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Huang Y, Qin M, Lai J, Liang J, Luo X, Li C. Assessing OBT formation and enrichment: ROS signaling is involved in the radiation hormesis induced by tritium exposure in algae. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130159. [PMID: 36283218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tritium is the main component of radioactive wastewater from nuclear power plants and can be migrated into organisms to form organically bound tritium (OBT), which may pose a potential risk to aquatic ecosystem. Hence, it is essential to monitor OBT conversion in the presence of tritium exposure. In this study, the effects of pretreatment methods such as digestion on the recovery of tritium were discussed. It was found that microwave digestion pretreatment could improve the recovery of tritium by up to 90 % and allow OBT measurement with a small sample size equivalent to about 60 mg (dry weight). In addition, the efficiency of OBT transformation was different among biological samples, and the radiation hormesis phenomenon was induced by tritium exposure (3.7 × 106 Bq/L) in microalgae Chlorella vulgaris(C. vulgaris). The tritium exposure may induce radiation hormesis through the reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling pathway, thus improving the photosynthetic capacity and metabolism level of C. vulgaris. Furthermore, enhancement of photorespiration metabolism and the antioxidation system may be important means for C. vulgaris to balance damage by tritium radiation. This study provides insights for further investigating OBT behavior, and will contribute to understanding the equilibrium damage mechanism of algae exposed to tritium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Min Qin
- National Institute of Metrolggy, Beijing 100013, China; Engineering Research Center of Biomass Materials, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Jinlong Lai
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; Engineering Research Center of Biomass Materials, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | | | - Xuegang Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; Engineering Research Center of Biomass Materials, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
| | - Chen Li
- College of Chemical and Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China
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2
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Investigation on the chemical recovery and stability of a newly developed method for 137Cs measurement in marine biota Scomber Japonicus. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 188:110381. [PMID: 35872558 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Seven sets of experiments based on a newly developed Mincing-Digesting method for 137Cs measuring in marine biota Scomber Japonicus were conducted to investigate the method's stability and chemical recovery. The results show the chemical recovery of radiocesium for aqueous parts is 68.77 ± 11.2%, which is relatively stable with R2 = 0.97, means this value could be used when measuring the Scomber Japonicus or other marine biota belonging to the same category and having similar muscular tissue and cellular structure. Meanwhile, the Minimum Detectable Activity (MDA) of the method is 0.013Bq/kg-ww which is comparable with that of the conventional method, means that the method could be further developed as a reliable and efficient way to measure other radionuclides in other marine biotas in the future if more experiments were conducted.
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Feng B, Chen B, Zhao C, He L, Tang F, Zhuo W. Application of a liquid scintillation system with 100-ml counting vials for environmental tritium determination: Procedure optimization, performance test, and uncertainty analysis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2020; 225:106427. [PMID: 32980643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2020.106427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For more efficient and accurate determination of airborne tritium in the environment, the procedure optimization, performance test and uncertainty analysis of a commercially available low-background liquid scintillation counting (LSC) system with 100-ml counting vials were studied in this work. The results showed that 50 ml water sample mixed with 50 ml scintillation cocktail (Ultima Gold uLLT, PE) could achieve the optimal counting condition after a dark adaption time longer than 1440 min. The minimum detectable activity (MDA) of the 100-ml vial system was estimated to be 0.18 Bq·L-1 in a continuous counting time of 3600 min, which was approximately 3.5 times lower than that of 20-ml vial system, and its determination uncertainty was also generally lower provided the collected samples was more than 15 ml. It indicates that the LSC system with 100-ml counting vials is preferable for environmental tritium determination. However, for more accurate determination, the electrolytic enrichment is still needed for the sample with the specific activity lower than 0.4 Bq·L-1. On the other hand, considering the cost and potential environmental impact of present available cocktails, the system with 20-ml vials is recommended for determining the sample with the specific activity higher than 2 Bq·L-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Feng
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Shanghai Institute of Measurement and Testing Technology, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Linfeng He
- Shanghai Institute of Measurement and Testing Technology, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Fangdong Tang
- Shanghai Institute of Measurement and Testing Technology, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Weihai Zhuo
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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4
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Lin F, Yu W, Guo J, Liao H, Wang Y. A method for the determination of organically bound tritium in marine biota based on an improved tubular-combustion system. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2020; 211:106084. [PMID: 31733414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2019.106084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A method for the measurement of organically bound tritium (OBT) in marine biota has been developed using a combustion device designed with three independent temperature control zones and a two-stage intake mode to ensure full combustion of samples. The versatility of the combustion device and combustion water recoveries were tested on nine different types of marine biota, with recoveries varying from 85.15% to 92.67%, with an average of 89.4 ± 11.34%. This indicates that our developed combustion method (combustion program and apparatus) provides stable results. Finally, the OBT activity of the marine samples measured varied from 1.88 to 12.9 Bq/L, with an average of 5.61 ± 3.21 Bq/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lin
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, PR China.
| | - Wen Yu
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, PR China
| | - Junpeng Guo
- Shanghai Hapstar Mechanical and Electrical Equipment Co. Ltd, PR China
| | - Hui Liao
- Shanghai Hapstar Mechanical and Electrical Equipment Co. Ltd, PR China
| | - Yong Wang
- Shanghai Hapstar Mechanical and Electrical Equipment Co. Ltd, PR China
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Zhang Q, Du L, Dai ZQ, Ma YH, Qin LL, Deng K, Ma ZW, Yang G, Liu JY, Liu W. Studies of particle size distribution of Non-Exchangeable Organically Bound Tritium activities in the soil around Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2018; 192:362-367. [PMID: 30036776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The NE-OBT (Non-Exchangeable Organically Bound Tritium) in the soil plays a significant role in tritium migration and transformation. In order to further understand the NE-OBT activity in the soil, the particle size, vertical profile and spatial distribution of the NE-OBT activities in the soil were determined around the Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) in China. The experimental results indicated that the NE-OBT preferred to concentrate in the soil particle sizes of 53-250 μm within the soil depth of 5 cm-25 cm. The NE-OBT activity showed significantly vertical variations, however, its largest activity did not appear at the surface soil (0-5 cm). Meanwhile, the NE-OBT had a significant spatial distribution, its activity decreased with the increasing distance from the NPP, especially from the HWRs. In this study, the NE-OBT activities have no significant relationship to the organic matter content in the soil. But the vertical profile distribution of the NE-OBT activity has a strong correlation with the NE-OBT/HTO ratio in the soil, which reflect the capability of living organisms converting HTO into NE-OBT. According to these analyses, we supposed that the NE-OBT in the soil may be derived from the microbial transformation of HTO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 201800, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Lin Du
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | | | - Yu-Hua Ma
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 201800, China; Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Lai-Lai Qin
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 201800, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ke Deng
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 201800, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhao-Wei Ma
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 201800, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guo Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 201800, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jia-Yu Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 201800, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 201800, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China.
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6
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Hou X. Liquid scintillation counting for determination of radionuclides in environmental and nuclear application. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-018-6258-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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WITHDRAWN: Method development and validation of organically bound tritium analysis in environmental plant samples. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2016.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Mihok S, Wilk M, Lapp A, St-Amant N, Kwamena NOA, Clark ID. Tritium dynamics in soils and plants grown under three irrigation regimes at a tritium processing facility in Canada. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2016; 153:176-187. [PMID: 26773512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2015.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of tritium released from nuclear facilities as tritiated water (HTO) have been studied extensively with results incorporated into regulatory assessment models. These models typically estimate organically bound tritium (OBT) for calculating public dose as OBT itself is rarely measured. Higher than expected OBT/HTO ratios in plants and soils are an emerging issue that is not well understood. To support the improvement of models, an experimental garden was set up in 2012 at a tritium processing facility in Pembroke, Ontario to characterize the circumstances under which high OBT/HTO ratios may arise. Soils and plants were sampled weekly to coincide with detailed air and stack monitoring. The design included a plot of native grass/soil, contrasted with sod and vegetables grown in barrels with commercial topsoil under natural rain and either low or high tritium irrigation water. Air monitoring indicated that the plume was present infrequently at concentrations of up to about 100 Bq/m(3) (the garden was not in a major wind sector). Mean air concentrations during the day on workdays (HTO 10.3 Bq/m(3), HT 5.8 Bq/m(3)) were higher than at other times (0.7-2.6 Bq/m(3)). Mean Tissue Free Water Tritium (TFWT) in plants and soils and OBT/HTO ratios were only very weakly or not at all correlated with releases on a weekly basis. TFWT was equal in soils and plants and in above and below ground parts of vegetables. OBT/HTO ratios in above ground parts of vegetables were above one when the main source of tritium was from high tritium irrigation water (1.5-1.8). Ratios were below one in below ground parts of vegetables when irrigated with high tritium water (0.4-0.6) and above one in vegetables rain-fed or irrigated with low tritium water (1.3-2.8). In contrast, OBT/HTO ratios were very high (9.0-13.5) when the source of tritium was mainly from the atmosphere. TFWT varied considerably through time as a result of SRBT's operations; OBT/HTO ratios showed no clear temporal pattern in above or below ground plant parts. Native soil after ∼20 years of operations at SRBT had high initial OBT that persisted through the growing season; little OBT formed in garden plot soil during experiments. High OBT in native soil appeared to be a signature of higher past releases at SRBT. This phenomenon was confirmed in soils obtained at another processing facility in Canada with a similar history. The insights into variation in OBT/HTO ratios found here are of regulatory interest and should be incorporated in assessment models to aid in the design of relevant environmental monitoring programs for OBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mihok
- Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission, 280 Slater Street, P.O. Box 1046, Station B, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5S9, Canada.
| | - M Wilk
- Department of Earth Sciences, 140 Louis-Pasteur, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - A Lapp
- Department of Earth Sciences, 140 Louis-Pasteur, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - N St-Amant
- Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission, 280 Slater Street, P.O. Box 1046, Station B, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5S9, Canada
| | - N-O A Kwamena
- Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission, 280 Slater Street, P.O. Box 1046, Station B, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5S9, Canada
| | - I D Clark
- Department of Earth Sciences, 140 Louis-Pasteur, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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Du L, Shan J, Ma YH, Wang L, Qin LL, Pi L, Zeng YS, Xia ZH, Wang GH, Liu W. An improved combustion apparatus for the determination of organically bound tritium in environmental samples. Appl Radiat Isot 2016; 110:218-223. [PMID: 26868274 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2015.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports an improved combustion apparatus for the determination of organically bound tritium in environmental samples. The performance of this apparatus including the recovery rate and reproducibility was investigated by combusting lettuce and pork samples. To determine the factors for the different recovery rates of lettuce and pork and investigate whether the samples were completely oxidized, the ashes and exhaust gases produced by the combustion were analyzed. The results indicate that the apparatus showed an excellent performance in the combustion of environmental samples. Thus, the improvements conducted in this study were effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Du
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Shan
- Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yu-Hua Ma
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lai-Lai Qin
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li Pi
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - You-Shi Zeng
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Zheng-Hai Xia
- CNNC Nuclear Power Operations Management Co., Ltd., Haiyan 314300, China
| | - Guang-Hua Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
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10
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Kim SB, Olfert J, Baglan N, St-Amant N, Carter B, Clark I, Bucur C. Canadian inter-laboratory organically bound tritium (OBT) analysis exercise. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2015; 150:236-241. [PMID: 26372740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2015.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tritium emissions are one of the main concerns with regard to CANDU reactors and Canadian nuclear facilities. After the Fukushima accident, the Canadian Nuclear Regulatory Commission suggested that models used in risk assessment of Canadian nuclear facilities be firmly based on measured data. Procedures for measurement of tritium as HTO (tritiated water) are well established, but there are no standard methods and certified reference materials for measurement of organically bound tritium (OBT) in environmental samples. This paper describes and discusses an inter-laboratory comparison study in which OBT in three different dried environmental samples (fish, Swiss chard and potato) was measured to evaluate OBT analysis methods currently used by CANDU Owners Group (COG) members. The variations in the measured OBT activity concentrations between all laboratories were less than approximately 20%, with a total uncertainty between 11 and 17%. Based on the results using the dried samples, the current OBT analysis methods for combustion, distillation and counting are generally acceptable. However, a complete consensus OBT analysis methodology with respect to freeze-drying, rinsing, combustion, distillation and counting is required. Also, an exercise using low-level tritium samples (less than 100 Bq/L or 20 Bq/kg-fresh) would be useful in the near future to more fully evaluate the current OBT analysis methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Kim
- CNL, Chalk River Laboratories, Chalk River, Canada.
| | - J Olfert
- CNL, Chalk River Laboratories, Chalk River, Canada
| | - N Baglan
- CEA/DAM/DIF- F91297 Arpajon, France
| | - N St-Amant
- Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission, Canada
| | - B Carter
- Ontario Power Generation, Canada
| | - I Clark
- University of Ottawa, Canada
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Huang YJ, Guo GY, Wu LS, Zhang B, Chen CF, Zhang HY, Qin HJ, Shang-Guan ZH. An analytical method for 14C in environmental water based on a wet-oxidation process. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2015; 142:1-8. [PMID: 25590997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An analytical method for (14)C in environmental water based on a wet-oxidation process was developed. The method can be used to determine the activity concentrations of organic and inorganic (14)C in environmental water, or total (14)C, including in drinking water, surface water, rainwater and seawater. The wet-oxidation of the organic component allows the conversion of organic carbon to an inorganic form, and the extraction of the inorganic (14)C can be achieved by acidification and nitrogen purging. Environmental water with a volume of 20 L can be used for the wet-oxidation and extraction, and a detection limit of about 0.02 Bq/g(C) can be achieved for water with carbon content above 15 mg(C)/L, obviously lower than the natural level of (14)C in the environment. The collected carbon is sufficient for measurement with a low level liquid scintillation counter (LSC) for typical samples. Extraction or recovery experiments for inorganic carbon and organic carbon from typical materials, including analytical reagents of organic benzoquinone, sucrose, glutamic acid, nicotinic acid, humic acid, ethane diol, et cetera., were conducted with excellent results based on measurement on a total organic carbon analyzer and LSC. The recovery rate for inorganic carbon ranged tween 98.7%-99.0% with a mean of 98.9(± 0.1)%, for organic carbon recovery ranged between 93.8% and 100.0% with a mean of 97.1(± 2.6)%. Verification and an uncertainty budget of the method are also presented for a representative environmental water. The method is appropriate for (14)C analysis in environmental water, and can be applied also to the analysis of liquid effluent from nuclear facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jun Huang
- Suzhou Nuclear Power Research Institute, China General Nuclear Power Group, Suzhou 215004, PR China.
| | - Gui-Yin Guo
- Suzhou Nuclear Power Research Institute, China General Nuclear Power Group, Suzhou 215004, PR China.
| | - Lian-Sheng Wu
- Suzhou Nuclear Power Research Institute, China General Nuclear Power Group, Suzhou 215004, PR China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Suzhou Nuclear Power Research Institute, China General Nuclear Power Group, Suzhou 215004, PR China
| | - Chao-Feng Chen
- Suzhou Nuclear Power Research Institute, China General Nuclear Power Group, Suzhou 215004, PR China
| | - Hai-Ying Zhang
- Suzhou Nuclear Power Research Institute, China General Nuclear Power Group, Suzhou 215004, PR China
| | - Hong-Juan Qin
- Suzhou Nuclear Power Research Institute, China General Nuclear Power Group, Suzhou 215004, PR China
| | - Zhi-Hong Shang-Guan
- Suzhou Nuclear Power Research Institute, China General Nuclear Power Group, Suzhou 215004, PR China
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