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Fan J, Arrazolo LK, Du J, Xu H, Fang S, Liu Y, Wu Z, Kim JH, Wu X. Effects of Ionic Interferents on Electrocatalytic Nitrate Reduction: Mechanistic Insight. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:12823-12845. [PMID: 38954631 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c03949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Nitrate, a prevalent water pollutant, poses substantial public health concerns and environmental risks. Electrochemical reduction of nitrate (eNO3RR) has emerged as an effective alternative to conventional biological treatments. While extensive lab work has focused on designing efficient electrocatalysts, implementation of eNO3RR in practical wastewater settings requires careful consideration of the effects of various constituents in real wastewater. In this critical review, we examine the interference of ionic species commonly encountered in electrocatalytic systems and universally present in wastewater, such as halogen ions, alkali metal cations, and other divalent/trivalent ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-/CO32-, SO42-, and PO43-). Notably, we categorize and discuss the interfering mechanisms into four groups: (1) loss of active catalytic sites caused by competitive adsorption and precipitation, (2) electrostatic interactions in the electric double layer (EDL), including ion pairs and the shielding effect, (3) effects on the selectivity of N intermediates and final products (N2 or NH3), and (4) complications by the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and localized pH on the cathode surface. Finally, we summarize the competition among different mechanisms and propose future directions for a deeper mechanistic understanding of ionic impacts on eNO3RR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Fan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Industrial Boiler & Furnace Flue Gas Pollution Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Leslie K Arrazolo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Jiaxin Du
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Industrial Boiler & Furnace Flue Gas Pollution Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Xu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Industrial Boiler & Furnace Flue Gas Pollution Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyu Fang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Industrial Boiler & Furnace Flue Gas Pollution Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Industrial Boiler & Furnace Flue Gas Pollution Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongbiao Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Industrial Boiler & Furnace Flue Gas Pollution Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Xuanhao Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Industrial Boiler & Furnace Flue Gas Pollution Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
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Cai W, Chen C, Bao C, Gu JN, Li K, Jia J. Nitrate reduction to nitrogen in wastewater using mesoporous carbon encapsulated Pd-Cu nanoparticles combined with in-situ electrochemical hydrogen evolution. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 362:121346. [PMID: 38824884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
The conversion of NO3--N to N2 is of great significance for zero discharge of industrial wastewater. Pd-Cu hydrogenation catalysis has high application prospects for the reduction of NO3--N to N2, but the existing form of Pd-Cu, the Pd-Cu mass ratio and the H2 evolution rate can affect the coverage of active hydrogen (*H) on the surface of Pd, thereby affecting N2 selectivity. In this work, mesoporous carbon (MC) is used as support to disperse Pd-Cu catalyst and is applied in an in-situ electrocatalytic H2 evolution system for NO3--N removal. The Pd-Cu particles with the average size of 6 nm are uniformly encapsulated in the mesopores of MC. Electrochemical in-situ H2 evolution can not only reduce the amount of H2 used, but the H2 bubbles can also be efficiently dispersed when PPy coated nickel foam (PPy/NF) is used as cathode. Moreover, the mesoporous structure of MC can further split H2 bubbles, reducing the coverage of *H on Pd. The highest 77% N2 selectivity and a relatively faster NO3--N removal rate constant (0.10362 min-1) can be achieved under the optimal conditions, which is superior to most reported Pd-Cu catalytic systems. The prepared catalyst is further applied to the denitrification of actual deplating wastewater. NO3--N with the initial concentration of 650 mg L-1 can be completely removed after 180 min of treatment, and the TN removal can be maintained at 72%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlue Cai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Chenyu Bao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Jia-Nan Gu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Kan Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China.
| | - Jinping Jia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
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Yang K, Han P, Liu Y, Lv H, Chen X, Lei Y, Yu L, Ma L, Duan P. Boosted Electrocatalytic Degradation of Levofloxacin by Chloride Ions: Performances Evaluation and Mechanism Insight with Different Anodes. Molecules 2024; 29:662. [PMID: 38338406 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
As chloride (Cl-) is a commonly found anion in natural water, it has a significant impact on electrocatalytic oxidation processes; yet, the mechanism of radical transformation on different types of anodes remains unexplored. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the influence of chlorine-containing environments on the electrocatalytic degradation performance of levofloxacin using BDD, Ti4O7, and Ru-Ti electrodes. The comparative analysis of the electrode performance demonstrated that the presence of Cl- improved the removal and mineralization efficiency of levofloxacin on all the electrodes. The enhancement was the most pronounced on the Ti4O7 electrode and the least significant on the Ru-Ti electrode. The evaluation experiments and EPR characterization revealed that the increased generation of hydroxyl radicals and active chlorine played a major role in the degradation process, particularly on the Ti4O7 anode. The electrochemical performance tests indicated that the concentration of Cl- affected the oxygen evolution potentials of the electrode and consequently influenced the formation of hydroxyl radicals. This study elucidates the mechanism of Cl- participation in the electrocatalytic degradation of chlorine-containing organic wastewater. Therefore, the highly chlorine-resistant electrocatalytic anode materials hold great potential for the promotion of the practical application of the electrocatalytic treatment of antibiotic wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keda Yang
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Peiwei Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fuels Cleaning and Advanced Catalytic Emission Reduction Technology, College of New Materials and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Yinan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fuels Cleaning and Advanced Catalytic Emission Reduction Technology, College of New Materials and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Hongxia Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fuels Cleaning and Advanced Catalytic Emission Reduction Technology, College of New Materials and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Xiaofei Chen
- Chen Ping Laboratory of TIANS Engineering Technology Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Yihan Lei
- Chen Ping Laboratory of TIANS Engineering Technology Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Lian Yu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Lei Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fuels Cleaning and Advanced Catalytic Emission Reduction Technology, College of New Materials and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Pingzhou Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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Tian Y, Wang S, Pei L, Zhang K, Zhu S, Xu H, Ye Z. Electrochemical mechanism of synchronous ammonia and nitrate removal based on multi-objective optimization by coupling random forest with genetic algorithm. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:166039. [PMID: 37543319 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, an electrochemical system was constructed for the simultaneous elimination of ammonia and nitrate using the prepared Ti foam/SnO2-Sb anode and a Cu foam cathode. The hybrid RF-GA method is proposed as a tool for the analysis and optimization of the simultaneous removal of ammonia and nitrate. The influence of independent variables including NaCl concentration, time, and current densities was studied. Results showed that the random forest (RF) model could successfully predict the behavior of electrochemical systems (R2 = 0.9751, RMSE = 0.4567 for the ammonia prediction model; R2 = 0.9772, RMSE = 0.0436 for the nitrate prediction model). The variable importance measures (VIM) analysis reveals that time has the maximum influence on the degradation rate of ammonia and nitrate. The RF model is used as an objective function for the genetic algorithm (GA) to determine the optimum conditions in combination with the calculated specific energy consumption. Based on the optimization results, the removal rates of ammonia and nitrate reach 94.4 % and 74.7 %, respectively, with a minimum specific energy consumption of 0.181 kwh·g-1. The electrochemical reaction mechanism of the composite pollutants in the Ti foam/SnO2-Sb and Cu foam electrode system is further elucidated. The results indicate that nitrate is reduced to nitrite, ammonia, or nitrogen gas at the cathode, accompanied by the mutual transformation of Cu(0), Cu(I), and Cu(II) on the Cu electrode. Ammonia is oxidized to nitrogen gas or nitrate at the anode. Ultimately, the nitrogen-containing composite pollutant is decomposed and discharged as nitrogen gas by cyclic redox reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tian
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Shuo Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Luowei Pei
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Kaisheng Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Songming Zhu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Ocean Academy, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, PR China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Zhangying Ye
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Ocean Academy, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, PR China.
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Li Q, Liu GH, Qi L, Wang H, Xian G. Chlorine-mediated electrochemical advanced oxidation process for ammonia removal: Mechanisms, characteristics and expectation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 896:165169. [PMID: 37400024 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine-Mediated Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation (Cl-EAO) technology is a promising approach for ammonia removal from wastewater due to its numerous advantages, including small infrastructure, short processing time, easy operation, high security, and high nitrogen selectivity. This paper provides a review of the ammonia oxidation mechanisms, characteristics, and anticipated applications of Cl-EAO technology. The mechanisms of ammonia oxidation encompass breakpoint chlorination and chlorine radical oxidation, although the contributions of active chlorine, Cl, and ClO remain uncertain. This study critically examines the limitations of existing research and suggests that a combination of determining free radical concentration and simulating a kinetic model would help elucidate the contributions of active chlorine, Cl, and ClO to ammonia oxidation. Furthermore, this review comprehensively summarizes the characteristics of ammonia oxidation, including kinetic properties, influencing factors, products, and electrodes. The amalgamation of Cl-EAO technology with photocatalytic and concentration technologies has the potential to enhance ammonia oxidation efficiency. Future research should concentrate on clarifying the contributions of active chlorine, Cl, and ClO to ammonia oxidation, the production of chloramines and other byproducts, and the development of more efficient anodes for the Cl-EAO process. The main objective of this review is to enhance the understanding of the Cl-EAO process. The findings presented herein contribute to the advancement of Cl-EAO technology and provide a foundation for future studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangang Li
- School of Environment and Nature Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Guo-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Nature Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China.
| | - Lu Qi
- School of Environment and Nature Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Hongchen Wang
- School of Environment and Nature Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Guang Xian
- Logistics Command Department, Army Logistics Academy, Chongqing 401331, China
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Recent Developments of Light-Harvesting Excitation, Macroscope Transfer and Multi-Stage Utilization of Photogenerated Electrons in Rotating Disk Photocatalytic Reactor. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11030838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The rotating disk photocatalytic reactor is a kind of photocatalytic wastewater treatment technique with a high application potential, but the light energy utilization rate and photo quantum efficiency still need to be improved. Taking photogenerated electrons as the starting point, the following contents are reviewed in this work: (1) Light-harvesting excitation of photogenerated electrons. Based on the rotating disk thin solution film photocatalytic reactor, the photoanodes with light capture structures are reviewed from the macro perspective, and the research progress of light capture structure catalysts based on BiOCl is also reviewed from the micro perspective. (2) Macroscope transfer of photogenerated electrons. The research progress of photo fuel cell based on rotating disk reactors is reviewed. The system can effectively convert the chemical energy in organic pollutants into electrical energy through the macroscopic transfer of photogenerated electrons. (3) Multi-level utilization of photogenerated electrons. The photogenerated electrons transferred to the cathode can also generate H2O2 with oxygen or H2 with H+, and the reduction products can also be further utilized to deeply mineralize organic pollutants or reduce the nitrate in water. This short review will provide theoretical guidance for the further application of photocatalytic techniques in wastewater treatment.
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