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Mishra M, Singhal A, Rallapalli S, Sharma R. Innovative lake pollution profiling: unveiling pollutant sources through advanced multivariate clustering techniques. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024:10.1007/s00267-024-02020-1. [PMID: 39073614 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-024-02020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
In many developed and developing nations, lakes are the primary source of drinking water. In the current scenario, due to rapid mobilization in anthropogenic activities, lakes are becoming increasingly contaminated. Such practices not only destroy lake ecosystems but also jeopardize human health through water-borne diseases. This study employs advanced hierarchical clustering through multivariate analysis to establish a novel method for concurrently identifying significantly polluted lakes and critical pollutants. A systematic approach has been devised to generate rotating component matrices, dendrograms, monoplots, and biplots by combining R-mode and Q-mode analyses. This enables the identification of contaminant sources and their grouping. A case study analyzing five lakes in Bengaluru, India, has been conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. Additionally, one pristine lake from Jammu & Kashmir, India, has been included to validate the findings from the aforementioned five lakes. The study explored correlations among various physical, chemical, and biological characteristics such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, nitrates, biological oxygen demand (BOD), fecal coliform (FC), and total coliform (TC). Critical contaminants forming clusters included conductivity, nitrates, BOD, TC, and FC. Factor analysis identified four primary components that collectively accounted for 85% of the overall variance. Following identification of pollution hotspots, the study recommends source-based pollution control and integrated watershed management, which could significantly reduce lake pollution levels. Continuous monitoring of lake water quality is essential for identifying actual contaminant sources. These findings provide practical recommendations for maximizing restoration efforts, enforcing regulations on pollutant sources, and improving water quality conditions to ensure sustainable development of lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minakshi Mishra
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333031, India
- REVA- University, Bengaluru, India
| | - Anupam Singhal
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333031, India
| | - Srinivas Rallapalli
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333031, India.
| | - Rishikesh Sharma
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333031, India
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Tiwari ON, Bobby MN, Kondi V, Halder G, Kargarzadeh H, Ikbal AMA, Bhunia B, Thomas S, Efferth T, Chattopadhyay D, Palit P. Comprehensive review on recent trends and perspectives of natural exo-polysaccharides: Pioneering nano-biotechnological tools. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130747. [PMID: 38479657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Exopolysaccharides (EPSs), originating from various microbes, and mushrooms, excel in their conventional role in bioremediation to showcase diverse applications emphasizing nanobiotechnology including nano-drug carriers, nano-excipients, medication and/or cell encapsulation, gene delivery, tissue engineering, diagnostics, and associated treatments. Acknowledged for contributions to adsorption, nutrition, and biomedicine, EPSs are emerging as appealing alternatives to traditional polymers, for biodegradability and biocompatibility. This article shifts away from the conventional utility to delve deeply into the expansive landscape of EPS applications, particularly highlighting their integration into cutting-edge nanobiotechnological methods. Exploring EPS synthesis, extraction, composition, and properties, the discussion emphasizes their structural diversity with molecular weight and heteropolymer compositions. Their role as raw materials for value-added products takes center stage, with critical insights into recent applications in nanobiotechnology. The multifaceted potential, biological relevance, and commercial applicability of EPSs in contemporary research and industry align with the nanotechnological advancements coupled with biotechnological nano-cleansing agents are highlighted. EPS-based nanostructures for biological applications have a bright future ahead of them. Providing crucial information for present and future practices, this review sheds light on how eco-friendly EPSs derived from microbial biomass of terrestrial and aquatic environments can be used to better understand contemporary nanobiotechnology for the benefit of society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onkar Nath Tiwari
- Centre for Conservation and Utilization of Blue Green Algae, Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India.
| | - Md Nazneen Bobby
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology & Research, Vadlamudi, Andhra Pradesh 522213, India
| | - Vanitha Kondi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Vishnu Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Narsapur, Medak 502313, Telangana, India
| | - Gopinath Halder
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, West Bengal 713209, India
| | - Hanieh Kargarzadeh
- Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Seinkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Abu Md Ashif Ikbal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Drug Discovery Research Laboratory, Assam University, Silchar 788011, India
| | - Biswanath Bhunia
- Department of Bio Engineering, National Institute of Technology Agartala, Jirania 799046, India
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills, Athirampuzha, Kerala, 686560, India; Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box, 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Debprasad Chattopadhyay
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi 590010, India; School of Life Sciences, Swami Vivekananda University, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700102, India
| | - Partha Palit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Drug Discovery Research Laboratory, Assam University, Silchar 788011, India.
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Das R, Hn C, Rao L. Foam control in lakes and sewage receiving water bodies: A pre-emptive approach using decentralized inline water treatment design. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 346:123622. [PMID: 38395137 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Hideous and persistent foams on surface water bodies are global issues with far-reaching environmental consequences. This study examines Bellandur Lake (Bengaluru, India) plagued by foam since 2005 due to surfactant-laden untreated sewage ingress. Bellandur Lake receives 258 million liters of inadequately treated sewage daily, constituting 47% of its total volume. Yearlong water quality monitoring reveals that a) high surfactant levels (up to 17.8 ± 1 ppm) and b) prevalent anoxic conditions at lake inlets. Laboratory experiments show that controlled aeration achieved >90% surfactant degradation within 30 h at 3.5 ppm of dissolved oxygen conditions, indicating the need for an aeration chamber design based on the required residence time for inline water treatment. Based on these findings, a design of an inline wastewater treatment system to be installed at sewage entry points into the lake is presented in this work. The inline system was based on experimentally validated BioWin software. Simulations show that recirculating sludge enhances treatment efficiency, achieving effective surfactant degradation in 20 h (2/3rd original time) of residence time. Predictions suggest <1 ppm surfactant levels in the receiving water body, meeting local discharge norms to prevent frothing. This holistic approach, proposed for the first time, could serve as a blueprint for managing foam-related challenges in other waterbodies, offering insights into design, stakeholder engagement, and process optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshmi Das
- Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012, India.
| | - Chanakya Hn
- Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012, India
| | - Lakshminarayana Rao
- Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012, India
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Xiong W, Liu B, Lu H, Liu X. Two novel bacteriophages isolated from the environment that can help control activated sludge foaming. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024:10.1007/s12223-024-01145-4. [PMID: 38363443 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-024-01145-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Nocardia spp., which belongs to one of the Nocardio-form filamentous bacteria, is usually surface hydrophobic and when overproduced attaches to the surface of bubbles under the action of surfactants, allowing the stable presence of foam on the surface of aeration tanks, leading to the occurrence of sludge-foaming events. Two novel phages, P69 and KYD2, were isolated from the environment, and their hosts were Nocardia transvalensis and Nocardia carnea, respectively. These two phages are Siphophages-like with long tails. An aeration tank pilot plant was constructed in the laboratory to simulate sludge foaming, and these two strains of phage were applied. Compared with the reactor not dosed with phage, the application of phage could reduce the host level in the reactor, resulting in the highest decrease in turbidity by more than 68% and sludge volume index by more than 25%. The time for surface foam disappearance was 9 h earlier than that of the control group (the group with the same concentration of Nocardia carnea but no bacteriophage applied), significantly improving water quality. The phage can effectively inhibit the propagation of Nocardia in the actual sludge-foaming event, control the sludge foaming, and improve the effluent quality. It provides a novel and relatively economical solution for controlling sludge foaming in sewage treatment plants in the future, shows that the phages have potential application value in the prevention and control of Nocardia, and provides another way to control the sludge-foaming event caused by the excessive reproduction of Nocardia in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Xiong
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Bingxin Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
| | - Han Lu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Xinchun Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
- Binzhou Institute of Technology, Weiqiao-UCAS Science and Technology Park, Binzhou, Shandong Province, 256606, China.
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Das R, Hoysall C, Rao L. Unveiling the origin, fate, and remedial approaches for surfactants in sewage-fed foaming urban (Bellandur) Lake. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 339:122773. [PMID: 37858701 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Foam formation in surface water bodies has become a global phenomenon, but the solutions to this crisis are often insufficient. Foam formation in water bodies is attributed to surfactants and requires a comprehensive assessment of various sources of surfactants to evolve mitigation strategies. The study is focused on thoroughly analyzing surfactants in the water and foam fractions of a large waterbody in Bangalore (India) spanning around 1000 acres (400 ha), which has been foaming for two decades. Results revealed that the key surfactants originate predominantly from anthropogenic sources with a small component emerging from naturogenic sources. Anthropogenic surfactants were found to be predominant (96.5%), with linear alkylbenzene sulphonates (LAS) of various C-chain lengths 12-20 being the most prevalent. Naturogenic surfactants derived from bacterial genera Pseudomonas exhibited significant microbial diversity, accounting for over 19% of total bacterial population in both the water and organic sediments of the lake. Modelling studies and field validation efforts were carried out to understand the fate of LAS in the foaming lake. The results indicated that these surfactants donot degrade under the prevailing conditions and timeframe as wastewater traverses through the lake, and their presence was also observed in the organic sludge sediment. Modeling the underlying processes revealed that a minimum dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration of 3.5 mg/l enables the degradation of over 90% of surfactants within the residence time of 8-10 days in Lake. Additionally, the process of desludging could contribute to an additional increase to the overall efficiency of surfactant removal, simultaneously removing legacy sorbed surfactants to sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshmi Das
- Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
| | - Chanakya Hoysall
- Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Lakshminarayana Rao
- Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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