pond water, lake water and sanitary sewage. The low-concentration Cl- (0.1 mM) promoted TCEP degradation, but the contrary case occurred when the high-concentration Cl-, NO3-, CO32-, HCO3-, HPO42-, H2PO4-, NH4+ and humic acid were present owing to their prominently quenching effects on SO4•-. Both EPR and scavenger experiments revealed that the main radicals in the TAP system were SO4•- and •OH, in which SO4•- played the most crucial role in TCEP degradation. GC-MS/MS analysis disclosed that two degradation products appeared, sourcing from the replacement, oxidation, hydroxylation and water-molecule elimination reactions. The other two products were inferred from the comprehensive literature. As for acute toxicity to fish, daphnid and green algae, product A displayed the slightly higher toxicity, whereas other three products exhibited the declining toxicity as compared to their parent molecule. These findings offer a theoretical/practical reference for high-efficiency removal of TCEP and its ecotoxicological risk evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Lei
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.99, Xuefu Road, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Junxia Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.99, Xuefu Road, Suzhou 215009, China.
| | - Yueying Sun
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.99, Xuefu Road, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Zhijuan Wu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.99, Xuefu Road, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.99, Xuefu Road, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.99, Xuefu Road, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Xuedong Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.99, Xuefu Road, Suzhou 215009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu H, Li X, Zhang X, Coulon F, Wang C. Harnessing the power of natural minerals: A comprehensive review of their application as heterogeneous catalysts in advanced oxidation processes for organic pollutant degradation. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 337:139404. [PMID: 37399998 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
The release of untreated wastewater into water bodies has become a significant environmental concern, resulting in the accumulation of refractory organic pollutants that pose risks to human health and ecosystems. Wastewater treatment methods, including biological, physical, and chemical techniques, have limitations in achieving complete removal of the refractory pollutants. Chemical methods, particularly advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), have gained special attention for their strong oxidation capacity and minimal secondary pollution. Among the various catalysts used in AOPs, natural minerals offer distinct advantages, such as low cost, abundant resources, and environmental friendliness. Currently, the utilization of natural minerals as catalysts in AOPs lacks thorough investigation and review. This work addresses the need for a comprehensive review of natural minerals as catalysts in AOPs. The structural characteristics and catalytic performance of different natural minerals are discussed, emphasizing their specific roles in AOPs. Furthermore, the review analyzes the influence of process factors, including catalyst dosage, oxidant addition, pH value, and temperature, on the catalytic performance of natural minerals. Strategies for enhancing the catalytic efficiency of AOPs mediated by natural minerals are explored, mainly including physical fields, reductant addition, and cocatalyst utilization. The review also examines the practical application prospects and main challenges associated with the use of natural minerals as heterogeneous catalysts in AOPs. This work contributes to the development of sustainable and efficient approaches for organic pollutant degradation in wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwen Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xingyang Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xiuxiu Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Frederic Coulon
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, United Kingdom.
| | - Chongqing Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gómez Velázquez LS, Dell'Arciprete ML, Madriz L, Gonzalez MC. Carbon nitride from urea: Mechanistic study on photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide production for methyl orange removal. CATAL COMMUN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2023.106617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
|
9
|
Qiu R, Zhang P, Feng G, Ni X, Miao Z, Wei L, Sun H. Enhanced thermal activation of persulfate by coupling hydrogen peroxide for efficient degradation of pyrene. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135057. [PMID: 35671814 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, H2O2 was introduced into thermally activated persulfate oxidation system (T-HPS), and the oxidation of pyrene (PYR) was investigated by the combined T-HPS technology. The results showed that H2O2 could significantly improve the reactivity of the thermally activated persulfate system (T-PS), with 240-min PYR degradation ratio increasing from 79.3% to 97.2% at 70 °C. In the T-HPS system, as persulfate initial concentration increased from 5 to 100 μM, the kinetic rate constant (kobs) of PYR degradation increased from 4.70 × 10-3 to 3.01 × 10-2 min-1, but the kobs did not show a positive association with H2O2 concentration with the same range, and the highest kobs was obtained at the H2O2 initial concentration of 20 μM. The optimal ratio of PS and H2O2 was set at 1:1 with the initial concentrations of the two oxidants both being 20 μM. Furthermore, PYR could be removed efficiently in a wide range of pH, and the best PYR degradation performance was obtained under neutral pH. Scavenging experiments demonstrated that OH played a more important role in PYR degradation in the T-HPS system than in the T-PS system. As suggested by the Arrhenius equation, the activation energy decreased from 124.5 to 107.4 kJ mol-1 after adding H2O2 to the T-PS system. This study provides a new oxidation approach that could prompt the T-PS activity by adding a suitable dosage of H2O2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Qiu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Guojie Feng
- Beijing GeoEnviron Engineering & Technology Inc., Beijing, 100095, China
| | - Xinxin Ni
- Beijing GeoEnviron Engineering & Technology Inc., Beijing, 100095, China
| | - Zhu Miao
- Beijing GeoEnviron Engineering & Technology Inc., Beijing, 100095, China
| | - Li Wei
- Beijing GeoEnviron Engineering & Technology Inc., Beijing, 100095, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| |
Collapse
|